Editing George Everest

{{Short description|British surveyor and geographer (1790–1866)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix  = 
| name              = Sir George Everest
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB|FRS|FRAS|FRGS}}
| image             = George Everest - Maull & Polyblank.jpg
| birth_date        = {{birth date|df=yes|1790|7|4}}
| birth_place       = [[Crickhowell|Crickhowell, Wales]], ''or'' [[Greenwich, England]]
| death_date        = {{death date|df=yes|1866|12|1}} (aged 76)
| death_place       = [[London, England]]
| field             = [[Geography]]
| work_institutions = 
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = [[Great Trigonometric Survey]] of India<br/>
Being the eponym of [[Mount Everest]]
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| prizes            = Medal of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] (1847)
| religion          = 
| footnotes         = 
| signature         = 
}}
'''Sir George Everest''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|CB|FRS|FRAS|FRGS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|v|r|ᵻ|s|t}}, {{respell|EEV|rist}};<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olausson |first1=Lena |last2=Sangster |first2=Catherine M. |title=Oxford BBC guide to pronunciation: the essential handbook of the spoken word |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-280710-6 |page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite video | people = Claypole, Jonty (Director); Kunzru, Hari (Presenter) | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074phg | title = Mapping Everest | medium = TV Documentary | publisher = BBC Television | location = London |year = 2003 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Riaz|title=Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia|publisher=Casemate (UK)|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61200-814-1|location=Oxford|pages=100}}</ref> 4 July 1790&nbsp;– 1 December 1866) was a British surveyor and geographer who served as [[Surveyor General of India]] from 1830 to 1843.

After a military education, Everest joined the [[East India Company]] and arrived in India at the age of 16. He was eventually made an assistant to [[William Lambton]] on the [[Great Trigonometric Survey]], and replaced Lambton as superintendent of the survey in 1823. Everest was largely responsible for surveying the [[meridian arc]] from the southernmost point of [[India]] north to [[Nepal]], a distance of about {{convert|2400|km|mi|-2}}, a task that took from 1806 to 1841 to complete. He was made Surveyor General of India in 1830, retiring in 1843 and returning to England.

In 1865, the [[Royal Geographical Society]] renamed Peak XV–at the time only recently identified as the world's highest peak–to [[Mount Everest]] in his honour.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wallace|first=Colin|title=Mount Everest – The British Story|url=http://www.everest1953.co.uk/NamingMountEverest.php|access-date=2 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925110548/http://www.everest1953.co.uk/NamingMountEverest.php|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Andrew Scott Waugh]], his protégé and successor as surveyor general, had been responsible for putting his name forward in 1856. Everest's name was used as a compromise due to the difficulty of choosing between multiple local names for the mountain. He initially objected to the honour, as he had had nothing to do with its discovery and believed his name was not easily written or pronounced in [[Hindi]].<ref name=BBC_mwde>{{cite news|title=The man who 'discovered' Everest|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3193576.stm|work=BBC News|date=20 October 2003|access-date=9 August 2016|first=Soutik|last=Biswas}}</ref><ref>See report in 'The Illustrated London News', 15 August 1857</ref><ref>{{citation | year=1894 | title = Reminiscences and anecdotes of great men of India: both official and non-official for the last one hundred years | editor=Ram Copal Sanyal | page=25 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BYdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA25}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:G Everest grave Hove.jpg|thumb|upright|Everest's grave, [[St Andrew's Church, Church Road, Hove|St Andrew's Church, Hove]]]]
Everest was born on 4 July 1790, but his birthplace is uncertain.<ref name=r1>"George Everest was born on 4 July 1790 but the location is open to doubt. This uncertainty as to his birthplace arises because his father William Tristram Everest had an estate near Crickhowell in south [[Wales]] and some reference works suggest he was born there. [...] George's baptismal certificate certainly indicates that he was baptized in Greenwich but although the certificate also bears his date of birth it does not indicate the locality." {{cite book|last=Smith|first=James R.|chapter=Sir George Everest|editor-last=Martin|editor-first=Geoffrey|title=Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, Volume 15|year=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781474226653|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3skCwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>Salkeld, Audrey ([[American Alpine Club]]) - [https://books.google.com/books?id=OLij19S1ftAC&pg=PA71 The American alpine journal]. 32.1990. p. 71. {{ISBN|1933056371}} Retrieved 18 November 2017</ref> He was baptised at [[St Alfege Church, Greenwich|St Alfege Church]] in [[Greenwich|Greenwich, London]], on 27 January 1791.<ref>{{cite web |website=Parks and Gardens UK |url=http://www.parksandgardens.org/places-and-people/site/8302/history |title=Gwernvale Manor Hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041914/http://www.parksandgardens.org/places-and-people/site/8302/history |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=18 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was born either at Greenwich or at Gwernvale Manor, his family's estate near [[Crickhowell]], [[Brecknockshire]] (now part of [[Powys]]) in [[Wales]].<ref>Ahluwalia, H. P. S. (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=lLvPiyCNTnwC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13 The Everest within]. Hemkunt Press. p. 13. {{ISBN|8170103096}} Retrieved 18 November 2017</ref><ref>[[BBC]] (7 March 2000) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/669629.stm Celebrating Wales on top of the world].</ref> Everest was the eldest son and third of six children born to Lucetta Mary (née Smith) and William Tristram Everest. His father was a solicitor and [[justice of the peace]], part of a "Greenwich family of long standing", and was successful enough to acquire a large estate in [[south Wales]]. His grandfather John Everest, the son of a butcher, was the first in the family to enter the legal profession. The Everest family in Greenwich can be traced at least as far back as the late 1600s, when Tristram Everest–John's great-grandfather–was a butcher in Church Street.<ref name=r1/>

Everest was educated at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]] in [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire]], followed by a year at the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], the military engineers' and artillery training college. He joined the [[East India Company]] as a cadet in 1806 (before he had reached the required age of 16<ref name=jrs/>). He was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Bengal Artillery]], and sailed for [[India]] in the same year.<ref name=odnb>
{{cite ODNB|id=9003|title=Everest, Sir George|last=Baigent|first=Elizabeth}}</ref>

Everest was a [[Freemason]]<ref name=jrs>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=James R. |title=Sir George Everest, F.R.S. (1790-1866) |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |date=1992 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=89–102 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/531442 |issn=0035-9149}}</ref> and initiated on an unknown date unknown in Neptune Lodge, [[Penang]], under the authority of the [[United Grand Lodge of England]]. After returning to England, he joined Prince of Wales' Lodge, London, on 20 February 1829.<ref name="Gila Valley">{{Cite web |url=http://gilavalleylodge9.wordpress.com/2010/06/27/freemasons-and-the-royal-society/ | title= Freemasons and the Royal Society | date= 28 June 2010 | publisher= Gila Valley Lodge No 9|access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref>

===Early career in India===
Little is known about Everest's earliest years in India, but when he first arrived in the country at 16 years old he showed a talent for mathematics and astronomy. He was seconded to [[British Java|Java]] in 1814, where Lieutenant-Governor [[Stamford Raffles]] appointed him to survey the island.<ref name=jrs/> Everest returned to Bengal in 1816, where he improved British knowledge of the [[Ganges]] and the [[Hooghly River]]. He later surveyed a [[semaphore]] line from [[Calcutta]] to [[Benares]], covering approximately {{convert|400|mi|km}}. Everest's work came to the attention of Colonel [[William Lambton]], the leader of the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] (GTS), who appointed him as his chief assistant. He joined Lambton at [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, India]] in 1818, where he was in the process of surveying a [[meridian arc]] northward from [[Cape Commorin]]. He was responsible for much of the fieldwork, but then in 1820 contracted [[malaria]], necessitating a period of recovery spent at the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in [[South Africa]].<ref name=odnb/>

Recovering from malaria, Everest returned to India in 1821. He succeeded Lambton as superintendent of the GTS upon Lambton's death in 1823, and during the following years extended his predecessor's efforts on the arc up to [[Sironj]], in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Everest was prone to suffer from poor health, however, and the effects of a bout of fever and rheumatism left him half paralysed. He returned to England in 1825, where he spent the following five years recuperating. During that time, Everest was elected as a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in March 1827. Most of his free time was spent lobbying the East India Company for better equipment and studying the methods used by the [[Ordnance Survey]]; he frequently corresponded with [[Thomas Frederick Colby]].<ref name=odnb/>

He became acquainted with Indian thought, according to his niece Mary Boole:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mary Everest Boole|url=http://archive.org/details/indianthoughtwes00bool|title=Indian Thought and Western Science in the Nineteenth Century|date=1901|publisher=The Ceylon National Review|others=Library Genesis|language=English}}</ref>
{{Blockquote| My uncle, George Everest, was sent to India in 1806 at the age of sixteen.&nbsp;[...] the boy went out ignorant, un-spoiled and fresh. He made the acquaintance of a learned Brahman who taught him—not the details of his own ritual, as European missionaries do, but—the essential factor in all true religion, the secret of how man may hold communion with the Infinite Unknown.}}

It is very likely he introduced Indian thought to others as well:

{{Blockquote| Some time about 1825, he came to England for two or three years, and made a fast and lifelong friendship with [[John Herschel|Herschel]] and with [[Charles Babbage|Babbage]], who was then quite young.(.) My uncle returned from india. He never interfered with anyone's religious beliefs or customs. But no one under his influence could continue to believe in anything in the Bible being specially sacred, except the two elements which it has in common with other sacred books: the knowledge of our relation to others and of man's power to hold direct converse with the unseen truth.}}

===Surveyor General of India===
In June 1830, Everest returned to India to continue his work on the GTS, and was simultaneously appointed [[Surveyor General of India]]. The arc from Cape Commorin to the northern border of British India was finally completed in 1841, under the supervision of [[Andrew Scott Waugh]]. To his dismay, much of his time was spent on administrative concerns, as well as combating criticism from home. The East India Company had provisionally appointed Thomas Jervis as Everest's successor, and Jervis subsequently delivered a series of lectures to the Royal Society on the perceived deficiencies of Everest's methods.

In response, Everest penned a series of open letters to [[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex]], the society's president, in which he lambasted the society "for meddling in matters of which they know little". Jervis withdrew from consideration, and Everest successfully secured the appointment of his protégé Waugh as his successor. He resigned in November 1842 and his commission was formally revoked in December 1843, at which point he returned to England.<ref name=odnb/>

===Later life===
In London on 11 November 1846 Everest married Emma Wing, aged 23, of [[Hampstead|Hampstead, London]].<ref>{{cite web |title=St George, Hanover Square 1846-1847 |url=https://www-ancestryinstitution-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/search/collections/61867/records/90884013 |publisher=Ancestry.com |language=en}}</ref> They had six children.<ref name=jrs/>

In 1847, Everest published ''An Account of the Measurement of Two Sections of the Meridional Arc of India'', for which he was awarded a medal by the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]. He was later elected to fellowship of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]] and the [[Royal Geographical Society]]. Everest was promoted to [[colonel]] in 1854, made a [[Commander of the Order of the Bath]] in February 1861,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7097|page=289|city=e|date=1 March 1861}}</ref> and created a [[Knight Bachelor]] in March 1861.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22493|page=1241|date=19 March 1861}}</ref> He died at his home in [[Hyde Park Gardens]] on 1 December 1866, and was buried in [[St Andrew's Church, Church Road, Hove|St Andrew's Church, Hove]] near [[Brighton]].<ref name=odnb/>

==Naming of Mount Everest==
George Everest had no direct connection with the [[Mount Everest|mountain which bears his name]], which he never saw. He was, however, responsible for hiring [[Andrew Scott Waugh]], who made the first formal observations of the mountain, and [[Radhanath Sikdar]], who calculated its height. Before its significance was realised, Mount Everest was originally known as Peak "B" and later as Peak XV. In March 1856, Waugh wrote to the [[Royal Geographical Society]] to announce that the mountain was believed to be the highest in the world, and proposed that it be named "after my illustrious predecessor", as it was "without any local name that we can discover" – the "native appellation, if it has any, will not very likely be ascertained before we are allowed to penetrate into Nepal". There were in fact several native names among the [[Nepal]]ese and [[Tibet]]ans, but those areas were closed off to the British at the time and people living further to the south of the Himalayas did not have a specific name for the peak. In the decade after 1856, Waugh's proposal was widely debated by the Royal Geographical Society and similar bodies. Other scholars of India put forward native names that they believed to be correct, such as [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]]'s "Deva-dhunga" and [[Hermann Schlagintweit]]'s "Gaurisankar". Everest himself objected to his name being used, as "the native of India" could not pronounce it and it could not be easily written in [[Hindi]]. Nonetheless, in 1865 the society officially settled on "Mount Everest" as the name.<ref>[https://www.montana.edu/everest/facts/naming.html The Naming of Mount Everest]. Montana State University website. Accessed 11 January 2023.</ref>

==Family==
Everest had several siblings, including two younger brothers. George's first younger brother was Robert Everest, chaplain to the East India Company and author of ''A Journey Through the United States and Part of Canada''.<ref>{{Cite book|title = A Journey Through the United States and Part of Canada|last = Everest|first = Robert|publisher = John Chapman: King William Street, Strand, London, 1855.}}</ref> His second (his youngest brother) was the Thomas Roupell Everest, the father of Mary Everest and a lay [[homeopathy|homoeopath]]. George Everest's third child, Ethel Everest, was an associate of [[Emma Cons]] and friend of [[Lilian Baylis]].<ref>Schafer, Elizabeth (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=U4Y6Jyc0vSAC&pg=PA76 ''Lilian Baylis: A Biography'']. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 76. {{ISBN|9781902806648}}</ref> She provided financial support for the founding of [[Morley College]] in south London.<ref>Richards, Denis (2013) [https://books.google.com/books?id=d6X0JhHB8-8C&pg=PT60 ''Offspring of the Vic: A History of Morley College'']. Routledge. p. 60. {{ISBN|9781135030858}}</ref>

One of Everest's sons, Lancelot Feilding Everest, was educated at [[Harrow School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], and was called to [[Bar (law)|the Bar]] by [[Lincoln's Inn]]. He practised as a barrister in chambers in London and was also the principal author of ''The Law of Estoppel''.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Law of Estoppel|last = Everest|first = Lancelot Feilding|publisher = Stevens and Sons: 119, Chancery Lane, London, 1881}}</ref> Lancelot's eldest son, Cyril Feilding Everest, enlisted in the Canadian Infantry on 17 November 1914 and was killed in action on 9 October 1916 at the [[Battle of the Somme]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetailPrint.asp?ID=60846|title=Canadian Great War Project|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127045004/http://canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetailPrint.asp?ID=60846|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.everymanremembered.org/profiles/soldier/1567689 |title=Every Man Remembered – Soldier Profile Private Cyril Fielding Everest |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730101710/http://www.everymanremembered.org/profiles/soldier/1567689/ |archive-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref>

Everest's niece, [[Mary Everest Boole|Mary Everest]], married mathematician [[George Boole]] in Gloucestershire on 11 September 1855.<ref>{{cite ODNB|last1=Creese|first1=Mary|title=[[ODNB]]|date=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/38817|chapter=Boole, Mary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Gloucestershire, England, Marriages and Banns, 1754-1938|url = http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=5156|website = search.ancestry.co.uk|access-date = 28 January 2016}}</ref> In spite of the absence of formal training, Mary was a fine mathematician in her own right, as was one of her daughters, [[Alicia Boole Stott]]. Alicia's son, Leonard Boole Stott, studied medicine and became a pioneer in the treatment and control of [[tuberculosis]], work for which he was later appointed an [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]<ref>{{Cite book|title = Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800–1900: A Survey of their Contributions to Research|last = Creese|first = Mary R. S.|publisher = The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|year= 1998|page =199|isbn=9780810832879}}</ref> Mary Boole's daughter Margaret was the mother of Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor [[Order of Merit|OM]], a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, a renowned mathematician and physicist, and a major figure in fluid dynamics and wave theory.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Life and Legacy of G.I. Taylor|last = Batchelor|first = George|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year= 1994|page=25|isbn=0521461219}}</ref>

==Sir George Everest house in Mussoorie, India==
[[File:George everest house.jpg|right|thumb|Park House from above]][[File:Park House 17b.jpg|thumbnail|left|Sir George Everest's House and Laboratory, also known as Park House]]
Everest owned a house in [[Mussoorie|Mussoorie, India]] for about 11 years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nigam |first1=Devesh |title=Tourism, environment, and development of Garhwal Himalaya |date=2002 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=81-7099-870-0 |page=54 |edition=1.}}</ref> He purchased it, sight unseen, from General William Sampson Whish (1787–1853).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phillimore |first1=Reginald |title=Stokes' School, Mussoorie |journal=The Indian Archives |place=New Delhi|publisher=[[National Archives of India]]|date=July 1955|publication-date=December 1955|volume=IX |issue=2 |page=101}}</ref> Built in 1832, the house is known today as Sir George Everest's House and Laboratory, or Park House. The house is in Park Estate about {{convert|6|km|mi|0}} west of Gandhi Chowk / Library Bazaar (the west end of Mall Road in Mussoorie). The location has panoramic views of the [[Doon Valley]] on one side and the Aglar River valley and the [[Himalayan Range]] to the north. After renovation at a cost of [[Rupee|Rs]] 23.71 [[crore]], the house was opened as a museum in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Anmol |title=Renovated Sir George Everest House in Mussoorie opens to public |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/renovated-sir-george-everest-house-in-mussoorie-opens-to-public/articleshow/88151580.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 December 2021}}</ref>


==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* John Keay. 2000. ''The Great Arc''. London: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-00-257062-9}}.
* J. R. Smith. 1999. ''Everest: The Man and the Mountain''. Caithness: Whittles Publishing. {{ISBN|1-870325-72-9}}.
* {{cite book | last=Dean | first=Riaz | title=Mapping the Great Game: Explorers, Spies and Maps in 19th-Century Asia |publisher=Casemate | publication-place=Oxford, UK | date=2019 | isbn=978-1-61200-815-8 | oclc=1127908291}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Everest, Sir George}}
* https://www.explortheinfinity.com/george-everests-house/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206165921/https://www.explortheinfinity.com/george-everests-house/ |date=6 February 2020 }}
* [https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/sir-george-everest-house.php George Everest Travel Guide, History]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/dynastyphotoinc/sets/72157623165585006/ Photographs of Sir George Everest's house and laboratory, in Mussoorie, India]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/jul/21/mount-everest-name-1856 The Guardian news on Mount Everest name]
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/583/000195995/ George Everest] at nndb.com
* https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/150th-anniversary-death-sir-george-everest/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201082736/https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/150th-anniversary-death-sir-george-everest/ |date=1 December 2017 }}
* http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/530/gwernvale.html
* http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=4060

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Everest, George}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:1790 births]]
[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:Mount Everest]]
[[Category:People from Crickhowell]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Surveyors General of India]]
[[Category:British surveyors]]
[[Category:19th-century British geographers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]