Editing Geography of Paraguay

{{Short description|none}}
[[Image:Pa-map.png|right|thumb|Map of Paraguay]]
[[Paraguay]] is a country in South America, bordering [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]] and [[Brazil]]. The [[Paraguay River]] (Spanish: ''Río Paraguay'') divides the country into strikingly different eastern and western regions. Both the eastern region (officially called Eastern Paraguay, ''Paraguay Oriental'', and known as the Paraneña region) and the western region (officially Western Paraguay, ''Paraguay Occidental'', and known as the Chaco) gently slope toward and are drained into the Paraguay River, which separates and unifies the two regions. With the Paraneña region reaching southward and the Chaco extending to the north, Paraguay straddles the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] and experiences both [[Subtropics|subtropical]] and [[Tropics|tropical]] climates.
[[File:Southern South America - November 13, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Paraguay from space]]

==Borders==
[[File:Paso fronterizo Mayor Infante Rivarola (Paraguay) - Cañada Oruro (Bolivia), en el final de la Ruta Nacional PY09 "Trans-Chaco".jpg|thumb|The Bolivia-Paraguay border, at the end of the [[Route 9 (Paraguay)|Route 9]] (detour to the Infante Rivarola-Ibibobo border checkpoint) as seen from the [[Bolivia]]n side.]]
Paraguay borders on three substantially larger countries: Bolivia, Brazil, and Argentina. The country has three [[tripoint]]s: [[Hito Esmeralda|Argentina-Bolivia-Paraguay]], Bolivia-Brazil-Paraguay and [[Triple Frontier|Paraguay-Argentina-Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mre.gov.py/cndl/index.php/institucional/conceptos-claves-sobre-limites | title=Conceptos claves sobre Límites :: :: COMISIÓN NACIONAL DEMARCADORA DE LÍMITES :: }}</ref> The definition of the northwestern boundary with Bolivia, extending through the low hills of the [[Chaco (Paraguay)|Chaco]] region, dates from [[Chaco War#Aftermath|1938]]. The boundary between the Chaco and Brazil was defined in 1927; it continues from the confluence of the [[Apa River]] (''Río Apa'') and Paraguay River northward along the course of the [[Paraguay River]] to the border with Bolivia. The northern border of the Paraneña region, set in 1872, follows the course of the [[Paraná River]] (''Río Paraná''), the [[ridge]]s of the mountains in the northeast region, and finally the course of the Apa River until it empties into the Paraguay River. The large [[Argentina–Paraguay border]] comprises the [[Pilcomayo River]] (''Río Pilcomayo''), Paraná River, and Paraguay River. Argentina and Paraguay agreed on these boundaries in 1876.

==Natural regions==
[[File:Paraguay regions map 2.svg|thumb|{{legend|#fee793|Eastern Paraguay (Paraneña)}} {{legend|#d2fc7c|[[Chaco (Paraguay)|Western Paraguay]] (Chaco)}}]]
[[Image:Ecorregiones PY.jpg|thumb|The ecoregions of Paraguay: {{color box|8c510a}} [[Gran Chaco|Dry Chaco]], {{color box|006837}} [[Pantanal]], {{color box|f16913}} [[Cerrado]], {{color box|4d9221}} [[Humid Chaco]],  {{color box|Green}} [[Alto Paraná Atlantic forests]] {{color box|#ffff66}} [[Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna|Mesopotamian grasslands]]]]
[[Image:Cordillera de Paraguari.jpg|thumb|Hills around [[Paraguarí]]]]
[[Image:Cerro Cora.jpg|thumb|[[Cerro Cora National Park]]]]
[[Image:Presidente_Hayes_Department,_Paraguay_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Paraguayan [[Pantanal]] seen in northern [[Presidente Hayes Department]].]]
Paraguay contains six terrestrial ecoregions: [[Alto Paraná Atlantic forests]], [[Gran Chaco|Chaco]], [[Cerrado]], [[Humid Chaco]], [[Pantanal]], and [[Paraná flooded savanna]] which fall into two main [[natural region]]s, divided by the [[Paraguay River]]: the '''[[:es:Región Oriental del Paraguay|Paraneña]]''' region (a mixture of [[plateau]]s, rolling hills, and valleys) and the '''[[Chaco (Paraguay)|Chaco]]''' region (an immense [[Foothills|piedmont plain]]).

About 95 percent of Paraguay's population resides in the Paraneña region, which has all the significant [[Orography|orographic]] features and a more predictable climate. The Paraneña region can be generally described as consisting of an area of highlands in the east that slopes toward the Río Paraguay and becomes an area of lowlands, subject to floods, along the river.

The Chaco consists predominantly of lowlands, also inclined toward the Río Paraguay, that are alternately flooded and parched.

===The Eastern Region: Paraneña===
The Eastern region extends from the Río Paraguay eastward to the Río Paraná, which forms the border with Brazil and Argentina. The eastern hills and mountains, an extension of a plateau in southern Brazil, dominate the region. They reach to about {{convert|700|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us}} above sea level at their highest point. The Eastern region also has spacious [[plain]]s, broad valleys, and [[lowland]]s. About 80% of the region lies below {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=1|sp=us}} in elevation; the lowest elevation, {{convert|60|m|ft|sigfig=1|sp=us}}, occurs in the extreme south at the confluence of the Río Paraguay and Río Paraná.

The Eastern region is drained primarily by rivers that flow westward to the Río Paraguay, although some rivers flow eastward to the Río Paraná. Low-lying [[meadow]]s, subject to floods, separate the eastern mountains from the Río Paraguay.

The Eastern region as a whole naturally divides into five physiographic subregions:

# the Paraná Plateau
# the Northern Upland
# the Central Hill Belt
# the Central Lowland
# the Ñeembucú Plain

In the east, the heavily wooded Paraná Plateau occupies one-third of the region and extends its full length from north to south and up to {{convert|145|km|mi|round=5|sp=us}} westward from the Brazilian and Argentine borders. The Paraná Plateau's western edge is defined by an escarpment that descends from an elevation of about {{convert|460|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in the north to about {{convert|180|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us}} at the subregion's southern extremity. The plateau slopes moderately to east and south, its remarkably uniform surface interrupted only by the narrow valleys carved by the westward-flowing tributaries of the Río Paraná.

The Northern Upland, the Central Hill Belt, and the Central Lowland constitute the lower terrain lying between the escarpment and the Río Paraguay. The first of these eroded extensions stretching westward of the Paraná Plateau—the Northern Upland—occupies the portion northward from the [[Aquidabán River]] (''Río Aquidabán'') to the Apa River on the Brazilian border. For the most part it consists of a rolling plateau about {{convert|180|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us}} above sea level and {{convert|76|to|90|m|ft|sp=us}} above the plain farther to the south. The Central Hill Belt encompasses the area in the vicinity of [[Asunción]]. Although nearly flat surfaces occur in this subregion, the rolling terrain is extremely uneven. Small, isolated peaks are numerous, and it is here that the only lakes of any size are found. Between these two upland subregions lies the Central Lowland, an area of low elevation and relief, sloping gently upward from the Río Paraguay toward the Paraná Plateau. The valleys of the Central Lowland's westward-flowing rivers are broad and shallow, and periodic flooding of their courses creates seasonal swamps. This subregion's most conspicuous features, its flat-topped hills, project {{convert|6|-|9|m|ft|0|sp=us}} from the grassy plain. Thickly forested, these hills cover areas ranging from a hectare to several square kilometers (acres to square miles). Apparently the weathered remnants of rock related to geological formations farther to the east, these hills are called ''islas de monte'' ([[mountain island]]s), and their margins are known as ''costas'' (coasts).

The remaining subregion—the Ñeembucú Plain—lies in the southwest corner of the Paraneña region. This alluvial flatland has a slight westerly-southwesterly slope obscured by gentle undulations. The Tebicuary River (''Río Tebicuary'')—a major tributary of the Río Paraguay – bisects the swampy lowland, which is broken in its central portion by rounded swells of land up to three meters in height.

The main orographic features of the Paraneña region include the Cordillera de Amambay, the Cordillera de Mbaracayú, and the Cordillera de Caaguazú. The Cordillera de Amambay extends from the northeast corner of the region south and slightly east along the Brazilian border. The mountains reach on average  {{convert|400|m|ft|sp= us}} above sea level, although the highest point reaches {{convert|700|m|ft|sp=us}}. The main chain, {{convert|200|km|mi|sp=us}} long, has smaller branches that extend to the west and die out along the banks of the Río Paraguay in the Northern Upland.

The [[Cordillera de Amambay]] merges with the [[Cordillera de Mbaracayú]], which reaches eastward {{convert|120|km|mi|round=5|sp=us}} to the Río Paraná. The average height of this mountain chain is {{convert|200|m|ft|0|sp=us}}; the highest point of the chain, {{convert|500|m|ft|sigfig=1|sp=us}}, lies within Brazilian territory. The Río Paraná forms the Salto del Guairá waterfall where it cuts through the mountains of the Cordillera de Mbaracayú to enter Argentina.

The [[Cordillera de Caaguazú]] falls where the other two main mountain ranges meet and extends south, with an average height of {{convert|400|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us}}. Its highest point, [[Cerro de San Joaquín]], reaches {{convert|500|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us}} above sea level. This chain is not a continuous massif but is interrupted by hills and undulations covered with forests and meadows. The Cordillera de Caaguazú reaches westward from the Paraná Plateau into the Central Hill Belt.

A lesser mountain chain, the [[Serranía de Mbaracayú]], also rises at the point where the Cordillera de Amambay and Cordillera de Mbaracayú meet. The Serranía de Mbaracayú extends east and then south to parallel the Río Paraná; the mountain chain has an average height of {{convert|500|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us}}.

The eastern region has a population of 7,232,890 and an area of 159,827&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, the population density is 45.25/km<sup>2</sup>.

===The Western Region: Chaco===
[[Image:Chaco Paraguay cattleranch2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Cattle ranch]], [[Presidente Hayes Department]], Chaco]]  
{{main|Gran Chaco}}

Separated from the Eastern region by the Paraguay River, the Chaco region is a vast plain with elevations reaching no higher than {{convert|300|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} and averaging {{convert|125|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}. Covering more than 60 percent of Paraguay's total land area, the Chaco plain slopes gently eastward to the Río Paraguay.

The Paraguayan Chaco is subdivided into two parts. The ''Alto Chaco'' (Upper Chaco), also called ''Chaco Seco'' (Dry Chaco) is the western three-quarters of the region, bordering on Bolivia, while the ''Bajo Chaco'' (Lower Chaco) or ''Chaco Húmedo'' ([[Humid Chaco]]) borders on the Paraguay River. The low hills in the northwestern part of the Alto Chaco are the highest parts in the Gran Chaco. One prominent [[wetland]] of the Bajo Chaco is the Estero Patiño, which at {{convert|1500|km²|sqmi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} forms the largest [[swamp]] in the country.

The Paraguay Chaco's western two-thirds belong to the [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] tropics with annual precipitations between {{convert|550|and|1000|mm|in|-1|abbr=on}}, vegetation being dry low scrub in the west to higher growth [[Xerophyte|xerophytic]] (semi-arid impenetrable [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorn]]) forest towards the east. The eastern third belongs to the semi-humid tropics, with rainfall between {{convert|1000|and|1300|mm|in|-1|abbr=on}}, taller vegetation, and tropical semi-humid forest. A belt about {{convert|50|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} in length along the Paraguay River again has a different [[evergreen]] vegetation of wetlands and [[Arecaceae|palm tree]] forests (''Bajo Chaco'').

Annual evaporation is around {{convert|1500|mm|in|-1|abbr=on}}. The very pronounced dry season lasts from May to October, and a wet season occurs from November to April, when the vegetation turns green and abundant.

The soils of the Chaco are very deep [[sediment]]ary [[soil]]s rich in nutrients, including [[luvisol]]s, [[cambisols]], and [[regosols]], and are in general very fertile and apt for agriculture and pasture (always presuming responsible and sustainable techniques), more so than most of the world's semi-arid tropics.<ref name= fao>{{cite news | first= Dr. Fernando | last= Riveros | title= The Gran Chaco | publisher= FAO | url= http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/agpc/doc/Bulletin/GranChaco.htm | access-date= 2009-01-09 | archive-date= 2011-10-02 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111002213811/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Bulletin/Granchaco.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref> Limiting factors include a lack of ground freshwater in most of the Paraguay's Chaco, except in the north and the west. The lowlands facing the Paraguay River have insufficient drainage and seasonal flooding (which again increases soil fertility) as a constraint.

The western region has a population of 220,805 and an area of 246,925&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, the population density is 0.89/km<sup>2</sup>.

==Drainage==
{{see also|List of rivers of Paraguay}}

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| footer = 1.The [[Saltos del Monday]], 2. A View of [[Ypacarai Lake]], east of Asunción, 3. A common [[Arroyo (watercourse)|arroyo]] in Paraguay, 4. The [[dune]]s of [[San Cosme y Damián]], Southern Paraguay, 5. Salto Cristal, [[Paraguarí Department]], Paraguay.
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The word '''Paraguay''' can be translated as the ''Paradise of Waters'', as there is plenty to be found all around the country, including underneath it; see [[Guarani Aquifer]].<ref>{{citation| first = Antonio | last = Ruiz de Montoya | author-link=Antonio Ruiz de Montoya |entry=Paraguá|title=Vocabulario y tesoro de la lengua Guarani (ó mas bien Tupi)|volume=2|year=1876|page=263|url=http://archive.org/details/gramaticaydiccio02ruiz}}</ref> The [[Paraguay River]] has a total course of 2600&nbsp;km, 2300&nbsp;km of which are [[Navigability|navigable]] and 1200&nbsp;km of which either border on or pass through Paraguay. During most years vessels with 21 m [[Draft (hull)|drafts]] can reach [[Concepción, Paraguay|Concepción]] without difficulty. Medium-sized ocean vessels can sometimes reach [[Asunción]], but the twisting [[meander]]s and shifting [[Shoal|sandbars]] can make this transit difficult. Although sluggish and shallow, the river sometimes overflows its low [[Bank (geography)|banks]], forming temporary swamps and flooding villages. [[River island]]s, [[meander]] scars, and [[Oxbow lake|oxbow (U-shaped) lakes]] attest to frequent changes in course.

The major tributaries entering the Paraguay River from the Paraneña region—such as the Apa, Aquidabán, and Tebicuary Rivers—descend rapidly from their sources in the Paraná Plateau to the lower lands. There they broaden and become sluggish as they meander westward. After heavy rains these rivers sometimes flood nearby lowlands.

About 4700&nbsp;km long, the [[Paraná River]] is the second major river in the country. From [[Salto del Guairá]], where the former [[Guaíra Falls|Guairá Falls]] were located, the river enters Paraguay and flows 800&nbsp;km to its juncture with the Paraguay River and then continues southward to the [[Río de la Plata]] Estuary at [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]. In general, the Río Paraná is navigable by large ships only up to [[Encarnación, Paraguay|Encarnación]] in [[Itapúa Department|Southern]] [[Paraguay]] but smaller boats may go somewhat further north. In summer months the river is deep enough to permit vessels with drafts of up to three meters to reach Salto del Guairá, but seasonal and other occasional conditions severely limit the river's navigational value. On the upper course, sudden floods may raise the water level by as much as five meters in twenty-four hours; west of Encarnación, however, the rocks of the riverbed sometimes come within one meter of the surface during winter and effectively sever communication between the upper river and Buenos Aires.

The rivers flowing eastward across the Paraneña region as tributaries of the Paraná River are shorter, faster-flowing, and narrower than the tributaries of the Paraguay River, except the [[Iguazu River]] at the [[Iguazu Falls]]. Sixteen of these rivers and numerous smaller streams enter the Paraná River above Encarnación.

Paraguay's third largest river, the [[Pilcomayo River]], flows into the Paraguay River near Asunción after demarcating the entire border between the Chaco region and Argentina. During most of its course, the river is sluggish and marshy, although small craft can navigate its lower reaches. When the Pilcomayo River overflows its low banks, it feeds the Patiño Estuary (''Estero Patiño'').

Drainage in the Chaco region is generally poor because of the flatness of the land and the small number of important streams. In many parts of the region, the [[water table]] is only a meter beneath the surface of the ground, and there are numerous small ponds and seasonal marshes. As a consequence of the poor drainage, most of the water is too salty for drinking or irrigation.

Because of the seasonal overflow of the numerous westward-flowing streams, the lowland areas of the Paraneña region also experience poor drainage conditions, particularly in the Ñeembucú Plain in the southwest, where an almost impervious clay subsurface prevents the absorption of excess surface water into the aquifer. About 30 percent of the Paraneña region is flooded from time to time, creating extensive areas of seasonal marshlands. Permanent bogs are found only near the largest geographic depressions, however.

==Climate==
{{Main|Climate of Paraguay}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map PRY present.svg|thumb|300px|Paraguay map of Köppen climate classification zones]]
[[Image:Satellite image of Paraguay in January 2003.jpg|270px|thumb|Satellite image of Paraguay in January 2003]]
Paraguay experiences a subtropical climate in the Paraneña region and a tropical climate in the Chaco. The Paraneña region has a humid climate, with abundant precipitation throughout the year and only moderate seasonal changes in temperature. During the [[Southern Hemisphere]]'s summer, which corresponds to the northern winter, the dominant influence on the climate is the warm [[sirocco]] winds blowing out of the northeast. During the winter, the dominant wind is the cold [[pampero (wind)|pampero]] from the [[South Atlantic]], which blows across Argentina and is deflected northeastward by the Andes in the southern part of that country. Because of the lack of topographic barriers within Paraguay, these opposite prevailing winds bring about abrupt and irregular changes in the usually moderate weather. Winds are generally brisk. Velocities of 160&nbsp;km/h (100&nbsp;mph) have been reported in southern locations, and the town of Encarnación was once leveled by a [[tornado]].

The Paraneña region has only two distinct seasons: summer from October to March and winter from May to August. April and September are transitional months in which temperatures are below the midsummer averages and minimums may dip below freezing. Climatically, autumn and spring do not really exist. During the mild winters, July is the coldest month, with a mean temperature of about {{convert|18|°C|}} in Asunción and {{convert|17|°C|}} on the Paraná Plateau. There is no significant north–south variation. The number of days with temperatures falling below freezing ranges from as few as three to as many as sixteen yearly, and with even wider variations deep in the interior. Some winters are very mild, with winds blowing constantly from the north, and little frost. During a cold winter, however, tongues of [[Antarctic]] air bring subfreezing temperatures to all areas. No part of the Paraneña region is entirely free from the possibility of frost and consequent damage to crops, and snow flurries have been reported in various locations.

Moist tropical air keeps the weather warm in the Paraneña region from October through March. In Asunción the seasonal average is about {{convert|24|°C|}}, with January—the warmest month—averaging {{convert|29|°C|}}. Villarrica has a seasonal mean temperature of {{convert|21|°C|}} and a January mean of {{convert|27|°C|}}. During the summer, daytime temperatures reaching {{convert|38|°C|}} are fairly common. Frequent waves of cool air from the south, however, cause weather that alternates between clear, humid conditions and storms. Skies will be almost cloudless for a week to ten days as temperature and humidity rise continually. As the soggy heat nears intolerable limits, thunderstorms preceding a cold front will blow in from the south, and temperatures will drop as much as {{convert|15|C-change|round=5}} in a few minutes.

[[Rainfall]] in the Paraneña region is fairly evenly distributed. Although local meteorological conditions play a contributing role, rain usually falls when tropical air masses are dominant. The least rain falls in August, when averages in various parts of the region range from {{convert|200|to|100|mm|in|0|sp=us}}. The two periods of maximum precipitation are March through May and October to November.

For the region as a whole, the difference between the driest and the wettest months ranges from {{convert|100|to|180|mm|in|0|sp=us}}. The annual average rainfall is {{convert|1270|mm|in|0|sp=us}}, although the average on the Paraná Plateau is {{convert|250|to|380|mm|in|0|sp=us}} greater. All subregions may experience considerable variations from year to year. Asunción has recorded as much as {{convert|208|mm|in|0|sp=us}} and as little as {{convert|560|mm|in|sp=us}} of annual rainfall; [[Puerto Bertoni]] on the Paraná Plateau has recorded as much as {{convert|3300|mm|in|0|sp=us}} and as little as {{convert|790|mm|in|0|sp=us}}.

In contrast to the Paraneña region, the Chaco has a tropical wet-and-dry climate bordering on semi-arid. The Chaco experiences seasons that alternately flood and parch the land, yet seasonal variations in temperature are modest. Chaco temperatures are usually high, the averages dropping only slightly in winter. Even at night the air is stifling despite the usually present breezes. Rainfall is light, varying from {{convert|500|to|1000|mm|in|0|sp=us}} per year, except in the higher land to the northwest where it is somewhat greater. Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months, and extensive areas that are deserts in winter become summer swamps.

===Examples===
{{Weather box
|width = auto 
|location = [[Asunción]] (1971–2000)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan record high C = 42.0
|Feb record high C = 39.6
|Mar record high C = 40.0
|Apr record high C = 37
|May record high C = 35
|Jun record high C = 33.0
|Jul record high C = 33.4
|Aug record high C = 39.2
|Sep record high C = 42.2
|Oct record high C = 42.8
|Nov record high C = 40.2
|Dec record high C = 41.7
|year record high C = 42.8
|Jan high C = 33.5
|Feb high C = 32.6
|Mar high C = 31.6
|Apr high C = 28.4
|May high C = 25.0
|Jun high C = 23.1
|Jul high C = 23.2
|Aug high C = 24.8
|Sep high C = 26.4
|Oct high C = 29.2
|Nov high C = 30.7
|Dec high C = 32.3
|year high C = 28.3
|Jan mean C = 27.5
|Feb mean C = 26.9
|Mar mean C = 25.9
|Apr mean C = 22.8
|May mean C = 19.8
|Jun mean C = 17.9
|Jul mean C = 17.6
|Aug mean C = 18.6
|Sep mean C = 20.5
|Oct mean C = 23.2
|Nov mean C = 24.8
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 22.7
|Jan low C = 22.8
|Feb low C = 22.3
|Mar low C = 21.3
|Apr low C = 18.6
|May low C = 15.7
|Jun low C = 13.8
|Jul low C = 13.1
|Aug low C = 14.3
|Sep low C = 15.9
|Oct low C = 18.6
|Nov low C = 20.1
|Dec low C = 21.8
|year low C = 17.9
|Jan record low C = 12.5
|Feb record low C = 12.5
|Mar record low C = 9.4
|Apr record low C = 6.8
|May record low C = 2.6
|Jun record low C = -1.2
|Jul record low C = -0.6
|Aug record low C = 0.0
|Sep record low C = 3.6
|Oct record low C = 7.0
|Nov record low C = 8.8
|Dec record low C = 10.0
|year record low C = -1.2
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 147.2
|Feb rain mm = 129.2
|Mar rain mm = 117.9
|Apr rain mm = 166.0
|May rain mm = 113.3
|Jun rain mm = 82.4
|Jul rain mm = 39.4
|Aug rain mm = 72.6
|Sep rain mm = 87.7
|Oct rain mm = 130.8
|Nov rain mm = 164.4
|Dec rain mm = 150.3
|year rain mm = 1401.2
|Jan humidity = 68
|Feb humidity = 71
|Mar humidity = 72
|Apr humidity = 75
|May humidity = 76
|Jun humidity = 76
|Jul humidity = 70
|Aug humidity = 70
|Sep humidity = 66
|Oct humidity = 67
|Nov humidity = 67
|Dec humidity = 68
|year humidity = 70
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8
|Feb precipitation days = 7
|Mar precipitation days = 7
|Apr precipitation days = 8
|May precipitation days = 7
|Jun precipitation days = 7
|Jul precipitation days = 4
|Aug precipitation days = 5
|Sep precipitation days = 6
|Oct precipitation days = 8
|Nov precipitation days = 8
|Dec precipitation days = 8
|year precipitation days = 83
|Jan sun = 276
|Feb sun = 246
|Mar sun = 254
|Apr sun = 228
|May sun = 205
|Jun sun = 165
|Jul sun = 195
|Aug sun = 223
|Sep sun = 204
|Oct sun = 242
|Nov sun = 270
|Dec sun = 295
|year sun = 2803
|source 1 = World Meteorological Organization<ref name=AsuncionWN>{{cite web
|url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/138/c00292.htm
|title=World Weather Information Service – Asuncion
|publisher=World Meteorological Organization
|access-date=November 8, 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027220941/http://worldweather.wmo.int/138/c00292.htm
|archive-date=October 27, 2012
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA updated to 9/2012.,<ref name=AsuncionNOAA>{{cite web
 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-III/PY/86218.TXT
 |title=ASUNCION Climate Normals 1961–1990 
 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] 
 |access-date=November 8, 2012 
}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Danish Meteorological Institute (sun only)<ref name=AsuncionDMI>{{cite web 
 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf 
 |work=Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) 
 |title=Paraguay – Asuncion (pg 208) 
 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute 
 |language=da 
 |access-date=December 18, 2012 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf 
 |archive-date=January 16, 2013 
 }}</ref>
|date=March 2012}}

{{Weather box
|location = [[Ciudad del Este]]
|single line = yes
|metric first = yes
|collapsed = yes
|width = auto 
|Jan record high C = 38.0
|Feb record high C = 38.8
|Mar record high C = 38.0
|Apr record high C = 35.0
|May record high C = 32.5
|Jun record high C = 31.2
|Jul record high C = 33.0
|Aug record high C = 33.4
|Sep record high C = 35.6
|Oct record high C = 37.0
|Nov record high C = 39.6
|Dec record high C = 40.6
|year record high C = 40.6
|Jan high C = 31.7
|Feb high C = 31.6
|Mar high C = 30.8
|Apr high C = 27.5
|May high C = 24.6
|Jun high C = 22.2
|Jul high C = 23.0
|Aug high C = 24.2
|Sep high C = 25.8
|Oct high C = 28.4
|Nov high C = 30.1
|Dec high C = 31.2
|year high C = 27.6
|Jan mean C = 26.1
|Feb mean C = 25.8
|Mar mean C = 24.7
|Apr mean C = 21.5
|May mean C = 18.4
|Jun mean C = 16.3
|Jul mean C = 16.4
|Aug mean C = 17.6
|Sep mean C = 19.3
|Oct mean C = 22.1
|Nov mean C = 24.1
|Dec mean C = 25.6
|year mean C = 21.5
|Jan low C = 21.1
|Feb low C = 21.3
|Mar low C = 20.1
|Apr low C = 17.2
|May low C = 13.6
|Jun low C = 11.4
|Jul low C = 11.3
|Aug low C = 12.3
|Sep low C = 13.8
|Oct low C = 16.6
|Nov low C = 18.3
|Dec low C = 20.1
|year low C = 16.4
|Jan record low C = 10.5
|Feb record low C = 11.6
|Mar record low C = 7.5
|Apr record low C = 4.6
|May record low C = -0.2
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = -3.0
|Aug record low C = -1.0
|Sep record low C = 0.8
|Oct record low C = 4.0
|Nov record low C = 6.4
|Dec record low C = 8.2
|year record low C = -3.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 184.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 154.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 136.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 140.7
|May precipitation mm = 132.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 131.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 90.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 115.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 130.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 176.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 163.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 139.9
|year precipitation mm = 1694.5
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 10
|Feb precipitation days = 9
|Mar precipitation days = 8
|Apr precipitation days = 7
|May precipitation days = 8
|Jun precipitation days = 8
|Jul precipitation days = 7
|Aug precipitation days = 8
|Sep precipitation days = 9
|Oct precipitation days = 10
|Nov precipitation days = 9
|Dec precipitation days = 9
|year precipitation days = 101
|Jan humidity = 75
|Feb humidity = 77
|Mar humidity = 77
|Apr humidity = 80
|May humidity = 83
|Jun humidity = 84
|Jul humidity = 79
|Aug humidity = 77
|Sep humidity = 75
|Oct humidity = 74
|Nov humidity = 72
|Dec humidity = 72
|year humidity = 77
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAACuidad>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PY/86248.TXT
| title = Ciudad del Este Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = January 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=86246&ano=2021&mes=12&day=29&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30|title= 86246: Aeropuerto Int. Guarani (Paraguay)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 28 December 2021|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 1 January 2022}}</ref>
|date=November 2011}}

{{Weather box
|width=auto
|location = [[Encarnación, Paraguay|Encarnación]] (1961–1990)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan record high C = 40.5
|Feb record high C = 39.4
|Mar record high C = 39.3
|Apr record high C = 35.4
|May record high C = 34.0
|Jun record high C = 31.6
|Jul record high C = 32.4
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 36.6
|Oct record high C = 38.0
|Nov record high C = 40.4
|Dec record high C = 42.0
|year record high C = 42.0
|Jan high C = 31.2
|Feb high C = 30.6
|Mar high C = 29.2
|Apr high C = 25.9
|May high C = 23.2
|Jun high C = 20.9
|Jul high C = 21.4
|Aug high C = 22.5
|Sep high C = 23.9
|Oct high C = 26.5
|Nov high C = 28.4
|Dec high C = 30.5
|year high C = 26.2
|Jan mean C = 25.5
|Feb mean C = 24.9
|Mar mean C = 23.4
|Apr mean C = 20.0
|May mean C = 17.3
|Jun mean C = 15.2
|Jul mean C = 15.5
|Aug mean C = 16.6
|Sep mean C = 18.1
|Oct mean C = 20.6
|Nov mean C = 22.7
|Dec mean C = 24.8
|year mean C = 20.4
|Jan low C = 19.4
|Feb low C = 19.5
|Mar low C = 17.9
|Apr low C = 14.3
|May low C = 11.7
|Jun low C = 9.9
|Jul low C = 10.2
|Aug low C = 10.8
|Sep low C = 12.3
|Oct low C = 14.3
|Nov low C = 16.3
|Dec low C = 18.3
|year low C = 14.6
|Jan record low C = 9.3
|Feb record low C = 7.0
|Mar record low C = 5.4
|Apr record low C = 2.4
|May record low C = -1.7
|Jun record low C = -3.8
|Jul record low C = -3.8
|Aug record low C = -2.8
|Sep record low C = -0.6
|Oct record low C = 1.6
|Nov record low C = 4.8
|Dec record low C = 7.0
|year record low C = -3.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 152.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 160.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 142.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 162.2
|May precipitation mm = 144.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 135.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 102.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 116.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 149.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 181.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 161.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 150.0
|year precipitation mm = 1759.7
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 9
|Feb precipitation days = 8
|Mar precipitation days = 7
|Apr precipitation days = 8
|May precipitation days = 7
|Jun precipitation days = 8
|Jul precipitation days = 8
|Aug precipitation days = 8
|Sep precipitation days = 9
|Oct precipitation days = 9
|Nov precipitation days = 9
|Dec precipitation days = 9
|year precipitation days = 98
|Jan humidity = 69
|Feb humidity = 74
|Mar humidity = 75
|Apr humidity = 77
|May humidity = 79
|Jun humidity = 78
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 74
|Sep humidity = 72
|Oct humidity = 70
|Nov humidity = 69
|Dec humidity = 67
|year humidity = 73
|Jan sun = 254.2
|Feb sun = 220.4
|Mar sun = 220.1
|Apr sun = 171.0
|May sun = 179.8
|Jun sun = 159.0
|Jul sun = 189.1
|Aug sun = 182.9
|Sep sun = 153.0
|Oct sun = 201.5
|Nov sun = 252.0
|Dec sun = 269.7
|year sun = 2452.7
|Jand sun = 8.2
|Febd sun = 7.8
|Mard sun = 7.1
|Aprd sun = 5.7
|Mayd sun = 5.8
|Jund sun = 5.3
|Juld sun = 6.1
|Augd sun = 5.9
|Sepd sun = 5.1
|Octd sun = 6.5
|Novd sun = 8.4
|Decd sun = 8.7
|yeard sun = 6.7
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= EscNOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PY/86297.TXT
| title = Encarnación Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = March 9, 2015}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun, 1988–1996)<ref name = EscDWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_862970_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Encarnación / Rio Paraná, Dep. Itapuá / Paraguay
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = February 14, 2016}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto 
|location = [[Concepción, Paraguay|Concepción]] (1961–1990, extremes 1937–present)
|single line = yes
|metric first = yes
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan record high C = 43.0
|Feb record high C = 41.0
|Mar record high C = 40.0
|Apr record high C = 38.2
|May record high C = 35.0
|Jun record high C = 34.8
|Jul record high C = 36.2
|Aug record high C = 38.4
|Sep record high C = 40.8
|Oct record high C = 41.8
|Nov record high C = 42.6
|Dec record high C = 41.4
|year record high C = 43.0
|Jan high C = 33.4
|Feb high C = 33.2
|Mar high C = 32.2
|Apr high C = 29.3
|May high C = 26.6
|Jun high C = 24.3
|Jul high C = 25.1
|Aug high C = 26.5
|Sep high C = 27.8
|Oct high C = 30.7
|Nov high C = 32.0
|Dec high C = 32.6
|year high C = 29.5
|Jan mean C = 27.6
|Feb mean C = 27.3
|Mar mean C = 26.2
|Apr mean C = 23.5
|May mean C = 20.3
|Jun mean C = 18.5
|Jul mean C = 18.7
|Aug mean C = 20.0
|Sep mean C = 21.8
|Oct mean C = 24.5
|Nov mean C = 26.0
|Dec mean C = 27.2
|year mean C = 23.5
|Jan low C = 22.7
|Feb low C = 22.5
|Mar low C = 21.3
|Apr low C = 18.5
|May low C = 15.9
|Jun low C = 13.8
|Jul low C = 13.3
|Aug low C = 14.3
|Sep low C = 16.1
|Oct low C = 18.6
|Nov low C = 20.2
|Dec low C = 21.7
|year low C = 18.2
|Jan record low C = 12.5
|Feb record low C = 12.0
|Mar record low C = 8.0
|Apr record low C = 5.3
|May record low C = 2.5
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = -1.5
|Aug record low C = -3.0
|Sep record low C = 1.8
|Oct record low C = 5.7
|Nov record low C = 10.0
|Dec record low C = 11.4
|year record low C = -3.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 152.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 122.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 140.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 122.9
|May precipitation mm = 124.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 62.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 42.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 55.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 67.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 124.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 161.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 163.5
|year precipitation mm = 1341.8
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 10
|Feb precipitation days = 9
|Mar precipitation days = 8
|Apr precipitation days = 7
|May precipitation days = 7
|Jun precipitation days = 7
|Jul precipitation days = 5
|Aug precipitation days = 6
|Sep precipitation days = 7
|Oct precipitation days = 8
|Nov precipitation days = 8
|Dec precipitation days = 10
|year precipitation days = 92
|Jan humidity = 69
|Feb humidity = 73
|Mar humidity = 74
|Apr humidity = 76
|May humidity = 77
|Jun humidity = 77
|Jul humidity = 72
|Aug humidity = 70
|Sep humidity = 68
|Oct humidity = 67
|Nov humidity = 67
|Dec humidity = 70
|year humidity = 72
|Jan sun = 224
|Feb sun = 213
|Mar sun = 217
|Apr sun = 184
|May sun = 182
|Jun sun = 152
|Jul sun = 183
|Aug sun = 156
|Sep sun = 173
|Oct sun = 208
|Nov sun = 222
|Dec sun = 222
|year sun = 
|source 1 = NOAA (July, November, and December record highs, and March, April, May, August, and October record lows),<ref name= ConcepcionNOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PY/86134.TXT
| title = Concepción Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = March 9, 2015}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimatConcepcion>
{{cite web 
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1772
| title = Station Concepción 
| publisher = Meteo Climat 
|language = French 
| accessdate = 15 June 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun)<ref name = DWDConcepcion>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195327/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2017-10-17
| title = Station 86134: Concepción
| work = Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| accessdate = 1 May 2015
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=86134&ano=2022&mes=1&day=25&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30|title= 86134:   Concepcion (Paraguay)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 24 January 2022|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 24 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto 
|location = [[Pilar, Paraguay|Pilar]]
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan record high C = 42.4
|Feb record high C = 40.5
|Mar record high C = 39.6
|Apr record high C = 36.5
|May record high C = 33.7
|Jun record high C = 31.8
|Jul record high C = 33.2
|Aug record high C = 34.9
|Sep record high C = 38.0
|Oct record high C = 39.6
|Nov record high C = 40.4
|Dec record high C = 41.6
|year record high C = 42.4
|Jan high C = 33.1
|Feb high C = 32.3
|Mar high C = 30.6
|Apr high C = 27.0
|May high C = 24.2
|Jun high C = 21.5
|Jul high C = 21.7
|Aug high C = 23.0
|Sep high C = 24.9
|Oct high C = 28.1
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 32.2
|year high C = 27.4
|Jan mean C = 27.6
|Feb mean C = 26.9
|Mar mean C = 25.3
|Apr mean C = 22.0
|May mean C = 19.2
|Jun mean C = 16.4
|Jul mean C = 16.5
|Aug mean C = 17.5
|Sep mean C = 19.4
|Oct mean C = 22.5
|Nov mean C = 24.7
|Dec mean C = 26.8
|year mean C = 22.1
|Jan low C = 22.4
|Feb low C = 22.1
|Mar low C = 20.7
|Apr low C = 17.4
|May low C = 14.9
|Jun low C = 12.1
|Jul low C = 12.0
|Aug low C = 12.6
|Sep low C = 14.3
|Oct low C = 17.2
|Nov low C = 19.3
|Dec low C = 21.3
|year low C = 17.2
|Jan record low C = 14.5
|Feb record low C = 12.1
|Mar record low C = 8.5
|Apr record low C = 7.7
|May record low C = 4.0
|Jun record low C = 1.0
|Jul record low C = 0.7
|Aug record low C = 1.0
|Sep record low C = 3.6
|Oct record low C = 7.4
|Nov record low C = 9.8
|Dec record low C = 9.8
|year record low C = 0.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 168.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 141.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 161.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 178.5
|May precipitation mm = 95.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 61.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 57.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 47.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 82.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 157.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 125.7
|year precipitation mm = 1413.0
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 9
|Feb precipitation days = 8
|Mar precipitation days = 9
|Apr precipitation days = 8
|May precipitation days = 6
|Jun precipitation days = 6
|Jul precipitation days = 5
|Aug precipitation days = 6
|Sep precipitation days = 7
|Oct precipitation days = 9
|Nov precipitation days = 9
|Dec precipitation days = 8
|year precipitation days = 90
|Jan humidity = 69
|Feb humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 75
|Apr humidity = 78
|May humidity = 79
|Jun humidity = 79
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 74
|Sep humidity = 71
|Oct humidity = 69
|Nov humidity = 69
|Dec humidity = 67
|year humidity = 73
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAAPilar>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PY/86255.TXT
| title = Pilar Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = March 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=86255&ano=2022&mes=1&day=18&hora=6&min=0&ndays=30|title= 86255:   Pilar (Paraguay)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 17 January 2022|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 20 January 2022}}</ref>
|date=November 2011
}}

==Environment==
{{main|Environmental issues in Paraguay}}
Current environmental issues include deforestation (Paraguay lost an estimated 20,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of forest land between 1958 and 1985) and water pollution (inadequate means for waste disposal present health risks for many urban residents). Paraguay is a party to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]], the [[Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol]], the [[Law of the Sea]], and the [[Ozone Layer Protection]]. It has also signed, but not ratified, the [[Nuclear Test Ban]].

==Statistics==
'''Geographic coordinates:''' {{coord|23|00|S|58|00|W|type:country}}

'''Area:'''
<br>''total:''
406,750&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
<br>''land:''
397,300&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
<br>''water:''
9,450&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>

'''Land boundaries:'''
<br>''total:''
3,920&nbsp;km
<br>''border countries:''
[[Argentina]] 1,880&nbsp;km, [[Bolivia]] 750&nbsp;km, Brazil 1,290&nbsp;km

'''Coastline:'''
0&nbsp;km (landlocked)

'''Elevation extremes:'''
<br>''lowest point:''
junction of [[Rio Paraguay]] and [[Rio Paraná]] 46 m
<br>''highest point:''
[[Cerro Peró]] 842 m

'''Land use:'''
<br>''arable land:''
6%
<br>''permanent crops:''
0%
<br>''permanent pastures:''
55%
<br>''forests and woodland:''
32%
<br>''other:''
7% (1993 est.)

'''Irrigated land:'''
670&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (1993 est.)

== Extreme points ==
[[File:Cerro Akatí.jpg|thumb|Cerro Akatí, near [[Villarrica, Paraguay|Villarrica]], [[Paraguay]].]]
This is a list of the extreme points of Paraguay, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

* Northernmost point – the Hito VII Fortin Coronel Sanchez pillar on the border with [[Bolivia]], [[Alto Paraguay Department]]
* Easternmost point – unnamed headland in the [[Itaipu Dam|Itaipu reservoir]] near the town of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, [[Canindeyú Department]]
* Southernmost point (including islands) – unnamed island south of {{interlanguage link|Isla Talavera|es}} in the [[Rio Paraná]], [[Itapúa Department]]
* Southernmost point (mainland only) – unnamed headland southeast of the town of [[Cambyretá]] and immediately north of the Argentinian town of [[Candelaria, Misiones|Candelaria]], Itapúa Department
* Westernmost point – the [[Hito Esmeralda|Hito I Esmeralda]] pillar on the border with [[Argentina]] and [[Bolivia]], [[Boquerón Department]]
* Highest point – [[Cerro Tres Kandú]], [[Guairá Department]], 842 m
* Lowest point – junction of [[Rio paraguay|Rio Paraguay]] and [[Rio Parana]], 46 m
* Geographic center – 133&nbsp;km west of [[Concepción, Paraguay|Concepción]]

==See also==
* [[Paraguay]]
* [[List of cities in Paraguay]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{country study|country=Paraguay|abbr=py}}
*{{CIA World Factbook}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/1101 Paraguay, or the Province of the Rio de la Plata, with the Adjacent Regions Tucamen and Santa Cruz de la Sierra] is a map from 1616 of Paraguay and the surrounding area.

{{Geography of South America}}
{{South America topic|Climate of}}
{{Geography of Paraguay}}
{{Paraguay topics}}

[[Category:Geography of Paraguay| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Paraguay]]