Editing Georges Perec

{{Short description|French novelist, filmmaker, documentalist, and essayist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name          = Georges Perec
| image         = Georges Perec.jpg
| language      = French
| birth_date     = {{birth date|df=yes|1936|3|7}}
| birth_place    = Paris, France
| death_date     = {{death date and age|df=yes|1982|3|3|1936|3|7}}
| death_place    = [[Ivry-sur-Seine]], France
| occupation    = [[Novelist]], [[filmmaker]], [[essayist]]
| spouse        = Paulette Petras
}}
'''Georges Perec'''  ({{IPA|fr|ʒɔʁʒ peʁɛk|lang}};<ref>Jenny Davidson, ''Reading Style: A Life in Sentences'', Columbia University Press, 2014, p. 107: "I have an almost Breton name which everyone spells as Pérec or Perrec—my name isn't written exactly as it is pronounced."</ref> 7 March 1936 – 3 March 1982) was a French [[novelist]], [[filmmaker]], [[documentalist]], and [[essayist]]. He was a member of the [[Oulipo]] group. His father died as a soldier early in the [[Second World War]] and his mother was killed in [[the Holocaust]]. Many of his works deal with absence, loss, and identity, often through [[word play]].<ref name="Bellos1993" />

==Early life==
Born in a working-class district of Paris, Perec was the only son of Icek Judko and Cyrla (Schulewicz) Peretz, Polish Jews who had emigrated to France in the 1920s. He was a distant relative of the [[Yiddish]] writer [[Isaac Leib Peretz]]. Perec's father, who enlisted in the French Army during World War II, died in 1940 from untreated gunfire or shrapnel wounds, and his mother was killed in the [[the Holocaust|Holocaust]], probably in [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] sometime after 1943. Perec was taken into the care of his paternal aunt and uncle in 1942, and in 1945, he was formally adopted by them.

==Career==
Perec started writing reviews and essays for [[Nouvelle Revue Française| ''La Nouvelle Revue française'']] and ''[[Les Lettres nouvelles]]'', prominent literary publications, while studying history and [[sociology]] at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]]. In 1958/59 Perec served in the French army as a [[paratrooper]] ({{lang | fr | XVIIIe Régiment de Chasseurs Parachutistes |italic= no}}); he married Paulette Petras after being discharged. They spent one year (1960/1961) in [[Sfax]], Tunisia, where Paulette worked as a teacher; these experiences are reflected in ''[[Things: A Story of the Sixties]]'', which is about a young Parisian couple who also spend a year in Sfax.

In 1961 Perec began working at the Neurophysiological Research Laboratory in the unit's research library funded by the [[CNRS]] and attached to the [[Hôpital Saint-Antoine]] in Paris as an [[archivist]], a low-paid position which he retained until 1978. A few reviewers have noted that the daily handling of records and varied data may have influenced his literary style. In any case, Perec's work on the reassessment of the academic journals under subscription was influenced by a talk about the handling of scientific information given by [[Eugene Garfield]] in Paris, and he was introduced to [[Marshall McLuhan]] by [[Jean Duvignaud]]. Perec's other major influence was the [[Oulipo]], which he joined in 1967, meeting [[Raymond Queneau]], among others. Perec dedicated his masterpiece, {{lang | fr | La Vie mode d'emploi}} (''[[Life: A User's Manual]]'') to Queneau, who died before it was published.

Perec began working on a series of [[radio play]]s with his translator Eugen Helmle and the musician {{Interlanguage link|Philippe Drogoz|de}} in the late 60s; less than a decade later, he was making films. His first cinematic work, based on his novel {{lang | fr | [[A Man Asleep | Un Homme qui dort]]}}, was co-[[Film director|direct]]ed by {{Interlanguage link|Bernard Queysanne|fr}}, and won the feature-film [[Prix Jean Vigo]] in 1974. Perec also created [[crossword]]-puzzles for ''[[Le Point]]'' from 1976 on.

''La Vie mode d'emploi'' (1978) brought Perec some financial and critical success—it won the [[Prix Médicis]]—and allowed him to turn to writing full-time. He was a [[writer-in-residence]] at the [[University of Queensland]] in Australia in 1981, during which time he worked on ''53 Jours'' (''53 Days''), which remained unfinished. Shortly after his return from Australia, his health deteriorated. A heavy smoker, he was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died the following year in [[Ivry-sur-Seine]] at age 45, four days shy of his 46th birthday; his ashes are held at the [[columbarium]] of the [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]].

==Work==
[[File:Ambigramme_de_Georges_Perec_-_andin_basnoda_a_une_epouse_qui_pue_-_animation.gif|thumb|[[Ambigram]] by Georges Perec.<ref name="PerecLiberation">{{Cite web|title=L'écrit touareg du sable au papier.Un typographe français a retranscrit l'alphabet des hommes du désert.|url=https://www.liberation.fr/culture/1996/07/27/l-ecrit-touareg-du-sable-au-papierun-typographe-francais-a-retranscrit-l-alphabet-des-hommes-du-dese_176184/|date=1996-07-27|access-date=2021-08-07|website=Liberation|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="BasnodaCabinetPerec">{{Cite web|title=Les tristes épousailles d'Andin Basnoda, Pierre di Sciullo & Bernard Magné|url=http://www.cabinetperec.org:80/anciens-numeros/cabinet-1/basnoda/basnoda-article.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Cabinet Perec|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205170358/http://www.cabinetperec.org:80/anciens-numeros/cabinet-1/basnoda/basnoda-article.html|archive-date=5 February 2007|language=fr}}</ref>]]
Many of Perec's novels and essays abound with experimental [[word play]], lists and attempts at [[Categorization|classification]], and they are usually tinged with [[Depression (mood)|melancholy]].

Perec's first novel ''Les Choses'' (published in English as ''[[Things: A Story of the Sixties]]'') (1965) was awarded the [[Prix Renaudot]].

Perec's most famous novel ''La Vie mode d'emploi'' (''[[Life: A User's Manual]]'') was published in 1978. Its title page describes it as "novels", in the plural, the reasons for which become apparent on reading. ''La Vie mode d'emploi'' is a tapestry of interwoven stories and ideas as well as literary and historical allusions, based on the lives of the inhabitants of a fictitious Parisian apartment block. It was written according to a complex plan of writing constraints and is primarily constructed from several elements, each adding a layer of complexity. The 99 chapters of his 600-page novel move like a knight's tour of a chessboard around the room plan of the building, describing the rooms and stairwell and telling the stories of the inhabitants. At the end, it is revealed that the whole book actually takes place in a single moment, with a final twist that is an example of "[[cosmic irony]]". It was translated into English by [[David Bellos]] in 1987.

Perec is noted for his [[constrained writing]]. His 300-page novel ''La disparition'' (1969) is a [[lipogram]], written with natural sentence structure and correct grammar, but using only words that do not contain the letter "e". It has been translated into English by [[Gilbert Adair]] under the title ''[[A Void]]'' (1994). His novella ''Les revenentes'' (1972) is a complementary [[univocalic]] piece in which the letter "e" is the only vowel used. This constraint affects even the title, which would conventionally be spelt ''Reven'''a'''ntes''. An English translation by [[Ian Monk]] was published in 1996 as ''The Exeter Text: Jewels, Secrets, Sex'' in the collection ''Three''. It has been remarked by [[Jacques Roubaud]] that these two novels draw words from two [[disjoint sets]] of the French language, and that a third novel would be possible, made from the words not used so far (those containing both "e" and a vowel other than "e").

''W ou le souvenir d'enfance'', (''[[W, or the Memory of Childhood]]'', 1975) is a semi-autobiographical work that is hard to classify. Two alternating narratives make up the volume: The first is a fictional outline of a remote island country called "W", which at first appears to be a [[utopia]]n society modelled on the [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] ideal but is gradually exposed as a horrifying, [[totalitarian]] prison much like a [[concentration camp]]. The second is a description of Perec's childhood during and after World War II. Both narratives converge towards the end, highlighting the common theme of [[the Holocaust]].

"Cantatrix sopranica L. Scientific Papers" is a spoof scientific paper detailing experiments on the "yelling reaction" provoked in sopranos by pelting them with rotten tomatoes. All references in the paper are multi-lingual [[pun]]s and jokes; e.g., "([[Charybdis|Karybb]] & [[Scylla|Szyla]], 1973)".<ref>[http://www.pianotype.net/doc/tomatotopic.htm "Mise en évidence expérimentale d'une organisation tomatotopique chez la soprano (''Cantatrix sopranica L.'')"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223144638/http://www.pianotype.net/doc/tomatotopic.htm |date=23 December 2011 }} {{in lang|fr}}<br />[http://pauillac.inria.fr/~xleroy/stuff/tomato/tomato.html "Experimental demonstration of the tomatotopic organization in the Soprano (''Cantatrix sopranica L.'')"]</ref>

[[David Bellos]], who has translated several of Perec's works, wrote an extensive biography of Perec entitled ''[[Georges Perec: A Life in Words]]'', which won the [[Académie Goncourt]]'s ''bourse'' for biography in 1994.

The Association Georges Perec has extensive archives on the author in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.associationgeorgesperec.fr|title=Association Georges Perec}}</ref>

In 1992 Perec's initially rejected novel ''Gaspard pas mort'' (''Gaspard not dead''), believed to be lost, was found by David Bellos amongst papers in the house of Perec's friend {{Interlanguage link|Alain Guérin|fr}}. The novel was reworked several times and retitled ''{{Interlanguage link|Le Condottière|fr}}''<ref>[http://www.bookforum.com/archive/dec_05/gibbons.html "The Letter Vanishes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103132007/https://www.bookforum.com/archive/dec_05/gibbons.html |date=3 November 2018 }} by James Gibbons, ''[[Bookforum]]'', December/January 2006</ref> and published in 2012; its English translation by Bellos followed in 2014 as ''Portrait of a Man'' after the [[Portrait of a Man (Antonello da Messina, London)|1475 painting of that name]] by [[Antonello da Messina]].<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2015/apr/08/georges-perec-lost-novel/ "Georges Perec's Lost Novel"] by [[David Bellos]], ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', 8 April 2015</ref> The initial title borrows the name Gaspard from the [[Paul Verlaine]] poem "Gaspar Hauser Chante"<ref name="Bellos1993">{{cite book|author=David Bellos|author-link=David Bellos|title=Georges Perec: A Life in Words : a Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/georgespereclife0000bell|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=D. R. Godine|isbn=978-0-87923-980-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/georgespereclife0000bell/page/108 108]}}</ref> (inspired by [[Kaspar Hauser]], from the 1881 collection ''[[Sagesse]]'') and characters named "Gaspard" appear in both ''[[W, or the Memory of Childhood]]'' and ''[[Life: A User's Manual]]'', while in ''MICRO-TRADUCTIONS, 15 variations discrètes sur un poème connu'' he creatively re-writes the Verlaine poem fifteen  times.

==Honours==
[[Asteroid]] [[2817 Perec|no. 2817]], discovered in 1982, was named after Perec. In 1994, a street in the [[20th arrondissement of Paris]] was named after him, {{Interlanguage link|rue Georges-Perec|fr}}. The [[La Poste (France)|French postal service]] issued a stamp in 2002 in his honour; it was designed by [[Marc Taraskoff]] and engraved by [[Pierre Albuisson]]. For his work, Perec won the Prix Renaudot in 1965, the Prix Jean Vigo in 1974, and the Prix Médicis in 1978. He was featured as a [[Google Doodle]] on his 80th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/georges-perecs-80th-birthday/|title=Georges Perec's 80th Birthday|website=www.google.com|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref>

==Works==
===Books===
The most complete bibliography of Perec's works is Bernard Magné's ''Tentative d'inventaire pas trop approximatif des écrits de Georges Perec'' (Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 1993).
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Original French
! English translation
|-
| 1965
| ''Les Choses'' (Paris: René Juillard, 1965)
| ''Things: A Story of the Sixties'', trans. by [[Helen Lane]] (New York: Grove Press, 1967);<br />''[[Things: A Story of the Sixties]]'' in ''Things: A Story of the Sixties & A Man Asleep'' trans. by [[David Bellos]] and Andrew Leak (London: Vintage, 1999)
|-
| 1966
| ''Quel petit vélo à guidon chromé au fond de la cour?'' (Paris: Denoël, 1966)
| ''[[Which Moped with Chrome-plated Handlebars at the Back of the Yard?]]'', trans. by [[Ian Monk]] in ''Three by Perec'' (Harvill Press, 1996)
|-
| 1967
| ''Un homme qui dort'' (Paris: Denoël, 1967)
| ''[[A Man Asleep]]'', trans. by Andrew Leak in ''Things: A Story of the Sixties & A Man Asleep'' (London: Vintage, 1999)
|-
| 1969
| ''La Disparition'' (Paris: Denoël, 1969)
| ''[[A Void]]'', trans. by [[Gilbert Adair]] (London: Harvill, 1994)
|-
| 1969
| ''Petit traité invitant à la découverte de l'art subtil du [[Go (game)|go]]'', with Pierre Lusson and [[Jacques Roubaud]] (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1969)
| ''A Short Treatise Inviting the Reader to Discover the Subtle Art of Go'', trans. by Peter Consenstein (Cambridge, MA: Wakefield Press, 2019)
|-
| 1972
| ''Les Revenentes'', (Paris: Editions Julliard, 1972)
| ''The Exeter Text: Jewels, Secrets, Sex'', trans. by Ian Monk in ''Three by Perec'' (Harvill Press, 1996)
|-
| 1972
| ''Die Maschine'', (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1972)
| ''The Machine'', trans. by Ulrich Schönherr in "The Review of Contemporary Fiction: Georges Perec Issue: Spring 2009 Vol. XXIX, No. 1" (Chicago: Dalkey Archive, 2009)
|-
| 1973
| ''La Boutique obscure: 124 rêves'', (Paris: Denoël, 1973)
| ''La Boutique Obscure: 124 Dreams,'' trans. by Daniel Levin Becker (Melville House, 2013)
|-
| 1974
| ''{{ill|Espèces d'espaces|fr}}'' (Paris: Galilée 1974)
| ''Species of Spaces and Other Pieces'', ed. and trans. by [[John Sturrock (writer)|John Sturrock]] (London: Penguin, 1997; rev. ed. 1999)
|-
| 1974
| ''Ulcérations'', (Bibliothèque oulipienne, 1974)
| —
|-
| 1975
| ''W ou le souvenir d'enfance'' (Paris: Denoël, 1975)
| ''[[W, or the Memory of Childhood]]'', trans. by David Bellos (London: Harvill, 1988)
|-
| 1975
| ''Tentative d'épuisement d'un lieu parisien'' (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1975)
| ''[[An Attempt at Exhausting a Place in Paris]]'', trans. by Marc Lowenthal (Cambridge, MA: Wakefield Press, 2010)
|-
| 1976
| ''Alphabets'' illust. by [[Dado (painter)|Dado]] (Paris: Galilée, 1976)
| —
|-
| 1978
| ''Je me souviens'', (Paris: Hachette, 1978)
| ''Memories'', trans./adapted by Gilbert Adair (in ''Myths and Memories'' London: HarperCollins, 1986);<br />''I Remember'', trans. by Philip Terry and David Bellos (Boston: David R. Godine, 2014)
|-
| 1978
| ''La Vie mode d'emploi'' (Paris: Hachette, 1978)
| ''[[Life: A User's Manual]]'', trans. by David Bellos (London: Vintage, 2003)
|-
| 1979
| ''Les mots croisés'', (Mazarine, 1979)
| —
|-
| 1979
| ''Un cabinet d'amateur'', (Balland, 1979)
| ''A Gallery Portrait'', trans. by Ian Monk in ''Three by Perec'' (Harvill Press, 1996)
|-
| 1980
| ''La Clôture et autres poèmes'', (Paris: Hachette, 1980) – Contains a [[palindrome]] of 1,247 words (5,566 letters).<ref>Georges Perec: [http://homepage.urbanet.ch/cruci.com/lexique/palindrome.htm "Le grand palindrome"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105062829/http://homepage.urbanet.ch/cruci.com/lexique/palindrome.htm |date=5 January 2014 }} in ''La clôture et autre poèmes'', Hachette/Collection P.O.L., 1980</ref>
| —
|-
| 1980
| ''Récits d'Ellis Island: Histoires d'errance et d'espoir'', (INA/Éditions du Sorbier, 1980)
| ''Ellis Island and the People of America'' (with [[Robert Bober]]), trans. by [[Harry Mathews]] (New York: New Press, 1995)
|-
| 1981
| ''Théâtre I'', (Paris: Hachette, 1981)
| —
|-
| 1982
| ''Epithalames'', (Bibliothèque oulipienne, 1982)
| —
|-
| 1985
| ''Penser Classer'' (Paris: Hachette, 1985)
|''Thoughts of Sort'', trans. by David Bellos (Boston: David R. Godine, 2009)
|-
| 1986
| ''Les mots croisés II'', (P.O.L.-Mazarine, 1986)
| —
|-
| 1989
| ''53 Jours'', unfinished novel ed. by [[Harry Mathews]] and [[Jacques Roubaud]] (Paris: P.O.L., 1989)
| ''53 Days'', trans. by David Bellos (London: Harvill, 1992)
|-
| 1989
| ''L'infra-ordinaire'' (Paris: Seuil, 1989)
| —
|-
| 1989
| ''Voeux'', (Paris: Seuil, 1989)
| ''Wishes'', trans. by Mara Cologne Wythe-Hall (Cambridge, MA: Wakefield Press, 2018)
|-
| 1990
| ''Je suis né'', (Paris: Seuil, 1990)
| —
|-
| 1991
| ''Cantatrix sopranica L. et autres écrits scientifiques'', (Paris: Seuil, 1991)
| "Cantatrix sopranica L. Scientific Papers" with [[Harry Mathews]] (London: Atlas Press, 2008)
|-
| 1992
| ''L.G.: Une aventure des années soixante'', (Paris: Seuil, 1992)<br />Containing pieces written from 1959 to 1963 for the journal ''La Ligne générale'': Le Nouveau Roman et le refus du réel; Pour une littérature réaliste; Engagement ou crise du {{not typo|langage}}; Robert Antelme ou la vérité de la littérature; L'univers de la science-fiction; La perpétuelle reconquête; ''Wozzeck'' ou la méthode de l'apocalypse.
| —
|-
| 1993
| ''Le Voyage d'hiver'', 1993 (Paris: Seuil, 1993)
| ''The Winter Journey'', trans. by [[John Sturrock (writer)|John Sturrock]] (London: Syrens, 1995)
|-
| 1994
| ''Beaux présents belles absentes'', (Paris: Seuil, 1994)
| —
|-
| 1999
| ''Jeux intéressants'' (Zulma, 1999)
| —
|-
| 1999
| ''Nouveaux jeux intéressants'' (Zulma, 1999)
| —
|-
| 2003
| ''Entretiens et conférences'' (in 2 volumes, Joseph K., 2003)
| —
|-
| 2008
| ''L'art et la manière d'aborder son chef de service pour lui demander une augmentation'' (Hachette)
| ''[[The Art and Craft of Approaching Your Head of Department to Submit a Request for a Raise]]'' (published in the United States as ''The Art of Asking Your Boss for a Raise''), trans. by [[David Bellos]] (Verso, 2011)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Le Condottière]]'' (Éditions du Seuil, 2012)
| ''Portrait of a Man Known as Il Condottiere'', translated by David Bellos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014)
|-
| 2016
| ''L'Attentat de Sarajevo'' (Éditions du Seuil, 2016)
|-
| 2019
| ''Entretiens, conférences, textes rares, inédits'' (in one volume, 1104 p., Joseph K., 2019)
|}

===Films===
*''Un homme qui dort'', 1974 (with Bernard Queysanne, English title: ''[[The Man Who Sleeps]]'')
*''Les Lieux d'une fugue'', 1975
*''[[Série noire (film)|Série noire]]'' ([[Alain Corneau]], 1979)
*''Ellis Island'' (TV film with Robert Bober)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
'''Biographies'''
* ''[[Georges Perec: A Life in Words]]'' by [[David Bellos]] (1993)

'''Criticism'''
*''The Poetics of Experiment: A Study of the Work of Georges Perec'' by Warren Motte (1984)
*''Perec ou les textes croisés'' by J. Pedersen (1985). In French.
*''Pour un Perec lettré, chiffré'' by J.-M. Raynaud (1987). In French.
*''Georges Perec'' by Claude Burgelin (1988). In French.
* ''Georges Perec: Traces of His Passage'' by Paul Schwartz (1988)
* ''Perecollages 1981–1988'' by Bernard Magné (1989). In French.
* ''La Mémoire et l'oblique'' by Philippe Lejeune (1991). In French.
* ''Georges Perec: Ecrire Pour Ne Pas Dire'' by Stella Béhar (1995). In French.
* ''Poétique de Georges Perec: «...une trace, une marque ou quelques signes»'' by Jacques-Denis Bertharion (1998) In French.
* ''Georges Perec Et I'Histoire'', ed. by Carsten Sestoft & Steen Bille Jorgensen (2000). In French.
* ''La Grande Catena. Studi su "La Vie mode d'emploi"'' by Rinaldo Rinaldi (2004). In Italian.

==External links==
*[http://associationgeorgesperec.fr/ L'Association Georges Perec, in French]
*[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jb.guinot/pages/home.html Je me souviens de Georges Perec – comprehensive site in French by Jean-Benoît Guinot, with extensive bibliography of secondary material and links]
* {{Books and Writers |id=perec |name=Georges Perec}}
*[http://tsar.mcgill.ca/bibliographie/Georges_Perec Université McGill: le roman selon les romanciers (French)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316154157/http://tsar.mcgill.ca/bibliographie/Georges_Perec |date=16 March 2012 }} Inventory and analysis of Georges Perec non-novelistic writings about the novel
*[http://www.dalkeyarchive.com/reading-georges-perec/ Reading Georges Perec, by Warren Motte]
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223065247/http://pages.towson.edu/baker/negative.htm |date=23 December 2007 |title=Perec's "Negative Autobiography" }}
*{{IMDb title|0439793|Récits d'Ellis Island'}}
*{{IMDb title|0192718|Un homme qui dort}}
*{{IMDb title|0357862|Les Lieux d'une fuge}}
* {{IMDb name|0673007}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161116061128/http://www.margencero.com/articulos/articulos2/georgesperec.htm Georges Perèc o la Literatura como Arte Combinatoria. Instrucciones de uso | in Spanish | by Adolfo Vasquez Rocca]
*[http://revista.escaner.cl/node/88 Pensar y clasificar; Georges Perèc, escritor y trapecista | in Spanish | by Adolfo Vasquez Rocca PhD]

{{Georges Perec}}
{{Prix Médicis}}
{{Prix Renaudot}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perec, Georges}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:Oulipo members]]
[[Category:French people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century French Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish French writers]]
[[Category:French Holocaust survivors]]
[[Category:Prix Médicis winners]]
[[Category:Prix Renaudot winners]]
[[Category:Postmodern writers]]
[[Category:French adoptees]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:French male novelists]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in France]]
[[Category:20th-century French male writers]]
[[Category:Go (game) writers]]
[[Category:Crossword creators]]
[[Category:Palindromists]]