Editing Gentianales

{{Short description|Order of flowering plant}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|taxon = Gentianales
|image = Gentiana cruciata 2.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Gentiana cruciata]]''
|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ex [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]
|synonyms = *Apocynales <small>[[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]</small>
*Asclepiadales <small>[[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]</small>
*Chironiales <small>[[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small>
*Cinchonales <small>[[John Lindley|Lindl.]]</small>
*Galiales <small>[[Edward Bromhead|Bromhead]]</small>
*Loganiales <small>[[John Lindley|Lindl.]]</small>
*Lygodisodeales <small>[[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]</small>
*Rubiales <small>[[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]</small>
*Strychnales <small>[[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]</small>
*Theligonales <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small>
*Vincales <small>[[Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow|Horan.]]</small>
|subdivision_ranks = Families
|subdivision = 
*[[Apocynaceae]]
*[[Gelsemiaceae]]
*[[Gentianaceae]]
*[[Loganiaceae]]
*[[Rubiaceae]]
}}

'''Gentianales''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]], included within the [[asterid]] clade of [[eudicots]]. It comprises more than 20,000 species in about 1,200 genera in 5 families.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Lei-Lei|last2=Li|first2=Hong-Lei|last3=Wei|first3=Lei|last4=Yang|first4=Tuo|last5=Kuang|first5=Dai-Yong|last6=Li|first6=Ming-Hong|last7=Liao|first7=Yi-Ying|last8=Chen|first8=Zhi-Duan|last9=Wu|first9=Hong|last10=Zhang|first10=Shou-Zhou|date=July 2016|title=A supermatrix approach provides a comprehensive genus-level phylogeny for Gentianales: Phylogeny of Gentianales|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=400–415|doi=10.1111/jse.12192|doi-access=free}}</ref> More than 80% of the species in this order belong to the family [[Rubiaceae]].

Many of these flowering plants are used in traditional medicine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=Gui-Lin|last2=Su|first2=Yan-Ping|last3=Liu|first3=Ming|last4=Xu|first4=Ying|last5=Yang|first5=Jian|last6=Liao|first6=Kai-Jun|last7=Yu|first7=Chang-Xi|date=February 2014|title=Medicinal plants of the genus Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae, Gentianales)—A review of their phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and traditional use|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874114000129|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|language=en|volume=152|issue=1|pages=33–52|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.003|pmid=24434844}}</ref> They have been used to treat pain, anxiety, cancers and neurological conditions.

According to [[molecular clock]] calculations, the lineage that led to Gentianales split from other plants about 108 million years ago<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bremer|first1=K.|last2=Friis|first2=E. M.|last3=Bremer|first3=B.|date=2004|title=Molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants shows early Cretaceous diversification|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=53|issue=3|pages=496–505|issn=1063-5157|pmid=15503676|doi=10.1080/10635150490445913|doi-access=free}}</ref> or 81 million years ago.<ref name="magallon2009">{{citation |author1=Susana Magallón  |author2=Amanda Castillo  |name-list-style=amp | year = 2009 | title = Angiosperm diversification through time | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 349–365 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0800060 | pmid = 21628193 }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
In the classification system of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] the Gentiales were in the [[superorder]] Gentianiflorae (also called Gentiananae). The following families are included according to the [[APG III system]]:<ref name="APGIII2009">{{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2009|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2|pages=105–121|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|doi-access=free|hdl=10654/18083|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Family [[Apocynaceae]] (424 genera)
* Family [[Gelsemiaceae]] (2 genera)
* Family [[Gentianaceae]] (87 genera)
* Family [[Loganiaceae]] (13 genera)
* Family [[Rubiaceae]] (611 genera)

===Phylogeny===
The following [[phylogenetic tree]] is based on [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies of [[DNA sequence]]s.<ref name=Backlund>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Backlund M, Oxelman B, Bremer B |s2cid=15433433|year=2000|title=Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=87|issue=7|pages=1029–1043|doi=10.2307/2657003|jstor=2657003|pmid=10898781}}</ref>

{{clade
|label1='''Gentianales'''
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Rubiaceae]]
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Gentianaceae]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Loganiaceae]]
         |2={{clade
         	|1=[[Apocynaceae]]
         	|2=[[Gelsemiaceae]]
         	}}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

===Etymology===
It takes its name from the family [[Gentianaceae]], which in turn is based on the name of the type genus, ''[[Gentiana]]''. The genus name is a tribute to [[Gentius]], an Illyrian king.

== Characteristics ==
This large order has a variety of different plants, ranging from small [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous plants]] and [[Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytes]] to [[Shrub|shrubs]] and large [[Tree|trees]].<ref name=":2">Struwe, Lena. (2002). Gentianales (Coffees, Dogbanes, Gentians and Milkweeds). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228050326_Gentianales_Coffees_Dogbanes_Gentians_and_Milkweeds 10.1038/npg.els.0003732] </ref> Species are, however, united by their simple and opposite leaves and typically have showy pentamerous flowers (flowers in which components occur in multiples of five) and show [[Endosperm|nuclear endosperm formation]] (in which cell division takes place without the cell wall forming between divisions).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Many species have structures between the leaf petioles, such as ridges or [[Stipule|stipules]].<ref name=":2" /> Many species also have [[Colleter (botany)|colleters]]; thick hair-like structures that secrete [[mucilage]], a thick gluey substance.<ref name=":2" />

== Distribution ==
Species of this order are found in moist climates around the world. They are most common in tropical regions.<ref name=":2" />

==Uses==
Many gentianales contain toxic compounds and species have a variety of uses. Some species are also grown ornamentally.<ref name=":2" /> Well-known members of Gentianales are [[Coffea|coffee]], [[Plumeria|frangipani]], ''[[Gardenia]]'', [[Gentiana|gentian]], [[Nerium oleander|oleander]], and [[Vinca|periwinkle]].

Certain species belonging to the order Gentianales have been used in traditional medicine in rural southeastern Asia countries. ''[[Gelsemium sempervirens]]'' has been used in North American folk medicine to treat conditions such as anxiety, migraines/headaches, and neuralgia, while ''[[Gelsemium elegans]]'' has been used in China to treat rheumatoid arthritis pain, neuropathic pain, skin ulcers, and even cancers.<ref name=":0" />

The compounds found in some species are used in the synthesis of modern medicines. Cinchona trees, for example, are a source of quinine, which is used to treat malaria.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Himanshu Misra Bhupendra K. Mehta Dharam C. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/859945268 |title=Optimization of Extraction Conditions and HPTLC - UV Method for Determination of Quinine in Different Extracts of Cinchona species Bark |date=2008 |publisher=ACG Publications |oclc=859945268}}</ref> [[Vinblastine]], which has anti-tumor properties as it disrupts cell division, is used in [[chemotherapy]]. It is extracted from the [[Catharanthus roseus|Madagascar periwinkle]].

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Angiosperm orders}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q21754}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gentianales| ]]
[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]