Editing Gentiana acaulis

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
  |image = Gentiana acaulis Goryczka 2016-05-02 03.jpg
  |genus = Gentiana
  |species = acaulis
  |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
  |synonyms = 
'''Synonyms of ''Gentiana acaulis'''''
*''Gentianusa acaulis'' (L.) Pohl
*''Pneumonanthe acaulis'' (L.) F.W.Schmidt
'''Synonyms of ''Gentiana acaulis'' subsp. ''acaulis'' '''
*''Ciminalis acaulis'' Borkh.
*''Ciminalis grandiflora'' Mayrh.
*''Ciminalis longiflora'' Moench
*''Gentiana acaulis'' f. ''alba'' S.Redic
*''Gentiana acaulis'' var. ''minor'' (Nègre) Kerguélen
*''Gentiana excisa'' C.Presl
*''Gentiana grandiflora'' Lam.
*''Gentiana kochiana'' Perr. & Songeon
*''Gentiana kochiana'' var. ''minor'' Nègre
*''Gentiana latifolia'' (Gren. & Godr.) Jakow.
*''Gentiana vulgaris'' (Neilr.) Beck
*''Hippion alpinum'' F.W.Schmidt
*''Lexipyretum acaule'' Dulac
*''Pneumonanthe grandiflora'' Gray
*''Thylacitis grandiflora'' Delarbre
'''Synonyms of ''Gentiana acaulis'' subsp. ''acaulis'' '''
*''Ciminalis dinarica'' (Beck) Holub
*''Gentiana acaulis'' var. ''dinarica'' Beck
*''Gentiana dinarica'' (Beck) Beck
  |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite POWO |id=367703-1 |title=''Gentiana acaulis'' L. |accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite POWO |id=77230563-1 |title=''Gentiana acaulis'' subsp. ''acaulis'' |accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite POWO |id=77192258-1 |title=''Gentiana acaulis'' subsp. ''dinarica'' (Beck) Barina |accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> 
  |status = LC
  |status_system = IUCN3.1
  |status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">Bilz, M. 2013. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/203217/2762385 "Gentiana acaulis."] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T203217A2762385. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T203217A2762385.en. Accessed on 09 May 2022.</ref>
}}

'''''Gentiana acaulis''''', the '''stemless gentian''',<ref>Lena Struwe (Editor), Victor A. Albert (Editor), ''Gentianaceae'', Cambridge University Press, 2002; {{ISBN|0-521-80999-1}}</ref> or '''trumpet gentian''',<ref>{{cite web |title=British Wild Plant: Gentiana acaulis Trumpet Gentian |url=https://www.ukwildflowers.com/Web_pages/gentiana_acaulis_trumpet_gentian.htm |website=www.ukwildflowers.com}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] Gentianaceae, [[native plant|native]] to central and southern Europe, from Spain east to the Balkans,<ref name="FloraEuropaea">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8jDAoMGPd8C&pg=PA62 |page=62 |title=Flora Europaea |volume=3 |author1=T. G. Tutin |author2=V. H. Heywood |author3=N. A. Burges |author4=D. H. Valentine |author5=P. W. Ball |author6=S. M. Walters |author7=D. A. Webb |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1972|isbn=9780521084895 }}</ref> growing especially in mountainous regions, such as the [[Alps]] and [[Pyrenees]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhEKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |page=55 |title=Alpine plants, a practical manual for their culture |author=W. A. Clark |publisher=Рипол Классик |year=1907|isbn=9785875292798 }}</ref> at heights of {{convert|800|-|3000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.

==Description==
It is a [[perennial plant]], growing up to a height of {{convert|10|cm|in}} tall and forming a mat up to {{convert|50|cm|in}} wide.<ref name="RHS"/> The [[leaf|leaves]], which can be [[lanceolate]], [[Glossary of leaf morphology#elliptic|elliptical]] or [[obovate]],<ref name="FloraEuropaea"/> are [[evergreen]], 2–3.5&nbsp;cm long, in a basal rosette, forming clumps. The trumpet-shaped terminal [[flower]]s are blue with olive-green spotted longitudinal throats.<ref name="RHS"/> They grow on a very short [[peduncle (botany)|peduncle]], 3–6&nbsp;cm long. The flower stem is often without leaves, or has 1 or 2 pairs of leaves. It likes full sun, is fully hardy and flowers in late spring and summer.

==Horticulture==
This plant, like others of its genus, is valued in cultivation for the unusually pure intense blue of its blooms. It has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name="RHS">{{cite web|title=''Gentiana acaulis'' AGM|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/7756/Gentiana-acaulis/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web  | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 42 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 27 February 2018}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''acaulis'' means "short-stemmed".<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lorraine|title=RHS Latin for gardeners|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845337315|pages=224}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The closely related ''[[Gentiana clusii]]'', often called by the same common name as this species, differs in its preference for [[alkali soils|limy (alkaline) soils]]. It also has shorter leaves and the flowers have no olive-green stripes.

===Phylogeny===
Phylogenetic research suggests ''G. acaulis'' is sister to a clade containing 4 other ''[[Gentiana]]'' species: ''[[Gentiana verna|G. verna]]'', ''[[Gentiana bavarica|G. bavarica]]'', ''[[Gentiana nivalis|G. nivalis]]'', and ''[[Gentiana utriculosa|G. utriculosa]]''.{{r|ot2023.12dec}}

{{clade
  |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Gentiana alpina|G. alpina]]'' (alpine gentian)
      |2=''[[Gentiana clusii|G. clusii]]'' (sweet lady flower)
    }}
    |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Gentiana asclepiadea|G. asclepiadea]]'' (willow gentian)
        |2=''[[Gentiana froelichii|G. froelichii]]'' (Karawanken gentian)
      }}
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Gentiana punctata|G. punctata]]'' (spotted gentian)
            |2=''[[Gentiana pannonica|G. pannonica]]'' (brown gentian)
          }}
          |2=''[[Gentiana purpurea|G. purpurea]]'' (purple gentian)
        }}
        |2=''[[Gentiana lutea|G. lutea]]'' (great yellow gentian)
      }}
    }}
  }}
  |2={{clade
    |1=''G. acaulis''
    |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Gentiana verna|G. verna]]'' (spring gentian)
        |2=''[[Gentiana bavarica|G. bavarica]]'' (Bavarian gentian)
      }}
      |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Gentiana nivalis|G. nivalis]]'' (snow gentian)
        |2=''[[Gentiana utriculosa|G. utriculosa]]'' (bladder gentian)
      }}
    }}
  }}
}}

==Culture==
A depiction of a gentian flower can be seen on the obverse side of [[Austrian euro coins|Austrian € 0.01 euro]] coins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces57.html |work=numista.com |title=1 Euro Cent - Austria}}</ref>

==Images==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Gentiana acaulis (34797333066).jpg
GentianaAcaulisRannoch.jpg
File:Gentiána.jpg
File:Gentiana acaulis L ag1.jpg
File:Gentiana acaulis (stemless gentian).jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="ot2023.12dec">
{{cite web
 |access-date=2023-12-20
 |title=[Gentiana alpina + Gentiana ultriculosa] - opentree
 |url=https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/opentree/opentree14.9@mrcaott63905ott63911/Gentiana-alpina--Gentiana-utriculosa
 |website=Open Tree of Life
}}
</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Gentiana acaulis|''Gentiana acaulis''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q163785}}

[[Category:Gentiana|acaulis]]
[[Category:Alpine flora]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of the Alps]]
[[Category:Flora of the Pyrenees]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Flora of the Carpathians]]