Editing Ghost town

{{Short description|Abandoned settlement with intact features}}
{{Redirect|Ghost city|the silent Western serial film|The Ghost City|other uses|Ghost city (disambiguation)|and|Ghost town (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the term for a relatively recently abandoned settlement|the archaeological term for an abandoned settlement|Abandoned village}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

[[File:Plymouth Montserrat Heli.jpg|thumb|400px|upright=1.4|[[Plymouth, Montserrat]] is the only ghost town that is the capital of a modern political [[territory]]. It was rendered uninhabitable and evacuated in 1995, after being inundated with volcanic ash from the eruption of the [[Soufrière Hills]] Volcano.]]
A '''ghost town''', '''deserted city''', '''extinct town''', or '''abandoned city''' is an abandoned settlement, usually one that contains substantial visible remaining buildings and infrastructure such as roads. A town often becomes a ghost town because the economic activity that supported it (usually industrial or agricultural) has failed or ended for any reason (e.g. a host ore deposit exhausted by [[mining]]). The town may have also declined because of natural or human-caused disasters such as [[flood]]s, prolonged [[Drought|droughts]], extreme heat or extreme cold, government actions, uncontrolled lawlessness, war, pollution, or [[nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|nuclear and radiation-related accidents and incidents]]. The term can sometimes refer to [[cities]], [[Town|towns]], and [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]] that, though still populated, are significantly less so than in past years; for example, those affected by high levels of [[unemployment]] and [[dereliction]].<ref name=Baker/>

Some ghost towns, especially those that preserve period-specific architecture, have become tourist attractions. Some examples are [[Bannack, Montana]] and [[Oatman, Arizona]] in the United States; [[Barkerville]], British Columbia in Canada; [[Craco]] and [[Pompeii]] in Italy; [[Aghdam]] in Azerbaijan; [[Kolmanskop]] in Namibia; [[Pripyat]] and [[Chernobyl]] in Ukraine; [[Dhanushkodi]] in India; [[Fordlândia]] in Brazil and [[Villa Epecuén]] in Argentina.

==Definition==
T. Lindsey Baker, author of ''Ghost Towns of Texas'', defines a ghost town as "a town for which the reason for being no longer exists."<ref name=Baker>{{cite book |last=Baker |first= T. Lindsay |url={{GBurl|id=8Z4EFgxTW8oC|pg=PR9}} |title=More Ghost Towns of Texas |year=2003 |location=Norman, OK |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-3518-2}}</ref> Some writers discount settlements that were abandoned as a result of a natural or human-made disaster or other causes; they restrict the term to settlements that were deserted because they were no longer economically viable.  Some believe that any settlement with visible tangible remains should not be called a ghost town;<ref name=Rockies>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Robert L.|title=Ghost Towns of the Colorado Rockies|year=1990|publisher=Caxton Printers|location=Caldwell, ID |isbn=0-87004-342-0|page=15|url={{GBurl|id=fXOjzn5b-tAC|pg=PA15}}}}</ref> others say, conversely, that a ghost town should contain the tangible remains of buildings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomsen |first=Clint |year=2012 |title=Ghost Towns: Lost Cities of the Old West |publisher=Osprey Publishing |chapter=What is a ghost town? |isbn=978-1-78200-107-2}}</ref> Whether or not the settlement must be completely deserted, or may contain a small population, is also a matter for debate.<ref name=Rockies/> Generally, though, the term is used in a looser sense, encompassing any and all of these definitions. American author Lambert Florin defined a ghost town as "a shadowy semblance of a former self."<ref>{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Shawn|title=Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Southern Nevada|year=2010|publisher=Arcadia Pub.|location=Charleston, SC|isbn=978-0738570129|page=7|url={{GBurl|id=DHLCS4HNjuQC|pg=PA7}}}}</ref>

==Reasons for abandonment==
Factors leading to the abandonment of towns include depleted [[Natural resource|natural resources]], economic activity shifting elsewhere, railroads and roads bypassing or no longer accessing the town, human intervention, disasters, massacres, wars, the shifting of politics or fall of empires, and volcanic eruptions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Graves |first1=Philip |last2=Weiler |first2=Stephan |last3=Tynon |first3=Emily |ssrn=1540770 |title=The Economics of Ghost Towns|publisher=Social Science Research Network |date=25 January 2010 |url=https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=684088071004067013109110097081000109026012051033042091108126102074072026068074109121101122062000122051045124005097017079079068005049095084082016095126116029096040089005081122078000004012011118127071092100119092103006112075095069119085120083121085&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE |journal=Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105221845/https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=684088071004067013109110097081000109026012051033042091108126102074072026068074109121101122062000122051045124005097017079079068005049095084082016095126116029096040089005081122078000004012011118127071092100119092103006112075095069119085120083121085&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE |archive-date= Jan 5, 2024 }}</ref> A town can also be abandoned when it is part of an [[exclusion zone]] due to [[Plymouth, Montserrat|natural]] or [[Chernobyl Exclusion Zone|human-made causes]].

=== Economic decline ===
[[File:Abandoned farmhouse, overgrown.jpg|thumb|right|As farms [[Intensive farming|industrialize]], smaller farms are no longer economically viable, leading to rural decay.]]

Ghost towns may result when the single activity or resource that created a [[boomtown]] (e.g., nearby mine, mill or resort) is depleted or the resource economy undergoes a "bust" (e.g., catastrophic resource price collapse).   A [[gold rush]] often brought intensive but short-lived economic activity to a remote village, only to leave a ghost town once the resource was depleted.

Boomtowns can often decrease in size as quickly as they grew.  Sometimes, all, or nearly all, of the population can desert the town, resulting in a ghost town.  The dismantling of a boomtown can often occur on a planned basis.  Mining companies nowadays will create a temporary [[company town]] to service a mine site, building all the accommodations, shops and services required, and then remove them once the resource has been extracted. Modular buildings can be used to facilitate the process.

In some cases, multiple factors may remove the economic basis for a community; some former [[mining town]]s on [[U.S. Route 66]] suffered both mine closures when the resources were depleted and loss of highway traffic as US 66 was diverted from places like [[Oatman, Arizona]], onto a more direct path.  Mine and [[pulp mill]] closures have led to many ghost towns in British Columbia, Canada, including several relatively recent ones: [[Ocean Falls]], which closed in 1973 after the [[pulp mill]] was decommissioned; [[Kitsault]], whose [[molybdenum]] mine shut down after only 18 months in 1982; and [[Cassiar, British Columbia|Cassiar]], whose [[asbestos]] mine operated from 1952 to 1992.

In other cases, the reason for abandonment can arise from a town's intended economic function shifting to another, nearby place. This happened to [[Collingwood, Queensland]], in [[Outback]] Australia when nearby [[Winton, Queensland|Winton]] outperformed Collingwood as a regional centre for the livestock-raising industry. The railway reached Winton in 1899, linking it with the rest of [[Queensland]], and Collingwood was a ghost town by the following year.  More broadly across Australia, there has been a shift towards [[fly-in fly-out]] arrangements over building a [[company town]], in order to avoid the development of ghost towns once a mining resource has been fully extracted.<ref name="aso">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Peace |first1=Adrian |date=2015 |title=Australia, Sociocultural Overviews: Australian Settler Society |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868120227 |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |edition=Second |pages=239–244 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12022-7 |isbn=9780080970875 |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>

The Middle East has many ghost towns and ruins that were created when the shifting of politics or the fall of empires caused capital cities to be socially or economically unviable, such as [[Ctesiphon]].

The rise of real-estate speculation and the resulting possibility of [[real-estate bubble]]s (sometimes due to outright overbuilding by land developers) may also trigger the appearance of certain elements of a ghost town, as real-estate prices initially rise (whereupon affordable housing becomes less available) and then later fall for a variety of reasons that are often tied to economic cycles and/or marketing hubris.  This has been observed to occur in various countries, including Spain, China, the United States, and Canada, where housing is often used as an investment rather than for habitation.<!---Clarification added to reflect the reality that all forms of real estate can be used by speculators as investments. And, real-estate people are always eager to make money. The end result of this assemblage of activities might not always be a formal ghost town, but it can come close to it. Incidentally, one example of a ghost down in non-remote location is an abandoned subdivision that can be found near Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in California.--->

=== Human intervention and infrastructures ===
[[File:Famagusta-Varosha 2007.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|Prior to the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974, [[Varosha, Famagusta|Varosha]], now falling into ruin, was a modern tourist area.]]

Railroads and roads bypassing or no longer reaching a town can also create a ghost town. This was the case in many of the ghost towns along Ontario's historic [[Opeongo Line]], and along [[U.S. Route 66]] after motorists bypassed the latter on the faster moving highways [[Interstate 44|I-44]] and [[Interstate 40|I-40]]. Some ghost towns were founded along railways where [[steam train]]s would stop at periodic intervals for repairs or to take on water, but [[dieselization]] or [[rail electrification|electrification]] negated the need for the trains to stop. [[Amboy, California]], was part of one such series of villages along the [[Atlantic and Pacific Railroad]] across the [[Mojave Desert]]. In other cases, railroads replaced rivers or [[canal]]s as the primary means of overland transport, causing the decline of towns that depended on river or canal traffic; one such town was [[Granville, Indiana]], located on the [[Wabash and Erie Canal]]. 

River re-routing is another factor, one example being the towns along the [[Aral Sea]].

Ghost towns may be created when land is [[eminent domain|expropriated]] by a government, and residents are required to relocate. One example is the village of [[Tyneham]] in Dorset, England, acquired during World War II to build an artillery range.

A similar situation occurred in the U.S. when [[NASA]] acquired land to construct the [[John C. Stennis Space Center]] (SSC), a rocket testing facility in [[Hancock County, Mississippi]] (on the Mississippi side of the [[Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)|Pearl River]], which is the [[Mississippi]]–[[Louisiana]] state line). This required NASA to acquire a large (approximately {{convert|34|sqmi|adj=on|disp=or}}) [[buffer zone]] because of the loud noise and potential dangers associated with testing such rockets. Five thinly populated rural Mississippi communities (Gainesville, Logtown, Napoleon, Santa Rosa, and Westonia), plus the northern portion of a sixth ([[Pearlington, Mississippi|Pearlington]]), along with 700 families in residence, had to be completely relocated away from the facility.

[[File:Akarmaraghosttown.jpg|thumb|[[Akarmara]], a [[mining town]] in Abkhazia/Georgia, was abandoned in the early 1990s due to the [[War in Abkhazia (1992–93)|War in Abkhazia]].]]
Sometimes the town might cease to officially exist, but the physical infrastructure remains. For example, the five Mississippi communities that had to be abandoned to build SSC still have remnants of those communities within the facility itself. These include city streets, now overgrown with forest flora and fauna, and a one-room schoolhouse. Another example of infrastructure remaining is the former town of [[Weston, DuPage County, Illinois|Weston, Illinois]], that voted itself out of existence and turned the land over for construction of the [[Fermilab|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]]. Many houses and even a few barns remain, used for housing visiting scientists and storing maintenance equipment, while roads that used to cross through the site have been blocked off at the edges of the property, with gatehouses or barricades to prevent unsupervised access.

====Flooding by dams====
Construction of dams has produced ghost towns that have been left underwater. Examples include:
* [[Kensico, New York]] was replaced by the [[Kensico Reservoir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halpern |first=W. Dyer |date=2011-01-24 |title=The Lost Village of Kensico |url=https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/the-lost-village-of-kensico/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Westchester Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Loyston, Tennessee]], U.S., inundated by the creation of [[Norris Dam]] and reconstructed on nearby higher ground.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Jennifer |title=Underwater Ghost Towns of Tennessee |url=https://tnmuseum.org/junior-curators/posts/underwater-ghost-towns-of-tennessee |website=Tennessee State Museum |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[St. Thomas, Nevada]], U.S., flooded by up to 70 feet of water by [[Lake Mead]] following construction of the [[Hoover Dam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=St Thomas Nevada - Lake Mead National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/lake/learn/nature/st-thomas-nevada.htm |website=National Park Service |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Stiltner, West Virginia]], inundated by the creation of [[East Lynn Lake]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Robert |title=The Lost Town of Stiltner |url=https://www.herald-dispatch.com/wcn/wc_news/the-lost-town-of-stiltner/article_9f834abc-d8d6-503c-8abe-8bb6a9c387f8.html |website=The Wayne County News |accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[The Lost Villages]] of [[Ontario]], flooded by [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] construction in 1958.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wheeler |first1=Maggie |title=The Lost Villages |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-lost-villages |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Nether Hambleton]] and [[Middle Hambleton]] in Rutland, England, which were flooded to create [[Rutland Water]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hambleton, Upper Hambleton, Middle Hambleton, Nether Hambleton |url=https://epns.nottingham.ac.uk/browse/Rutland/Hambleton/53286f79b47fc40c0d000400-Hambleton%2C+Upper+Hambleton%2C+Middle+Hambleton%2C+Nether+Hambleton |website=Survey of English Place-Names |publisher=English Place-Name Society |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Ashopton]] and [[Derwent, Derbyshire|Derwent]], England, flooded during the construction of the [[Ladybower Reservoir]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=York |first1=Chris |title=Two Lost Derbyshire Villages Have Been revealed By Low Water Levels At Ladybower Reservoir |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/derwent-derbyshire_uk_5befe523e4b07573881ece57 |website=HuffPost UK News |date=17 November 2018 |publisher=Huffington Post |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ladybower |url=https://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/visiting/miles-without-stiles/ladybower |website=Peak District National Park |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* The [[Tignes Dam]] flooded the village of Tignes in France, displacing 78 families.<ref>{{cite web |title=Village Destroyed as New Dam Floods Reservoir |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA436HY83AJ25IFMIA88LM67F2B-VILLAGE-DESTROYED-AS-NEW-DAM-FLOODS-RESERVOIR/query/Tignes |website=British Pathe |publisher=Reuters |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Mologa]] in Russia was flooded by the creation of [[Rybinsk reservoir]] in 1940.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mandraud|first=Isabelle|date=30 Jan 2015|title=Sunken towns of the Volga revive memories of Stalinist-era Russia|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/30/mologa-russia-flooded-rybinsk-reservoir-dam}}</ref> 
* Many ancient villages were abandoned during construction of the [[Three Gorges Dam]] in China, leading to the displacement of many rural people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Three Gorges Dam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Gorges-Dam |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* In [[Guanacaste Province]], Costa Rica, inhabitants of Arenal and Tronadora were forced to relocate in 1978 to make room for the human-made [[Lake Arenal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Nacion Costa Rica |url=https://lanacioncostarica.pressreader.com/article/281496460663685 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=lanacioncostarica.pressreader.com}}</ref>
* [[Old Adaminaby]] in New South Wales, Australia, was flooded by a dam of the [[Snowy River Scheme]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elder |first1=Bruce |title=A Complete Guide to Adaminaby, NSW |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2022/12/a-complete-guide-to-adaminaby-nsw/ |website=Australian Geographic |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* Construction of the [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]] on the [[Nile River]] in Egypt submerged archaeological sites and ancient settlements, such as [[Buhen]] under [[Lake Nasser]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harford |first1=Tim |title=The Spectacular Failures and Successes of Massive Dams |work=BBC News |date=11 March 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Tehri]] was drowned after the construction of the [[Tehri Dam]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Tehri - Overlooks The Gigantic Tehri Lake And Dam {{!}} Uttarakhand Tourism |url=https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/destination/new-tehri |website=Uttarakhand Tourism}}</ref>
* [[Aceredo]] and five other villages in the region of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], Spain, drowned by the construction of [[Alto Lindoso Dam]] downstream in Portugal in 1992<ref name="Pontevedra 2012">{{cite news  | last=Pontevedra | first=Silvia R. | title=Memoria de un pueblo ahogado | website=[[El País]] | date=14 December 2012 | url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2012/12/14/actualidad/1355517771_214178.html | language=es | access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> (later exposed after extreme drought conditions in early 2022<ref>{{cite web | title=Ghost village emerges in Spain as drought empties reservoir | website=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 February 2022 |agency=Reuters |location=Concello de Lobios |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/11/ghost-village-emerges-in-spain-as-drought-empties-reservoir-aceredo | access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Butterfield | first=Michelle | title=Incredible photos show Spanish ghost village emerge after 30 years underwater  | website=Global News | date=18 February 2022 | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8628758/ghost-village-spain-drought-reservoir-aceredo/ | access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>).
* [[Capel Celyn]], Gwynedd, Wales, was lost to the [[Tryweryn flooding|Trywern Flooding]] of 1965. This was to create a reservoir, [[Llyn Celyn]], in order to supply the English areas of [[Liverpool]] and [[Wirral Peninsula|Wirral]] with water for industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-21 |title=Tryweryn: Personal stories 50 years after drowning |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-34528336 |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Dana, Massachusetts|Dana]], [[Enfield, Massachusetts|Enfield]], [[Greenwich, Massachusetts|Greenwich]], and [[Prescott, Massachusetts|Prescott]], Massachusetts; four towns in the [[Quabbin–Swift River Valley|Swift River Valley]] of Massachusetts who were flooded to create the [[Quabbin Reservoir]] in 1938 to create a water reservoir to provide water to the growing city of [[Boston]], Massachusetts and the surrounding suburbs. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Harvard Advocate |url=https://theharvardadvocate.com/content/drowned-towns-preserving-the-lost-communities-of-the-swift-river-valley |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=theharvardadvocate.com}}</ref> 

=== Armed conflicts ===
[[File:Aghdam_6.jpg|thumb|left|Nature slowly reclaiming the ruins in [[Aghdam]] (2010)]]
Some towns become deserted when their populations were [[massacre]]d, deported, or expelled. Examples include Kayaköy, an ancient Greek city abandoned in 1923 as result of [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] and the original French village at [[Oradour-sur-Glane]] which was destroyed on [[Oradour-sur-Glane massacre|10 June 1944]] when 642 of its 663 inhabitants were killed by a German [[Waffen-SS]] company. A new village was built after the war on a nearby site, and the ruins of the original have been maintained as a memorial.
Another example is [[Aghdam]], a city in [[Azerbaijan]]. Armenian forces occupied [[Aghdam]] in July 1993 during the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]]. The heavy fighting forced the entire population to flee. Upon seizing the city, Armenian forces destroyed much of the town to discourage Azerbaijanis from returning. More damage occurred in the following decades when locals looted the abandoned town for building materials. It is currently almost entirely ruined and uninhabited.

=== Disasters, actual and anticipated ===
[[File:Craco il paese fantasma.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Craco]], Italy, was abandoned due to a landslide in 1963. It has since become a popular film set.]]
Natural and human-made disasters can create ghost towns. For example, after being flooded more than 30 times since their town was founded in 1845, residents of [[Pattonsburg, Missouri]], decided to relocate after two floods in 1993. With government help, the whole town was rebuilt {{convert|3|mi|0|abbr=out|disp=or}} away.

[[Craco]], a medieval village in the Italian region of [[Basilicata]], was evacuated after a landslide in 1963. Nowadays it is a filming location for many movies, including ''[[The Passion of The Christ]]'' by [[Mel Gibson]], ''[[Christ Stopped at Eboli (film)|Christ Stopped at Eboli]]'' by [[Francesco Rosi]], ''[[The Nativity Story]]'' by [[Catherine Hardwicke]] and ''[[Quantum of Solace]]'' by [[Marc Forster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/search/title?locations=Craco,%20Matera,%20Basilicata,%20Italy&ref_=ttloc_loc_14|title=Most Popular Titles With Location Matching "Craco, Matera, Basilicata, Italy"|website=Internet Movie Database|access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref>

In 1984, [[Centralia, Pennsylvania]], was abandoned due to an uncontainable [[mine fire]], which began in 1962 and still rages to this day; eventually the fire reached an abandoned mine underneath the nearby town of [[Byrnesville, Pennsylvania|Byrnesville]], which caused that mine to catch on fire too and forced the evacuation of that town as well.

[[File:Pripyat-today.jpg|thumb|[[Prypiat|Pripyat]], Ukraine, was abandoned after the [[Chernobyl disaster]].]]
Ghost towns may also occasionally come into being due to an ''anticipated'' natural disaster – for example, the Canadian town of [[Lemieux, Ontario]], was abandoned in 1991 after soil testing revealed that the community was built on an unstable bed of [[Leda clay]]. Two years after the last building in Lemieux was demolished, a landslide swept part of the former town-site into the [[South Nation River]]. Two decades earlier, the Canadian town of [[Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec|Saint-Jean-Vianney]], Québec, also constructed on a Leda clay base, had been abandoned after a landslide on 4 May 1971, which swept away 41 homes, killing 31 people.

Following the [[Chernobyl disaster]] of 1986, dangerously high levels of nuclear contamination escaped into the surrounding area, and nearly 200 towns and villages in Ukraine and neighbouring [[Belarus]] were evacuated, including the cities of [[Pripyat]] and [[Chernobyl]]. The area was so contaminated that many of the evacuees were never permitted to return to their homes. Pripyat is the most famous of these abandoned towns; it was built for the workers of the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] and had a population of almost 50,000 at the time of the disaster.<ref name=chernobyl>{{cite book|last=Mould|first=R. F.|title=Chernobyl Record: The Definitive History of the Chernobyl Catastrophe|year=2000|publisher=Institute of Physics Publishing|location=Bristol|isbn=0-7503-0670-X|pages=103–117|chapter-url={{GBurl|id=O36UC03ODtcC|pg=PA103}}|chapter=Evacuation and Resettlement}}</ref>

==== Human health ====
[[File:Rerik-West-September-2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Rerik West]], Germany. Turned into a restricted area after 1992 due to ammunition contamination from a nearby abandoned [[Soviet Army]] barracks.]]
Significant fatality rates from epidemics have produced ghost towns. Some places in eastern [[Arkansas]] were abandoned after more than 7,000 Arkansans died during the [[Spanish flu]] epidemic of 1918 and 1919.<ref name="CDC">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/14/8/1193.htm |volume=14 |issue= 8 |date=August 2008 |title=Deaths from Bacterial Pneumonia during 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic |last1= Brundage |first1=John F. |first2=G. Dennis |last2=Shanks |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] |access-date=11 July 2010|doi=10.3201/eid1408.071313 |pages=1193–1199|pmc=2600384 |pmid=18680641}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Annual report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service of the United States - 1920 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Public Health Service]]}}</ref> Several communities in Ireland, particularly in the west of the country, were wiped out due to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] in the latter half of the 19th century, and the years of economic decline that followed.

Catastrophic environmental damage caused by long-term contamination can also create a ghost town. Some notable examples are [[Times Beach, Missouri]], whose residents were exposed to a high level of [[dioxins and dioxin-like compounds|dioxins]], and [[Wittenoom, Western Australia]], which was once Australia's largest source of [[blue asbestos]], but was shut down in 1966 due to health concerns. [[Treece, Kansas|Treece]] and [[Picher, Oklahoma|Picher]], twin communities straddling the [[Kansas]]–[[Oklahoma]] border, were once one of the United States' largest sources of [[zinc]] and [[lead]], but over a century of unregulated disposal of [[mine tailings]] led to groundwater contamination and [[lead poisoning]] in the town's children, eventually resulting in a mandatory [[Environmental Protection Agency]] buyout and evacuation. Contamination due to [[ammunition]] caused by military use may also lead to the development of ghost towns. [[Tyneham]], in [[Dorset]], was requisitioned for military exercises during the [[Second World War]], and remains unpopulated, being littered with unexploded munitions from regular shelling.

==Ghost town repopulation==
{{multiple image
<!-- Essential parameters -->
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 220
<!-- Image 1 -->
| image1    = Walhalla 1910 view4.jpg
| width1    = 
| alt1      = Walhalla township in 1910
| caption1  = Walhalla township in 1910
<!-- Image 2 -->
| image2    = WalhallaVicCorner.jpg
| width2    = 
| alt2      = Walhalla township in 2004
| caption2  = Part of Walhalla in 2004, showing a mix of original and reconstructed buildings
<!-- Extra parameters -->
| header            = 
| header_align      = <!-- left/right/center -->
| header_background = 
| footer            = [[Walhalla, Victoria]], was almost abandoned after being mined for gold, but is now becoming repopulated.
| footer_align      = left
| footer_background = 
| background color  = 
}}

A few ghost towns have managed to get a second life, and this happens through a variety of reasons.
One of these reasons is [[heritage tourism]] generating a new economy able to support residents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=11 Ghost Towns in the U.S. You Can Still Visit |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/ghost-towns-in-the-us-6747202 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Travel + Leisure |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirouac |first=Matt |date=2023-10-19 |title=Ghost Towns Are Being Resurrected as Tourist Destinations |url=https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/ghost-town-tourism |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Thrillist |language=en}}</ref>

For example, [[Walhalla, Victoria]], Australia, became almost deserted after its gold mine ceased operation in 1914, but owing to its accessibility and proximity to other attractive locations, it has had a recent economic and holiday population surge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walhalla.org.au/p2.htm#ghosts |title=Frequently-Asked Questions about Walhalla |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2006–2013 |website=walhalla.org.au |publisher=Walhalla Heritage and Development League Inc
 |access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> Another town, [[Sungai Lembing]], Malaysia, was almost deserted due to closure of a tin mine in 1986 was revived in 2001 and has become a tourist destination since then.<ref>{{cite news
| last         = Pek Yee
| first        = Foong
| date         = 2017-07-14
| title        = Ex-mining town embraces ecotourism
| url          = https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/focus/2017/07/14/exmining-town-embraces-ecotourism-kampung-baru-sungai-lembing-folk-happy-to-show-off-towns-attractio
| work         = [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]
| access-date  = 2020-07-05
}}</ref>

[[Foncebadón]], a village in [[province of León|León]], Spain, that was mostly abandoned and only inhabited by a mother and son, is slowly being revived owing to the ever-increasing stream of pilgrims on the road to [[Santiago de Compostela]].

Some ghost towns (e.g. [[Riace]], [[Muñotello]]) are being repopulated by respectively [[refugee]]s and [[Homelessness|homeless people]]. In Riace, this was accomplished by a scheme funded by the Italian government which offers the housing to refugees and in Muñotello it was accomplished through an NGO ([[Madrina Foundation]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-37289713|title = Riace: The Italian village abandoned by locals, adopted by migrants|work = BBC News|date = 25 September 2016 |others=photographs by Francesco Pistilli}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=EuroNews |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/12/30/spain-s-homeless-help-repopulate-rural-ghost-towns |title=Spain's homeless help repopulate rural ghost towns |first=Juan Carlos |last=De Santos Pascual |date=2020-12-30}}</ref>

In Algeria, many cities became hamlets after the end of [[Late Antiquity]]. They were revived with shifts in population during and after [[French Algeria|French colonization of Algeria]]. [[Oran]], currently the nation's second-largest city with 1 million people, was a village of only a few thousand people before colonization.

[[Alexandria]], the second-largest city of Egypt, was a flourishing city in the ancient era, but declined during the Middle Ages. It underwent a dramatic revival during the 19th century; from a population of 5,000 in 1806, it grew into a city of more than 200,000 inhabitants by 1882,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ágoston |first1=Gábor |last2=Masters |first2=Bruce |year=2009 |url={{GBurl|id=QjzYdCxumFcC|pg=PA33}} |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=33 |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7}}</ref> and is now home to more than four million people.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/ The World Factbook – Egypt]. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 13 September 2012.</ref>

==Around the world==
{{See also|List of ghost towns by country}}

===Africa===
[[File:Kolmanskop Ghost Town Buildings.jpg|thumb|[[Kolmanskop]], Namibia (2016); a ghost town since 1956]]
Wars and rebellions in some African countries have left many towns and villages deserted. Since 2003, when President [[François Bozizé]] came to power, thousands of citizens of the [[Central African Republic]] have been forced to flee their homes as a result of the escalating conflict between armed rebels and government troops. Villages accused of supporting the rebels, such as Beogombo Deux near [[Paoua]], are ransacked by government soldiers. Those who are not killed have no choice but to escape to refugee camps.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Mike | title=Deserted villages and abandoned lives | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7779000/7779890.stm |work=BBC News |date=15 December 2008 |access-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> The instability in the region also leaves organized and well-equipped bandits free to terrorize the populace, often leaving villages abandoned in their wake.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Mike | title=Massacre haunts CAR villagers | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7788626.stm |work=BBC News |date=18 December 2008 |access-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> Elsewhere in Africa, the town of [[Lukangol]] was burnt to the ground during [[South Sudan internal conflict (2011–present)|tribal clashes in South Sudan]]. Before its destruction, the town had a population of 20,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16377824 |title=South Sudan 'sends more troops' to strife-torn town Pibor |date=1 January 2012|access-date= 1 January 2012|work=BBC News}}</ref> The [[Libya]]n town of [[Tawergha]] had a population of around 25,000 before it was abandoned during the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|2011 civil war]], and it has remained empty since.

Many of the ghost towns in mineral-rich Africa are former mining towns. Shortly after the start of the 1908 [[diamond rush]] in [[German South-West Africa]], now known as [[Namibia]], the German Imperial government claimed sole mining rights by creating the {{lang|de|[[Sperrgebiet]]}} ("forbidden zone"),<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book|year=2001|title=Namibia Handbook: The Travel Guide <!-- access-date=24 May 2008 (deprecated) -->
|publisher=[[Footprint Travel Guides|Footprint Handbooks]]|isbn=1-900949-91-1|last1=Santcross|first1=Nick|last2=Ballard|first2=Sebastian|last3=Baker|first3=Gordon}}</ref> effectively criminalizing new settlement. The small mining towns of this area, among them [[Pomona, Namibia|Pomona]], [[Elizabeth Bay, Namibia|Elizabeth Bay]] and [[Kolmanskop]], were exempt from this ban, but the denial of new land claims soon rendered all of them ghost towns.

===Asia===
[[File:Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan province.jpg|thumb|Unoccupied residential complexes in the [[Chenggong District]], Kunming, China]]
The town of [[Dhanushkodi]], India is a ghost town. It was destroyed during the [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone]] and remains uninhabited in the aftermath.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did you know? Dhanushkodi is the place where you can see the origin of the Ram Setu!|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/destinations/story/dhanushkodi-ram-setu-adams-bridge-rameshwaram-tamil-nadu-travel-india-tourism-lifetr-343293-2016-09-26|last=Duttagupta|first=Samonway|website=India Today|date=26 September 2016 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

Many abandoned towns and settlements in the former [[Soviet Union]] were established near [[Gulag]] labour camps to supply necessary services. Since most of these camps were abandoned in the 1950s, the towns were abandoned as well. One such town is located near the former Gulag camp called [[Butugychag]] (also called Lower Butugychag). Other towns were deserted due to deindustrialisation and the economic crises of the early 1990s attributed to [[post-Soviet conflicts]] – one example being [[Tkvarcheli]] in Georgia, a [[coal mining]] town that suffered a drastic population decline as a result of the [[War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)|War in Abkhazia]] in the early 1990s and [[Aghdam]], made ruined and uninhabited after the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]].

Although in 2010s Chinese [[Underoccupied developments in China|ghost cities]] became a frequent feature of discourse regarding [[Economy of China|China's economy]] and [[Urbanization in China|urbanization]], underoccupied cities filled up.<ref name=":102">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Kerry |title=China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One |date=2023 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-26724-4 |location=London |author-link=Kerry Brown (historian)}}</ref>{{Rp|page=151}} Writing in 2023, academic and former UK diplomat [[Kerry Brown (historian)|Kerry Brown]] described the idea of Chinese ghost cities as a popular bandwagon which was shown to be a myth.<ref name=":102" />{{Rp|page=151–152}}

The town of [[Namie, Fukushima|Namie]], along with several other towns in [[Fukushima Prefecture]], Japan, was temporarily evacuated as a result of the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] following the [[2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami]]. Following ongoing decontamination works, several portions of Namie have been fully reopened to residents, allowing reconstruction and renovation of the town's buildings to be undertaken and resettlement of the area to take place.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pearce | first=Fred | title=A nuclear ghost town in Japan welcomes back residents this week | website=New Scientist | date=March 27, 2017 | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2125805-a-nuclear-ghost-town-in-japan-welcomes-back-residents-this-week/ | access-date=May 19, 2023}}</ref>

===Europe===
[[File:Oradour-sur-Glane-Streets-1294.jpg|thumb|Main street of [[Oradour-sur-Glane]], France, unchanged since the German massacre]]
[[File:Jussarö building1.jpg|thumb|Abandoned mining building on the [[Jussarö]] island in [[Ekenäs, Finland|Ekenäs]], Raseborg, Finland]]
[[File:Заброшенная деревня Кривец.jpg|thumb|The forest occupies the territory of the village of {{ill|Krivets, Arkhangelsk Oblast|lt=Krivets|RU|Кривец (Архангельская область)}}, deserted by urbanization. [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]], Russia]]
[[Urbanization]] – the migration of a country's rural population into the cities – has left many European towns and villages deserted. An increasing number of settlements in Bulgaria are becoming ghost towns for this reason; at the time of the 2011 census, the country had 181 uninhabited settlements.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2011/07/21/1126999_bulgarias-population-is-73-million-official-2011-census-results |title=Bulgaria's population is 7.3 million – official 2011 census results |newspaper=The Sofia Echo |date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208224710/http://sofiaecho.com/2011/07/21/1126999_bulgarias-population-is-73-million-official-2011-census-results |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Hungary, dozens of villages are also threatened with abandonment. The first village officially declared as "dead" was {{interlanguage link|Gyűrűfű|hu}} in the late 1970s, but later it was repopulated as an [[eco-village]]. Some other depopulated villages were successfully saved as small rural resorts, such as [[Kán, Hungary|Kán]], [[Tornakápolna]], [[Szanticska]], [[Gorica, Hungary|Gorica]], and [[Révfalu]].

In Spain, large zones of the mountainous [[Iberian System]] and the [[Pyrenees]] have undergone heavy depopulation since the early 20th century, leaving a string of ghost towns in areas such as the [[Solana Valley]]. Traditional agricultural practices such as sheep and goat rearing, on which the mountain village economy was based, were not taken over by the local youth, especially after the lifestyle changes that swept over rural Spain during the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diariodeteruel.net/comarcas/30412-sos-mundo-rural-aragones-alerta-de-la-despoblacion-de-los-pueblos.html |title=Sos Mundo Rural Aragonés alerta de la despoblación de los pueblos |publisher=Diario de Teruel |language=es |date=12 March 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315150215/http://www.diariodeteruel.net/comarcas/30412-sos-mundo-rural-aragones-alerta-de-la-despoblacion-de-los-pueblos.html |archive-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Examples of ghost towns in Italy include the medieval village of [[Fabbriche di Careggine]] near [[Lago di Vagli]], in [[province of Lucca]], in [[Tuscany]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italyundiscovered.com/2015/06/14/lake-of-vagli/|title=Lake of Vagli|work=Italy Undiscovered|date=14 June 2015|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129010046/http://www.italyundiscovered.com/2015/06/14/lake-of-vagli/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the deserted mountain village of [[Craco]], located in [[Basilicata]], which has served as a filming location,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visititaly.eu/places-and-tours/craco-the-ghost-town-jewel-of-basilicata|title=Craco, the Ghost Town jewel of Basilicata|website=visititaly.eu|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> and the ghost village of Roveraia, in the municipality of [[Loro Ciuffenna]], in [[province of Arezzo]], situated near Pratovalle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fanti |first=Marco |date=29 July 2023 |title=Tomba di Rinaldo Mori al Cimitero di Pratovalle e Roveraia – Loro Ciuffenna (AR) |url=https://www.pietredellamemoria.it/pietre/tomba-di-rinaldo-mori-al-cimitero-di-pratovalle-e-roveraia-loro-ciuffenna-ar/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Pietre della Memoria |publisher=Associazione fra Mutilati ed Invalidi di Guerra |language=it}}</ref> The presence of the village is attested since the Middle Ages, when there was a tower.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Piano territoriale paesistico della provincia di Arezzo – Pratomagno: valle dell'Agna |url=https://pianificazioneterritoriale.provincia.arezzo.it/wp-content/uploads/PTCP/QC_16_SCHEDE/QC_16a_unita_paesaggio/AP_0913.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Provincia di Arezzo - Pianificazione Territoriale |publisher=Provincia di Arezzo |pages=1–2 |language=it}}</ref> During [[World War II]] it was an important partisan base<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irdani |first=David |date=24 April 2010 |title=Rappresaglie di San Giustino |url=https://resistenzatoscana.org/storie/rappresaglie_di_san_giustino/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Resistenza Toscana |publisher=Federazione Regionale Toscana delle Associazioni Antifasciste e della Resistenza |language=it}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and it was abandoned between the 1960s and the 1980s, when the last family who lived here left the village.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanti |first=Marco |date=4 April 2020 |title=Parco della Rimembranza ai Caduti di Pratovalle e Roveraia nella Grande Guerra |url=https://www.pietredellamemoria.it/pietre/monumento-ai-caduti-di-pratovalle-nella-grande-guerra/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=Pietre della Memoria |publisher=Associazione fra Mutilati ed Invalidi di Guerra |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centrone |first=Daniel |date=November 2024 |title=Sentieri partigiani sul Pratomagno |url=https://www.toscananovecento.it/custom_type/sentieri-partigiani-sul-pratomagno/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=ToscanaNovecento. Portale di Storia Contemporanea |publisher=Regione Toscana |language=it}}</ref> Two projects have been proposed for the recovery of the village: in 2011 the proposal of Movimento Libero Perseo "Roveraia eco - lab", based on sustainability,<ref>{{cite web |title=Il Progetto delle Funzioni |url=https://it.scribd.com/document/67728479/Il-Progetto-Delle-Funzioni |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Scribd |publisher=Movimento Libero Perseo |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roveraia eco - lab |url=https://vimeo.com/13408245 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Vimeo |publisher=Movimento Libero Perseo |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2012 |title=Roveraia. Un progetto ecosostenibile di tutta eccellenza |url=http://sito2012.blogspot.com/2012/03/roveraia-un-progetto-ecosostenibile-di.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=L'Evidenziatore del Web |language=it}}</ref> and in 2019 there was a proposal aiming to recover the village with a mix of functions called "Ecomuseum of Pratomagno".<ref>{{cite web |date=13 July 2021 |title=Ecomuseo del Pratomagno |url=https://issuu.com/dida-unifi/docs/ecomuseo_del_pratomagno_emma_amidei |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Issuu |publisher=DIDA - Department of architecture, University of Florence |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Amidei |first=Emma |date=14 January 2021 |title=Portfolio di architettura |url=https://issuu.com/emmaamidei/docs/portfolio_amidei |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Issuu |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Amidei |first=Emma |date=10 October 2020 |title=Architecture Portfolio |url=https://issuu.com/emmaamidei/docs/portfolio_amidei_0409c0677fe129 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Issuu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=Ecomuseum of Pratomagno |url=https://www.koozarch.com/interviews/ecomuseum-of-pratomagno/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=KooZA/rch}}</ref>
[[File:Roveraia.jpg|thumb|Ghost village of Roveraia]]

In the United Kingdom, thousands of villages were abandoned during the Middle Ages, as a result of [[Black Death]], revolts, and [[enclosure]], the process by which vast amounts of farmland became privately owned. Since there are rarely any visible remains of these settlements, they are not generally considered ghost towns; instead, they are referred to in archaeological circles as [[deserted medieval village]]s.

Sometimes, wars and genocide end a town's life. In 1944, occupying German ''[[Waffen-SS]]'' troops murdered almost the entire population of the French village [[Oradour-sur-Glane]]. A new settlement was built nearby after the war, but the old town was left depopulated on the orders of President [[Charles de Gaulle]], as a permanent memorial. In Germany, numerous smaller towns and villages in the [[former eastern territories of Germany|former eastern territories]] were completely destroyed in the last two years of the war. These territories later became part of Poland and the [[Soviet Union]], and many of the smaller settlements were never rebuilt or repopulated, for example [[Kłomino]] (''Westfalenhof''), [[Pstrąże]] (''Pstransse''), and [[Janowa Góra]] (''Johannesberg''). Some villages in England were also abandoned during the war, but for different reasons. [[Imber]], on [[Salisbury Plain]], and several villages in the [[Stanford Battle Area]], were commandeered by the [[War Office]] for use as training grounds for British and US troops. Although this was intended to be a temporary measure, the residents were never allowed to return, and the villages have been used for military training ever since. {{Convert|3|mi|0|abbr=out|spell=In|disp=or}} southeast of Imber is [[Copehill Down]], a deserted village purpose-built for training in [[urban warfare]].

Disasters & natural disasters have played a part in the abandonment of settlements within Europe. Two examples are [[Pripyat]] and [[Chernobyl]]. After the [[Chernobyl disaster]] of 1986, both cities were evacuated due to dangerous radiation levels within the area. As of today, Pripyat remains completely abandoned, and Chernobyl has around 500 remaining inhabitants. Another example is [[Todoque]] in the Canary Islands, Spain. During the [[2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption]], the locality was severely affected. Hundreds of buildings were destroyed, including the parish Church of Saint Pius X, the health center, the headquarters of the neighborhood association, the School of Early Childhood Education, and Los Campitos Elementary School and the Todoque Elementary and the Infant Education School, and by October 10, new lava flows destroyed the remaining buildings that were still standing, leaving the town practically erased from the map.

An example in the UK of a ghost village which was abandoned before it was ever occupied is at [[Polphail]], [[Argyll and Bute]]. The planned development of an oil rig construction facility nearby never materialised, and a village built to house the workers and their families became deserted the moment the building contractors finished their work.

===North America===
[[File:RobsartHospital.jpg|thumb|[[Robsart Hospital]], one of many abandoned buildings in [[Robsart, Saskatchewan]]]]

====Canada====
{{See also|Lists of ghost towns in Canada}}
[[Canada]] has several ghost towns in parts of [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Ontario]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], and [[Quebec]]. Some were logging towns or dual mining and logging sites, often [[company town|developed at the behest of the company]]. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, most ghost towns were once farming communities that have since died off due to the removal of the railway through the town or the bypass of a highway. The ghost towns in British Columbia were predominantly mining towns and prospecting camps as well as canneries and, in one or two cases, large smelter and pulp mill towns. British Columbia has more ghost towns than any other jurisdiction on the North American continent, with more than 1,500 abandoned or semi-abandoned towns and localities.<ref>Ramsey, Bruce (1963–1975). ''Ghost Towns of British Columbia". Vancouver: Mitchell Press.</ref> Among the most notable are [[Anyox]], [[Kitsault]], and [[Ocean Falls]].

Some ghost towns have revived their economies and populations due to historical and eco-tourism, such as [[Barkerville, British Columbia|Barkerville]]; once the largest town north of [[Kamloops]], it is now a year-round provincial museum. In Quebec, [[Val-Jalbert, Quebec|Val-Jalbert]] is a well-known tourist ghost town; founded in 1901 around a mechanical [[pulp mill]] that became obsolete when [[paper mill]]s began to break down [[wood fibre]] by chemical means, it was abandoned when the mill closed in 1927 and re-opened as a park in 1960.
{{clear left}}

====Mexico====
A former mining town in Mexico, [[Real de Catorce]], has been used as a backdrop for Hollywood movies such as ''[[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]'' (1948),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barlow|first=Maude|date=November 11, 2012 |title=Update: Barlow in Mexico (days six to eight) |url=https://canadians.org/analysis/update-barlow-mexico-days-six-eight|website=The Council of Canadians |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000620/https://canadians.org/analysis/update-barlow-mexico-days-six-eight/ |archive-date= Dec 30, 2023 }}</ref> ''[[The Mexican]]'' (2001), and ''[[Bandidas]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bandidas (2006) - Filming & production |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416496/locations|website=IMDb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521235126/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416496/locations/ |archive-date= May 21, 2023 }}</ref>

====United States====
{{See also|Lists of ghost towns in the United States}}
[[File:A363, Rhyolite, Nevada, USA, John S Cook and Company building, 2004.jpg|thumb|Cook Bank building in [[Rhyolite, Nevada]], a gold mining town]]
Many ghost towns or abandoned [[unincorporated area|communities]] exist in the American [[Great Plains]], the rural areas of which have lost a third of their population since 1920. Thousands of communities in the northern plains states of [[Montana]], [[Nebraska]], [[North Dakota]], and [[South Dakota]] became railroad ghost towns when a rail line failed to materialize. Hundreds of towns were abandoned as the [[Interstate highway system]] replaced the railroads as the favored means of transportation. Ghost towns are common in mining or [[mill town]]s in all the western states, and many eastern and southern states as well. Residents are compelled to leave in search of more productive areas when the resources that had created an employment boom in these towns were eventually exhausted.

Sometimes a ghost town consists of many abandoned buildings as in [[Bodie, California]], or standing ruins as in [[Rhyolite, Nevada]], while elsewhere only the foundations of former buildings remain as in [[Graysonia, Arkansas]]. Old mining camps that have lost most of their population at some stage of their history such as [[Aspen, Colorado|Aspen]], [[Deadwood, South Dakota|Deadwood]], [[Oatman, Arizona|Oatman]], [[Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone]] and [[Virginia City, Montana|Virginia City]] are sometimes referred to as ghost towns although they are presently active towns and cities.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} Many U.S. ghost towns, such as [[South Pass City, Wyoming|South Pass City in Wyoming]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>Weis, Norman D. (1971). Ghost Towns of the Northwest. Caldwell, Idaho, USA: Caxton Press. {{ISBN|0-87004-358-7}}.</ref><ref name=nris>{{NRISref|2009a|dateform=dmy}}</ref>

[[File:Wickenburg Vulture Mine-Assay office-1884-1.jpg|thumb|1884 [[assay office]] in [[Vulture City, Arizona]], a gold mining town]]

Starting in 2002, an attempt to declare an official ghost town in California stalled when the adherents of the town of [[Bodie, California|Bodie]] and those of [[Calico, San Bernardino County, California|Calico]], in [[Southern California]], could not agree on the most deserving settlement for the recognition. A compromise was eventually reached—Bodie became the official state [[gold rush]] ghost town, while Calico was named the official state [[silver rush]] ghost town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/towns/ca_gold_rush_ghost_town.htm |title=California State Gold Rush Ghost Town |publisher=NetState |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

===South America===
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a wave of European immigrants arrived in Brazil and settled in the cities, which offered jobs, education, and other opportunities that enabled newcomers to enter the middle class. Many also settled in the growing small towns along the expanding railway system. Since the 1930s, many rural workers have moved to the big cities. Other ghost towns were created in the aftermath of dinosaur fossil rushes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Baraniuk|first=Chris|date=15 July 2016|title=The ghost towns that were created by the oil rush|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160715-the-ghost-towns-left-by-oil-booms-and-busts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521233125/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160715-the-ghost-towns-left-by-oil-booms-and-busts |archive-date= May 21, 2023 }}</ref>

In [[Colombia]], a [[Armero tragedy|volcano erupted]] in 1985, where the city of Armero was engulfed by lahars, which killed approximately 23,000 people in total.<ref>{{cite web |title=Benchmarks: November 13, 1985: Nevado del Ruiz eruption triggers deadly lahars |url=https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/benchmarks-november-13-1985-nevado-del-ruiz-eruption-triggers-deadly-lahars |first1=Bethany |last1=Augliere |date=October 20, 2016 |website=Earth Magazine |publisher=American Geosciences Institute |access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref> Armero was never rebuilt (its inhabitants being diverted to nearby cities, and thus becoming a ghost town), but still stands today as "holy land", as dictated by [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zeiderman|first=Austin|title=Life at Risk: Biopolitics, Citizenship, and Security in Colombia|publisher=Congress of the Latin American Studies Association|year=2009|pages=12|citeseerx=10.1.1.509.6961}}</ref>

A number of ghost towns throughout South America were once mining camps or lumber mills, such as the many [[sodium nitrate|saltpeter]] mining camps that prospered in Chile from the end of the [[War of the Pacific|Saltpeter War]] until the invention of synthetic saltpeter during World War I. Some of these towns, such as the [[Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works]] in the [[Atacama Desert]], have been declared [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1178/|website=whc.unesco.org|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

===Oceania===
[[File:Ruins at Farina.JPG|thumb|After many years of drought and dust storms, the town of [[Farina, South Australia]], was abandoned.]]
The boom and bust of gold rushes and the mining of other ores has led to a number of ghost towns in both Australia and New Zealand. Other towns have become abandoned whether due to natural disasters, the weather, or the drowning of valleys to increase the size of lakes.

In Australia, the [[Victoria gold rush]] led to numerous ghost towns (such as [[Cassilis, Victoria|Cassilis]] and [[Moliagul]]), as did the hunt for gold in [[Western Australia]] (for example, the towns of [[Ora Banda]] and [[Kanowna, Western Australia|Kanowna]]). The mining of iron and other ores has also led to towns thriving briefly before dwindling. The town of [[Wittenoom, Western Australia|Wittenoom]] was abandoned and demolished due to the health hazards posed by [[asbestos]] mining in the area.

In New Zealand, the [[Otago gold rush]] similarly led to several ghost towns (such as [[Macetown]]). New Zealand's ghost towns also include numerous coal mining areas in the South Island's [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast Region]], including [[Denniston, New Zealand|Denniston]] and [[Stockton, New Zealand|Stockton]]. Natural disasters have also led to the loss of some towns, notably [[Te Wairoa (village)|Te Wairoa]], "The Buried Village", destroyed in the [[1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera]], and the Otago town of [[Kelso, New Zealand|Kelso]], abandoned after it was flooded repeatedly after heavy rainstorms. Early settlements on the rugged southwest coast of the South Island at [[Martins Bay]] and [[Port Craig]] were also abandoned, mainly due to the inhospitable terrain.

===Antarctica===

[[File:Deception-Base.jpg|thumb|The derelict British base in Whalers Bay, [[Deception Island]], destroyed by a volcanic eruption]]

The oldest ghost town in [[Antarctica]] is on [[Deception Island]], where in 1906, a Norwegian-Chilean company set up a whaling station at Whalers Bay, which they used as a base for their factory ship, the ''Gobernador Bories''. Other whaling operations followed suit, and by 1914 there were thirteen factory ships based there. The station ceased to be profitable during the [[Great Depression]], and was abandoned in 1931. In 1969, the station was partially destroyed by a volcanic eruption. There are also many abandoned scientific and military bases in Antarctica, especially in the [[Antarctic Peninsula]].

The Antarctic island of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] used to have several thriving whaling settlements during the first half of the 20th century, with a combined population exceeding 2,000 in some years. These included [[Grytviken]] (operating 1904–64), [[Leith Harbour]] (1909–65), [[Ocean Harbour]] (1909–20), [[Husvik]] (1910–60), [[Stromness (South Georgia)|Stromness]] (1912–61) and [[Prince Olav Harbour]] (1917–34). The abandoned settlements have become increasingly dilapidated and remain uninhabited nowadays except for the Museum curator's family at [[Grytviken]]. The jetty, the church, dwellings, and industrial buildings at [[Grytviken]] have recently been renovated by the South Georgian Government, becoming a popular tourist destination. Some historical buildings in the other settlements are being restored as well.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Abandoned mine#Abandoned mines|Abandoned mine]]
* [[Abandoned village]]
* [[Exclusion zone]]
* [[Ghost ship]]
* [[List of ghost towns by country]]
* [[Lost city|Lost cities]]
* [[Modern ruins]]
* [[Old field (ecology)]]
* [[Phantom settlement]]
* [[Population decline]]
* [[Potemkin village]]
* [[Unused highway]]
* [[Urban decay]]
** [[Urbicide]]
* [[Urban exploration]]
* [[Yellowcake boomtown]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
<!-- This section holds references that are cited by this article -->
*{{cite book|last=Baker|first=T. Lindsay|title=Ghost Towns of Texas|year=1991|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|isbn=0-8061-2189-0|url={{GBurl|id=-OxnaXdxjgkC}}|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite journal |last1=McIntyre |first1=Tobi |last2=Politis |first2=Paul |date=September–October 2005 |url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/so05/indepth/socgeography.asp |title=Standing legacy: Ghost towns preserve the Ottawa Valley's rich history |journal=Canadian Geographic |access-date=3 October 2005 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616174432/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/so05/indepth/socgeography.asp |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book|last=Steinhilber|first=Berthold|title=Ghost Towns of the American West|year=2003|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|location=New York|isbn=0-8109-4508-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Wolle|first=Muriel Sibell|year=1993|title=Timberline Tailings: Tales of Colorado's Ghost Towns and Mining Camps|orig-year=1977|publisher=Swallow Press/Ohio University Press|location=Athens, Ohio|isbn=0-8040-0963-5|edition=1st}}
*{{cite book|last=Wolle|first=Muriel Sibell|title=Stampede to Timberline: The Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Colorado|year=1991|publisher=Swallow Press/Ohio University Press|location=Athens, OH|isbn=0-8040-0946-5|edition=2nd}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Curtis |first=Daniel R. |url=https://www.academia.edu/1932627 |title=Pre-industrial societies and strategies for the exploitation of resources. A theoretical framework for understanding why some settlements are resilient and some settlements are vulnerable to exploitation|website=Academica.edu}}

{{Commons category|Ghost towns}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ghost towns}}

{{Cities}}
{{Urban Planning}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ghost towns| ]]
[[Category:Urban decay]]