Editing Geography of Spain

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Country geography
| name =Spain
| image =España_y_Portugal.jpg
| continent =[[Europe]]
| region =[[Southern Europe]]<br />[[North Africa]]<br />[[Iberian Peninsula]]<br />[[Macaronesia]]
| borders ={{convert|1917.8|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br/>[[Portugal]]:<br/>{{convert|1214|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br/>[[France]]:<br/>{{convert|623|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br/>[[Andorra]]:<br/>{{convert|63.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br/>[[Morocco]] ([[Melilla]]):<br/> {{convert|9.6|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} <br/>[[Morocco]] ([[Ceuta]]):<br/> {{convert|6.3|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} <br/>[[Gibraltar]]:<br/> {{convert|1.2|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}
| highest point= [[Teide]] ([[Canary Islands]]) <br /> {{convert|3715|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <br/> [[Mulhacén]] ([[Iberian Peninsula]]) <br /> {{convert|3477|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| lowest point= [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Mediterranean Sea]]<br /> {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}} ([[Sea level]])
| longest river=[[Tagus]]
| largest lake=[[Lago de Sanabria]]
| exclusive economic zone= {{convert|1,039,233|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
}}
[[File:Spain topo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Geographical map of Spain]]
[[File:Espana Mapa fisico 1-1.250.000 2000.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of Spain ([[Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain)|Instituto Geográfico Nacional]], 2000)]]
[[File:Map of Spain and Portugal, Corrected and Augmented from the Map Published by D. Tomas Lopez.tif|upright=1.3|thumb|right|Map of Spain and Portugal, Corrected and Augmented from the Map Published by D. Tomas Lopez, 1810.]]

[[Spain]] is a country located in southwestern [[Europe]] occupying most (about 82 percent) of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. It also includes a small [[exclave]] inside France called [[Llívia]], as well as the [[Balearic Islands]] in the Mediterranean, the [[Canary Islands]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] {{convert|108|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} off northwest Africa, and five [[plazas de soberanía|places of sovereignty]] (''plazas de soberanía'') on and off the coast of [[North Africa]]: [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], [[Islas Chafarinas]], [[Peñón de Alhucemas]], and [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]].

The Spanish mainland is bordered to the south and east almost entirely by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (except for the small British territory of [[Gibraltar]]); to the north by [[France]], [[Andorra]], and the [[Bay of Biscay]]; and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and [[Portugal]]. With a land area of {{convert|504,782|km2|mi2}} in the Iberian peninsula,<ref name="Eur2002">{{cite book|author=Eur|title=Western Europe 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9QYndAPmuQC&pg=PA559|date=30 November 2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-152-0|page=559}}</ref> Spain is the largest country in [[Southern Europe]], the second largest country in [[Western Europe]] (behind France), and the fourth largest country in the European continent (behind Russia, Ukraine, and France). It has an average altitude of 650&nbsp;m.

Its total area including Spanish island territories is {{convert|505,370|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of which {{convert|499542|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} is land and {{convert|5240|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} is water.<ref name=CIA>{{cite web|title=Spain|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/|year=2008|access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> It has the 30th largest [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{convert|1,039,233|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Spain lies between latitudes [[27th parallel north|27°]] and [[44th parallel north|44° N]], and longitudes [[19th meridian west|19° W]] and [[5th meridian east|5° E]]. Its Atlantic coast is {{convert|710|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long. The [[Pyrenees]] [[mountain range]] extends {{convert|435|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the Mediterranean to the Bay of Biscay. In the extreme south of Spain's mainland lie the [[Straits of Gibraltar]], which separate the Iberian peninsula and the rest of Europe from Ceuta and [[Morocco]] in [[North Africa]].

==Borders==
Most of Spain's boundaries are water: the Mediterranean Sea along the east from the French border down to [[Gibraltar]] and the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], and the Atlantic Ocean on the northwest and southwest (in the south as the [[Gulf of Cádiz]] and in the north as the [[Bay of Biscay]]).<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Spain: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90006127/|last=Clark|first=Robert P.|date=1990|editor-last=Solsten|editor-first=Eric|pages=69–76|oclc=44200005| editor-last2=Meditz|editor-first2=Sandra W.|entry=Geography}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The Spanish autonomous cities of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] are Spanish enclaves lying in mainland Africa in territory claimed by Morocco and are located on the coast of the Alboran Sea, with Ceuta at the very mouth of the Strait of Gibraltar, and Melilla closer to the border with Algeria.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} The [[Canary Islands]], geographically and geologically part of the [[African continent]], are located in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://catalogo.museosdetenerife.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/MACAMONO/id/16/rec/1 |title=La Macaronesia. Consideraciones geológicas, biogeográficas y paleoecológicas |access-date=10 February 2010 |language=Spanish| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032309/http://catalogo.museosdetenerife.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/MACAMONO/id/16/rec/1 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Spain also shares land boundaries with [[France]] and [[Andorra]] along the [[Pyrenees]] in the northeast, with [[Portugal]] on the west, with the small British colonial Territory of [[Gibraltar]] near the southernmost tip,<ref name=":1" /> and with [[Morocco]] in its autonomous cities of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], and certain other small but uninhabited enclaves, mostly capes and small isles.{{Fact|date=August 2021}} The affiliation of Gibraltar has continued to be a contentious issue between Spain and [[United Kingdom|Britain]],<ref name=":1" /> and the sovereignty of Spain's enclaves, or ''[[plazas de soberanía]]'', on the Mediterranean coast of [[Morocco]] is disputed by Madrid.{{Fact|date=August 2021}}

Spain also has a small [[exclave]] inside France called [[Llívia]], which is a mountain village in the historical ''[[comarca]]'' of [[La Cerdanya]], forming part of the historical territories of [[Catalonia]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Livia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Llivia |access-date=June 23, 2022 |website=Britannica}}</ref>

== Regions ==

=== Peninsular region ===
Most of Spain's peninsular region consists of the [[Meseta Central]], a highland plateau rimmed and dissected by mountain ranges.<ref name=":1" /> Other landforms include narrow coastal plains and some lowland river valleys, the most prominent of which is the Andalusian Plain in the southwest.<ref name=":1" /> The country can be divided into ten natural regions or subregions: the dominant Meseta Central, the [[Cantabrian Mountains]] (Cordillera Cantabrica) and the northwest region, the ''[[Sistema Ibérico|Ibérico]]'' region, the Pyrenees, the ''[[Baetic Cordillera|Penibético]]'' region in the southeast, the [[Andalusia]]n Plain, the [[Ebro Basin]], the coastal plains, the [[Balearic Islands]], and the [[Canary Islands]].<ref name=":1" /> These are commonly grouped into four types: the Meseta Central and associated mountains, other mountainous regions, lowland regions, and islands.<ref name=":1" />

===The Inner Plateau and associated mountains===<!-- This section is linked from [[Campoo]] -->
{{Main|Meseta Central}}
The ''Meseta Central'' ("Inner Plateau") is a vast plateau in the heart of [[peninsular Spain]], which has elevations that range from 610 to 760&nbsp;m.<ref name=":1" /> Rimmed by mountains, the Meseta Central slopes gently to the west and to the series of rivers that form some of the border with [[Portugal]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[Sistema Central]], described as the "dorsal spine" of the Meseta Central, divides the Meseta into northern and southern subregions, the former higher in elevation and smaller in area than the latter.<ref name=":1" /> The Sistema Central rims the capital city of [[Madrid]] with peaks that rise to over 2,400&nbsp;m within the Madrid region.<ref name=":1" /> South-west of Madrid, the Sistema Central shows its highest peak, [[Pico Almanzor]], of almost 2,600&nbsp;m.<ref name=":1" /> The mountains of the Sistema Central, which continue westward into Portugal, display some glacial features; the highest of the peaks are snow-capped for most of the year.<ref name=":1" /> Despite their height, however, the mountain system does not create a major barrier between the northern and the southern portions of the Meseta Central because several passes permit road and railroad transportation to the northwest and the northeast.<ref name=":1" />

The southern portion of the Meseta ({{langx|es|Submeseta Sur}}) is further divided by twin mountain ranges, the [[Montes de Toledo]] running to the east with the [[Sierra de Guadalupe, Spain|Sierra de Guadalupe]], to the west.<ref name=":1" /> Their peaks do not rise much higher than 1,500&nbsp;m.<ref name=":1" /> With many easy passes, including those that connect the Meseta with the Andalusian Plain, the Montes de Toledo and the Sierra de Guadalupe do not present an obstacle to transportation and communication.<ref name=":1" /> The two mountain ranges are separated from the Sistema Central by the [[Tagus River]].<ref name=":1" />
[[Image:Lamedo I.jpg|thumb|The [[Picos de Europa]] in Northern Spain]]

The mountain regions that rim the Meseta Central and are associated with it are the [[Sierra Morena]], the [[Cantabrian Mountains|Cordillera Cantábrica]], and the [[Sistema Ibérico]].<ref name=":1" /> Forming the southern edge of the Meseta Central, the Sierra Morena merges in the east with the southern extension of the Sistema Iberico and reaches westward along the northern edge of the Rio Guadalquivir valley to join the mountains in southern Portugal.<ref name=":1" /> The massif of the Sierra Morena extends northward to the [[Guadiana|Río Guadiana]], which separates it from the Sistema Central.<ref name=":1" /> Despite their relatively low elevations, seldom surpassing 1,300&nbsp;m, the mountains of the Sierra Morena are rugged at their southern edge.<ref name=":1" />

The Cordillera Cantábrica, a limestone formation, runs parallel to, and close to, the northern coast near the Bay of Biscay.<ref name=":1" /> Its highest points are the [[Picos de Europa]], surpassing 2,500&nbsp;m.<ref name=":1" /> The Cordillera Cantábrica extends 182&nbsp;km and abruptly drops 1,500&nbsp;m some 30&nbsp;km from the coast.<ref name=":1" /> To the west lie the hills of the northwest region<ref name=":1" /> and to the east the [[Basque mountains]] that link them to the Pyrenees.

The Sistema Ibérico extends from the Cordillera Cantábrica southeastward and, close to the Mediterranean, spreads out from the [[Ebro|Río Ebro]] to the [[Júcar|Río Júcar]].<ref name=":1" /> The barren, rugged slopes of this mountain range cover an area of close to 21,000 square kilometers.<ref name=":1" /> The mountains exceed 2,000&nbsp;m in their northern region and reach a maximum height of over 2,300&nbsp;m east of the headwaters of the Rio Duero.<ref name=":1" /> The extremely steep mountain slopes in this range are often cut by deep, narrow gorges.<ref name=":1" />

===Lowland regions===
[[Image:Echium Wildpretii at The Teide.jpg|thumb|[[Teide]], the highest mountain in Spain ([[Tenerife]], [[Canary Islands]])]]

The major lowland regions are the Andalusian Plain in the southwest, the Ebro Basin in the northeast, and the coastal plains.<ref name=":1" /> The Andalusian Plain is essentially a wide river valley through which the Río [[Guadalquivir]] flows.<ref name=":1" /> The river broadens out along its course, reaching its widest point at the Golfo de Cadiz.<ref name=":1" /> The Andalusian Plain is bounded on the north by the Sierra Morena and on the south by the Sistema Penibético; it narrows to an apex in the east where these two mountain chains meet.<ref name=":1" /> The Ebro Basin is formed by the Río Ebro valley, contained by mountains on three sides—the Sistema Ibérico to the south and west, the Pyrenees to the north and east, and their coastal extensions paralleling the shore to the east.<ref name=":1" /> Minor low-lying river valleys close to the Portuguese border are located on the Tagus and the Río Guadiana.<ref name=":1" />

The Coastal Plains regions are narrow strips between the coastal mountains and the seas.<ref name=":1" /> They are broadest along the Golfo de Cádiz, where the coastal plain adjoins the Andalusian Plain, and along the southern and central eastern coasts.<ref name=":1" /> The narrowest coastal plain runs along the Bay of Biscay, where the Cordillera Cantábrica ends close to shore.<ref name=":1" />

===The islands===
[[File:Tossa de Mar View.jpg|thumb|The Mediterranean coast of Spain]]
The remaining regions of Spain are the [[Balearic Islands]] and the [[Canary Islands]], the former located in the Mediterranean Sea and the latter in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=":1" /> The Balearic Islands, encompassing a total area of 5,000 square kilometers, lie 80 kilometers off Spain's central eastern coast.<ref name=":1" /> The mountains that rise up above the Mediterranean Sea to form these islands are an extension of the [[Baetic System|Sistema Penibetico]].<ref name=":1" /> The archipelago's highest points, which reach 1,400 meters, are in northwestern [[Mallorca]], close to the coast.<ref name=":1" /> The central portion of Mallorca is a plain, bounded on the east and the southeast by broken hills.<ref name=":1" />

The Canary Islands, ninety kilometers off the west coast of [[Africa]], are of volcanic origin.<ref name=":1" /> The large central islands, [[Tenerife]] and [[Gran Canaria]], have the highest peaks.<ref name=":1" /> [[Pico de Las Nieves]], on Gran Canaria, rises to 1,949&nbsp;meters, and the [[Teide]], on Tenerife, to 3,715&nbsp;meters.{{Fact|date=August 2021}} Teide, a dormant [[volcano]], is the highest peak of Spain and the third largest volcano in the world from its base.{{Fact|date=August 2021}}

==Drainage, floods, and water stress==
{{See also|List of rivers of Spain}}
[[Image:Spain-basins.png|thumb|upright=1.3|River basins of continental Spain]]
Of the roughly 1,800 rivers and streams in Spain, only the [[Tagus]] is more than 960 kilometers long; all but 90 extend less than 96 kilometers.<ref name=":1" /> These shorter rivers carry small volumes of water on an irregular basis, and they have seasonally dry river beds; however, when they do flow, they often are swift and torrential.<ref name=":1" /> Most major rivers rise in the mountains rimming or dissecting the Meseta Central and flow westward across the plateau through [[Portugal]] to empty into the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name=":1" /> One significant exception is the [[Ebro]], which flows eastward to the [[Mediterranean]].<ref name=":1" /> Rivers in the extreme northwest and in the narrow northern coastal plain drain directly into the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=":1" /> The northwestern coastline is also truncated by rias, waterbodies similar to fjords.<ref name=":1" />

The major rivers flowing westward throughout the Meseta Central include the [[Duero]], the [[Tagus]], the [[Guadiana]], and the [[Guadalquivir]].<ref name=":1" /> The Rio Guadalquivir is one of the most significant rivers in Spain because it irrigates a fertile valley, thus creating a rich agricultural area, and because it is navigable inland, making Seville the only inland river port for ocean-going traffic in Spain.<ref name=":1" /> The major river in the northwest region is the [[Minho River|Miño]].<ref name=":1" />

[[El Atazar Dam]] is a major dam built near [[Madrid]] to provide a water supply.

=== Floods and erosion===
[[File:Riadadesantateresa.jpg|thumb|[[Santa Teresa flood]].]]
Certain Spanish regions can be considered vulnerable to both [[flooding]] and [[erosion]].<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/documentation/studies/documents/spain_en.pdf|title = Publications-list}}</ref> 
* 15 October 1879, in Murcia, [[Santa Teresa flood]].
* 13–15 October 1957, in Valencia, torrential rain results in [[1957 Valencia flood|a devastating flood]], at least 81 people lost their lives.<ref>[http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-13-08-2007/abc/Valencia/hasta-aqui-llego-la-riada_164364057827.html Hasta aquí llegó la riada], ABC, 13 August 2007</ref>
* In 1982, the river [[Jucar]] ([[Valencia (province)|Valencia]], [[Spain]]) broke the Tous Reservoir causing a flood that killed 30 people.<ref>[http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1982/10/21/pagina-1/32951257/pdf.html Diluvio en el País Valenciano], La Vanguardia, 21 October 1982, p1</ref>

=== Water stress===
{{See also|Water abstraction}}
[[Water stress]] or water lack, poses the greatest threat in Spain. [[Water scarcity]] is a significant issue in many regions throughout Spain and [[climate change]] may aggravate the problem, with longer periods of [[dry weather]]. Supply problems regularly occur in the [[Jucar basin]] during summer. In the [[Segura basin]], water scarcity has resulted in an increase of the water prices by 30% for households. Overall, the regions in the south-east of Spain are particularly vulnerable to [[water shortage]]s. Furthermore, large areas of the Mediterranean are affected by [[saltwater intrusion]].<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/>

==Climate==
{{Main|Climate of Spain}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map ESP present.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Spain map of Köppen climate classification.]]
Peninsular Spain experiences four principal climatic types: [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], [[Arid climate|arid]], [[Oceanic climate|maritime]], and [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]].<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Spain: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90006127/|last=Clark|first=Robert P.|date=1990|editor-last=Solsten|editor-first=Eric|pages=76–77|oclc=44200005|editor-last2=Meditz|editor-first2=Sandra W.|entry=Climate}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The locally generated [[steppe climate]] covers the majority of peninsular Spain, influencing the Meseta Central, the adjoining mountains to the east and the south, and the Ebro Basin.<ref name=":0" /> This climate is characterized by wide [[Diurnal air temperature variation|diurnal]] and seasonal variations in temperature and by low, irregular rainfall with high rates of evaporation that leave the land arid.<ref name=":0" /> Annual rainfall generally is {{convert|30|to|64|cm}}; most of the Meseta region receives about {{convert|50|cm}}.<ref name=":0" /> The northern Meseta, the Sistema Central, and the Ebro Basin have wetter seasons, one in spring (April–May) and the other in autumn (October–November), with late spring being the wettest time of the year.<ref name=":0" /> In the southern Meseta, also, the wettest seasons are spring and autumn, but the spring one is earlier (March), and the autumn one is later (September).<ref name=":0" /> Even during the spring and autumn seasons, rain is irregular and unreliable.<ref name=":0" /> Winters in these regions are cold, with strong winds and high humidity, despite the low precipitation.<ref name=":0" /> Except for mountain areas, the northern foothills of the Sistema Iberico are the coldest area, and frost is common.<ref name=":0" /> Summers are hot and cloudless, producing average daytime temperatures that reach the mid- or upper 30s °C (low 90s to low 100s °F) in the northern Meseta and the upper 30s °C (upper 90s to low 100s °F) in the southern Meseta; nighttime temperatures, however, drop to the upper teens °C (low to mid 60s °F).<ref name=":0" /> The Ebro Basin, at a lower altitude, is extremely hot during the summer, and temperatures can exceed {{convert|43|°C}}.<ref name=":0" /> Summer humidities are low in the Meseta Central and in the Ebro Basin, except right along the shores of in the Rio Ebro, where humidity is high.<ref name=":0" />

A maritime climate prevails in the northern part of the country, from the Pyrenees to the northwest region, characterized by relatively mild winters, warm but not hot summers, and generally abundant rainfall spread out over the year.<ref name=":0" /> Temperatures vary only slightly, both on a diurnal and a seasonal basis.<ref name=":0" /> The moderating effects of the sea, however, abate in the inland areas, where temperatures are {{convert|9|to|18|°C}} more extreme than temperatures on the coast.<ref name=":0" /> Distance from the Atlantic Ocean also affects precipitation, and there is less rainfall in the east than in the west.<ref name=":0" /> Autumn (September through November) is the wettest season, while July is the driest month.<ref name=":0" /> The high humidity and the prevailing off-shore winds make fog and mist common along the northwest coast; this phenomenon is less frequent a short distance inland, however, because the mountains form a barrier keeping out the sea moisture.<ref name=":0" />

The Mediterranean climatic region extends from the Andalusian Plain along the southern and eastern coasts up to the Pyrenees, on the seaward side of the mountain ranges that parallel the coast.<ref name=":0" /> Total rainfall in this region is lower than in the rest of Spain, and it is concentrated in the late autumn–winter period.<ref name=":0" /> Generally, rainfall is slight, often insufficient, irregular, and unreliable.<ref name=":0" /> Temperatures in the Mediterranean region usually are more moderate in both summer and winter, and diurnal temperature changes are more limited than those of the continental region.<ref name=":0" /> Temperatures in January normally average {{convert|10|to|13|°C}} in most of the Mediterranean region, and they are {{convert|9|°C}} colder in the northeastern coastal area near Barcelona.<ref name=":0" /> In winter, temperatures inland in the Andalusian Plain are slightly lower than those on the coasts.<ref name=":0" /> Temperatures in July and August average {{convert|22|to|27|°C}} on the coast and {{convert|29|to|31|°C}} farther inland, with low humidity.<ref name=":0" /> The Mediterranean region is marked by [[Leveche]] winds—hot, dry, easterly or southeasterly air currents that originate over North Africa.<ref name=":0" /> These winds, which sometimes carry fine dust, are most common in spring.<ref name=":0" /> A cooler easterly wind, the [[Levant (wind)|Levante]], funnels between the Sistema Penibetico and the [[Atlas Mountains]] of North Africa.<ref name=":0" />

==Cities and population geography==
{{seealso|List of metropolitan areas in Spain|Ranked lists of Spanish municipalities|Demographics of Spain}}
[[File:Spain met.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Main metropolitan areas in Spain]]

The most populous cities in Spain are Madrid (3.3 million), Barcelona (1.6 million), Valencia (790,000), and Seville (690,000; all data as of 2019).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero. Detalle municipal|url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/es/index.htm?padre=517&capsel=522|publisher=[[INE (Spain)|INE]]}}</ref>

==Resources and land use==
{{unsourced section|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Natural resources of Spain.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Natural resources of Spain. Metals are in blue: Fe — [[iron ore]], Cu — [[copper]], Sn — [[tin]], Hg — [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], W — [[tungsten]], U — [[uranium]], PM for polymetals ([[lead|Pb]], [[zinc|Zn]] and others), PY for [[pyrite]]. Fossil fuels are in red: C — [[coal]], L — [[lignite]], O — [[oil]], G — [[natural gas]], OS — [[oil shale]]. In yellow: K — [[potash]], P — [[phosphorite]].]]
'''Natural resources:'''
[[coal]], [[lignite]], [[iron ore]], [[uranium]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[pyrite]]s, [[fluorspar]], [[gypsum]], [[zinc]], [[lead]], [[tungsten]], [[copper]], [[kaolin]], [[potash]], [[sepiolite]], [[hydropower]], arable land

'''Land use:'''
:*''Arable land:'' 27.18%
:*''Permanent crops:'' 9.85%
:*''Other:'' 62.97% (2005)

'''Irrigated land:'''
38,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (2003)

'''Total renewable water resources:'''
111.1 cubic metres (2005)

'''Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):'''
:''total:'' 37.22 cu km/yr (13%/19%/68%)
:''per capita:'' 864 cu m/yr (2002)

==Maritime claims==
{{unsourced section|date=May 2024}}
:*''[[Contiguous zone]]:'' {{convert|24|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on|lk=in}}
:*''[[Exclusive economic zone]]:'' {{convert|1,039,233|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} with {{convert|200|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on}} (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)
:*''Territorial sea:'' {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on}}

==See also==
*[[Autonomous communities of Spain]]
*[[Comarcas of Spain]]
*[[List of extreme points of Spain]]
*[[Provinces of Spain]]
*[[Topographical relief of Spain]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{CIA World Factbook}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/index.jsp Spanish official cartography, including National Topographic Maps MTN50 and MTN25]

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{{Geography of Europe}}
{{Europe topic | Climate of }}
{{Spain topics |state = collapsed }}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geography Of Spain}}
[[Category:Geography of Spain| ]]