Editing Generations of Noah

{{Short description|Genealogy of the sons of Noah in Genesis}}
{{redirect|Table of Nations|a list of countries|list of sovereign states}}
[[File:T and O map Guntherus Ziner 1472.jpg|thumb|230px|right|This [[T and O map]], from the first [[Printing press|printed]] version of [[Isidore of Seville|Isidore]]'s ''[[Etymologiae]]'' ([[Augsburg]] 1472), identifies the three known continents ([[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[Africa]]) as respectively populated by descendants of ''Sem'' ([[Shem]]), ''Iafeth'' ([[Japheth]]), and ''Cham'' ([[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]).]]
[[File:Noahsworld map.jpg|thumb|230px|right|The world as known to the [[Hebrews]] according to the [[Biblical cosmology|Mosaic account]] (1854 map), from the ''Historical Textbook and Atlas of Biblical Geography'' by [[Lyman Coleman]].]]

The '''Generations of Noah''', also called the '''Table of Nations''' or '''''Origines Gentium''''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Reynolds |date=October 1983 |title=Medieval ''Origines Gentium'' and the Community of the Realm |journal=[[History (journal)|History]] |location=[[Chichester|Chichester, West Sussex]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |volume=68 |issue=224 |pages=375–390 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb02193.x |jstor=24417596}}</ref> is a genealogy of the sons of [[Noah]], according to the [[Hebrew Bible]] ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] {{bibleverse-nb||Genesis|10:9|HE}}), and their dispersion into many lands after [[Genesis flood narrative|the Flood]],{{sfn|Rogers|2000|p=1271}} focusing on the major known societies. The term '[[nation]]s' to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word "''[[goyim]]''", following the {{circa}} 400 CE Latin [[Vulgate]]'s "''nationes''", and does not have the same political connotations that the word entails today.<ref>{{cite journal |author1-last=Zernatto |author1-first=Guido |author2-last=Mistretta |author2-first=Alfonso G. |date=July 1944 |title=Nation: The History of a Word |journal=[[The Review of Politics]] |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=351–366 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |issn=1748-6858 |jstor=1404386 |doi=10.1017/s0034670500021331 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=143142650}}</ref>

The list of 70 names introduces for the first time several well-known [[ethnonym]]s and [[toponym]]s important to biblical geography,<ref>"[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06428c.htm Biblical Geography]," ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': "The ethnographical list in Genesis 10 is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the old general geography of the East, and its importance can scarcely be overestimated."</ref> such as Noah's three sons [[Shem]], [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]], and [[Japheth]], from which 18th-century German scholars at the [[Göttingen school of history]] derived the race terminology [[Semitic people|Semites]], [[Hamitic|Hamites]], and [[Japhetites]]. Certain of Noah's grandsons were also used for names of peoples: from [[Biblical Elam|Elam]], [[Ashur (Bible)|Ashur]], [[Aram, son of Shem|Aram]], [[Biblical Cush|Cush]], and [[Canaan (son of Ham)|Canaan]] were derived respectively the [[Elamites]], [[Assyria]]ns, [[Arameans]], [[Cush (Bible)#Later identifications|Cushites]], and [[Canaanites]]. Likewise, from the sons of Canaan: [[Heth (Bible)|Heth]], Jebus, and Amorus were derived [[Biblical Hittites|Hittites]], [[Jebusite]]s, and [[Amorites]]. Further descendants of Noah include [[Eber]] (from Shem), the hunter-king [[Nimrod]] (from Cush), and the [[Philistines]] (from [[Misraim|Misrayim]]).

As [[Spread of Christianity#Ante-Nicene period (2nd-3rd century)|Christianity spread across the Roman Empire]], it carried the idea that all human peoples were descended from Noah. However, not all [[Mediterranean Region|Mediterranean]] and [[Near Eastern]] peoples were covered in the biblical genealogy; [[Iranic]] peoples such as [[Persians]], [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indic]] people such as [[Mitanni]], and other prominent early civilizations such as the [[Ancient Greeks]], [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonians]], and [[Ancient Romans|Romans]], [[Hurrians]], [[Iberians]], [[Illyrians]], [[Kassites]], and [[Sumerians]] are missing, as well as the Northern and Western European peoples important to the [[Late Roman Empire|Late Roman]] and [[Medieval Europe|Medieval world]], such as the [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Early Slavs|Slavic]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]], and [[Scandinavians|Nordic]] peoples; nor were others of the world's peoples, such as [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], [[sub-Saharan Africa]]ns, [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic]] peoples of [[Central Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Far East]], and [[Australasia]]. Scholars later derived a variety of arrangements to make the table fit, with for example the addition of [[Scythians]], which do feature in the tradition, being claimed as the ancestors of much of Northern Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=James William |date=April 1959 |title=The Scythian: His Rise and Fall |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |location=[[Philadelphia]] |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=250–257 |doi=10.2307/2707822 |jstor=2707822}}</ref>

According to the biblical scholar [[Joseph Blenkinsopp]], the 70 names in the list express symbolically the unity of humanity, corresponding to the 70 descendants of Israel that followed [[Jacob]] [[Biblical Egypt|into Egypt]] in {{bibleverse||Genesis|46:27|HE}} and the 70 elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] {{bibleverse-nb||Exodus|24:1–9|HE}}.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|2011|p=156}}

==Table of Nations==
On the family pedigrees contained in the biblical [[pericope]] of Noah, [[Saadia Gaon]] (882‒942) wrote: 
<blockquote>The Scriptures have traced the patronymic lineage of the seventy nations to the three sons of Noah, as also the lineage of Abraham and Ishmael, and of Jacob and Esau. The blessed Creator knew that men would find solace at knowing these family pedigrees, since our soul demands of us to know them, so that [all of] mankind will be held in fondness by us, as a tree that has been planted by God in the earth, whose branches have spread out and dispersed eastward and westward, northward and southward, in the habitable part of the earth. It also has the dual function of allowing us to see the multitude as a single individual, and the single individual as a multitude. Along with this, man ought to contemplate also on the names of the countries and of the cities [wherein they settled]."{{sfn|Saadia Gaon|1984b|p=180}}</blockquote>

[[Moses Maimonides]], echoing the same sentiments, wrote that the genealogy of the nations contained in the Law has the unique function of establishing a principle of faith, how that, although from Adam to Moses there was no more than a span of two-thousand five hundred years, and the human race was already spread over all parts of the earth in different families and with different languages, they were still people having a common ancestor and place of beginning.{{sfn|Ben Maimon|1956|p=381 (part 3, ch. 50)}}

Other Bible commentators observe that the Table of Nations is unique compared to other genealogies since it depicts a "broad network of cousins", with a "shallow chain of brotherly relationships". Meanwhile, the other genealogies focus on "narrow chains of father-son relationships".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Genesis chapter 10 ESV Commentary |url=https://www.bibleref.com/Genesis/10/Genesis-chapter-10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119223720/https://www.bibleref.com/Genesis/10/Genesis-chapter-10.html |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |website=BibleRef.com}}</ref>

===Book of Genesis===
[[File:Noah (Grigoriants' coll.).jpg|thumb|Noah dividing the world between his sons. Anonymous painter; [[Russian Empire]], 18th century.]]

Chapters 1–11 of the [[Book of Genesis]] are structured around five ''[[toledot]]'' statements ("these are the generations of..."), of which the "generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth" is the fourth. Events before the [[Genesis flood narrative]], the central toledot, correspond to those after: the post-Flood world is a new creation corresponding to the [[Genesis creation narrative]], and Noah had three sons who populated the world. The correspondences extend forward as well: there are 70 names in the Table, corresponding to the 70 Israelites who go down into Egypt at the end of Genesis and to the 70 elders of Israel who go up the mountain at Sinai to meet with God in Exodus. The symbolic force of these numbers is underscored by the way the names are frequently arranged in groups of seven, suggesting that the Table is a symbolic means of implying universal moral obligation.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|2011|pp=4 and 155–156}} The number 70 also parallels Canaanite mythology, where 70 represents the number of gods in the divine clan who are each assigned a subject people, and where the supreme god [[El (deity)|El]] and his consort, [[Asherah]], has the title "Mother/Father of 70 gods", which, due to the coming of monotheism, had to be changed, but its symbolism lived on in the new religion.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

The overall structure of the Table is:
*1. Introductory formula, v.1
*2. Japheth, vv.2–5
*3. Ham, vv.6–20
*4. Shem, vv.21–31
*5. Concluding formula, v.32.{{sfn|Towner|2001|p=102}}

The overall principle governing the assignment of various peoples within the Table is difficult to discern: it purports to describe all humankind, but in reality restricts itself to the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian lands]] of the south, [[Mesopotamia]], [[Asia Minor]], and the [[Ionian Greeks]], and in addition, the "sons of Noah" are not organized by geography, [[language family]] or [[ethnic groups]] within these regions.{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=140–141}} The Table contains several difficulties: for example, the names Sheba and Havilah are listed twice, first as descendants of Cush the son of Ham (verse 7), and then as sons of Joktan, the great-grandsons of Shem, and while the Cushites are North African in verses 6–7 they are unrelated Mesopotamians in verses 10–14.{{sfn|Towner|2001|p=101–102}}

The date of composition of Genesis 1–11 cannot be fixed with any precision, although it seems likely that an early brief nucleus was later expanded with extra data.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|2011|p=156–157}} Portions of the Table itself 'may' derive from the 10th century BCE, while others reflect the 7th century BCE and [[Priestly source|priestly]] revisions in the 5th century BCE.{{sfn|Rogers|2000|p=1271}} Its combination of world review, myth and genealogy corresponds to the work of the Greek historian [[Hecataeus of Miletus]], active {{circa|520&nbsp;BCE}}.{{sfn|Brodie|2001|p=186}}

===Book of Chronicles===
I Chronicles 1 includes a version of the Table of Nations from Genesis, but edited to make clearer that the intention is to establish the background for Israel. This is done by condensing various branches to focus on the story of Abraham and his offspring. Most notably, it omits Genesis 10:9–14, in which Nimrod, a son of Cush, is linked to various cities in Mesopotamia, thus removing from Cush any Mesopotamian connection. In addition, Nimrod does not appear in any of the numerous Mesopotamian King Lists.{{sfn|Sadler|2009|p=123}}

===Book of Jubilees===
[[File:Herodotus world map-en.svg|thumb|Ionian world map]]
{{expand section|date=February 2015}}

The Table of Nations is expanded upon in detail in chapters 8–9 of the [[Book of Jubilees]], sometimes known as the "Lesser Genesis," a work from the early [[Second Temple period]].{{sfn|Scott|2005|p=4}} Jubilees is considered [[Pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphical]] by most Christian and Jewish denominations but thought to have been held in regard by many of the [[Church Fathers]].{{sfn|Ruiten|2000|p=1}} Its division of the descendants throughout the world are thought to have been heavily influenced by the "Ionian world map" described in ''the [[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' of [[Herodotus]],{{sfn|Machiela|2009|pp=87–89}} and the anomalous treatment of Canaan and Madai are thought to have been "propaganda for the territorial expansion of the [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean state]]".{{sfn|Alexander|1988|p=102–103}}

===Septuagint version===
The Hebrew bible was translated into Greek in Alexandria at the request of [[Ptolemy II]], who reigned over Egypt 285–246 BCE.{{sfn|Pietersma|Wright|2005|p=xiii}} Its version of the Table of Nations is substantially the same as that in the Hebrew text, but with the following differences:
* It lists Elisa as an extra son of Japheth, giving him eight instead of seven, while continuing to list him also as a son of Javan, as in the Masoretic text. 
* Whereas the Hebrew text lists Shelah as the son of Arpachshad in the line of Shem, the Septuagint has a [[Cainan]] as the son of Arpachshad and father of Shelah – the Book of Jubilees gives considerable scope to this figure. Cainan appears again at the end of the list of the sons of Shem.
* Obal, Joktan's eighth son in the Masoretic text, does not appear.{{sfn|Scott|2005|p=25}}

=== 1 Peter ===
In the [[First Epistle of Peter]], 3:20, the author says that eight righteous persons were saved from the Great Flood, referring to the four named males, and their [[wives aboard Noah's Ark]] not enumerated elsewhere in the Bible.

==Sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth==
[[File:The World as Peopled by the Descendants of Noah Shewing the Countries Possessed by Shem, Ham & Japhet and their posterity after the confusion of tongues..jpg|thumb|1823 map by [[Robert Wilkinson (cartographer)|Robert Wilkinson]] (see also 1797 version [[:File:Atlas Classica, Robert Wilkinson, 1797.pdf|here]]). Prior to the mid-19th century, [[Shem]] was associated with all of Asia, [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]] with all of Africa, and [[Japheth]] with all of Europe.]]

The [[Genesis flood narrative]] tells how Noah and his three sons ([[Shem]], [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]], and [[Japheth]]), together with their wives, were saved from the Deluge to repopulate the Earth.
* [[Shem]]'s descendants: Genesis chapter 10 verses 21–30 gives one list of descendants of Shem. In chapter 11 verses 10–26 a second list of descendants of Shem names [[Abraham]] and thus the [[Arabs]] and [[Israelites]].{{sfn|Strawn|2000a|p=1205}} In the view of some 17th-century European scholars (e.g., [[John Webb (architect)|John Webb]]), the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American peoples of North and South America]], [[Iranic]] peoples of [[Iranian plateau|eastern Persia]], and "[[Ethnic groups in South Asia|the Indias]]" descended from Shem,<ref name=mungello179>{{Cite book |title=Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology
|author-link=David E. Mungello|first=David E. |last=Mungello |pages=179, 336–337|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1989|isbn=0-8248-1219-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb4yPw4ZgZQC&q=Shem%3B|quote=there are more references in that book on the early Jesuits' and others' opinions on  Noah's Connection to China}}</ref> possibly through his descendant [[Joktan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AHistory|title=History Collection - Collection - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries|website=search.library.wisc.edu|access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shalev|first1=Zur|title=Sacred Geography, Antiquarianism and Visual Erudition: Benito Arias Montano and the Maps in the Antwerp Polyglot Bible|journal=Imago Mundi|date=2003|volume=55|page=71|doi=10.1080/0308569032000097495|s2cid=51804916|url=http://research.haifa.ac.il/~zshalev/Articles/IMundi-2003-Montano.pdf|access-date=2017-01-17|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225102322/http://research.haifa.ac.il/~zshalev/Articles/IMundi-2003-Montano.pdf}}</ref> Some modern [[Creationism|creationists]] identify Shem as the progenitor of [[Y-chromosomal haplogroup]] [[Haplogroup IJ|IJ]], and hence haplogroups [[Haplogroup I-M170|I]] (common in Northern Europe) and [[Haplogroup J-M304|J]] (common in the Middle East).<ref>http://aschmann.net/BibleChronology/Genesis10.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]'s descendants: The forefather of [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]], [[Mizraim]], and [[Put (biblical figure)|Phut]], and of [[Canaan (son of Ham)|Canaan]], whose lands include portions of Africa. The [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[indigenous people of New Guinea]] have also been tied to Ham.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/ideas-about-maori-origins/page-1|title=1770s–1840s: early ideas – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref><ref>https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/154991623/Carey_Fraser_240117a.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> The etymology of his name is uncertain; some scholars have linked it to terms connected with divinity, but a divine or semi-divine status for Ham is unlikely.{{sfn|Strawn|2000b|p=543}}
* [[Japheth]]'s descendants: His name is associated with the mythological Greek Titan [[Iapetus]], and his sons include [[Javan]], the [[Ionian Greeks|Greek city-states]] of [[Ionia]].{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|2011|p=158}} In Genesis 9:27 it forms a pun with the Hebrew root ''yph'': "May God make room [the ''[[hiphil]]'' of the yph root] for Japheth, that he may live in Shem's tents and [[Canaan (son of Ham)|Canaan]] [[Curse of Ham|may be his slave]]."{{sfn|Thompson|2014|p=102}}

Based on an old Jewish tradition contained in the [[Aramaic Targum]] of [[Targum Pseudo-Jonathan|pseudo-Jonathan ben Uzziel]],<ref>Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (1974)</ref> an anecdotal reference to the ''Origines Gentium'' in {{bibleverse|Genesis|10:2-ff|HE}} has been passed down, and which, in one form or another, has also been relayed by [[Josephus]] in his ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'',{{sfn|Josephus|1998|pp=1.6.1-4}} repeated in the [[Talmud]],<ref>[[Jerusalem Talmud]], ''[[Megillah (Talmud)|Megillah]]'' 1:9 [10a]; [[Babylonian Talmud]], ''[[Yoma]]'' 10a</ref> and further elaborated by medieval Jewish scholars, such as in works written by [[Saadia Gaon]],{{sfn|Saadia Gaon|1984|pp=31–34}} [[Josippon]],{{sfn|Josippon|1971|pp=1–2}} and Don [[Isaac Abarbanel]],{{sfn|Abarbanel|1960|pp=173–174}} who, based on their own knowledge of the nations, showed their migratory patterns at the time of their compositions:

<blockquote>"The sons of Japheth are Gomer,<ref>According to [[Josephus]], Gomer's descendants settled in Galatia. According to [[Sozomen]]; [[Philostorgius]] (1855), pp. 431–432, "Upper Galatia and the district lying around the Alps were later called Gallia, or Gaul by the Romans." Cf. [[Babylonian Talmud]] (''Yoma'' 10a) where it associates Gomer with the land of ''Germania''. According to 2nd-century author,  [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]], the [[Celts]] were thought to be an offshoot of the [[Gauls]].</ref> and Magog,<ref>His progeny were initially called by the Greeks "[[Scythians]]" ([[Herodotus]], Book IV. 3–7; pp. 203–207), a people that originally inhabited those lands stretching between the Black and Aral Seas (S.E. Europe and Asia), although some of which people later went as far eastward as the [[Altai Mountains]]. [[Isaac Abarbanel|Abarbanel]] (1960:173) alleges that Magog was also the progenitor of the [[Goths]], a Germanic race. The Goths have a history of migration where they are known to have settled among other nations, such as among the inhabitants of Italy and of France and of Spain. See [[Isidore of Seville]] (1970:3). The [[Jerusalem Talmud]], Leiden MS. (''Megillah'' 1:9 [10a]) uses the word [[Getae]] to describe the descendants of Magog. According to Isidore of Seville (2006:197), the [[Dacians]] (the ancient people inhabiting [[Romania]] - formerly Thrace) were offshoots of the Goths.</ref> and Madai,<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.1.), Madai's posterity inhabited the country of the Medes, the capital city of which, according to [[Herodotus]], was [[Ecbatana]].</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Herodotus |author-link=Herodotus |title=Herodotus: The Persian Wars|volume=3 (Books V–VII)|editor=E.H. Warmington |publisher=Harvard University Press; William Heinemann Ltd.|translator=A.D. Godley |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts; London|year=1971|page=377 (Book VII) |language=en |isbn=0-674-99133-8 |quote=The Medes were in old time called by all men Arians (Aryan)}} ({{ISBN|0-434-99119-8}} - British)</ref> and Javan,<ref>According to [[Josippon]] (1971:1), the descendants of Javan inhabited [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]]. According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.1.), from Javan were derived the [[Ionians]] and all the Grecians.</ref> and [[Tubal|Tuval]],<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.1), the descendants of Tuval settled in the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. [[Abarbanel]] (1960:173), citing [[Josippon]], concurs with this view, who adds that, besides Spain, some of his descendants had also settled in [[Pisa]] (of Italy), as well as in France along the [[River Seine]], and in Britain. The [[Jerusalem Talmud]] (''Megillah'' 10a), following the Aramaic Targum, ascribes the descendants of Tuval to the region of [[Bithynia]]. Alternatively, Josephus may have been referring to the [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Caucasian Iberians]], the ancestors of modern [[Georgians]].</ref> and Meshech<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.1), Meshech was the father of the indigenous peoples of [[Cappadocia]] in Central Anatolia, Turkey, where they had built the city [[Mazaca]]. This view is followed by Abarbanel (1960:173), although he seemed to confound Cappadocia with another place by the same name in [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Greater Armenia]], near the Euphrates River. R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32 - note 5) opined that the descendants of Meshech had also settled in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. The [[Jerusalem Talmud]] (''Megillah'' 10a), following the Aramaic Targum, ascribes the descendants of Meshech to the region of [[Moesia]].</ref> and [[Tiras]],<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.1) and the [[Jerusalem Talmud]] (''Megillah'' 10a), the descendants of Tiras are said to have originally settled in the country of [[Thrace]] (Thracians). In the [[Babylonian Talmud]] (''Yoma'' 10a), one rabbi holds that some of his descendants settled in [[Persia]], a view held also by R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32). According to [[Josippon]] (1971:1), Tiras was the ancestor of the Russian people (perhaps [[Kievan Rus']]), as well as of those peoples who first settled in [[Bosnia]], and in [[England]] (perhaps referring to the [[Celtic Britons|ancient Britons]], the [[Picts]], and the Scots – a [[Celtic Britons|Celtic]] race). This opinion seems to be followed by [[Isaac Abarbanel|Abarbanel]] (1960:173) who wrote that Tiras was the ancestor of the Russian people and of the native peoples of England. As for the early Britons and Picts, according to ''[[The Saxon Chronicles]]'', they were joined by the Angles and Jutes (Denmark) from the [[Old Saxons]]. The Jutes had established colonies in [[Kent, England|Kent]] and [[Isle of Wight|Wight]], whilst the Angles had established colonies in [[Mercia]] and in all the [[Northumbria]] in about 449 CE.</ref> while the names of their diocese are [[Diocese of Africa|Africa proper]],{{efn|The sense here is to ''Africa Zeugitana'' in the north; ''Africa Byzacena'' to its adjacent south (corresponding to eastern Tunisia), and ''Africa Tripolitania'' to its adjacent south (corresponding to southern Tunisia and northwest Libya). All of which were part of the ''Dioecesis Africae'', or ''Africa propria'', in early Roman times. See [[Leo Africanus]] (1974), vol. 1, p. 22. [[A. Neubauer|Neubauer]] (1868:400) thought that ''Afriki'' in the Aramaic text "should necessarily represent a country in Asia here. Some scholars want to see Phrygia there, others Iberia" (End Quote).}} and [[Germania]],<ref>Historians and anthropologists note that the entire region east of the [[Rhine River]] was known by the Romans as ''Germania'' (Germany), or what is transcribed in some sources as ''Germani'', ''Germanica''. The region, though now settled by a multitude of mixed peoples, was resettled some 4,500 years ago (based on a study presented in 2013 by Professor [[Alan J. Cooper]], from the Australian Center for Ancient DNA, and by fellow co-worker Dr. Wolfgang Haak, who carried out research on early [[Neolithic]] skeletons discovered during an excavation in Sweden, and published in the article, "Ancient Europeans Mysteriously Vanished 4,500 Years Ago"); being resettled by a group of peoples comprising the Germanic Tribes, which group is largely thought to include the [[Goths]], whether [[Ostrogoths]] or [[Visigoths]], the [[Vandals]] and the [[Franks]], [[Burgundians]], [[Alans]], [[Langobards]], [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Saxons]], [[Jutes]], [[Suebi]] and [[Alamanni]].</ref> and [[Media (region)|Media]], and [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], and [[Bithynia]],<ref>According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], in his ''Description of Greece'' (on [[Arcadia (region)|Arcadia]] [https://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias8A.html 8.9.7.]), "the Bithynians are by descent Arcadians of [[Mantineia]]," that is to say, Grecians by origin; the descendants of Javan.</ref> and [[Moesia]] (var. Mysia) and [[Thrace]]. Now, the sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz,<ref>Considered by many to be the progenitor of the ancient [[Gauls]] (the people of [[Gallia]], meaning, from Austria, France and Belgium, although this view is not conclusive. According to [[Saadia Gaon]]'s ''Tafsir'' (a [[Judeo-Arabic]] translation of the Pentateuch), Ashkenaz was the progenitor of the [[Slavic peoples]] (Slovenes, etc.). According to [[Gedaliah ibn Yahya ben Joseph|Gedaliah ibn Jechia]]'s seminal work, ''Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah'' (p. 219), who cites in the name of ''[[Sefer Yuchasin]]'', the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled in what was then called [[Bohemia]], which today is the present-day [[Czech Republic]]. This view is corroborated by native Czech historian and chronicler [[Dovid Solomon Ganz]] (1541–1613), author of a book published in Hebrew, entitled ''Tzemach Dovid'' (Part II, p. 71; 3rd edition pub. in Warsaw, 1878), who, citing [[Cyriacus Spangenberg]], writes that the Czech Republic was formerly called Bohemia (Latin: Boihaemum). [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.1) simply writes for Ashkenaz that he was the progenitor of the people whom the Greeks call ''Rheginians'', a people which [[Isidore of Seville]] (2006:193) identified with [[Sarmatians]]. [[Jonathan ben Uzziel]], who rendered an Aramaic translation of the [[Book of Jeremiah]] in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Ashkenaz in Jeremiah 51:27 is ''Hurmini'' ([[Marcus Jastrow|Jastrow]]: "probably a province of [[Armenia]]"), and [[Adiabene]], suggesting that the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled there.</ref> and Rifath<ref>R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32) in his translation of Genesis 10:3 thought Rifath to be the progenitor of the [[Franks]], whom he called in [[Judeo-Arabic]] '''פרנגה'''. In contrast, [[Abarbanel]] (1960:173), like [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.1), opined that the descendants of Rifath settled in [[Paphlagonia]], a region corresponding with [[Cappadocia (Roman province)]] in Asia Minor. Abarbanel added that some of these people (from Paphlagonia) eventually made their way into [[Venice]], in Italy, while others went to France and to ''Lesser Britain'' ([[Brittany]]) where they settled along the [[Loire]] river. According to [[Josippon]] (1971:1), Rifath was the ancestor of the indigenous peoples of [[Brittany]]. The author of the [[Midrash Rabba]] (on ''Genesis Rabba'' §37) takes a different view, alleging that the descendants of Rifath settled in [[Adiabene]].</ref> and [[Togarmah]],<ref>Togarmah is considered by medieval Jewish scholars as being the progenitor of the original Turks, of whom were the [[Phrygians]], according to [[Josephus]] (''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' 1.6.1). According to R. [[Judah Halevi]] in his ''[[Kuzari]]'', and according to the book ''[[Josippon]]'' (book I), Togarmah fathered ten sons, who were these: 1. Kuzar (Khazar; Cusar), actually the seventh son of Togarmah, and whose progeny became known as [[Khazars]]. In a letter written by King Joseph of the Khazar to [[Hasdai ibn Shaprut]], he claimed that he and his people are descended from Japheth, through son Togarmah; 2. Pechineg (Pizenaci), the ancestor of a people that settled along the Danube River. Some Pechenegs had also settled along the river Atil ([[Volga]]), and likewise on the river Geïch ([[Ural River|Ural]]), having common frontiers with the Khazars and the so-called [[Oghuz Turks|Uzes]]; 3. Elikanos; 4. Bulgar, the ancestor of the early inhabitants of [[Bulgaria]]. Descendants of these people also settled along the lower courses of the [[Danube River]], as well as in the region of [[Kazan]], in [[Tatarstan]]; 5. Ranbina; 6. Turk, perhaps the ancestor of the [[Phrygians]] of Asia Minor (Turkey); 7. Buz; 8. Zavokh; 9. Ungar, the ancestor of the early inhabitants of [[Hungary]]. These also settled along the Danube River; 10. Dalmatia, the ancestors of the first inhabitants of [[Croatia]]. According to a redaction of the Georgian Chronicles made by [[Vakhtang VI of Kartli]], Togarmah was also the ancestor of Kavkas (Caucas), who fathered the [[Chechen people|Chechen]] and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] peoples.</ref><ref>According to R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32 - note 9), some of Togarmah's descendants settled in [[Tadzhikistan]] in central Asia. [[Jonathan ben Uzziel]], who rendered an Aramaic translation of the [[Book of Ezekiel]] in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Togarmah in Ezekiel 27:14 is the province of Germamia (var. Germania), suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there. The same view is taken by the author of the [[Midrash Rabba]] (''Genesis Rabba'' §37).</ref> while the names of their diocese are [[Anatolia|Asia]],<ref>Asia, the sense being to [[Asia Minor]]. In the language employed by Israel's Sages, this place is always associated with the western part of Turkey, the largest city of which region during the period of Israel's sages being [[Ephesus]], situated on the coast of Ionia, near present-day [[Selçuk|Selçuk, Izmir]] Province, in west Turkey (cf. Josephus, ''Antiquities'' 14.10.11).</ref> and [[Parthia]] and the 'land of the barbarians.' The sons of Javan were Elisha,{{efn|A name typically associated with the [[Aeolians]], who settled in Ilida (formerly known as Elis) in Greece, and in the regions thereabout. [[Jonathan ben Uzziel]], who rendered an Aramaic translation of the [[Book of Ezekiel]] in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Elisha in Ezekiel 27:7 is the province of [[Italy]], suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there. According to Hebrew Bible exegete, [[Isaac Abarbanel|Abarbanel]] (1960:173), they also established a large colony in [[Sicily]], whose inhabitants are known as Sicilians. According to [[Josippon]] (1971:1), Elisha's descendants had also settled in [[Germany]] (''Almania'').}} and Tarshish,{{efn|According to [[Isaac Abarbanel|Abarbanel]] (1960:173), the descendants of Tarshish eventually settled in [[Tuscany]] and in [[Lombardy]], and made-up parts of the populations of [[Florence]], [[Milan]], and [[Venice]], underscoring the fact that the migration of man and of different ethnic groups is always fluid and ever changing.}} Kitim<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.1), and R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32), Kitim was the father of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the isle of [[Cyprus]]. According to [[Josippon]] (1971:2), Kitim was also the forebear of the [[Roman people|Romans]] who settled along the [[Tiber river]], in the ''Campus Martius'' [[flood plain]]. [[Jonathan ben Uzziel]], who rendered an Aramaic translation of the [[Book of Ezekiel]] in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that the Kitim in Ezekiel 27:6 is the province of [[Apulia]], suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there.</ref> and Dodanim,<ref>According to R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32 - note 13), the descendants of Dodanim settled in [[Adana]], a city in southern Turkey, on the Seyhan River. According to [[Josippon]] (1971:2), Dodanim was the forebear of the [[Croatians]] and the [[Slovenians]], among other nations. [[Isaac Abarbanel|Abarbanel]] (1960:173) held that the descendants of Dodanim settled the isle of [[Rhodes]].</ref> while the names of their diocese are Elis,<ref>Now called [[Ilida]] (in southern Greece on the [[Peloponnese]]).</ref> and [[Tarsus (Bithynia)|Tarsus]], [[Achaia]]<ref>This place is distinguished by being the northwestern part of the [[Peloponnese]] peninsula.</ref> and [[Dardani]]a." ---<small>[[Targum Pseudo-Jonathan]] on Genesis 10:2–5</small></blockquote>

<blockquote>"The sons of Ḥam are Kūš, and [[Mizraim|Miṣrayim]],<ref>Misrayim was the progenitor of the indigenous Egyptians, from whom are descended the [[Copts]]. Misrayim's sons were [[Ludim]], [[Anamim]], [[Lehabim]], [[Naphtuhim]], [[Pathrusim]], [[Casluhim]] (out of whom came [[Philistim]]), and [[Caphtorim]].</ref> and [[Put (biblical figure)|Fūṭ]] (Phut),<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.2), and [[Abarbanel]] (1960:173), Fūṭ is the progenitor of the indigenous peoples of [[Libya]]. R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32 - note 15) writes in [[Judeo-Arabic]] that Fūṭ's name has been preserved as an [[eponym]] in the town called '''תפת''', and which [[Yosef Qafih]] thought may have been the town '''תוות''' mentioned by [[Ibn Battuta]], a town in the Sahara bounded by present-day [[Morocco]].</ref> and [[Canaan (son of Ham)|Kenaʻan]],<ref>The reference here is to Canaan, who became the father of eleven sons, the descendants of whom leaving the names of their fathers as [[eponyms]] in their respective places where they came to settle (e.g. [[Sidon|Ṣīdon]], [[Jebusite|Yəḇūsī]], etc. See [[Canaan (son of Ham)#Descendants of Canaan|Descendants of Canaan]]). The children of Canaan had initially settled the regions south of the [[Taurus Mountains]] (Amanus) stretching as far as the border of Egypt. During the Israelite's conquest of Canaan under Joshua, some of the Canaanites were expelled and went into [[North Africa]], settling initially in and around [[Carthage]]; on this account see [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] (1935), p. 77 (75d - §79) and [[Midrash Rabba]] (Leviticus Rabba 17:6), where, in the latter case, Joshua is said to have written three letters to the Canaanites, requesting them to either take leave of the country, or make peace with Israel, or engage Israel in warfare. The [[Gergesites]] took leave of the country and were given a country as beautiful as their own in ''[[Africa propria]]''. The [[Tosefta]] (''Shabbat'' 7 [8]:25) mentions the country in respect to the Amorites who went there.</ref> while the names of their diocese are [[Arabia]], and [[Egypt]], and Elīḥerūq<ref>Not identified. Possibly a region in Libya. [[Marcus Jastrow|Jastrow]] has suggested that the place may have been an Egyptian eparchy or nomos, probably ''Heracleotes''. The name also appears in Rav Yosef's Aramaic Targum of I Chronicles 1:8–ff.</ref> and [[Canaan]]. The sons of Kūš are Sebā<ref>Sebā is thought to have left his name to the town of ''Saba'', which name, according to [[Josephus]]  (''Antiquities'' 2.10.2.), was later changed by [[Cambyses II|Cambyses]] the Persian to [[Meroë]], after the name of his own sister. Sebā's descendants are thought to have originally settled in Meroë, along the banks of the upper Nile River.</ref> and Ḥawīlah<ref>According to R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32), this man's descendants are said to have settled in ''Zawilah'', a place explained by medieval traveler [[Benjamin of Tudela]] as being "the land of Gana ([[Fezzan]] south of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]])," situated at a distance of a 62-day caravan-journey, going westward from [[Assuan]] in Egypt, and passing through the great desert called [[Sahara]]. See [[Elkan Nathan Adler|Adler]] (2014), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mflHAwAAQBAJ&dq=Jewish+Travellers+zawilah&pg=PA61 61]). The Arab chronicler and geographer, [[Ibn Hawqal|Ibn Ḥaukal]] (travelled 943-969 CE), says of Zawilah that it is a place in the eastern part of the [[Maghreb]], adding that "from [[Kairouan]] (Tunis) to Zawilah is a journey of one month." [[Abarbanel]] (1960:174), like [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.2.), explains this strip of country to be inhabited by the [[Gaetuli]], and which place is described by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] in his ''Natural History'' as being between Libya and a stretch of desert as one travels southward. The 10th-century Karaite scholar, [[Yefet ben Ali]] (p. 114 - folio A), identified "the land of Havilah" in Genesis 2:11 with "the land of Zawilah," and which he says is a land "encompassed by the Pishon river," a river which he identified as the Nile River, based on an erroneous, medieval-Arab geographical perspective where the [[Niger River]] was thought to be an extension of the Nile River. See [[Ibn Khaldun]] (1958:118). In contrast, Yefet ben Ali identified the [[Gihon River]] of Genesis 2:13 with that of [[Amu Darya]] (''al-Jiḥān'' / ''Jayhon'' of the Islamic texts), and which river encircled the entire [[Hindu Kush]]. Ben Ali's interpretation stands in direct contradiction to ''Targum Pseudo-Jonathan'', where it assigns the "land of Havilah" (in Gen. 2:11) to the "land of India."</ref> and Savtah<ref>According to R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32 - note 18), Savtah was the forebear of the peoples who originally settled in ''Zagāwa'', a place thought to be identical with ''[[Zaghawa people|Zaghāwa]]'' in the far-western regions of Sudan, and what is also called ''Wadai''. According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.2.), the descendants of Savtah were called by the Grecians "[[Astaboran]]s," a northeastern [[Sudan]]ic people.</ref> and Raʻamah and Savteḫā,<ref>According to R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32), Savteḫā was the progenitor of the inhabitants of ''Demas'', probably the ancient port city and harbour in Tunisia, mentioned by Pliny, now an extensive ruin along the Barbary Coast called ''[[Thapsus|Ras ed-Dimas]]'', located ca. {{convert|15|km}} from the island of [[Lampedusa]], and ca. {{convert|200|km}} southeast of [[Carthage]].</ref> [while the sons of Raʻamah are Ševā and Dedan].<ref>[[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.2.) calls the descendants of Dedan "a people of western Aethiopia" and which place "they founded as a colony" (Αἰθιοπικὸν ἔθνος τῶν ἑσπερίων οἰκίσας). R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32 - note 22), in contrast, thought that the children of Dedan came to settle in [[India]].</ref> The names of their diocese are called Sīnīrae,{{efn|A place thought to be in present-day Sudan.{{cn|date=November 2022}} }} and Hīndīqī,{{efn|A place on the sub-continent of [[India]].}} Samarae,{{efn|[[Pliny the Elder]], in his ''Natural History'', describes this place as being situate along the banks of the Nile River.}} Lūbae,<ref>Also known as ''Byzacium'', or what is now called [[Tunisia]].</ref> [[Zanj|Zinğae]],{{efn|The medieval Arab geographers gave the name ''Zinğ'' or ''Zinj'' to the African people who dwell along the Indian Ocean, such as in present-day [[Kenya]], but may also refer to places along the [[Swahili Coast]]. See [[Ibn Khaldun]] (1927:106), who writes in the 14th-century of the Zinğ on this wise: "Ibn-Said enumerates nineteen peoples or tribes of which the black race is made up; Thus, on the East side, on the [[Indian Ocean]], we find the Zendj ([[sic]]), a nation which owns the city of Monbeça (''[[Mombasa]]'') and practices idolatry" (End Quote). Ibn Khaldun (1967), p. 123, repeats the same in his work, ''[[The Muqaddimah]]'', placing the people who are called Zinğ along the coast of the Indian Ocean, between [[Zeila]] and [[Mogadishu]].}} while the sons of Mauretinos{{efn|Mauretinos was the forebear of the Black Moors, from whom the region in North Africa bears its name. His name is generally associated with the biblical Raʻamah, and whose posterity were called [[Mauri|Maurusii]] by the Greeks. In [[Tangier]] (the 1st Mauretania), the Black Moors were already a minority race at the time of Pliny, largely supplanted by the [[Gaetulians]]. According to R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:32), the descendants of Raʻamah (Mauretinos) were thought to have settled ''Kakaw'', possibly [[Gao]], along the bend of the [[Niger River]]. Alternatively, Saadia Gaon may have been referring to the [[Gaoga]] who inhabit a region bordering on Borno to the west and Nubia to the east. On this place, see [[Leo Africanus]] (1974: vol. 3, p. 852 - note 27)}} are [the inhabitants of] Zemarğad and [the inhabitants of] [[El Jadida|Mezağ]]."<ref>Mezağ is now [[El-Jadida]] in Morocco.</ref> ---<small>[[Targum Pseudo-Jonathan]] on Genesis 10:6–7</small></blockquote>

<blockquote>"The sons of Shem are Elam,<ref>According to R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:33 - note 47), the descendants of Elam settled in [[Khuzestan]] ([[Elam]]), and which, according to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4.) were "the ancestors of the ancient Persians."</ref> and Ashur,<ref>According to R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:33 - note 48), Ashur was the progenitor of the [[Assyrian people|Assyrian race]], whose ancestral territory is around [[Mosul]] in northern Iraq, near the ancient city of [[Nineveh]]. The same view was held by [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4.).</ref> and [[Arpachshad|Arphaxad]],<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4.), Arphaxad's descendants became known by the Greeks as [[Chaldea]]ns ([[Chalybes]]), who inhabited the region known as Chaldea, in present-day Iraq.</ref> and [[Lud, son of Shem|Lud]],<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4.), Lud was the forebear of the [[Lydians]]. ''[[The Asatir]]'' describes the descendants of two of the sons of Shem, ''viz''. Laud (Ld) and Aram, as also having settled in a region of Afghanistan formerly known as [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (Charassan), but known by the Arabic-speaking peoples of Afrikia (North Africa) as simply "the isle" (Arabic: ''Al-gezirah''). (see: Moses Gaster (ed.), ''The Asatir: The Samaritan Book of the "Secrets of Moses"'', [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|The Royal Asiatic Society]]: London 1927, p. 232)</ref> and Aram.<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4.), Aram was the progenitor of the [[Syrians]], a people who originally settled along the [[Euphrates River]] and, later, all throughout the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]]. R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:33 - note 49), dissenting, thought that Aram was the progenitor of the [[Armenian people]].</ref> [And the children of Aram are these: Uz,<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4.), the descendants of Uz founded the cities of [[Trachonitis]] and [[Damascus]]. R. [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:33 - note 50) possessed a tradition that Uz's descendants also settled the region in Syria known as [[Ghouta]].</ref> and Hul,<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4.), the descendants of Hul (Ul) founded [[Armenia]]. [[Ishtori Haparchi]] (2007:88), dissenting, thought that Hul's descendants settled in the region known as ''Hulah'', south of [[Damascus]] and north of [[Al-Sanamayn]] (Ba'al Maon).</ref> and Gether,<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4.), the descendants of Gether founded [[Bactria]]. Josephus is most-likely referring here to the [[Kushans]] (of the [[Pamir languages#Geographic distribution|Pamirs mountain range]]), who, according to the Chinese historian and geographer [[Yu Huan]] (2004: section 5, note 13), had overrun Bactria and settled there in the late second-century BCE. Prior to this time, the region had been settled by rulers of Greek descent and heritage who had been there since Alexander's conquest {{circa|328&nbsp;BCE}}. The Bactrians of Kushan descent are known in Chinese as ''[[Da Yuezhi]]''. The old Bactria (Chinese: ''Daxia'') is thought to have included northern Afghanistan, including [[Badakhshan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]], as far as the region of Termez in the west. Prior to the arrival of the ''Yuezhi'' in Bactria, they had lived in and around the area of [[Xinjiang]] (Western China) where the first known reference to the ''Yuezhi'' was made in {{circa|645&nbsp;BCE}} by the Chinese [[Guan Zhong]] in his work ''[[Guanzi (text)|Guanzi]]'' ({{lang|zh|管子}}, Guanzi Essays: 73: 78: 80: 81). He described the ''Yúshì'' {{lang|zh|禺氏}} (or ''Niúshì'' {{lang|zh|牛氏}}), as a people from the north-west who supplied [[jade]] to the Chinese from the nearby mountains (also known as Yushi) in Gansu (see: [[Iaroslav Lebedynsky]], ''Les Saces'', {{ISBN|2-87772-337-2}}, p. 59).</ref> and Mash.<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4.), the descendants of Mash settled the region known in classical antiquity as [[Charax Spasini]].</ref>] Now, Arphaxad begat Shelah (Salah), and Shelah begat [[Eber]].<ref>Whose posterity were known as the "Hebrews", after the name of their forebear.</ref> Unto Eber were born two sons, the one named [[Peleg]],<ref>From Peleg's line descended the [[Israelites]], the [[Edom#Hebrew Bible|descendants of Esau]], and the [[Ishmaelites|Arabian nations]] (Ishmaelites), among other peoples - all sub-nations.</ref> since in his days the [nations of the] earth were divided, while the name of his brother is [[Joktan]].<ref>In the South Arabian tradition, he is today known by the name [[Qahtanite|Qaḥṭān]], the progenitor of the Sabaean-Himyarite tribes of South Arabia. See [[Saadia Gaon]] (1984:34) and [[Samuel David Luzzatto|Luzzatto, S.D.]] (1965:56).</ref> Joktan begat [[Almodad]], who measured the earth with ropes;<ref>According to [[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:74), Almodad's descendants settled along the "coastal plains," without naming the country.</ref> [[Sheleph]], who drew out the waters of rivers;<ref>According to [[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983), p. 74, Sheleph's descendants settled along the "coastal plains," without naming the country.</ref> and [[Hazarmaveth]],<ref>[[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:74), a place now called in southern [[Yemen]] by the name ''[[Ḥaḍramawt]]''. Pliny, in his ''Natural History'', mentions this place under the name ''Chatramotitae''.</ref> and Jerah,<ref>[[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:74) calls the place inhabited by Jerah's descendants "Ibn Qamar" ("the son of Moon") – an inference to the word "Jerah" (Heb. '''ירח''') which means "moon," and where he says are now the towns of [[Dhofar]] in Yemen, and [[Qalhat|Qalhāt]] in Oman, and ''[[Ash-Shihr|al-Shiḥr]]'' (''ash-Shiḥr'').</ref> and [[Dhamar, Yemen|Hadoram]],{{sfn|Nethanel ben Isaiah|1983|p=74}} and [[Uzal]],<ref>The old appellation given to the city of [[Sana'a]] in Yemen was ''Uzal''. Uzal's descendants are thought to have settled there. See [[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:74); [[Samuel David Luzzatto|Luzzatto, S.D.]] (1965:56); and see [[Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani|Al-Hamdāni]] (1938:8, 21), where it was later known under its Arabic equivalent ''Azāl''.</ref> and Diklah,<ref>According to [[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:74), Diklah's posterity were said to have founded the city of [[Beihan]].</ref> and Obal,<ref>A place which [[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:74), calls in [[Judeo-Arabic]] '''אלאעבאל''' = ''al-iʻbāl''.</ref> and Abimael,<ref>According to [[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:74), Abimael's posterity inhabited the place called [[Dumat al-Jandal|Al-Jawf]].</ref> and [[Ma'rib|Sheba]],{{sfn|Nethanel ben Isaiah|1983|p=74}}{{efn|Pliny, in his ''Natural History'', mentions this place under the name ''Sabaei''.}} and Ophir,{{efn|In [[Jewish tradition]], Ophir is often associated with a place in [[India]], where the descendants of Ophir are thought to have settled. Fourteenth-century biblical commentator, [[Nathanel ben Isaiah]], writes: "''And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab'' (Gen. 10:29), these are the tracts of countries in the east, being those of the first [[clime]]" (End Quote), and which first clime, according to [[al-Biruni]], the sub-continent of India falls entirely therein. Cf. [[Josephus]], (''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' 8.6.4., s.v. ''Aurea Chersonesus''). The 10th-century lexicographer, [[David ben Abraham al-Fasi|Ben Abraham al-Fasi]] (1936:46), identified Ophir with Serendip, the old Persian name for [[Sri Lanka]] (aka Ceylon).}} and Havilah,<ref>[[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:74) calls the land settled by Havilah's posterity as being "a land inhabited in the east". [[Targum Pseudo-Jonathan]] ascribes the "land of Havilah" in Genesis 2:11 to the "land of India." [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.1.3.), writing on the same verse, says that "Havilah" is a place in India, traversed by the Ganges River.</ref> and Jobab,<ref>[[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:74), calls the land settled by Jobab's posterity as being "a land inhabited in the east".</ref> all of whom are the sons of Joktan."<ref>According to [[Josephus]] (''Antiquities'' 1.6.4. [1.147]), the posterity of Joktan settled all those regions "proceeding from the river [[Cophen]] (a tributary of the [[Indus]]), inhabiting parts of [[India]] (Ἰνδικῆς) and of the adjacent country [[Serica|Seria]] (Σηρίας)." Of this last country, [[Isidore of Seville]] (2006:194) wrote: "The Serians (i.e. Chinese, or East Asians generally), a nation situated in the far East, were allotted their name from their own city. They weave a kind of wool that comes from trees, hence this verse 'The Serians, unknown in person, but known for their cloth'."</ref> <small>---[[Targum Pseudo-Jonathan]] on Genesis 10: 22–28</small></blockquote>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Noahic descendant (Gen. 10:2 – 10:29)
!Proposed historical identifications
|-
|[[Gomer]] 
|[[Cimmerians]]<ref>''Cambridge Ancient History'' Vol. II pt. 2, p. 425</ref><ref>Barry Cunliffe (ed.), ''The Oxford History of Prehistoric Europe'' (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 381–382.</ref>
|-
|[[Gog and Magog|Magog]]
|[[Lydia]] ([[List of kings of Lydia#Mermnadae|Mermnad dynasty]])<ref>Daniel Block (2013), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ieoFBAAAQBAJ&q=Magog Beyond the River Chebar: Studies in Kingship and Eschatology in the Book of Ezekiel]'', p. 107.</ref>
|-
|[[Madai]] 
| Generally reckoned as the [[Medes]],{{sfn|Day|2021|p=184}}{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=362}} but other proposals include [[Matiene]], [[Mannaea]], and [[Mitanni]].<ref>Emmet John Sweeny, ''Empire of Thebes, Or Ages in Chaos Revisited'', 2006, p. 11.</ref>
|-
|[[Javan]] 
| [[Ionians]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Geoffrey William |editor-last=Bromiley|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Volume Two: Fully Revised: E-J: Javan|year=1994|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|page=971|isbn=0-8028-3782-4}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tubal]]
|[[Tabal (state)|Tabal]]<ref name="MilgromBlock2012">{{cite book|author1=Jacob Milgrom|author2=Daniel I. Block|title=Ezekiel's Hope: A Commentary on Ezekiel 38-48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDpNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|date=14 September 2012|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-61097-650-3|page=10}}</ref><ref name="Payne2012">{{cite book|author=Annick Payne|title=Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb4mzSQ2nJoC&pg=PA8|date=17 September 2012|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-658-7|page=8}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tiras]] 
|''Uncertain'', proposals include [[Troy]], [[Thrace]] and the [[Sea Peoples]] known as the ''Teresh''.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=362}}<ref name="Josephus">Josephus, Flavius.  [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/complete.ii.ii.vi.html ''The Antiquities of the Jews'' 1.6.1.]  Translated by William Whiston. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0145:book=1:whiston%20chapter=6 Greek original].</ref>
|-
|[[Meshech]]
|[[Muski]]<ref name="MilgromBlock2012"/>
|-
|[[Ashkenaz]]
| [[Scythians]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=362}}
|-
|[[Riphath]]
|''Uncertain'', proposals include [[Paphlagonia]], and the semihistorical [[Arimaspi]].<ref name="Gill">''Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible'', Genesis 10:3.</ref>
|-
|[[Togarmah]]
|[[Tegarama]]<ref name="MilgromBlock2012"/>
|-
|[[Elishah]]
|''Uncertain'', usually reckoned as [[Alashiya]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0qAoqP4g1fEC&dq=%22Elisha+Alashiya%22&pg=PA3 The expansion of the Greek world, eighth to sixth centuries B.C.], John Boardman, Volume 3 Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press, 1982, {{ISBN|0-521-23447-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-23447-4}}</ref><ref name="Granerød2010">"Now, this Elishah is often identified with Alashiya in the scholarly literature, an ancient name often associated with Cyprus or a part of the island." {{cite book|author=Gard Granerød|title=Abraham and Melchizedek: Scribal Activity of Second Temple Times in Genesis 14 and Psalm 110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5mlvNPexSEC&pg=PA116|date=26 March 2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-022346-0|page=116}}</ref> but other proposals include [[Magna Graecia]], the [[Sicels]],<ref>{{cite Jewish Encyclopedia|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5686-elishah|title=Elishah|author=Emil G. Hirsch}}</ref> the [[Thessaly|Aeolians]]<ref name="Josephus" /> and [[Carthage]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mg.alhatorah.org/Dictionary/473|title=MikraotGedolot – AlHaTorah.org|website=mg.alhatorah.org|access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tarshish]]
|[[Tarshish]], though its location has been debated for centuries and remains uncertain. 
|-
|[[Kittim]]
|[[Kition]]<ref name="Josephus" /> 
|-
|[[Dodanim]]
|''Uncertain'', further complicated by its later attestation as '''''R'''odanim''. Those assuming ''Dodanim'' represents the original form have proposed [[Dodona]],<ref name = "Barnes">''Barnes' Notes on the Bible'' Gen. 10:4</ref><ref name = "Clarke">''Clarke's Commentary on the Bible'' Gen 10:4</ref> [[Kingdom of Dardania|Dardania]],<ref name = "Barnes"/> and [[Dardanus (city)|Dardanus]];<ref name = "Kitchen">{{cite book|last = Kitchen |first = Kenneth A. |title = On the Reliability of the Old Testament |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |location = Grand Rapids and Cambridge |page = 593 |year = 2003 |isbn = 9780802849601}}</ref> whereas those assuming ''Rodanim'' represents the original have almost universally proposed [[Rhodes]].<ref name = "Gill"/><ref name = "Clarke"/>
|-
|[[Cush (Bible)|Cush]]
|[[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=364}}
|-
|[[Mizraim]]
|[[Egypt]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=365}}
|-
|[[Put (biblical figure)|Put]]
|[[Ancient Libya]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sadler, Jr. |encyclopedia=The [[New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible]] |first=Rodney |editor=Katharine Sakenfeld |editor-link=Katharine Sakenfeld |publisher=Abingdon Press |volume=4 |location=Nashville |pages=691–92|title=Put |year=2009 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Canaan (son of Ham)|Canaan]]
|[[Canaan]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=365}}
|-
|[[Seba (biblical figure)|Seba]]
|[[Sabaeans]] (eastern [[Ethiopia]]){{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=365}}
|-
|[[Havilah]]
|''Uncertain'', probably Ḫawlan, a region in [[southern Arabia]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=365}}<ref name="Muller 1992">Müller, W. W. (1992). "Havilah (Place)." In the ''Anchor Bible Dictionary''. Volume 3, p. 82.</ref>
|-
|[[Sabtah (biblical figure)|Sabtah]]
|''Uncertain'', possibly [[Shabwa|Šabwat]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=365}}
|-
|[[Raamah]]
|''Uncertain'', possibly [[Najran|Ragmatum]], an ancient city in southwest Arabia.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=365}}
|-
|[[Sabtechah|Sabtecha]]
|''Uncertain'', possibly Shabakat, an ancient city in [[Kingdom of Hadhramaut|Hadhramaut]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=365}}
|-
|[[Sheba]]
|[[Sabaeans|Sabaʾ]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Robert D. |last=Burrowes |year=2010 |title=Historical Dictionary of Yemen |page=319 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0810855281}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=St. John Simpson |year=2002 |title=Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen |page=8 |publisher=[[British Museum Press]] |isbn=0714111511}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kenneth Anderson |last=Kitchen |year=2003 |title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament |url=https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc |url-access=limited |page=[https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc/page/n139 116] |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=0802849601}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dedan (Bible)|Dedan]]
|[[Lihyan]]{{sfn|Day|2021|p=176}}
|-
|[[Nimrod]]
| ''Uncertain'', various proposals exist imagining Nimrod as an ethnic group, person, city, and deity.
|-
|[[Ludim]]
| [[Lydia]],{{sfn|Day|2021|p=178}} sometimes amended to read Lubim ([[Ancient Libya|Libya]]){{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=370–371}}
|-
|[[Anamim]]
| ''Uncertain''
|-
|[[Lehabim]]
| ''Uncertain'', sometimes suggested to represent [[Ancient Libya|Libya]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=371}}
|-
|[[Naphtuhim]]
|''Uncertain'', possibly [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], or [[Lower Egypt]] as a whole.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=371}}
|-
|[[Pathrusim]]
| [[Pathros]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=371}}
|-
| "the [[Casluhim|Casluhites]]"
|''Kasluḥet'' of Egypt, modern identification uncertain.<ref name="Sayce2009">{{cite book|author=Archibald Henry Sayce|title=The "Higher Criticism" and the Verdict of the Monuments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-AsTCT0zOsC|access-date=28 November 2010|year=2009|publisher=General Books LLC|isbn=978-1-150-17885-6|page=91}}</ref>
|-
| "the [[Caphtorim|Caphtorites]]"
| [[Caphtor]], modern identification uncertain, proposals include [[Cilicia]], [[Cyprus]], and [[Crete]].<ref name="Strange">Strange, J. ''Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation'' (Leiden: Brill) 1980</ref>
|-
| [[Sidon]]
| [[Sidon]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=372}}
|-
| [[Heth (Bible)|Heth]]
| [[Biblical Hittites]]
|-
| "the [[Jebusites]]"
| [[Jebusites]], traditionally identified as an ethnic people dwelling in [[Jerusalem]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=372}}
|-
|"the [[Amorites]]"
| [[Amorites]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=372}}
|-
|"the [[Girgashites]]"
| Possibly [[Karkiya|Karkisa]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dallaire|first=Helene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBYIDgAAQBAJ&dq=Girgashites+Karkisa&pg=PT68|title=Joshua|date=2017|publisher=Zondervan Academic|isbn=978-0-310-53177-7}}</ref> 
|-
|"the [[Hivites]]"
|[[Hivites]], traditionally identified as a Canaanite people dwelling in [[northern Israel]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=372}}
|-
|"the [[Arkites]]"
|[[Arqa]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=372}}
|-
|"the [[Sinites]]"
|[[Siyannu]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=372}}
|-
|"the [[Arvadites]]"
|[[Arwad]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=373}}
|-
|"the [[Zemarites]]"
|[[Sumur (Levant)|Sumur]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=373}}
|-
|"the [[Hamathites]]"
|[[Hama]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=373}}
|-
|[[Elam, son of Shem|Elam]] 
|[[Elam]]{{sfn|Day|2021|p=184}}
|-
|[[Ashur (Bible)|Ashur]]
|[[Assyria]]{{sfn|Day|2021|p=184}}{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=374}}
|-
|[[Arpachshad]] 
|''Uncertain'', possibly [[Chaldea]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=374}}
|-
|[[Lud, son of Shem|Lud]] 
|[[Lydia]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=374}}
|-
|[[Aram, son of Shem|Aram]] 
| [[Aram (region)|Aram]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=375}}
|-
| [[Uz, son of Aram|Uz]]
| "[[Land of Uz]]", hypothesized locations include Aram and [[Edom]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=375}}
|-
|[[Hul]] 
|''Uncertain'', possibly [[Houla]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=375}}
|-
|[[Gether]]
| ''Uncertain'', sometimes suggested to represent [[Geshur]].{{sfn|Day|2021|p=187}}{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=375}}
|-
|[[Mash (biblical figure)|Mash]] 
| ''Uncertain'', sometimes equated with [[Massa (son of Ishmael)|Massa]],{{sfn|Day|2021|p=187}} [[Meshech]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=375}} or [[Maacah]] (Genesis 22:24).{{sfn|McKinny|2021|pp=44–46}}
|-
|[[Selah (biblical figure)|Selah]] 
| ''Uncertain''
|-
|[[Eber]] 
| [[Hebrews]]{{sfn|Day|2021|p=181}}{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=376}}
|-
|[[Peleg]] 
|''Uncertain'', possibly Palgu, a site at the junction of the [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabur]] and [[Euphrates river]]s.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=376}}
|-
|[[Joktan]] 
| ''Uncertain'', perhaps related to the [[Qahtanite]]s.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=376}}
|-
|[[Almodad]] 
| ''Uncertain''
|-
|[[Sheleph]] 
|A South Arabian tribe referred to by [[Arab geographers]] as ''as-Salif'' or ''as-Sulaf''.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=377}}
|-
|[[Hazarmaveth]] 
|[[Kingdom of Hadhramaut|Hadhramaut]]{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=377}}
|-
|[[Jerah]] 
| ''Uncertain'', possibly related to the place name ''WRḪN'' mentioned in a Sabean inscription.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=377}}
|-
|[[Hadoram]] 
| ''Uncertain'', possibly related to the place name ''DWRN'' mentioned in Sabean inscriptions.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=377}}
|-
|[[Uzal]] 
|''Uncertain'', probably related to the place name ''ʾAzal'', designating two different sites in [[South Arabia]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=377}}
|-
|[[Diklah]] 
| ''Uncertain'', probably related to the place name ''NḪL ḪRF'', in the region of [[Sirwah]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=377}}
|-
|[[Obal]] 
| ''Uncertain'', probably related to the tribe ''BNW ʿBLM'' ("sons of ʿAbil"), mentioned in Sabean inscriptions and probably settled in the [[Geography of Yemen|Yemeni highlands]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=377}}
|-
|[[Abimael]] 
| ''Uncertain'', it may be related to the tribe ''ʾBM ṮTR'' mentioned in Sabean inscriptions.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=377}}
|-
|[[Ophir]]
| ''Uncertain'', proposals include the [[Farasan Islands]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bibelwissenschaft.de/stichwort/29584/ |title=Ofir |date=May 2024 |website=Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet (WiBiLex) |last=Zwickel |first=Wolfgang |publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft |publication-place=Stuttgart |language=de }}</ref> [[Sumatra]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Poovar]],<ref>Ramaswami, Sastri, ''The Tamils and their culture'', Annamalai University, 1967, pp.16</ref><ref>Gregory, James, ''Tamil lexicography'', M. Niemeyer, 1991, pp.10</ref><ref>Fernandes, Edna, ''The last Jews of Kerala'', Portobello, 2008, pp.98</ref> numerous locations in [[Africa]], [[Mahd adh Dhahab]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/24/archives/solomons-mine-believed-found.html | title=Solomon's Mine Believed Found | newspaper=The New York Times | date=24 May 1976 | last1=Rensberger | first1=Boyce }}</ref> and [[Zafar, Yemen|Zafar]].{{sfn|Hendel|2024|p=377}}
|-
|[[Jobab]]
|''Uncertain'', probably related to the Sabaean tribe ''YHYBB'' (*''Yuhaybab''), mentioned in Old South Arabian inscriptions.{{sfn|Hendel|2024|pp=377–378}}
|}

===Problems with identification===
Because of the traditional grouping of people based on their alleged descent from the three major biblical progenitors (Shem, Ham, and Japheth) by the three Abrahamic religions, in former years there was an attempt to classify these family groups and to divide humankind into three races called [[Caucasoid]], [[Mongoloid]], and [[Negroid]] (originally named "Ethiopian"), terms which were introduced in the 1780s by members of the [[Göttingen school of history]].<ref>D'Souza (1995), p. 124</ref> It is now recognized that determining precise descent-groups based strictly on patrilineal descent is problematic, as nations are not stationary. People are often multi-lingual and multi-ethnic, and people sometimes migrate from one country to another<ref>According to [[Eusebius]]' ''[[Onomasticon (Eusebius)|Onomasticon]]'', after the [[Hivites]] were destroyed in [[Gaza City|Gaza]], they were supplanted by people who came there from [[Cappadocia]]. See Notley, R.S., ''et al.'' (2005), p. 62</ref> - whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Some nations have intermingled with other nations and can no longer trace their paternal descent,<ref>According to an ancient Jewish teaching in [[Mishnah]] (''Yadayim'' 4:4), [[Sennacherib]], the king of Assyria, came up and put all the nations in confusion. Therefore, Judah, a person who thought he was of [[Ammonites (people)|Ammonite]] descent, was permitted to marry a daughter of Israel.</ref> or have [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] and abandoned their mother's tongue for another language. In addition, [[phenotypes]] cannot always be used to determine one's ethnicity because of interracial marriages. A [[wikt:nation|nation]] today is defined as "a large aggregate of people inhabiting a particular territory united by a common descent, history, culture, or language." The biblical line of descent is irrespective of language,<ref>A case study are the Bulgar tribes who, in the 7th-century, migrated to the lower courses of the rivers [[Danube]], [[Dniester]] and [[Dniepr]]. Being influenced by the Goths, they at one time spoke a Germanic language, evidenced by the 4th-century translation of the [[Wulfila Bible]] by a small Gothic community in [[Nicopolis ad Istrum]] (a place in northern Bulgaria). Later, because of an influx of south Slavs in the region from the 6th century, they adopted a common language on the basis of Slavonic.</ref> place of nativity,<ref>A case in point is Bethuel the Aramean ("Syrian") in Gen. 25:20, who was called an "Aramean", not because he was descended from Aram, but because he lived in the country of the Aramaeans (Syrians). So explains [[Nethanel ben Isaiah]] (1983:121–122).</ref> or cultural influences, as all that is binding is one's patrilineal line of descent.<ref>[[Babylonian Talmud]], ''Yebamot'' 62a, RASHI, s.v. '''חייס'''; ibid. ''Baba Bathra'' 109b. Cf. [[Maimonides]], [[Mishne Torah]] (''Hil. Nahalot'' 1:6).</ref> For these reasons, attempting to determine precise blood relation of any one group in today's [[Modern Age]] may prove futile. Sometimes people sharing a common patrilineal descent spoke two separate languages, whereas, at other times, a language spoken by a people of common descent may have been learnt and spoken by multiple other nations of different descent.

Another problem associated with determining precise descent-groups based strictly on patrilineal descent is the realization that, for some of the prototypical family groups, certain sub-groups have sprung forth, and are considered diverse from each other (such as Ismael, the progenitor of the [[Arabs|Arab nations]], and Isaac, the progenitor of the [[Israelite]] nation, although both family groups are derived from Shem's patrilineal line through [[Eber]]. The total number of other sub-groups, or splinter groups, each with its distinct language and culture is unknown.

==Ethnological interpretations==
{{main|Biblical terminology for race}}
{{further|Darwinism|Historical race concepts}}
{{MeyersLexikonEthnographicMap}}

Identifying geographically-defined groups of people in terms of their biblical lineage, based on the Generations of Noah, has been common since antiquity. By the end of the 19th century, the influential German [[encyclopaedia]], ''[[Meyers Konversations-Lexikon]]'', divided humanity into three major races called ''[[Caucasoid]]'', ''[[Mongoloid]]'', and ''[[Negroid]]'', each comprising various sub-races. While the "[[Hamites]]" of northern Africa were seen as ''Caucasoid'', "[[Aboriginal Australians|Australians]]", "[[Melanesians]]", and "[[Negritoes]]" were seen as ''Negroid'' sub-races, although living outside the African continent. The only sub-races attributed to Africa were the "African Negroes" and the "[[Hottentot (racial term)|Hottentots]]".<ref>The German legend of the map shows the following names: Hamiten, Australier, Melanesier, Negritos, Afrikanische Neger, Hottentotten.</ref>

The [[early modern]] biblical division of the world's "[[Race (human categorization)|races]]" into [[Semites]], [[Hamites]], and [[Japhetites]] was coined at the [[Göttingen school of history]] in the late 18th century, in parallel with the [[color terminology for race]] which divided mankind into five "colored" races ("[[Caucasoid|Caucasian or White]]", "[[Mongoloid|Mongolian or Yellow]]", "[[Negroid|Aethiopian or Black]]", "[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American or Red]]", and "[[Malay race|Malayan or Brown]]").

==Extrabiblical sons of Noah==
There exist various traditions in post-biblical and talmudic sources claiming that Noah had children other than Shem, Ham, and Japheth who were born before the Deluge.

According to the [[Quran]] (''[[Hud (surah)|Hud]]'' 42&ndash;43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come aboard the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he drowned. Some later Islamic commentators give his name as either ''Yam'' or ''Kan'an''.<ref>This was observed as early as 1734, in [[George Sale]]'s Commentary on the Quran.</ref>

According to [[Irish mythology]], as found in the ''[[Annals of the Four Masters]]'' and elsewhere, Noah had another son named [[Cessair|Bith]] who was not allowed aboard the Ark, and who attempted to colonise Ireland with 54 persons, only to be wiped out in the Deluge.{{Cn|date=November 2022}}

Some 9th-century manuscripts of the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' assert that ''[[Sceafa]]'' was the fourth son of Noah, born aboard the Ark, from whom the [[House of Wessex]] traced their ancestry; in [[William of Malmesbury]]'s version of this genealogy ({{circa|1120}}), Sceaf is instead made a descendant of ''Strephius'', the fourth son born aboard the Ark (''Gesta Regnum Anglorum'').{{Cn|date=November 2022}}

An early Arabic work known as ''Kitab al-Magall'' "Book of Rolls" (part of [[Clementine literature]]) mentions ''Bouniter'', the fourth son of Noah, born after the flood, who allegedly invented astronomy and instructed Nimrod.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klijn|first=Albertus|author-link=Albertus Klijn|title=Seth: In Jewish, Christian and Gnostic Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54|year=1977|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-05245-3}}, page 54</ref> Variants of this story with often similar names for Noah's fourth son are also found in the c. fifth century [[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]] work ''[[Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan]]'' (''Barvin''), the c. sixth century [[Syriac language|Syriac]] book ''[[Cave of Treasures]]'' (''Yonton''), the seventh century ''[[Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius]]'' (''Ionitus''<ref>S.P. Brock notes that the earliest Greek texts of ''Pseudo-Methodius'' read ''Moneton'', while the Syriac versions have ''Ionţon'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=AllY-mu65KsC&dq=maniton+noah&pg=PA123 Armenian Apocrypha, p. 117])</ref>), the Syriac ''[[Book of the Bee]]'' 1221 (''Yônatôn''), the Hebrew ''[[Chronicles of Jerahmeel]]'', c. 12th&ndash;14th century (''Jonithes''), and throughout Armenian apocryphal literature, where he is usually referred to as ''Maniton''; as well as in works by [[Petrus Comestor]] {{circa|1160}} (''Jonithus''), [[Godfrey of Viterbo]] 1185 (''Ihonitus''), [[Michael the Syrian]] 1196 (''Maniton''), [[Abu al-Makarim]] {{circa|1208}} (''Abu Naiţur''); [[Jacob van Maerlant]] {{circa|1270}} (''Jonitus''), and [[Abraham Zacuto]] 1504 (''Yoniko''). <!-- and [[Jehiel ben Solomon Heilprin]] {{circa|1697}} (''Yuniku''). {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} -->

[[Martin of Opava]] ({{circa|1250}}), later versions of the ''[[Mirabilia Urbis Romae]]'', and the ''[[Chronica Boemorum]]'' of [[Giovanni de' Marignolli]] (1355) make [[Janus]] (the Roman deity) the fourth son of Noah, who moved to Italy, invented [[astrology]], and instructed Nimrod.{{Cn|date=November 2022}}

According to the monk [[Annio da Viterbo]] (1498), the Hellenistic Babylonian writer [[Berossus]] had mentioned 30 children born to Noah after the Deluge, including Macrus, [[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]] Iunior (Iapetus the Younger), [[Prometheus]] Priscus (Prometheus the Elder), [[Tuisto|Tuyscon]] Gygas (Tuyscon the Giant), Crana, Cranus, Granaus, 17 Tytanes ([[titan (mythology)|Titans]]), Araxa Prisca (Araxa the Elder), Regina, [[Pandora]] Iunior (Pandora the Younger), [[Thetis]], [[Oceanus]], and [[Typhon|Typhoeus]]. However, Annio's manuscript is widely regarded today as having been a forgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annomundi.com/history/travels_of_noah.htm|title=Travels of Noah into Europe|first=Mike|last=Gascoigne|website=www.annomundi.com}}</ref>

Historian [[William Whiston]] stated in his book ''[[A New Theory of the Earth]]'' that Noah, who is to be identified with [[Fuxi]], migrated with his wife and children born ''after'' the deluge to [[China]], and founded Chinese civilization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHnqPbyJpBQC&q=william+whiston+noah+china&pg=RA2-PA140|title=A New Theory of the Earth: From Its Original, to the Consummation of All Things. Wherein the Creation of the World in Six Days, the Universal Deluge, and the General Conflagration, as Laid Down in the Holy Scriptures, are Shewn to be Perfectly Agreeable to Reason and Philosophy. With a Large Introductory Discourse Concerning the Genuine Nature, Stile, and Extent of the Mosaick History of the Creation|last1=Whiston|first1=William|year=1708}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/21237084|title=Human diversity and the genealogy of languages: Noah as the founding ancestor of the Chinese|journal=Language Sciences|volume=30|issue=5|pages=512–528|last1=Hutton|first1=Christopher|year=2008|doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2007.07.004}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Curse of Ham]]
* [[Generations of Adam]]
* [[Genealogies in the Bible]]
* [[Historicity of the Bible]]
* [[List of nations mentioned in the Bible]]
* [[Noah's Ark]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Abarbanel|first=Isaac|author-link=Isaac Abarbanel|title=Commentary of Abarbanel on the Torah (Genesis) |volume=1 |publisher=Bene Arbel Publishers |year=1960|location=Jerusalem|url=https://www.hebrewbooks.org/14387 |language=he}} (an English translation published in 2016, by the Golan Abarbanel Research Institute, {{OCLC|1057900303}})
*{{cite book|last=Adler|first=Elkan Nathan|author-link=Elkan Nathan Adler|title=Jewish Travellers  |publisher=Routledge |year=2014|location=London|language=en|oclc=886831002}} (first printed in 1930)
* {{cite book|chapter=Retelling the Old Testament|author-first=Philip|author-last= Alexander|title=It is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture: Essays in Honour of Barnabas Lindars, SSF|publisher=CUP Archive|date=1988|isbn=9780521323475|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102}}
*{{cite book|last=Al-Hamdāni|first=al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad|author-link=Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani|title=The Antiquities of South Arabia - The Eighth Book of Al-Iklīl |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1938|location=Oxford|language=en|oclc=251493869}} (reprinted in Westport Conn. 1981)
*{{cite book|last=Ben Abraham al-Fasi|first=David|author-link=David ben Abraham al-Fasi|title=The Hebrew-Arabic Dictionary of the Bible, Known as 'Kitāb Jāmiʿ al-Alfāẓ' (Agron) of David ben Abraham al-Fasi |volume=1 |editor=Solomon Skoss |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1936|location=New Haven|page=46 |language=he|oclc=840573323}}
*{{cite book |last=Ben Maimon |first=Moses|author-link=Maimonides |title= Guide for the Perplexed |publisher= Dover Publishers |translator=Michael Friedländer |edition=2nd |date=1956|location=New York |language=en |oclc=318937112 }}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Blenkinsopp
|first                 = Joseph 
|title                 = Creation, Un-creation, Re-creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1–11
|publisher             = A&C Black
|year                  = 2011
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=B12qwOSMD20C
|isbn                 = 9780567372871 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Bøe 
|first                 = Sverre 
|title                 = Gog and Magog: Ezekiel 38–39 as pre-text for Revelation 19, 17–21 and 20, 7–10 
|publisher             = Mohr Siebeck 
|year                  = 2001 
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=vettpBoVOX4C&q=%22the+longest+and+the+most+influential+oracles+concerning+the+Gog-traditions+up+to+the+time+of+Revelation%22&pg=PA76
|isbn                 = 9783161475207 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Brodie
|first                 = Thomas L. 
|title                 = Genesis As Dialogue: A Literary, Historical, and Theological Commentary
|publisher             = Oxford University Press
|year                  = 2001
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=2slFA-c0yPQC&q=Genesis+%22Table+of+Nations%22
|isbn                 = 9780198031642 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Carr
|first                 = David McLain 
|title                 = Reading the Fractures of Genesis: Historical and Literary Approaches
|publisher             = Westminster John Knox Press
|year                  = 1996
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=8UJctZxFHikC&q=Genesis+%22Table+of+Nations%22
|isbn                 = 9780664220716 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Day
|first                 = John 
|chapter               = Noah's Drunkenness, the Curse of Canaan
|editor1-last          = Baer  
|editor1-first         = David A. 
|editor2-last          = Gordon
|editor2-first         = Robert P.
|title                 = Leshon Limmudim: Essays on the Language and Literature of the Hebrew Bible in Honour of A.A. Macintosh
|publisher             = A&C Black 
|year                  = 2014
|chapter-url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=3YJnAgAAQBAJ&q=%22the+Greek+mythological+titan+called+Iapetos%22&pg=PA39
|isbn                  = 9780567308238 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Day
|first                 = John 
|chapter               = The Table of the Nations in Genesis 10
|title                 = From Creation to Abraham: Further Studies in Genesis 1-11
|publisher             = Bloomsbury Publishing 
|year                  = 2021
|chapter-url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=gIpFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163
|isbn                  = 978-0-567-70311-8 
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dillmann |first1=August |author-link=August Dillmann |title=Genesis: Critically and Exegetically Expounded |volume= 1 |location=Edinburgh, UK |publisher=T. and T. Clark |year=1897 |page=314}}
* {{cite book
|last                  = D'Souza
|first                 = Dinesh
|author-link           = Dinesh D'Souza 
|title                 = The End of Racism
|publisher             = Simon & Schuster Audio
|location              = New York, New York
|year                  = 1995
|language              = en 
|oclc                  = 33394422
|isbn                  = 0671551299 
}}
* {{cite book
|last                  = Epiphanius
|author-link           = Epiphanius of Salamis
|title                 = Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures - The Syriac Version 
|editor                = James Elmer Dean 
|publisher             = [[University of Chicago Press]]
|year                  = 1935
|location              = Chicago
|oclc                  = 123314338
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Gmirkin
|first                 = Russell
|title                 = Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch
|publisher             = Bloomsbury Publishing USA
|year                  = 2006
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=CKuoAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Table+of+Nations+is+a+subject+of+perpetual+debate%22&pg=PA141
|isbn                 = 9780567134394
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Hendel 
|first                 = Ronald
|title                 = Genesis 1-11: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary 
|publisher             = Yale University Press 
|series                = The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries
|year                  = 2024 
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=tacXEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA358
|isbn                  = 978-0-300-14973-9 
}}
*{{ cite book
|last                 = Ibn Khaldun
|author-link          = Ibn Khaldun
|title                = Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale (Histoire des Dynasties Musulmanes) 
|translator           = [[Baron de Slane]] 
|publisher            = P. Geuthner
|volume               = 2 
|year                 = 1927
|location             = Paris
|language             = fr
|oclc                 = 758265555
}}
*{{cite book|last=Ibn Khaldun|author-link=Ibn Khaldun|title=The Muqaddimah: an introduction to history |translator=Franz Rosenthal |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] Ltd.|volume=1 |year=1958|location=London|language=en|oclc=956182402}}
* {{cite book 
|last                  = Ishtori Haparchi 
|author-link           = Ishtori Haparchi 
|title                 = Sefer Kaftor Ve'ferah 
|publisher             = Bet ha-midrash la-halakhah ba-hityashvut 
|editor                = Avraham Yosef Havatzelet  
|volume                = 2 (chapter 11)
|edition               = 3 
|date                  = 2007 
|location              = Jerusalem 
|language              = he
|oclc                  = 32307172
}}
* {{cite book
|last                  = Isidore of Seville 
|author-link           = Isidore of Seville 
|title                 = History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi 
|publisher             = [[E.J. Brill]] 
|location              = Leiden 
|translator            = Guido Donini and Gordon B. Ford, Jr. 
|date                  = 1970
|oclc                  = 279232201
}}
* {{cite book
|last                  = Isidore of Seville
|author-link           = Isidore of Seville
|title                 = The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville 
|editor-last1          = Barney 
|editor-first1         = Stephen A. 
|editor-last2          = Lewis 
|editor-first2         = W.J. 
|editor-last3          = Beach 
|editor-first3         = J.A. 
|publisher             = Cambridge University Press
|year                  = 2006
|location              = Cambridge, UK
|isbn                   = 978-0-521-83749-1
|oclc                  = 1130417426 
}}
* {{cite book
|title                 = Jewish Antiquities 
|last                  = Josephus 
|author-link           = Josephus 
|publisher             = [[Harvard University Press]] 
|volume                = 1 
|location              = Cambridge, Mass. 
|translator            = Henry St. John Thackeray 
|translator-link       = Henry St. John Thackeray 
|series                = The Loeb Classical Library 
|date                  = 1998 
|isbn                  = 0674995759
}}
*{{cite book|title=Josiphon by Joseph ben Gorion Hacohen|last=Josippon |author-link=Josippon |publisher=Hominer Publication |edition=3 |location=Jerusalem |editor=Hayim Hominer |date=1971 |pages=1–2 |oclc=776144459}} (reprinted in 1978)
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Kaminski
|first                 = Carol M.  
|title                 = From Noah to Israel: Realization of the Primaeval Blessing After the Flood
|publisher             = A&C Black 
|year                  = 1995
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=EX-xAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Gog%2C+Magog%2C+and+the+latter-day+emperor%22
|isbn                 = 9780567539465  
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Keiser
|first                 = Thomas A.  
|title                 = Genesis 1–11: Its Literary Coherence and Theological Message
|publisher             = Wipf and Stock Publishers
|year                  = 2013
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=XdJNAwAAQBAJ
|isbn                 = 9781625640925  
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Knoppers
|first                 = Gary 
|chapter               = Shem, Ham and Japheth 
|editor1-last          = Graham
|editor1-first         = Matt Patrick 
|editor2-last          = McKenzie
|editor2-first         = Steven L.
|editor3-last          = Knoppers
|editor3-first         = Gary N. 
|title                 = The Chronicler as Theologian: Essays in Honor of Ralph W. Klein
|publisher             = A&C Black 
|year                  = 2003
|chapter-url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=BFatAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Knoppers+Shem%2C+Ham+and+Japheth%22&pg=PA29
|isbn                  = 9780826466716 
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kautzsch |first1=E.F. |author1-link=E. F. Kautzsch |title=The Early Narratives of Genesis}} (quoted in {{cite book |last1=Orr |first1=James |title=The Fundamentals |volume=1 |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=Biola Press |year=1917}})
* {{cite book|last=Leo Africanus|author-link=Leo Africanus|title=History and Description of Africa |editor=Robert Brown |volume=1-3 |publisher=New York Franklin |translator=John Pory|year=1974|language=en|oclc=830857464}} (reprinted from London 1896)
* {{cite book
|last                  = Luzzatto
|first                 = S.D. 
|author-link           = Samuel David Luzzatto
|title                 = S.D. Luzzatto's Commentary to the Pentateuch
|editor                = P. Schlesinger 
|volume                = 1 
|publisher             = Dvir Publishers
|year                  = 1965
|location              = Tel-Aviv
|language              = he
|oclc                  = 11669162
}}
*{{cite book|last=Macbean|first=A.|author-link=Alexander Macbean|title=A Dictionary of Ancient Geography: Explaining the Local Appellations in Sacred, Grecian, and Roman History |publisher=G. Robinson |year=1773|location=London|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqwBAAAAYAAJ&q=Africa+propria+(Pliny%27s+Natural+History)&pg=RA36-PA14 |oclc=6478604}}
* {{cite book|chapter=A Comparative Commentary on the Earths Division|title=The Dead Sea Genesis Apocryphon: A New Text and Translation With Introduction and Special Treatment of Columns 13–17|last=Machiela |first=Daniel A. |publisher=BRILL|date=2009|isbn=9789004168145|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7O4oKMuLeaQC&pg=PA107}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Matthews
|first                 = K.A. 
|title                 = Genesis 1–11:26
|publisher             = B&H Publishing Group
|year                  = 1996
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=xLe4AwAAQBAJ&q=%22the+three+geographical+arcs+of+the+branches+intersect+at+the+center%22&pg=PA433
|isbn                 = 9781433675515 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = McEntire
|first                 = Mark 
|title                 = Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch
|publisher             = Mercer University Press
|year                  = 2008
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=VwOs9f1FpmsC&q=%22the+groups+of+people+have+their+own+languages%22&pg=PA65
|isbn                  = 9780881461015 
}}
* {{cite book |title=To Explore the Land of Canaan: Studies in Biblical Archaeology in Honor of Jeffrey R. Chadwick |last=McKinny |first=Chris |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-11-075780-4 |editor-last=Maeir |editor-first=Aren M. |chapter=Finding Mash and His Brothers – The Historical Geography of the “Sons” of Aram (Gen 10:23; 1 Chr 1:17) |editor-last2=Pierce |editor-first2=George A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9pwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37}}
* {{cite book 
|last                  = Nethanel ben Isaiah 
|author-link           = Nethanel ben Isaiah 
|title                 = Sefer Me'or ha-Afelah 
|publisher             = Mechon Moshe 
|translator            = [[Yosef Qafih]] 
|date                  = 1983
|location              = Kiryat Ono 
|language              = he 
|oclc                  = 970925649
}}
* {{cite book
|title                 = Géographie du Talmud 
|url                   = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DIgYKxhNNL8C
|first                 = A.
|last                  = Neubauer
|author-link            = Adolf Neubauer
|location              = Paris
|publisher             = Michel Lévy Frères 
|year                  = 1868
|language              = fr
}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Notley |editor-first1=R.S. |editor-last2=Safrai |editor-first2=Z. |editor-link2=Ze'ev Safrai |title=Eusebius, Onomasticon: The Place Names of Divine Scripture |publisher=E.J. Brill|date=2005 |location=Boston / Leiden|language=en|oclc=927381934}}
* {{Cite book 
|last1                 = Pietersma
|first1                = Albert 
|author-link1           = Albert Pietersma
|last2                 = Wright
|first2                = Benjamin G.  
|title                 = A New English Translation of the Septuagint
|publisher             = Oxford University Press
|year                  = 2005
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=17CBLsFpnsgC&q=Septuagint
|isbn                = 9780199743971 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Rogers 
|first                 = Jeffrey S.
|chapter               = Table of Nations
|editor1-last          = Freedman  
|editor1-first         = David Noel 
|editor2-last          = Myers
|editor2-first         = Allen C.
|title                 = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher             = Amsterdam University Press 
|year                  = 2000 
|chapter-url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=%22a+schematic+representation+describing+the+expansion+of+humankind%22&pg=PA1271
|isbn                 = 9789053565032
}}
* {{cite book|title=Primaeval History Interpreted: The Rewriting of Genesis 1–11 in the Book of Jubilees|author-last=Ruiten |author-first=Jacques T. A. G. M. |publisher=BRILL|date=2000|isbn=9789004116580|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xxo82l7TeQC&pg=PA324}}
*{{cite book
|last                  = Saadia Gaon
|author-link           = Saadia Gaon
|title                 = Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Pentateuch 
|editor                = [[Yosef Qafih]] 
|edition               = 4 
|year                  = 1984
|publisher             = [[Mossad Harav Kook]]
|location              = Jerusalem
|language              = he
|oclc                  = 232667032
}}
*{{cite book
|last                  = Saadia Gaon
|author-link           = Saadia Gaon
|title                 = Saadya's Commentary on Genesis 
|editor                = Moshe Zucker 
|year                  = 1984b
|publisher             = [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]]
|location              = New York
|language              = he
|oclc                  = 1123632274
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Sadler
|first                 = Rodney Steven Jr. 
|title                 = Can a Cushite Change His Skin?: An Examination of Race, Ethnicity, and Othering in the Hebrew Bible
|publisher             = A&C Black
|year                  = 2009
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=7WQYAAAAQBAJ&q=%22This+version+of+the+Table+of+Nations+is+similar+to+that%22&pg=PA123
|isbn = 9780567027658 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Sailhamer
|first                 = John H.  
|title                 = The Meaning of the Pentateuch: Revelation, Composition and Interpretation
|publisher             = InterVarsity Press
|year                  = 2010
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=pBVWU9U85m0C&q=Genesis+%22Table+of+Nations%22
|isbn = 9780830878888 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Scott
|first                 = James M. 
|title                 = Geography in Early Judaism and Christianity: The Book of Jubilees
|publisher             = Cambridge University Press
|year                  = 2005
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=SVOb6gm_8bEC&q=%22The+list+is+substantially+the+same+in+the+septuagint%22&pg=PA25
|isbn                 = 9780521020688 
}}
* {{cite book |author1= Sozomen|author-link1=Sozomen |author2=Philostorgius |author-link2=Philostorgius |translator= Edward Walford|title=The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen and The Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |location=London |year=1855|language=en |oclc=224145372 }}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Strawn 
|first                 = Brent A.
|chapter               = Shem
|editor1-last          = Freedman  
|editor1-first         = David Noel 
|editor2-last          = Myers
|editor2-first         = Allen C.
|title                 = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher             = Amsterdam University Press 
|year                  = 2000a 
|chapter-url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA1204
|isbn                 = 9789053565032
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Strawn 
|first                 = Brent A.
|chapter               = Ham
|editor1-last          = Freedman  
|editor1-first         = David Noel 
|editor2-last          = Myers
|editor2-first         = Allen C.
|title                 = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher             = Amsterdam University Press 
|year                  = 2000b 
|chapter-url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA543
|isbn                 = 9789053565032
}}
*{{cite book|last=Targum Pseudo-Jonathan|author-link=Targum Pseudo-Jonathan|title=Pseudo-Jonathan (Thargum Jonathan ben Usiël zum Pentateuch|editor=M. Ginsburger |publisher=S. Calvary & Co.|year=1974|location=Berlin|language=he|oclc=6082732}} (First printed in 1903, Based on British Museum add. 27031)
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Thompson
|first                 = Thomas L. 
|chapter               = Narrative Reiteration and Comparative Literature: Problems in Defining Dependency
|editor1-last          = Thompson   
|editor1-first         = Thomas L.  
|editor2-last          = Wajdenbaum
|editor2-first         = Philippe
|title                 = The Bible and Hellenism: Greek Influence on Jewish and Early Christian Literature
|publisher             = Routledge
|year                  = 2014
|chapter-url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=yFNsBAAAQBAJ&q=%22pun+on+the+name+of+Japheth%22&pg=PA102
|isbn                 = 9781317544265 
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Towner
|first                 = Wayne Sibley  
|title                 = Genesis
|publisher             = Westminster John Knox Press
|year                  = 2001
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=6ONdsoa7MHUC&q=Genesis+%22Table+of+Nations%22&pg=PA105
|isbn                  = 9780664252564  
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Uehlinger
|first                 = Christof
|chapter               = Nimrod
|editor1-last          = Van der Toorn 
|editor1-first         = Karel 
|editor2-last          = Becking 
|editor2-first         = Bob 
|editor3-last          = Van der Horst 
|editor3-first         = Pieter 
|title                 = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 
|publisher             = Brill 
|year                  = 1999 
|chapter-url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=%22Kush+stands+for+Nubia%22%22eponym+of+the+Kassites%22&pg=PA628
|isbn                 = 9780802824912
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last                  = Wajdenbaum
|first                 = Philippe  
|title                 = Argonauts of the Desert: Structural Analysis of the Hebrew Bible
|publisher             = Routledge
|year                  = 2014
|url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=AEiPBAAAQBAJ&q=Japhet+Iapetos&pg=PT92
|isbn                 = 9781317543893  
}}
*{{cite book|last=Yefet ben Ali|author-link=Yefet ben Ali|title=Yefet ben Ali's Commentary on the Torah (Genesis) - Ms. B-51|publisher=[[Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]|year=n.d.|location=St. Petersburg, Russia|language=he|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/manuscripts/NNL_ALEPH000176181/NLI#$FL56789409}}
*{{Citation |contribution=The Peoples of the West |title=Weilue 魏略 |last=Yu Huan |author-link=Yu Huan |translator=John E. Hill |year=2004 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html#section5 }} (section 5, note 13) (This work, published in 429 CE, is a recension of Yu Huan's ''Weilue'' ("Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty"), the original having now been lost)
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=134&letter=G ''Jewish Encyclopedia'']: Entry for "Genealogy"

{{Sons of Noah}}
{{Noah's Ark}}
{{Book of Genesis}}
{{Religious family trees}}

[[Category:Bible genealogy]]
[[Category:Book of Exodus people| ]]
[[Category:Book of Genesis people| ]]
[[Category:Book of Jubilees]]
[[Category:Genealogy]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible nations]]
[[Category:Noah]]
[[Category:Noach (parashah)]]
[[Category:Nimrod]]
[[Category:Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Phoenicians in the Hebrew Bible]]