Editing Georgius Agricola

{{Short description|German scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist (1494–1555)}}
{{redirect|Georg Agricola|the German physician and botanist|Georg Andreas Agricola}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Georgius Agricola
|image             = Georgius Agricola.jpg
|image_size        =
|caption           = Georgius Agricola (fictive 1927 portrait)
|birth_name        = Georg Bauer
|birth_date        = {{Birth date text|24 March 1494}}
|birth_place       = [[Glauchau]], [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|death_date        = {{Death-date and age|21 November 1555|24 March 1494}}
|death_place       = [[Chemnitz]], [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|residence         =
|citizenship       = [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|nationality       = [[Holy Roman Empire|German]]
|field             = [[Mineralogy]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater        = [[Leipzig University]]
|doctoral_advisor  =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for         =
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences        =
|influenced        =
|prizes            =
|footnotes         =
|signature         =
}}

'''Georgius Agricola''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|g|r|ɪ|k|ə|l|ə}}; born '''Georg Bauer'''; 24 March 1494&nbsp;– 21 November 1555) was a [[German people|German]] [[Renaissance humanism|Humanist]] scholar, [[mineralogy|mineralogist]] and [[metallurgy|metallurgist]]. Born in the small town of [[Glauchau]], in the [[Electorate of Saxony]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], he was broadly educated, but took a particular interest in the [[mining]] and [[refining (metallurgy)|refining]] of [[metal]]s. He was the first to drop the Arabic definite article ''al-'', exclusively writing ''chymia'' and ''chymista'' in describing activity that we today would characterize as chemical or alchemical, giving [[chemistry]] its modern name.<ref name="Hexagon2005">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=James L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Virginia R. |title=Rediscovery of the Elements: Agricola |journal=The Hexagon |date=Autumn 2005 |volume=96 |issue=3 |page=59 |url=https://chemistry.unt.edu/sites/default/files/users/owj0001/agricola.pdf |access-date=7 January 2024 |publisher=Alpha Chi Sigma |issn=0164-6109 |oclc=4478114}}</ref><ref name="berk" /><ref name="Rafferty 2012 p. 10" /> For his groundbreaking work ''[[De Natura Fossilium]]'' published in 1546, he is generally referred to as the father of mineralogy and the founder of [[geology]] as a scientific discipline.<ref name=berk>{{cite web|url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/agricola.html |title= Georgius Agricola   | publisher = University of California - Museum of Paleontology |access-date= April 4, 2019  }}</ref><ref name="Rafferty 2012 p. 10">Rafferty, John P. (2012). ''Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks''. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 10. {{ISBN|9781615305445}}</ref>

He is well known for his pioneering work ''[[De Re Metallica|De re metallica libri XII]]'', that was published in 1556, one year after his death. This 12-volume work is a comprehensive and systematic study, classification and methodical guide on all available factual and practical aspects, that are of concern for [[mining]], the mining sciences and [[metallurgy]], investigated and researched in its natural environment by means of direct observation. Unrivalled in its complexity and accuracy, it served as the standard reference work for two centuries. Agricola stated in the preface, that he will exclude "all those things which I have not myself seen, or have not read or heard of". He continued, "That which I have neither seen, nor carefully considered after reading or hearing of, I have not written about."<ref name="berk" />

As a scholar of the [[Renaissance]] he was committed to a universal approach towards learning and research. He published over 40 complete scholarly works during his professional life on a wide range of subjects and disciplines, such as [[pedagogy]], medicine, [[metrology]], [[mercantilism]], [[pharmacy]], philosophy, geology, history, and many more. His innovative and comprehensive scholarly work, based on new and precise methods of production and control, has made his work a central part of scholarship and understanding of science during that period.<ref name="FZC">{{cite web|url=https://www.georgius-agricola.de/ |title= Georgius Agricola (1494 - 1555)   | publisher = Agricola-Forschungszentrum Chemnitz |access-date= April 4, 2019  }}</ref>

==Etymology==
He is often, although not universally referred to as "the Father of [[mineralogy]]" and the founder of [[geology]] as a scientific discipline.<ref name=berk/><ref name="dict">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Scientists |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280086-2 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800862.001.0001/acref-9780192800862-e-14 |language=en |chapter=Agricola, Georgius}}</ref> Poet [[Georg Fabricius]] has bestowed a brief honorary title on him in recognition of his legacy, that his fellow [[Saxony|Saxons]] cite regularly: ''die ausgezeichnete Zierde des Vaterlandes'', (literally: ''the distinguished ornament of the Fatherland'').<ref name=FZC/> He was baptized with his birth name ''Georg Pawer''. ''Pawer'' is a [[vernacular]] form of the modern German term ''Bauer'', which translates to ''farmer'' in English.<ref name="dict"/> His teacher, the [[Leipzig]] professor [[Petrus Mosellanus]] convinced him to consider the common practice of [[Latinisation of names|name latinisation]], particularly popular among Renaissance scholars, so "Georg Pawer" became "Georgius Agricola".{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} Coincidentally, the name Georg/Georgius derives from Greek and also means "farmer".

==Early life==

===Youth===
Agricola was born in 1494 as Georg Pawer, the second of seven children of a clothier and dyer in Glauchau. At the age of twelve he enrolled in the Latin school in [[Chemnitz]] or [[Zwickau]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118501062.html#ndbcontent   |title=Agricola, Georgius (Georg Bauer), wahrscheinlich in Zwickau |publisher=Deutsche Biographie | author=Wilhelm Pieper | access-date= April 5, 2019 }}</ref> From 1514 to 1518 he studied at the [[Leipzig University]] where, under the name ''Georgius Pawer de Glauchaw'', he first subscribed in the summer semester to theology, philosophy and philology under rector Nikolaus Apel and to ancient languages, [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and [[Latin]] in particular. He received his first Latin lectures under [[Petrus Mosellanus]], a celebrated humanist of the time and adherent of [[Erasmus|Erasmus of Rotterdam]].<ref name=hofm>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/drgeorgagricola00hofmgoog/page/n27 |title= Dr. Georg Agricola : ein Gelehrtenleben aus dem Zeitalter der Reformation - p. 9 | publisher = Archive org |author=Reinhold Hofmann  |access-date= April 5, 2019  }}</ref><ref name=mdz>{{cite web|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016233/images/index.html?seite=116 |title= Neue deutsche Biographie, Bd.: 1, Agricola, Georgius  | publisher = Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum |access-date= April 4, 2019  }}</ref>

===Humanist education===
Gifted with a precocious intellect and his freshly acquired title of [[Bachelor of Arts|Baccalaureus artium]], Agricola early threw himself into the pursuit of the "[[new learning]]", with such effect that at the age of 24 he was appointed ''Rector extraordinarius'' of [[Ancient Greek]] at the 1519 established ''Zwickau Greek school'', which was soon to be united with the [[Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau - University of Applied Sciences Zwickau|Great School of Zwickau]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fh-zwickau.de/hochschule/profil/historie/ |title= Geschichte der Westsächsischen Hochschule Zwickau - Georgius Agricola lehrte von 1519 - 1522 in Zwickau  | publisher = Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau |access-date= April 4, 2019  }}</ref> (Zwickauer Ratsschule). In 1520 he published his first book, a Latin grammar manual with practical and methodical hints for teachers. In 1522 he ended his appointment to again study at [[Leipzig]] for another year, where, as rector, he was supported by his former tutor and professor of classics, [[Peter Mosellanus]], with whom he had always been in correspondence.<ref name=hofm/> He also subscribed to the studies of [[medicine]], [[physics]], and [[chemistry]].

In 1523 he traveled to [[Italy]] and enrolled in the [[University of Bologna]] and probably [[University of Padua|Padua]]<ref name=bio/> and completed his studies in medicine. It remains unclear where he acquired his diploma. In 1524 he joined the [[Aldine Press]], a prestigious printing office in [[Venice]]  that was established by [[Aldus Manutius]], who had died in 1515. Manutius had established and maintained contacts and the friendship in a network among the many scholars, including the most celebrated, from all over Europe, whom he had encouraged to come to Venice and take care of the redaction of the numerous publications of the [[Classics|classics of antiquity]]. At the time of Agricola's visit, the business was run by Andrea Torresani and his daughter Maria. Agricola participated in the edition of a work in several volumes on [[Galen]] until 1526.<ref name=mdz/>

==Professional life==
===Town physician and pharmacist===
[[Image:Agricola1.jpg|thumb|right|A water mill used for raising ore]]
[[File:Fire-setting.jpg|thumb|Fire-setting underground]]

He returned to Zwickau in 1527 and to Chemnitz in autumn of the same year, where he married Anna Meyner, a widow from Schneeberg. Upon his search for employment as town physician and pharmacist in the [[Ore Mountains]], preferably a place, where he could satisfy his ardent longings for the studies on mining, he settled in the suitable little town [[Jáchymov|Joachimsthal]] in the ''Bohemian Erzgebirge'', where in 1516 significant silver ore deposits were found.<ref name=FZC/> The 15,000 inhabitants made Joachimsthal a busy, booming centre of mining and smelting works with hundreds of shafts for Agricola to investigate.

His primary post proved to be not very demanding and he lent all his spare time to his studies. Beginning in 1528 he immersed himself in comparisons and tests on what had been written about mineralogy and mining and his own observations of the local materials and the methods of their treatment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glauchau.de/glauchau/content/23/20140506180140.asp |title=Denkmal Georgius Agricola |publisher= Glauchau de | access-date= April 5, 2019 }}</ref> He constructed a logical system of the local conditions, rocks and sediments, the minerals and ores, explained the various terms of general and specific local territorial features. He combined this discourse on all natural aspects with a treatise on the actual mining, the methods and processes, local extraction variants, the differences and oddities he had learnt from the miners. For the first time, he tackled questions on the formation of ores and minerals, attempted to bring the underlying mechanisms to light and introduce his conclusions in a systematic framework. He laid out the whole process in a scholarly dialogue and published it under the title ''Bermannus, sive de re metallica dialogus'', (Bermannus, or a dialogue on metallurgy) in 1530. The work was highly praised by [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] for the attempt to put the knowledge, won by practical inquiry into order and further investigate in reduced form. Agricola, in his capacity of physician, also suggested, that minerals and their effects on and relationship to human medicine should be a future subject of investigation.<ref name="FZC" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tms.org/pubs/books/pdfs/09-1002-e/09-1002-0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807040220/http://www.tms.org/pubs/books/pdfs/09-1002-e/09-1002-0.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-07 |url-status=live |title= The Pirotechnica of Vannoccio Biringuccio - Translated from the Italian with an introduction and notes by Cyril Stanley Smith and Martha Teach Gnudi, p. 45 | publisher = The American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers  |author=Cyril Stanley Smith, Martha Teach Gnudi |access-date= April 4, 2019  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zeit.de/1994/12/der-mann-der-aufschrieb-wie-das-silber-aus-dem-berg-kommt |title=Der Mann, der aufschrieb, wie das Silber aus dem Berg kommt |newspaper=Die Zeit |publisher= DIE ZEIT Archiv | date=March 18, 1994 | access-date= April 5, 2019 }}</ref>

In 1531 [[Christian Egenolff]] in [[Frankfurt]] published his German book named ''Rechter Gebrauch d'Alchimei, mitt vil bissher verborgenen, nutzbaren unnd lustigen Künsten, nit allein den fürwitzigen Alchimismisten, sonder allen kunstbaren Werckleutten, in und ausserhalb Feurs. Auch sunst aller menglichen inn vil wege zugebrauchen''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alchemical Imagery - illustrated title Agricola |url=https://alchemywebsite.com/Emblems_Title_Agricola_Rechter.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=alchemywebsite.com}}</ref> (''The Proper Use of Alchemy'') which argued that true "alchemy" should not attempt transmutation of metals to gold or synthesizing the [[philosopher's stone]] but rather study and develop the industrial methods of skilled craftsmen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Niermeier-Dohoney |first=Justin |date=December 2022 |title="Rusticall chymistry": Alchemy, saltpeter projects, and experimental fertilizers in seventeenth-century English agriculture |journal=History of Science |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=546–574 |doi=10.1177/00732753211033159 |issn=0073-2753 |pmc=9703379 |pmid=34533386}}</ref>

=== Mayor of Chemnitz ===

In the same year Agricola received an offer of the city of ''Kepmnicz'' (Chemnitz) for the position of ''Stadtleybarzt'' ([[City physician|town physician]]), which he accepted and he relocated to [[Chemnitz]] in 1533.<ref>Georgius Agricola, ''De re metallica, translated from the first Latin edition of 1556'', [[Herbert Clark Hoover]] and Lou Henry Hoover, tr., New York: Dover Publications, 1950, (reprint of the London: Mining Magazine edition of 1912), p. viii of the introduction.</ref> Although little is known about his work as physician, Agricola entered his most productive years and soon became lord mayor of Chemnitz  and served as diplomat and historiographer for [[George, Duke of Saxony|Duke George]], who was looking to uncover possible territorial claims and commissioned Agricola with a large historical work, the ''Dominatores Saxonici a prima origine ad hanc aetatem'' (Lords of Saxony from the beginning to the present time), which took 20 years to accomplish and was only published in 1555 at [[Freiberg]].<ref name="M.D.2012">{{cite book|author=Raphael S. Bloch, M.D.|title=Healers and Achievers: Physicians Who Excelled in Other Fields and the Times in Which They Lived|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UhPAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT125|date=31 May 2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4691-9248-2|pages=125–}}</ref>

In his work ''De Mensuris et ponderibus'', published in 1533, he described the systems of Greek and Roman measures and weights. In the 16th century Holy Roman Empire there were no uniform dimensions, measures, and weights, which impeded trade and commerce. This work laid the foundation for Agricola's reputation as a humanist scholar; as he committed himself to the introduction of standardized weights and measures, he entered the public stage and occupied a political position.<ref name="Naumann2013">{{cite book|author=Friedrich Naumann|title=Georgius Agricola, 500 Jahre: Wissenschaftliche Konferenz vom 25. – 27. März 1994 in Chemnitz, Freistaat Sachsen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgWbBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-0348-7159-4|pages=27–}}</ref>

In 1544, he published the ''De ortu et causis subterraneorum'' (On Subterranean Origins and Causes), in which he criticized older theories and laid out the foundations of modern physical [[geology]]. It discusses the effect of wind and water as powerful geological forces, the origin and distribution of ground water and mineralizing fluids, the origin of subterranean heat, the origin of ore channels, and the principal divisions of the mineral kingdom. However, he maintained that a certain 'materia pinguis' or 'fatty matter,' set into fermentation by heat, gave birth to fossil organic shapes, as opposed to fossil shells having belonged to living animals.<ref name="Lyell1832">{{cite book|author=Sir Charles Lyell|title=Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesgeolo01unkngoog|year=1832|publisher=J. Murray}}</ref>

In 1546, he published the four volumes of ''De natura eorum quae effluunt e terra'' (The nature of the things that flow out of the earth's interior). It deals with the properties of water, its effects, taste, smell, temperature etc. and air under the earth, which, as Agricola reasoned, is responsible for earthquakes and volcanoes.<ref>{{cite web  |url=https://archives.georgfischer.com/media/gfa_30_35-0001  |title=DIE EISENBIBLIOTHEK UND IHRE AGRICOLA-BESTÄNDE  |publisher=archives  |author=Annette Bouheiry  |access-date=April 12, 2019  |archive-date=April 12, 2019  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412194824/https://archives.georgfischer.com/media/gfa_30_35-0001  |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

The ten books of ''De veteribus et novis metallis'', more commonly known as ''[[De Natura Fossilium]]'' were published in 1546 as a comprehensive textbook and account of the discovery and occurrence of minerals, ores, metals, gemstones, earths and igneous rocks,<ref name="Thomson1830">{{cite book|author=Thomas Thomson|title=The History of Chemistry (Complete)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Egz9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT197|year=1830|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4656-0789-8|pages=197–}}</ref><ref name="Agricola2004">{{cite book|author=Georgius Agricola|title=D Natura Fossilium (Textbook of Mineralogy)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNOB-vcob88C&pg=PR1|year=2004|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-49591-0|pages=1–}}</ref> followed by ''De animantibus subterraneis'' in 1548 and a number of smaller works on the metals during the following two years. Agricola served as Burgomaster (lord mayor) of Chemnitz in 1546, 1547, 1551 and 1553.<ref name=farl/>

== ''De re metallica'' ==
{{Main|De re metallica}}
[[Image:Georg Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg|thumb|left|''De re metallica'']]

Agricola's most famous work, the ''De re metallica libri xii'' was published the year after his death, in 1556; it was perhaps finished in 1550, since the dedication to the elector and his brother is dated to that year. The delay is thought to be due to the book's many woodcuts. The work is a systematic, illustrated treatise on [[mining]] and [[metallurgy#Extractive metallurgy|extractive metallurgy]]. It shows processes to extract [[ore]]s from the ground, and metals from ore.

Until that time, [[Pliny the Elder]]'s work ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Historia Naturalis]]'' was the main source of information on metals and mining techniques. Agricola acknowledged his debt to ancient authors, such as Pliny and [[Theophrastus]], and made numerous references to Roman works. In [[geology]], Agricola described and illustrated how [[ore vein]]s occur in and on the ground. He described [[prospecting]] for ore veins and [[surveying]] in detail, as well as washing the ores to collect the heavier valuable minerals, such as [[gold]] and [[tin]]. The work shows [[water mill]]s used in [[mining]], such as the machine for lifting men and material into and out of a [[mine shaft]]. Water mills found application especially in crushing ores to release the fine particles of gold and other heavy minerals, as well as working giant [[bellows]] to force air into the confined spaces of underground workings.

Agricola described mining methods which are now obsolete, such as [[fire-setting]], which involved building fires against hard rock faces. The hot rock was quenched with water, and the [[thermal shock]] weakened it enough for easy removal. It was a dangerous method when used underground, and was made redundant by [[explosives]].

The work contains, in an appendix, the German equivalents for the technical terms used in the Latin text. Modern words that derive from the work include [[fluorspar]] (from which was later named [[fluorine]]) and [[bismuth]]. In another example, believing the black rock of the [[Schloßberg (Stolpen)|Schloßberg]] at [[Stolpen]] to be the same as Pliny the Elder's [[basalt]], Agricola applied this name to it, and thus originated a petrological term.

In 1912, the ''Mining Magazine'' (London) published an English translation of ''De re metallica''. The translation was made by [[Herbert Hoover]], the American mining engineer and his wife [[Lou Henry Hoover]]. Hoover was later [[President of the United States]].

== Death ==
[[File:Platte-Agricola.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial tablet for Agricola at Zeitz cathedral, installed in June 2014]]

Agricola died on November 21, 1555. His "lifelong friend," the Protestant poet and classicist [[Georg Fabricius]], wrote in a letter to the Protestant theologian [[Phillip Melanchthon]], "He who since the days of childhood had enjoyed robust health was carried off by a four-days' fever." Agricola was a fervent Catholic, who, according to Fabricius, "despised our Churches" and "would not tolerate with patience that anyone should discuss ecclesiastical matters with him". That did not stop Fabricius in the same letter from calling Agricola "that distinguished ornament of our Fatherland," whose "religious views...were compatible with reason, it is true, and were dazzling," though not "compatible with truth"; in 1551 Fabricius had already written the introductory poem to ''De re metallica'' in praise of Agricola.<ref name=farl>{{cite web |url=http://farlang.com/books/agricola-hoover-de-re-metallica |title=De Re Metallica – Agricola, Hoover, pp. xi-xii, xvi, xxi-xxiv |publisher=Farlang |author=H. Hoover, L.H. Hoover |access-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314224926/http://farlang.com/books/agricola-hoover-de-re-metallica |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to traditional urban customs, as a former lord mayor he was entitled to a burial in the local mother church. His religious affiliation, however, outweighed his secular prerogatives and monumental services for the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=Georgius Agricola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhX0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-322-95384-1|pages=123–}}</ref> Chemnitz Protestant superintendent Tettelbach urged [[Augustus, Elector of Saxony|Prince August]] to command the refusal of a burial inside the city. The command was issued and Tettelbach immediately informed the Agricola party.<ref>{{cite book|title=Die Reformation ihre innere Entwicklung und ihre Wirkungen im Umfange deLuterischen Bekenntnisses von J. Döllinger|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pv_khP51teUC|year=1848|publisher=J. Manz|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pv_khP51teUC/page/n610 583]–}}</ref>

Upon the initiative of his childhood friend, [[Naumburg]] bishop [[Julius von Pflug]], four days later Agricola's body was carried off to [[Zeitz]], more than {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} away and interred by von Pflug in the Zeitz cathedral.<ref>[https://www.kath-zeitz.de/bild/upload/dom-2-Fuenf-Minuten-Begleiter-Seite%201.pdf Five-minute guide to the Cathedral of Sts Peter and Paul] (in German). Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> His wife had a memorial plate commissioned and placed inside, that was already removed during the 17th century. Its text, however has been preserved in the Zeitz annals, and reads:

<blockquote>To the physician and mayor of Chemnitz, Georgius Agricola, a man most distinguished by piety and scholarship, who had rendered outstanding services to his city, whose legacy will bestow immortal glory on his name, whose spirit Christ himself absorbed into his eternal kingdom. His mourning wife and children. He died in the 62nd year of life on November 21, 1555 and was born in Glauchau on March 24, 1494<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-user.tu-chemnitz.de/~fna/14engewald.pdf |title= Zum 450. Todestag von GEORGIUS AGRICOLA | publisher = TU Chemnitz |author=Gisela-Ruth Engwald  |access-date= April 5, 2019  }}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
* [[List of mineralogists]]
* [[Shen Kuo]], 11th-century Chinese author on land formation and mineralogy
* [[Theophrastus]]
* [[Mineral collecting]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* [[Carolyn Merchant]] (1980). ''The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution'' (San Francisco: HarperCollins).
* Ralf Kern (2010). ''Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit''. Vol. 1. pp.&nbsp;334–336 (Cologne: Koenig).

== External links ==
{{commons}}
{{Wikisourcelang|la|Georgius Agricola|Georgius Agricola}}

* [http://www.agricola-aachen.de Agricola Akademischer Verein], (engl: Agricola Academic Association)
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Agricola, Georg|volume=1|page=386}}
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=George Agricola|volume=1}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=39197| name=Georgius Agricola}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Georgius Agricola}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003823/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/agricola_textbook_of_mineralogy/page_001 Agricola's work on gemstones and mineralogy: De Natura Fossilium], translated from Latin by Mark Chance Bandy
* [http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/agricola-metallica/page_001 Agricola's De Re Metallica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209042730/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/agricola-metallica/page_001 |date=2009-12-09 }} translated by former President H. Hoover and his wife L.H. Hoover, full text (650 pages) and illustrations
* [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/10795 ''De Ortu &amp; Causis Subterraneorum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808031805/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/10795/ |date=2020-08-08 }} full digital facsimile
* [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/eng_tech/id/15214 ''De Re Metallica Libri XII''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021104855/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/eng_tech/id/15214 |date=2020-10-21 }} full digital facsimile

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agricola, Georg}}
[[Category:1494 births]]
[[Category:1555 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Glauchau]]
[[Category:16th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:German mineralogists]]
[[Category:German philologists]]
[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:History of mining]]
[[Category:Leipzig University alumni]]
[[Category:German metallurgists]]
[[Category:16th-century German writers]]
[[Category:16th-century German male writers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Saxony]]