Editing Geordie

{{Short description|Northern English dialect and demonym native to Tyneside}}
{{About|the people and dialect of Tyneside}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Geordie
| altname          = Tyneside English, Newcastle English
| nativename       = 
| acceptance       = 
| states           = [[England]]
| region           = [[Tyneside]]
| ethnicity        = English
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4=[[North Sea Germanic languages|North Sea Germanic]]
|fam5=[[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
|fam6=[[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
|fam7=[[English language|English]]
|fam8=[[Northern England English|Northern English]]
|fam9=[[Northumbrian dialect]]
|ancestor=[[Old English]]
|ancestor2=[[Middle English]] 
| image            = File:Ant and Dec in Cardiff Bay.jpg
| imagecaption     = Television presenters [[Ant and Dec]] are Geordies from [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
| map              = File:TynesideBUA.png
| mapcaption       = Map of the Tyneside built up area with Newcastle in red. 
}}
'''Geordie''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɔːr|d|i}} {{respell|JOR|dee}}), sometimes known in [[linguistics]] as '''Tyneside English''' or '''Newcastle English''', is an [[English dialect]] and accent spoken in the [[Tyneside]] area of [[North East England]]. <ref name="Brockett131" /><ref name="gra1" /><ref name="hott"/><ref name=ene>{{cite web |url=https://englandsnortheast.co.uk/geordie-origins/|title=Geordie Accent and Dialect Origins|access-date=19 August 2017 |publisher=englandsnortheast.co.uk|year=2016}}</ref><ref name=qualityOfHeart>{{cite web |url=https://libguides.ncl.ac.uk/c.php?g=130223&p=851119 |title=Geordie Guide: Defining Geordie |date=13 November 2019|publisher=Newcastle University |access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> It developed as a variety of the old [[Northumbrian dialect]] and became especially connected with the city of [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].<ref name =ene/><ref name=qualityOfHeart/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english|title=Geordie: A regional dialect of English|website=The British Library|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505185130/https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

''Geordie'' is also a [[List_of_regional_nicknames|nickname]] for a resident of this same region,<ref name="oxf1">{{cite web|url= http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk|title=AskOxford.com&nbsp;– a person from Tyneside|access-date= 1 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145559/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> though there are different definitions of what constitutes a Geordie, and not everyone from the North East identifies as such.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/you-geordie-mackem-smoggie-1363415|title=Are you Geordie, a Mackem or a Smoggie?|first=Tom|last=Rowley|date=21 April 2012|website=nechronicle|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/day-ken-dodd-learned-not-14399234|title=The day Ken Dodd learned not to call Teessiders 'Geordies'|first=Joanne|last=Welford|date=12 March 2018|website=gazettelive|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Furthermore, a Geordie can mean a supporter of the football club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sport360.com/football/andy-gray-richard-keys-epl-predictions-week-2 |title=Andy Gray & Richard Keys: EPL predictions |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827182024/http://www.sport360.com/football/andy-gray-richard-keys-epl-predictions-week-2 |archive-date=27 August 2013 }}</ref> [[Schooner (glass)|Geordie Schooner]] glass was traditionally used to serve [[Newcastle Brown Ale]].<ref name=schooner2016>{{cite news| title=Meet The Geordie Schooner| url=https://blogs.forbes.com/booze/2010/05/17/meet-the-geordie-schooner/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924195311/http://blogs.forbes.com/booze/2010/05/17/meet-the-geordie-schooner/ | archive-date=24 September 2010 | work=Forbes | first=David M. | last=Ewalt}}</ref>

The Geordie dialect and identity are primarily associated with a [[working-class]] background.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nickel |first1=Sebastian |year=2017 |type=Term paper|title=The Geordie Dialect. On Language Identity and the Social Perception of Tyneside English |website=GRIN |url=https://www.grin.com/document/444885 |url-access=subscription}}{{rs|date=October 2022}}{{sps|date=October 2022}}</ref> It is often considered not intelligible to many other native English speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/geordie.html#:~:text=Visitors%20from%20the%20south%20of,speakers%20at%20a%20first%20listening|title=Newcastle English ("Geordie")|last=Smith|first=Georff|publisher=Language Varieties|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> A 2008 newspaper survey found the Geordie accent to be [[perceptual dialectology|perceived]] as the "most attractive in England" among the British public.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/uk/Scots-accent-is-UK39s-second.4525816.jp |title=Scots accent is UK's second favourite - UK - Scotsman.com |work=The Scotsman |date=2008-09-24 |access-date=2013-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329091539/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/uk/Scots-accent-is-UK39s-second.4525816.jp |archive-date=29 March 2009 }}</ref>


{{listen|filename=Anthony mcpartlin bbc radio4 desert island discs 29 12 2013.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a male from [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] ([[Ant McPartlin]]).}}
{{listen|filename=Declan donnelly bbc radio4 desert island discs 29 12 2013.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a male from [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] ([[Declan Donnelly]]).}}

==History==
Like all English dialects, the Geordie dialect traces back to the [[Old English]] spoken by [[Anglo-Saxon]] settlers, initially employed by the ancient [[Brythons]] who fought [[Pict]]ish invaders after the end of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] rule in [[Roman Britain|Britain]] in the 5th century.<ref name=ene /> The [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Saxons]], and [[Jutes]] who arrived became ascendant politically and culturally over the native British through subsequent migration from tribal homelands along the [[North Sea]] coast of mainland Europe. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that emerged in the [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] spoke largely mutually intelligible varieties of what is now called Old English, each varying somewhat in [[phonology]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], [[syntax]], and [[Lexicography|lexicon]]. In [[Northern England]] and the [[Scottish borders]], then dominated by the kingdom of [[Northumbria]], there developed a distinct [[Northumbrian Old English]] dialect, which preceded modern Geordie. The [[linguistic conservatism]] of Geordie means that poems by the Anglo-Saxon scholar the [[Venerable Bede]] can be translated more successfully into Geordie than into standard modern English.<ref name="VenBede">{{cite web|last=Simpson|first=David|title=Venerable Bede|quote=Bede's Latin poems seem to translate more successfully into Geordie than into modern day English!|year=2009|url=http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/GeordieOrigins.html|access-date =6 August 2010}}</ref> 

The [[British Library]] points out that the Norse, who primarily lived south of the [[River Tees]], affected the language in Yorkshire but not in regions to the north. This source adds that "the border skirmishes that broke out sporadically during the Middle Ages meant the River Tweed established itself as a significant northern barrier against Scottish influence". Today, many who speak the Geordie dialect use words such as ''gan'' ('go' – modern Dutch {{lang|nl|gaan}}) and ''bairn'' ('child' – modern Danish {{lang|da|barn}}), which "can still trace their roots right back to the Angles".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english |title=Geordie: A regional dialect of English |access-date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505185130/https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geographical coverage==
===People===
When referring to the people, as opposed to the dialect, dictionary definitions of a Geordie typically refer to a native or inhabitant of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, or its environs,<ref name="env1">{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Geordies |title=Geordie |website=thefreedictionary.com |access-date=7 October 2018 }}</ref> an area that encompasses [[North Tyneside]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], [[South Tyneside]] and [[Gateshead]].<ref name="Jr1">{{cite web|title=Jarrow Song| website=AlLyrics |url=http://www.allyrics.net/Alan-Price/lyrics/The-Jarrow-Song/ |access-date=7 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="BlaydonRaces">{{cite web|url=http://www.tomorrows-history.com/CommunityProjects/PE0100050001/Blaydon%20Races.htm |title=Blaydon Races |access-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106024755/http://www.tomorrows-history.com/CommunityProjects/PE0100050001/Blaydon%20Races.htm |archive-date=6 November 2007}}</ref> This area has a combined population of around 700,000, based on 2011 census-data.

The term itself, according to Brockett, originated from all the North East coal mines.<ref name="Brockett131" /> The [[Catchment area (human geography)|catchment area]] for the term "Geordie" can include Northumberland and County Durham<ref name="gra1" /><ref name="hott" /> or be confined to an area as small as the city of [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] and the metropolitan boroughs of Tyneside.<ref name="oxf1" />

Scott Dobson, the author of the book ''Larn Yersel Geordie'', once stated that his grandmother, who was brought up in [[Byker]], thought the miners were the true Geordies.<ref name="ene" /> There is a theory the name comes from the Northumberland and Durham coal mines. Poems and songs written in this area in 1876 (according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]]), speak of the "Geordie".<ref name="qualityOfHeart" />

===Dialect===
Academics refer to the Geordie dialect as "Tyneside English".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Keuchler|2010}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Simmelbauer|2000|p=27}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watt|2000|pp=69–101}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003|pp=267–271}}</ref>

According to the British Library, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as [[Pitmatic]] and [[Mackem]]. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while ''Mackem'' is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english |title=Geordie: A regional dialect of English |access-date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505185130/https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Etymology==
A number of rival theories explain how the term ''Geordie'' came about, though all accept that it derives from a familiar diminutive form of the name [[George (given name)|George]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk|title=AskOxford.com – from the given name George|access-date=1 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145559/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk  |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> "a very common name among the pitmen"<ref name="Brockett131">{{cite book|last=Brockett|first=John Trotter|title=A Glossary of North Country Words in Use with Their Etymology and Affinity to Other Languages, and Occasional Notices of Local Customs and Popular Superstitions|url=https://archive.org/details/aglossarynorthc05brocgoog|publisher=E. Charnley|quote=GEORDIE, George-a very common name among the pitmen. "How! Geordie man! how is't"|year=1829|page=[https://archive.org/details/aglossarynorthc05brocgoog/page/n149 131]}}</ref><ref name="Brockett187">{{cite book |last=Brockett|first=John Trotter|title=A Glossary of North Country Words|url=https://archive.org/details/aglossarynorthc03brocgoog|edition=revised|quote=GEORDIE, George – a very common name among the pitmen. 'How! Geordie man! How is't' The Pitmen have given the name of Geordie to Mr George Stephenson's lamp in contra-distinction of the Davy, or Sir Humphry Davy's Lamp.|year=1846|page=[https://archive.org/details/aglossarynorthc03brocgoog/page/n223 187]|publisher=Newcastle-upon-Tyne, E. Charnley}}</ref> (coal miners) in North East England; indeed, it was once the most popular name for eldest sons in the region.{{citation needed|date=July 2011|reason=Details NOT actually provided by cited Brockett sources.}}

One account traces the name to the times of the [[Jacobite rising of 1715|Jacobite Rebellion]] of 1715. The Jacobites declared that the natives of Newcastle were staunch supporters of the [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian kings]], whose first representative [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] reigned (1714–1727) at the time of the 1715 rebellion. Newcastle contrasted with rural [[Northumberland]], which largely supported the Jacobite cause. In this case, the term "Geordie" may have derived from the popular anti-Hanoverian song "[[Cam Ye O'er Frae France]]?",<ref>Recorded by the folk group [[Steeleye Span]] on their album [[Parcel of Rogues (album)|''Parcel of Rogues'']], 1973.</ref> which calls the first Hanoverian king "Geordie Whelps", a play on "George the [[House of Guelph|Guelph]]".

Another explanation for the name is that local [[miner]]s in the northeast of England used [[Geordie lamp|Geordie safety lamps]], designed by [[George Stephenson]], known locally as "Geordie the engine-wright",<ref>{{cite book|first=Samuel|last=Smiles|title=The lives of the engineers|volume=III|year=1862|chapter=chapter 8}}</ref> in 1815<ref name="Smiles 1859 120">{{cite book |last=Smiles |first=Samuel |title=The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer |url=https://archive.org/details/lifegeorgesteph05stepgoog |quote=As to the value of the invention of the safety lamp, there could be no doubt; and the colliery owners of Durham and Northumberland, to testify their sense of its importance, determined to present a testimonial to its inventor. |year=1859 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifegeorgesteph05stepgoog/page/n130 120]|publisher=Ticknor and Fields}}</ref> rather than the competing [[Davy lamp]]s, designed about the same time by [[Humphry Davy]] and used in other mining communities. Using the chronological order of two [[John Trotter Brockett]] books, ''Geordie'' was given to North East pitmen; later he acknowledges that the pitmen also christened their Stephenson lamp ''Geordie''.<ref name="Brockett131" /><ref name="Brockett187" />

Linguist [[Katie Wales]]<ref name="Wales">{{cite book|title=Northern English: A Cultural and Social History|url=https://archive.org/details/northernenglishs00wale_327|url-access=limited|author=Katie Wales|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northernenglishs00wale_327/page/n152 134]–136|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86107-6}}</ref> also dates the term earlier than does the current ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''; she observes that ''Geordy'' (or ''Geordie'') was a common name given to coal-mine pitmen in ballads and songs of the region, noting that such usage turns up as early as 1793. It occurs in the titles of two songs by songwriter [[Joe Wilson (songwriter)|Joe Wilson]]: "Geordy, Haud the Bairn" and "Keep your Feet Still, Geordie". Citing such examples as the song "Geordy Black", written by Rowland Harrison of Gateshead, she contends that, as a consequence of popular culture, the miner and the keelman had become icons of the region in the 19th century, and "Geordie" was a label that "affectionately and proudly reflected this," replacing the earlier ballad emblem, the figure of [[Bob Crankie]].

In the ''[[English Dialect Dictionary]]'' of 1900, [[Joseph Wright (linguist)|Joseph Wright]] gave as his fourth definition of "Geordie": ''A man from Tyneside; a miner; a north-country collier vessel'', quoting two sources from Northumberland, one from East Durham and one from Australia.  The source from Durham stated: "In South Tyneside even, this name was applied to the Lower Tyneside men."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Joseph |date=1900 |title=English Dialect Dictionary Volume 2: D-G |url=https://archive.org/stream/englishdialectdi02wrig#page/596/mode/2up |page=597 |location=London |publisher=Henry Frowde}}</ref>

Newcastle publisher Frank Graham's ''Geordie Dictionary'' states:

{{quote|The origin of the word Geordie has been a matter of much discussion and controversy. All the explanations are fanciful and not a single piece of genuine evidence has ever been produced.}}

In Graham's many years of research, the earliest record he found of the term's use dated to 1823 by local [[comedian]] Billy Purvis. Purvis had set up a booth at the Newcastle [[horseracing|Races]] on the [[Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne|Town Moor]]. In an angry tirade against a rival showman, who had hired a young [[miner|pitman]] called Tom Johnson to dress as a [[clown]], Billy cried out to the clown:

{{quote|Ah man, wee but a feul wad hae sold off his furnitor and left his wife. Noo, yor a fair doon reet feul, not an artificial feul like Billy Purvis! Thous a real Geordie! gan man an hide thysel! gan an' get thy picks agyen. Thou may de for the city, but never for the west end o' wor toon.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA82|last=Arthur|first=T. |title=The Life of Billy Purvis |page=82|year=1875|publisher=S. Cowan and Co., Strathmore Printing Works, Perth |access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref>}}

<blockquote class="templatequote">(Rough translation: "Oh man, who but a fool would have sold off his furniture and left his wife? Now, you're a fair downright fool, not an artificial fool like Billy Purvis! You're a real Geordie! Go on, man, and hide yourself! Go on and get your picks [axes] again. You may do for the city, but never for the west end of our town!")</blockquote>

[[John Camden Hotten]] wrote in 1869: "Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century."<ref name="hott">{{cite book |last=Camden Hotten |first=John |author-link=John Camden Hotten |title=The Slang Dictionary: Or Vulgar Words, Street Phrases and Fast Expressions of High and Low Society |quote=Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0EqAAAAYAAJ |page=142 |orig-date=1869|year=2004|edition=reprint|access-date=2007-10-11}}</ref> Using Hotten<ref name="hott" /> as a chronological reference, Geordie has been documented for at least {{age|1769|1|1}} years as a term related to Northumberland and County Durham.

The name ''Bad-weather Geordy'' applied to [[Cockle (bivalve)|cockle]] sellers:

{{quote|As the season at which cockles are in greatest demand is generally the most stormy in the year – September to March – the sailors' wives at the seaport towns of Northumberland and Durham consider the cry of the cockle man as the harbinger of bad weather, and the sailor, when he hears the cry of 'cockles alive,' in a dark wintry night, concludes that a storm is at hand, and breathes a prayer, backwards, for the soul of Bad-Weather-Geordy.|S. Oliver, ''Rambles in Northumberland'', 1835}}

Travel writer [[Scott Dobson]] used the term "Geordieland" in a 1973 guidebook to refer collectively to Northumberland and Durham.<ref name="gra1">{{cite book |last=Dobson |first=Scott |title=A Light Hearted Guide to Geordieland |publisher=Graham |year=1973 |quote=Plus Geordieland means Northumberland and Durham |isbn=978-0-902833-89-0}}</ref>

==Linguistic surveys==
The [[Survey of English Dialects]] included [[Earsdon]] and [[Heddon-on-the-Wall]] in its fieldwork, administering more than 1,000 questions to local informants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Survey of English Dialects: Volume 1 Basic Material, Six Northern Counties and Man: Part 1|first1=Harold|last1=Orton|first2=Wilfrid J|last2=Halliday|year=1962|publisher=EJ Arnold & Son|location=Leeds|pages=17–18}}</ref>

The [[Linguistic Survey of Scotland]] included [[Cumberland]] and Northumberland (using historic boundaries) in its scope, collecting words through postal questionnaires.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=0233972129 |last=Petyt |first=Keith Malcolm |year=1980 |title=The Study of Dialect: An introduction to dialectology |publisher=Andre Deutsch|pages=94–96 }}</ref> Tyneside sites included [[Cullercoats]], Earsdon, [[Forest Hall]], [[Gosforth]], Newcastle upon Tyne, [[Wallsend-on-Tyne]] and [[Whitley Bay]].<ref>{{cite book|pages=[https://archive.org/details/linguisticatlaso0000ling/page/212 212–213]|title=The Linguistic Atlas of Scotland: Scots Section, Volume 2|last1=Mather|first1=J.Y|last2=Spetiel|first2=H.H.|last3=Leslie|first3=G.W.|publisher=Archon Books|location=Hamden, Connecticut|year=1977|isbn=0208014756|url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticatlaso0000ling/page/212}}</ref>

==Phonology==
{{IPA notice|section}}
The phonemic notation used in this article is based on the set of symbols used by {{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003}}. Other scholars may use different transcriptions. Watt and Allen stated that there were approximately 800,000 people in the early 2000s who spoke this form of British English.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231854084_Tyneside_English Tyneside English]</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A8D7536DC9832732B0BEDD66E79A1878/S0025100303001397a.pdf/tyneside_english.pdf Tyneside English, Dominic Watt and William Allen]</ref>

<blockquote>Tyneside English (TE) is spoken in Newcastle upon Tyne, a city of around 260,000 inhabitants in the far north of England, and in the conurbation stretching east and south of Newcastle along the valley of the River Tyne as far as the North Sea. The total population of this conurbation, which also subsumes Gateshead, Jarrow, North and South Shields, Whitley Bay, and Tynemouth, exceeds 800,000.</blockquote>

===Consonants===
Geordie [[consonant]]s generally follow those of [[Received Pronunciation]], with these unique characteristics as follows:

* {{IPA|/ɪŋ/}} appearing in an unstressed final syllable of a word (such as in ''reading'') is pronounced as {{IPA|[ən]}} (thus, ''reading'' is {{IPA|[ˈɹiːdən]}}).
* The Geordie accent does not use the glottal stop in a usual fashion. It is characterised by a unique type of glottal stops. {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} can all be pronounced simultaneously with a glottal stop after them in Geordie, both at the end of a syllable and sometimes before a weak vowel.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=374}}
** [[T-glottalization|T-glottalisation]], in which {{IPA|/t/}} is realised by {{IPA|[ʔ]}} before a syllabic nasal (e.g., ''button'' as {{IPA|[ˈbʊtʔn̩]}}), in absolute final position (''get'' as {{IPA|[ɡɛtʔ]}}), and whenever the {{IPA|/t/}} is intervocalic so long as the latter vowel is not stressed (''pity'' as {{IPA|[ˈpɪtʔi]}}).
** Glottaling in Geordie is known as 'pre-glottalisation', which is "an occlusion at the appropriate place of articulation and 'glottalisation', usually manifested as a short period of laryngealised voice before and/or after and often also during the stop gap".{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}} This type of glottal is unique to Tyneside English.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Glottal variants of (t) in the Tyneside variety of English: an acoustic profiling study|last1=Docherty |last2=Foulkes |first1=Gerard |first2=Paul Foulkes |title=A Figure of Speech – a Festschrift for John Laver|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum |year=2005 |editor1-last=Hardcastle |editor1-first=William |editor2=Janet Beck |location=London |pages=173–199}}</ref>
* Other [[voiceless]] [[stop consonant|stops]], {{IPA|/p, k/}}, are glottally reinforced in medial position, and [[preaspiration|preaspirated]] in final position.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}
* The dialect is [[non-rhotic]] like most other dialects of England, with {{IPA|/r/}} being realised most commonly as an alveolar approximant {{IPAblink|ɹ}}, although a labiodental realisation {{IPAblink|ʋ}} is additionally growing in prevalence among younger females. (This variant is also possible, albeit rarer, in the speech of older males.) Traditionally, [[intrusive R]] was not present in Geordie, with speakers instead glottalising between boundaries; however, it is present in newer varieties of the dialect.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}
* [[Yod-coalescence|''Yod''-coalescence]] in both stressed and unstressed syllables (so that ''dew'' becomes {{IPA|[dʒɵʊ]}}).
* {{IPA|/l/}} is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the [[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|velarised allophone]] is absent. However, modern accents may periodically use {{IPA|[ɫ]}} in syllable final positions, sometimes it may even be [[L-vocalization|vocalised]] (as in ''bottle'' {{IPA|[ˈbɒʔʊ]}}).{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}

===Vowels===

[[File:Geordie vowel chart.svg|thumb|250px|[[Monophthong]]s of Geordie (from {{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}). Some of these values may not be representative of all speakers.]]

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Monophthongs of Geordie{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! colspan="2" | {{small|[[Roundedness|unrounded]]}}
! rowspan="2" | {{small|[[Roundedness|rounded]]}}
|-
! {{small|[[Short vowel|short]]}}
! {{small|[[Long vowel|long]]}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɤ|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|eː}}
| {{IPA link|øː}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link|ɛː}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɐ|ə}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|a}}
| ({{IPA link|aː}})
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɒː}}
|}

; Length
* For some speakers, vowel length alternates with vowel quality in a very similar way to the [[Scottish vowel length rule]].{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
* Vowel length is phonemic for many speakers of Geordie, meaning that length is often the one and only phonetic difference between {{Sc2|DRESS}} and {{Sc2|SQUARE}} ({{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}}) or between {{Sc2|LOT}} and {{Sc2|START/PALM}} ({{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɒː/}}).{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} If older or traditional dialect forms are considered, {{Sc2|TRAP}} ({{IPA|/a/}}) also has a phonemic long counterpart {{IPA|/aː/}}, which is mostly used in {{Sc2|THOUGHT}} words spelled with {{angbr|a}}, making minimal pairs such as ''tack'' {{IPA|/tak/}} vs. ''talk'' {{IPA|/taːk/}} (less broad Geordie pronunciation: {{IPA|/tɔːk/}}). Another {{IPAblink|aː}} appears as an allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before final voiced consonants in words such as ''lad'' {{IPA|[laːd]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=360, 375}}

; Phonetic quality and phonemic incidence
* {{Sc2|FLEECE}} and {{Sc2|GOOSE}}, {{IPA|/iː, uː/}}, are typically somewhat closer than in other varieties in morphologically closed syllables; {{IPA|/uː/}} is also less prone to fronting than in other varieties of BrE and its quality is rather close to the cardinal {{IPAblink|u}}. However, younger women tend to use a central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} instead.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} In morphologically open syllables, {{Sc2|FLEECE}} and {{Sc2|GOOSE}} are realised as closing diphthongs {{IPA|[ei, ɵʊ]}}. This creates minimal pairs such as ''freeze'' {{IPA|[fɹiːz]}} vs. ''frees'' {{IPA|[fɹeiz]}} and ''bruise'' {{IPA|[bɹuːz ~ bɹʉːz]}} (hereafter transcribed with {{angbr IPA|uː}} for the sake of simplicity) vs. ''brews'' {{IPA|[bɹɵʊz]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
** The {{sc2|HAPPY}} vowel is tense {{IPAblink|i}} and is best analysed as belonging to the {{IPA|/iː/}} phoneme.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=362, 376}}
* As with other Northern English varieties, Geordie lacks the [[Foot–strut split|{{sc2|FOOT}}–{{sc2|STRUT}} split]], so that words like ''cut'', ''up'' and ''luck'' have the same {{IPA|/ʊ/}} phoneme as ''put'', ''sugar'' and ''butcher''. The typical phonetic realisation is unrounded {{IPAblink|ɤ}}, but it may be hypercorrected to {{IPAblink|ə}} among middle-class (especially female) speakers.{{sfnp|Beal|2004|pp=121–122}}
* The long close-mid vowels {{IPA|/eː, oː/}}, in {{Sc2|FACE}} and {{Sc2|GOAT}}, may be realised as monophthongs {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|eː}}, {{IPAplink|oː}}]}} in open syllables or as opening diphthongs {{IPA|[ɪə, ʊə]}} in closed syllables. Alternatively, {{IPA|/eː/}} can be a closing diphthong {{IPA|[eɪ]}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} can be centralised to {{IPAblink|ɵː}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} The opening diphthongs are recessive, as younger speakers reject them in favour of the monophthongal {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|eː}}, {{IPAplink|oː}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɵː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Beal|2004|pp=123–124}}
** Other, now archaic, realisations of {{IPA|/oː/}} include {{IPAblink|aː}} in ''snow'' {{IPA|[snaː]}} and {{IPA|[aʊ]}} in ''soldiers'' {{IPA|[ˈsaʊldʒɐz]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
** Many female speakers merge {{Sc2|GOAT}} {{IPA|/oː/}} with {{Sc2|THOUGHT}} {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, but the exact phonetic quality of the merged vowel is uncertain.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
* {{Sc2|NURSE}}, {{IPA|/øː/}}, may be phonetically {{IPAblink|øː}} or a higher, unrounded vowel {{IPAblink|ɪː}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} An RP-like vowel {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} is also possible.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
** In older broadest Geordie, {{Sc2|NURSE}} merges with {{Sc2|THOUGHT}} {{IPA|/ɔː/}} to {{IPAblink|ɔː}} under the influence of a uvular {{IPAblink|ʁ}} that once followed it (when Geordie was still a rhotic dialect).{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}{{sfnp|Beal|2004|p=126}} The fact that the original {{IPA|/ɔː/}} vowel is never hypercorrected to {{IPAblink|øː}} or {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} suggests that either this merger was never categorical, or that speakers are unusually successful in sorting those vowels out again.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
* The schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} is often rather open ({{IPAblink|ɐ}}). It also tends to be longer in duration than the preceding stressed vowel, even if that vowel is phonologically long. Therefore, words such as ''water'' and ''meter'' are pronounced {{IPA|[ˈwɔd̰ɐː]}} and {{IPA|[ˈmid̰ɐː]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} This feature is shared with the very conservative (''Upper Crust'') variety of Received Pronunciation.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=283}}
** Words such as ''voices'' and ''ended'' have {{IPA|/ə/}} in the second syllable (so {{IPA|/ˈvɔɪsəz, ˈɛndəd/}}), rather than the {{IPA|/ɪ/}} of RP. That does not mean that Geordie has undergone the [[weak vowel merger]] because {{IPA|/ɪ/}} can still be found in some unstressed syllables in place of the more usual {{IPA|/ə/}}. An example of that is the second syllable of ''seven'' {{IPA|/ˈsɛvɪn/}}, but it can also be pronounced with a simple schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} instead. Certain weak forms also have {{IPA|/ɪ/}} instead of {{IPA|/ə/}}; these include ''at'' {{IPA|/ɪt/}} (homophonous with strong ''it''), ''of'' {{IPA|/ɪv/}} (nearly homophonous with ''if''), ''as'' {{IPA|/ɪz/}} (homophonous with strong ''is''), ''can'' {{IPA|/kɪn/}} and ''us'' {{IPA|/ɪz/}} (again, homophonous with strong ''is'').{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=376}}
* As in other Northern English dialects, the {{sc2|BATH}} vowel is short {{IPA|/a/}} in Geordie, thus there is no London-style [[trap–bath split]]. There are a small number of exceptions to this rule; for instance, ''half'',{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}} ''master'', ''plaster'' and sometimes also ''disaster'' are pronounced with the {{Sc2|START/PALM}} vowel {{IPA|/ɒː/}}.{{sfnp|Beal|2004|pp=122–123}}
* Some speakers unround {{Sc2|START/PALM}}, {{IPA|/ɒː/}}, to {{IPAblink|ɑː}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} Regardless of the rounding, the difference in backness between {{IPA|/ɒː/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} is very pronounced, a feature which Geordie shares with RP and some northern and midland cities such as Stoke-on-Trent and Derby, but not with the accents of the middle north.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=360, 375}}
* Older traditional Geordie does not always adhere to the same distributional patterns of vowels found in standard varieties of English. Examples of that include the words ''no'' and ''stone'', which may be pronounced {{IPA|[niː]}} and {{IPA|[stɪən]}}, so with vowels that are best analysed as belonging to the {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/iə/}} phonemes.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}

[[File:Geordie diphthong chart - part 1.svg|thumb|250px|Part 1 of Geordie [[diphthong]]s (from {{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}})]]
[[File:Geordie diphthong chart - part 2.svg|thumb|250px|Part 2 of Geordie diphthongs (from {{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}). {{IPA|/æʊ/|cat=no}} shows considerable phonetic variation.]]
{|  class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Diphthongs of Geordie{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 
! colspan="3" | Endpoint
|-
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Central}}
! {{small|Back}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Start point
! {{small|Front}}
| {{IPA|ɛɪ (aɪ)}} || {{IPA|iə}} || {{IPA|æʊ}}
|-
! {{small|Back}}
| {{IPA|ɔɪ}} || {{IPA|uə}} ||
|}

; Diphthongs
* The second elements of {{sc2|NEAR}} and {{sc2|CURE}}, {{IPA|/iə, uə/}}, are commonly as open as the typical Geordie realisation of {{IPA|/ə/}} ({{IPAblink|ɐ}}).{{sfnp|Beal|2004|p=126}}
* The first element of {{sc2|MOUTH}}, {{IPA|/æʊ/}}, varies between {{IPAblink|æ}}, {{IPAblink|ä}} and {{IPAblink|ɛ}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=375–376}} Traditionally, this whole vowel was a high monophthong {{IPAblink|uː}} (with ''town'' being pronounced close to RP ''toon'') and this pronunciation can still be heard, as can a narrower diphthong {{IPA|[əu]}} (with ''town'' being pronounced close to RP ''tone'').{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=376}}
* {{sc2|PRICE}} is {{IPA|/ɛɪ/}}, but Geordie speakers generally use a less common allophone for certain environments in accordance with the [[Scottish vowel length rule]], {{IPA|[äɪ]}}, which has a longer, lower, and more back onset than the main allophone. Thus {{IPA|[ɛɪ]}} is used in words such as ''knife'' {{IPA|[nɛɪf]}}, whereas {{IPA|[äɪ]}} is used in ''knives'' {{IPA|[näɪvz]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} For simplicity, both of them are written with {{angbr IPA|ɛɪ}} in this article.

==Vocabulary==
{{Wiktionary category |category=Geordie English |type=the Geordie dialect}}

The Geordie dialect shares similarities with other Northern English dialects, as well as with the [[Scots language]] (See Rowe 2007, 2009).

[[Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid|Dorfy]], real name Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid, was a noted Geordie dialect writer.<ref name=Dorphy>{{cite web|title=Dorphy, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid. Dorphy's Geordie dialog, South Shields Gazette|url=http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm|access-date=4 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm |archive-date = 13 April 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sandvid
|first=D|title=Basinful o' Geordie: Tyneside Readings|publisher=H Hill|year=1970|isbn=978-0-900463-11-2
}}</ref> In her column for the South [[Shields Gazette]], Samuelson-Sandvid attests many samples of Geordie language usage, such as the nouns ''bairn'' ("child")<ref name=Drflkb2>{{cite web |title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth |quote = Aa wuz a bairn. |work = South Shields Gazette |date = 29 July 2009 |url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp |access-date = 13 May 2012 |archive-date = 5 August 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114359/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp |url-status = dead }}</ref> and ''clarts'' ("mud");<ref name=Drfhrswrd8/> the adjectives ''canny'' ("pleasant")<ref name=Drfhrswrd3>{{cite web |title = Here's a word from Dorfy |quote = Is canny, friendly, hyemly wawds that waarms aall Geordie hearts. |work = South Shields Gazette |date = 17 March 2009 |url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp |access-date = 13 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and ''clag'' ("sticky");<ref name=Drfhrswrd8>{{cite web |title = Here's a word from Dorfy |quote = Wor Geordie taalk is hyemly taalk; an wawds like 'clag' and 'clarts' |work = South Shields Gazette |date = 17 March 2009 |url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp |access-date = 13 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the [[Imperative mood|imperative]] [[verb phrase]] ''howay'' ("hurry up!"; "come on!")<ref name=Drfhrswrd4/>

''[[wikt:howay|Howay]]'' is broadly comparable to the invocation "Come on!" or the [[French language|French]] "Allez-y!" ("Go on!"). Examples of common use include ''Howay man!'', meaning "come on" or "hurry up", ''Howay the lads!'' as a term of encouragement for a sports team for example (the players' tunnel at [[St James' Park]] has this phrase just above the entrance to the pitch), or ''Ho'way!?'' (with stress on the second syllable) expressing incredulity or disbelief.<ref name=Dorphydialog/> The literal opposite of this phrase is ''haddaway'' ("go away"); although not as common as ''howay'', it is perhaps most commonly used in the phrase "Haddaway an' shite" (Tom Hadaway, Figure 5.2 Haddaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.').<ref name=hadaway>{{cite book
|last1=Colls
|first1=Robert
| last2 =Lancaster
| first2 =Bill
| last3 =Bryne
| first3 =David
| last4 =Carr
| first4 =Barry
| last5 =Hadaway
| first5 =Tom
| last6 =Knox
| first6 =Elaine
| last7 =Plater
| first7 =Alan
| last8 =Taylor
| first8 =Harvey
| last9 =Williamson
| last10 =Younger
| first10 =Paul
|title=Geordies
|quote=Hadaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.'
|page=90
|publisher=Northumbria University Press
|year=2005
|isbn=978-1-904794-12-7
}}</ref>

Another word, ''divvie'' or ''divvy'' ("idiot"), seems to come from the Co-op dividend,<ref>{{cite book
| title=IMS: Customer Satisfaction: BIP2005 (Integrated Management Systems)
| quote=An early example, which may be remembered by older readers was the Co-op dividend or 'divvie'. On paying their bill, shoppers would quote a number recorded ...
| publisher=BSI Standards
| year=2003
| page=10
| isbn=978-0-580-41426-8}}</ref> or from the two [[Davy lamp]]s (the more explosive Scotch Davy<ref>{{cite web
| last=Henderson
| first=Clarks
| title=NEIMME: Lamps – No. 14. SCOTCH DAVY LAMP.
| quote=CONSTRUCTION. Gauzes. Cylindrical, 2 ins diameter. 41/2" high with conical top, a double gauze 1 ins. in depth at the peak. 24 mesh iron. Light. Candle.
| url=http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html
| access-date=2 December 2007
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120122607/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk./lamps/Davy.html
| archive-date=20 November 2008
}}</ref> used in 1850, commission disapproved of its use in 1886 (inventor not known, nicknamed Scotch Davy probably given by miners after the Davy lamp was made perhaps by north east miners who used the Stephenson Lamp<ref name="Smiles 1859 120"/><ref>{{cite web
| last=Henderson
| first=Clarks
| title=NEIMME: Lamps – No. 16. STEPHENSON (GEORDIE) LAMP.
| url=http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html
| access-date=2 December 2007
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120145729/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html
| archive-date=20 November 2008
}}</ref>), and the later better designed Davy designed by [[Humphry Davy]] also called the Divvy.<ref>{{cite web
| last=Henderson
| first=Clarks
| title=NEIMME: Lamps – No. 1 – DAVY LAMP.
| url=http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html
| access-date=2 December 2007
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120122607/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk./lamps/Davy.html
| archive-date=20 November 2008
}}</ref>) As in a north east miner saying 'Marra, ye keep way from me if ye usin a divvy.' It seems the word divvie then translated to daft lad/lass. Perhaps coming from the fact one would be seen as foolish going down a mine with a Scotch Divvy when there are safer lamps available, like the Geordie, or the Davy.

The Geordie word ''[[wikt:netty|netty]]'',<ref name=Grah87>{{cite book |last=Graham |first=Frank |title=The Geordie Netty: A Short History and Guide |publisher=Butler Publishing; New Ed edition |date=November 1986|isbn=978-0-946928-08-8 }}</ref> meaning a toilet and place of need and necessity for relief<ref name="Grah87"/><ref name=Griff579>{{cite book
| last = Griffiths
| first = Bill
| title = A Dictionary of North East Dialect
| quote = Netty outside toilet, Ex.JG Annfield Plain 1930s. "nessy or netty" Newbiggin-in-Teesdale C20/mid; "outside netties" Dobson Tyne 1972; 'lavatory' Graham Geordie 1979. EDD distribution to 1900: N'd. NE 2001: in circulation. ?C18 nessy from necessary; ? Ital. cabinette; Raine MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of hys house knyttyng" York 1419, in which case root could be OE nid 'necessity'. Plus "to go to the Necessary" (public toilet) Errington p.67 Newcastle re 1800s: "lav" Northumbrian III C20/2 re Crawcrook; "oot back" G'head 2001 Q; "larty – toilet, a children's word, the school larties'" MM S.Shields C20/2 lavatory
| publisher = Northumbria University Press
| date = 1 December 2005
| page = 122
| isbn =978-1-904794-16-5}}</ref><ref name=Neddy23>{{cite book | last = Trotter Brockett | first = John | title = A glossary of north country words, in use. From an original manuscript, with additions. | quote = NEDDY, NETTY, a certain place that will not bear a written explanation; but which is depleted to the very life in a tail-piece in the first edition of Bewick's Land Birds, p. 285. In the second edition a bar is placed against the offending part of this broad display of native humour. Etymon needy, a place of need or necessity. | publisher = Oxford University | year = 1829 | page = 214 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m-8IAAAAQAAJ }}</ref> or bathroom,<ref name=Grah87/><ref name=Griff579/><ref name=Neddy23/> has an uncertain origin.<ref name=Netty123>{{cite web
| title = Netty
| quote = although some theories suggest it is an abbreviation of Italian gabbinetti, meaning 'toilet'
| url = http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/lexis/
| access-date = 19 September 2008
| archive-date = 19 September 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080919065341/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/lexis/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> However, some have theorised that it may come from slang used by [[Roman Britain|Roman soldiers]] on [[Hadrian's Wall]],<ref name=Netty897/> which may have later become ''[[wikt: gabinetti|gabinetti]]'' in the [[Romance languages|Romance language]] [[Italian language|Italian]]<ref name=Netty897/> (such as in the [[Westoe Netty]], the subject of a famous painting from Bob Olley<ref name=Netty897>{{cite news|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/news/story/0,,2049601,00.html|title=Urinal finds museum home|quote= the urinals have linguistic distinction: the Geordie word "netty" for lavatory derives from Roman slang on Hadrian's Wall which became "gabinetto" in Italian|access-date=8 October 2007 | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Martin | last=Wainwright | date=4 April 2007}}</ref><ref name=Netty898>{{cite news |title=Famed Geordie netty is museum attraction | newspaper =The Northern Echo |date=31 March 2007 |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/topstories/display.var.1299982.0.famed_geordie_netty_is_museum_attraction.php}}</ref>). However, ''gabbinetto'' is the [[Italian language|Modern Italian]] diminutive of ''gabbia'', which actually derives from the [[Latin]] ''[[wikt: cavea|cavea]]'' ("hollow", "cavity", "enclosure"), the root of the [[loanwords]] that became the [[Modern English]] ''cave'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cave |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-06-15}}</ref> ''cage'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cage |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-06-15}}</ref> and ''gaol''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=jail |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-06-15}}</ref> Thus, another explanation would be that it comes from a Modern [[Italian language|Italian]] form of the word ''[[wikt: gabinetti|gabinetti]]'',<ref name=Netty123/> though only a relatively small number of Italians have migrated to the North of England, mostly during the 19th century.<ref name=angit>{{cite web
| last = Saunders
| first = Rod
| title = Italian Migration to Nineteenth Century Britain: Why and Where, Why?
| quote = They were never in great numbers in the northern cities. For example, the Italian Consul General in Liverpool, in 1891, is quoted as saying that the majority of the 80–100 Italians in the city were organ grinders and street sellers of ice-cream and plaster statues. And that the 500–600 Italians in Manchester included mostly Terrazzo specialists, plasterers and modellers working on the prestigious, new town hall. While in Sheffield 100–150 Italians made cutlery.
| publisher = anglo-italianfhs.org.uk
| url = http://www.anglo-italianfhs.org.uk/articles/immigration.htm
| access-date = 3 September 2008
| archive-date = 6 October 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006053109/http://www.anglo-italianfhs.org.uk/articles/immigration.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Some [[etymologist]]s connect the word ''[[wikt:netty|netty]]'' to the [[Modern English]] word ''needy''. John Trotter Brockett, writing in 1829 in his ''A glossary of north country words...'',<ref name="Neddy23"/> claims that the [[etymon]] of ''netty'' (and its related form ''neddy'') is the [[Modern English]] ''needy''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=needy |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-06-15}}</ref> and ''need''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=need |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-06-15}}</ref>

Bill Griffiths, in ''A Dictionary of North East Dialect'', points to the earlier form, the [[Old English language|Old English]] ''níd''; he writes: "MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of his house a knyttyng" York 1419, in which case the root could be OE níd 'necessary'".<ref name=Griff579/> Another related word, ''nessy'' is thought (by Griffiths) to derive from the Modern English "necessary".<ref name=Griff579/>

A poem called "Yam" narrated by author Douglas Kew demonstrates the usage of a number of Geordie words.<ref>{{cite video
|date      = 29 July 2007
|title      = YAM narrated by author Douglas Kew
|url        = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kKTaOCJROc
|access-date=2 January 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|first1=Douglas|last1=Kew
|title=A Traveller's Tale
|publisher=Trafford Publishing
|date=7 February 2001
|isbn=978-1-55212-552-6
}}</ref>

{{Collapsible list
|title=Vocabulary usage
|bullets=yes
|''[[wikt:aa/aye/ai|aa/aye/ai]]'', yes<ref name="Dorfyyuyu">{{cite news   | title =  A taste of domestic service for Dorfy   | newspaper =  South Shields Gazette   | date =  1 July 2009   | url =  http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp   | archive-date =  5 July 2009   | access-date =  3 March 2010   | archive-url =  https://web.archive.org/web/20090705004131/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp   | url-status =  dead   }}</ref>
|''[[wikt:aall|aall]]'', all<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''aalwiz'', always<ref name=Dorfyhooswlt2>{{cite web| title = A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy| quote = Aa aalwiz...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 22 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114354/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp| archive-date = 5 August 2009}}</ref>
|''[[wikt:aboot|aboot]]'', about<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''alang'', along<ref name=Drflkb6>{{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| quote = Aa gan alang the streets...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-date = 5 August 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114359/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|''alreet'', alright<ref name=Drfsmts3>{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = It larnt us alreet...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''an'', and<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''[[wikt:baccy|baccy]]'', tobacco<ref name="Dorfy1">{{cite news   | title =  A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy   | newspaper =  South Shields Gazette   | date =  22 July 2009   | url =  http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp   | access-date =  3 March 2010   | archive-url =  https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114354/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp   | archive-date =  5 August 2009   }}</ref>
|''bairn'', child<ref name=Drflkb2/>
|''cannit'', cannot<ref name=drfbst4>{{cite web| title = Dorfy loses her bus ticket| quote = when y' cannit produce a ticket?| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 30 April 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''canny'', pleasant<ref name=Drfhrswrd3/>
|''childhud'', childhood<ref name=Drfyscld2>{{cite web| title = Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms| quote = the whole o' me childhud| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 5 August 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy39s-school-days-with-just.5526876.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''clag'', sticky<ref name=Drfhrswrd8/>
|''clarts'', mud<ref name=Drfhrswrd8/>
|''[[wikt:D/dee|dee]]'', do<ref name="Dorfy1"/><ref name=Drfytldmserv1>{{cite web| title = A taste of domestic service for Dorfy| quote = Aa cud dee aall these things.| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 1 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-date = 5 July 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705004131/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|''[[wikt:dinnor|dinnor]]'', dinner<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''divvn't'', don't<ref name=Drf2013>{{cite web  | title = Dorfy on the stress of Christmas shopping  | quote = Y' divvent see onny salt so...  | work = South Shields Gazette  | date = 2009-12-16  | url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/community/cookson-country/dorfy-on-the-stress-of-christmas-shopping-1-2033631  | access-date = 2013-10-01  }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Divvnt201310>{{cite news | title = We divvn't want ta gan... | newspaper = Evening Chronicle  | date =2004-02-06 | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/divvnt-want-ta-gan-doon-1605825 | access-date = 2013-10-01}}</ref>
|''divvy'', idiot
|''doilum'', idiot
|''Frida'', Friday<ref name=Drfsmts5>{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = that on Frida's..| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''fud'', food<ref name=Drfhrswrd7>{{cite web| title = Here's a word from Dorfy| quote = wor fud.| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 17 March 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''gan hyem'', go home
|''gan on'', go on<ref name=Drfhrswrd>{{cite web| title = Here's a word from Dorfy| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 17 March 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''gan'', go<ref name=Drflkb>{{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-date = 5 August 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114359/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|''gan't'', gone to<ref name=drfbst2>{{cite web| title = Dorfy loses her bus ticket| quote = Wheor d' the' gan t'?| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 30 April 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''geet'', very, really
|''guzzlin'', eating<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''[[wikt:haad|haad]]'', hold (e.g. ''keep a haad'' is 'keep a hold' and ''haad yer gob'' becomes 'keep quiet'.)<ref name=Dorphydialog/>
|''haadaway'', get away, (disbelief)<ref name=Drfhrswrd6>{{cite web| title = Here's a word from Dorfy| quote = Thor's music in the hyemly soond o' 'howk,' or 'haadaway.'| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 17 March 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''heor'', hear<ref name=Drfhrswrd/>
|''[[wikt:hinny|hinny]]'', honey (a term of endearment)<ref name=Dorphydialog/><ref name=Drfhrswrd2>{{cite web|title=Here's a word from Dorfy|work=South Shields Gazette|date=17 March 2009|url=http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp|access-date=13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''[[wikt:hoose|hoose]]'', house<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''hooswife'', Housewife<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''hord'', heard<ref name=Drflkb3>{{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| quote = an' w' had nivvor hord o'...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-date = 5 August 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114359/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|''howay'', hurry up, come on<ref name=Drfhrswrd4>{{cite web| title = Here's a word from Dorfy| quote = wawds y've nigh forgot – ""Howay!"" ""Gan on!""| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 17 March 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''[[wikt:hoy|hoy]]'', to throw<ref name=Dorphydialog>{{cite web  |title=Dorphy dialog |url=http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm   |access-date=4 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm|archive-date = 13 April 2003}}</ref>
|''hyem-myed'', home made<ref name=Drfyscld>{{cite web| title = Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 5 August 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy39s-school-days-with-just.5526876.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''ivry'', every<ref name=Drflkb5>{{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| quote = o' ivry parent wuz t' own...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-date = 5 August 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114359/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|''lang'', long<ref name=Drfyscld/>
|''larns'', learns<ref name=Drflkb4>{{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| quote = one 'musical' bairn that wuz sent t' larn music.| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-date = 5 August 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114359/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|''larnt'', taught<ref name=Drfsmts/>
|''[[wikt:ma/mar/mam|ma/mar/mam]]'', mother<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''[[wikt:mesel|mesel]]'', myself<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''Monda'', Monday<ref name=Drfsmts>{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 26 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''neebody'', nobody<ref name=Dorfyhooswlt5>{{cite web| title = A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy| quote = NEEBODY seems t' reelise that a hooswife aalwiz...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 22 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114354/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp| archive-date = 5 August 2009}}</ref>
|''neet'', night<ref name=Drflkb/>
|''noo'', now<ref name=drfbst>{{cite web| title = Dorfy loses her bus ticket| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 30 April 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''nooadays'', nowadays<ref name=Drflkb/>
|''[[wikt:nowt|nowt]]'', nothing<ref name=Dorphydialog/><ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''oot'', out<ref name=Drfsmts4>{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = that had been shifted oot..| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''owt'', anything
|''pianna'', piano<ref name=Drflkb/>
|''reelise'', realise<ref name="Dorfy1"/>
|''reet'', right<ref name=drfbst3>{{cite web| title = Dorfy loses her bus ticket| quote = y' warn't reet.| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 30 April 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''roond'', around or round<ref name=Drfsmts2>{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = come roond an'...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''smaall'', small<ref name=Drfytldmserv2>{{cite web| title = A taste of domestic service for Dorfy| quote = a bucket o' smaall coal t'...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 1 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-date = 5 July 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705004131/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|''stotty-cyek'', stotty cake (bread)<ref name=Drfhrswrd/>
|''summack'' or ''summit'', something<ref name=Drflkb/>
|''Sunda'', Sunday<ref name=Drfyscld/>
|''taak'', talk<ref name=Drfhrswrd/>
|''thor's'', there's<ref name=Drfhrswrd6/>
|''Thorsda''', Thursday<ref name=Drfsmts/>
|''waarms'', warms<ref name=Drfhrswrd/>
|''watt'', what<ref name=Drfytldmserv3>{{cite web| title = A taste of domestic service for Dorfy| quote = o' watt sh'...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 1 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-date = 5 July 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705004131/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|''wawd'', word<ref name=Drfhrswrd/>
|''wesh'', wash<ref name=Drfytldmserv4>{{cite web| title = A taste of domestic service for Dorfy| quote = Cud Aa wesh?| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 1 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012| archive-date = 5 July 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705004131/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|''wheor'', where<ref name=Drflkb/>
|''wor'', our<ref name=Drfhrswrd/>
|''worsel's'', ourselves<ref name=Drfsmts6>{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = w' got worsel's interested...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|''y'kin'', you can<ref name=Drfsmts7>{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = y' kin set doon as...| work = South Shields Gazette| date = 27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| access-date = 13 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation
|last=Beal
|first=Joan
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|year=2004
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|chapter=English dialects in the North of England: phonology
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=113–133
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Colls
|first1=Robert
|last2=Lancaster
|first2=Bill
|year=1992
|title=Geordies: roots of regionalism
|edition=2nd
|publisher= Newcastle upon Tyne : Northumbria University Press
|isbn=978-1904794127
}}
* {{citation
|last=Di Martino
|first=Emilia
|year=2019
|title=Celebrity Accents and Public Identity Construction. Geordie Stylizations
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-1000022407
}}
* {{citation
|last=Keuchler
|first=Karsten
|year=2010
|title=Geordie Accent and Tyneside English
|publisher=GRIN Verlag
|isbn=978-3640742738
}}
* {{citation
|last=Pearce
|first=Michael
|year=2020
|title=The Survival of Traditional Dialect Lexis on the Participatory Web
|journal=English Studies
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|issue=4
|pages=487–509
|doi=10.1080/0013838X.2020.1805184
|doi-access=free
|url=http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/12519/1/The%20Survival%20of%20Traditional%20Dialect%20Lexis%20on%20the%20Participatory%20Web%20revised.docx
}}
* {{citation
|last=Rowe
|first=Charley
|year=2007
|title=He divn't gan tiv a college ti di that, man! A study of do (and to) in Tyneside English
|journal=Language Sciences
|volume=12
|issue=2
|pages=360–371
|doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.013
}}
* {{citation
|last=Rowe
|first=Charley
|year=2009
|title=Salience and resilience in a set of Tyneside English shibboleths
|series=Language Variation: European Perspectives II
|publisher=Amsterdam: John Benjamins
|pages=191–204
}}
* {{citation
|last=Simmelbauer
|first=Andrea
|year=2000
|title=The dialect of Northumberland: A lexical investigation
|series=Anglistische Forschungen
|publisher=Universitätsverlag C. Winter
|isbn=978-3825309343
}}
* {{citation
|last=Watt
|first=Dominic
|year=2000
|title=Phonetic parallels between the close–mid vowels of Tyneside English: Are they internally or externally motivated?
|journal=Language Variation and Change
|volume=12
|issue=1
|pages=69–101
|doi=10.1017/S0954394500121040
|s2cid=144002794
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232015280
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Watt
|first1=Dominic
|last2=Allen
|first2=William
|year=2003
|title=Tyneside English
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=2
|pages=267–271
|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001397
|doi-broken-date=11 May 2025
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide3=y|mode=cs2}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Geordie}}
{{Wikibooks|Transwiki:Geordie dialect words}}
* [https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/geordie.html Newcastle English (Geordie)]

{{English dialects by continent}}

[[Category:British regional nicknames]]
[[Category:City colloquials]]
[[Category:Culture in Tyne and Wear]]
[[Category:English language in England]]
[[Category:Languages of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:North East England]]
[[Category:People from Tyne and Wear]]