Editing Gardnerian Wicca

{{Short description|Tradition in Wiccan religion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox religion
| name                = Gardnerian Wicca
| image               = File:Gardner's Book of Shadows front.JPG
| imagewidth          = 
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Gardner's ''[[Book of Shadows]]''
| abbreviation        = GW
| type                = [[Wicca]]
| main_classification = [[British Traditional Wicca]]
| orientation         = 
| scripture           = 
| theology            = 
| polity              = 
| governance          = Priesthood
| structure           =
| leader_title        = 
| leader_name         = 
| leader_title1       = 
| leader_name1        = 
| leader_title2       = 
| leader_name2        = 
| fellowships_type    =
| fellowships         = 
| fellowships_type1   =
| fellowships1        =
| associations        = 
| area                = United Kingdom, United States and Australia
| headquarters        = 
| founder             = [[Gerald Gardner]] 
| founded_date        = 1954
| founded_place       = [[Bricket Wood]], United Kingdom
| separated_from      = 
| parent              = 
| merger              = 
| absorbed            =
| separations         = 
| merged_into         =
| defunct             =
| congregations_type  = Coven
| congregations       = 
| members             = Fewer than 1,000
| ministers_type      = Priest/Priestness
| ministers           = 
| missionaries        =
| temples             =
| hospitals           = 
| nursing_homes       = 
| aid                 = 
| primary_schools     = 
| secondary_schools   = 
| tertiary            = 
| other_names         = Gardnerian witchcraft
| publications        = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
}}

'''Gardnerian Wicca''', or '''Gardnerian witchcraft''', is a 
<!--  Commented out: [[mystery cult]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Hunt, Stephen |title=Alternative religions: a sociological introduction |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot, Hants, England |year=2003 |pages=151 |isbn=0-7546-3410-8 }} "Wicca is essentially a mystery cult"</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ben Gruagach |title=The Wiccan Mystic |publisher=WitchGrotto Press |year=2007 |pages=30 |isbn=0-615-14311-3}} "When [[Gerald Gardner]] first started promoting Wicca in the 1950 the religion met all three basic criteria for a mystery cult."</ref>]] -->
tradition in the [[neopagan]] religion of [[Wicca]], whose members can trace initiatory descent from [[Gerald Gardner]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaDFBgAAQBAJ&q=Gardnerian+Wicca%2C+or+Gardnerian+witchcraft%2C+is+a+tradition+in+the+neopagan+religion+of+Wicca%2C+whose+members+can+trace+initiatory+descent+from+Gerald+Gardner.&pg=PA248|title=The Book of Life, Knowledge and Confidence|last=Esomba|first=Steve|date=6 June 2012 |publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781471734632|language=en}}</ref> The tradition is itself named after Gardner (1884–1964), a British civil servant and amateur scholar of [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]]. The term "Gardnerian" was probably coined by the founder of [[Cochrane's Craft|Cochranian Witchcraft]], [[Robert Cochrane (witch)|Robert Cochrane]] in the 1950s or 1960s, who himself left that tradition to found his own.<ref name=Valiente89/>{{rp|122}}

Gardner claimed to have learned the beliefs and practices that would later become known as Gardnerian Wicca from the [[New Forest coven]], who allegedly initiated him into their ranks in 1939.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heselton |first1=Philip |title=In Search of the New Forest Coven |date=2020 |publisher=Fenix Flames Publishing |location=Nottingham, UK |isbn=978-1-913768-00-3 |page=xiv}}</ref> For this reason, Gardnerian Wicca is usually considered {{By whom|date=September 2023}} to be the earliest created tradition of Wicca, from which most subsequent Wiccan traditions are derived.

From the supposed New Forest coven, Gardner formed his own [[Bricket Wood coven]], and in turn initiated many Witches, including a series of High Priestesses, founding further covens and continuing the initiation of more Wiccans into the tradition.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} In the UK, Europe, and most [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, someone self-defined as Wiccan is usually understood{{By whom|date=September 2023}} to be claiming initiatory descent from Gardner, either through Gardnerian Wicca, or through a derived branch such as [[Alexandrian Wicca]]. Elsewhere, these original lineaged traditions are termed "[[British Traditional Wicca]]".

==Beliefs and practices==

===Covens and initiatory lines===
Gardnerian Wiccans organize into [[coven]]s that traditionally, although not always, are limited to thirteen members.<ref name="TMoW">{{cite book |last1=Gardner |first1=Gerald |title=The Meaning of Witchcraft |date=2004 |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser |location=York Beach, ME |isbn=1-57863-309-5}}</ref>{{rp|10}} Covens are led by a High Priestess and the High Priest of her choice, and celebrate both a Goddess and a God.<ref name="TMoW" />{{rp|11}}

Gardnerian Wicca and other forms of [[British Traditional Wicca]] operate as an initiatory [[mystery cult]]; membership is gained only through [[initiation]] by a Wiccan High Priestess or High Priest. Any valid line of initiatory descent can be traced all the way back to [[Gerald Gardner]], and through him back to the [[New Forest coven]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Rituals and coven practices are kept secret from non-initiates, and many Wiccans maintain secrecy regarding their membership in the religion. Whether any individual Wiccan chooses secrecy or openness often depends on their location, career, and life circumstances. In all cases, Gardnerian Wicca absolutely forbids any member to share the name, personal information, fact of membership, and so on without advanced individual consent of that member for that specific instance of sharing.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

In Gardnerian Wicca, there are three grades of initiation. [[Ronald Hutton]] suggests that "the outlines of the first two [initiation] rituals are very clearly [[Freemasonry|Masonic]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hutton |first1=Ronald |title=The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-882736-8 |page=237 |edition=New}}</ref>

===Theology===
In Gardnerian Wicca, the two principal deities are the [[Horned God]] and the [[Mother Goddess]]. Gardnerians use specific names for the God and the Goddess in their rituals. [[Doreen Valiente]], a Gardnerian High Priestess, revealed that there were more than one.<ref name=Valiente89/>{{rp|52–53}}

===Ethics and morality===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2008|talk=y}}

The Gardnerian tradition teaches a core ethical guideline, often referred to as "The Rede" or "The [[Wiccan Rede]]". In the archaic language often retained in some Gardnerian lore, the Rede states: "An it harm none, do as thou wilt."<ref name="Losch52">{{cite book |last1=Losch |first1=Richard R. |title=The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions |date=2002 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |isbn=0802805213 |page=52 }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Witches [...] are inclined to the morality of the legendary Good King Pausol, "Do what you like so long as you harm no one". But they believe a certain law to be important, "You must not use magic for anything which will cause harm to anyone, and if, to prevent a greater wrong being done, you must discommode someone, you must do it only in a way which will abate the harm."<ref name="TMoW" />{{rp|108}}}}

A second ethical guideline is often called the Law of Return, sometimes the [[Rule of Three (Wicca)|Rule of Three]]. Like the Rede, this guideline teaches Gardnerians that whatever energy or intention one puts out into the world, whether magical or not, will return to that person "multiplied by three".{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} This law is controversial, as discussed by John Coughlin, author of ''The Pagan Resource Guide'', in an essay, "The Three-Fold Law".<ref>John J. Coughlin, [http://www.waningmoon.com/ethics/3fl-1.shtml The Three-Fold Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201234132/http://www.waningmoon.com/ethics/3fl-1.shtml |date=1 February 2015 }}, on his website ''[http://www.waningmoon.com/ethics/index.shtml The Evolution of Wiccan Ethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013357/http://www.waningmoon.com/ethics/index.shtml |date=1 March 2019 }}''. Also published in ''Ethics and the Craft – The History, Evolution, and Practice of Wiccan Ethics'' (Waning Moon, 2015).</ref>

The religion tends to be non-dogmatic, allowing each initiate to find for themselves what the ritual experience means by using the basic language of the shared ritual tradition, to be discovered through the Mysteries.<ref>Akasha and Eran (1996). "Gardnerian Wicca: An Introduction" http://bichaunt.org/Gardnerian.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617040549/http://bichaunt.org/Gardnerian.html |date=17 June 2010 }}</ref> The tradition is often characterized as an [[orthopraxy]] (correct practice) rather than an [[orthodoxy]] (correct thinking), with adherents placing greater emphasis on a shared body of practices as opposed to faith.<ref>Fritz Muntean (2006) "A Witch in the Halls of Wisdom" interview conducted by Sylvana Silverwitch http://www.widdershins.org/vol1iss3/l03.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713004353/http://www.widdershins.org/vol1iss3/l03.htm |date=13 July 2010 }}</ref>

==History==

===Gardner and the New Forest coven===
{{Main|New Forest coven}}

In the early 20th century, [[Margaret Murray]] promoted [[Witch-cult hypothesis|the hypothesis]] that persecuted [[Witchcraft|witches]] had actually been followers of a surviving pagan religion, but this theory is now rejected by academia.<ref name="Hutton witch-cult">{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |page=121 |author-link=Ronald Hutton}}</ref> Nevertheless, it was an influence on some neo-pagans. On retirement from the British Colonial Service, Gerald Gardner moved to London but then before [[World War II]] moved to [[Highcliffe]], east of [[Bournemouth]] and near the [[New Forest]] on the south coast of England. After attending a performance staged by the [[Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship]], he reports meeting a group of people who had preserved their historic occult practices. They recognised him as being "one of them" and convinced him to be initiated. It was only halfway through the initiation, he says, that it dawned on him what kind of group it was, and that witchcraft was still being practised in England.<ref name="Gardner, Gerald 1954">Gardner, Gerald (1954). ''Witchcraft Today'' London: Rider and Company</ref>

The group into which Gardner was initiated, known as the [[New Forest coven]], was small and utterly secret as the [[Witchcraft Act 1735]] ([[9 Geo. 2]]. c. 5) made it illegal to claim to predict the future, conjure spirits, or cast spells; it likewise made an accusation of witchcraft a criminal offence. Gardner's enthusiasm for the coven led him to wish to document it, but both the witchcraft laws and the coven's secrecy forbade that, despite his excitement. After World War II, Gardner's High Priestess and coven leader relented sufficiently to allow a fictional treatment that did not expose them to prosecution, "High Magic's Aid":<ref>Gerald Gardner (1949). ''High Magic's Aid'' London: Michael Houghton</ref>

{{blockquote|Anyhow, I soon found myself in the circle and took the usual oaths of secrecy which bound me not to reveal any secrets of the cult. But, as it is a dying cult, I thought it was a pity that all the knowledge should be lost, so in the end I was permitted to write, as fiction, something of what a witch believes in the novel High Magic's Aid.<ref name="Gardner, Gerald 1954" />}}

After the witchcraft laws were repealed in 1951, and replaced by the Fraudulent Mediums Act, Gerald Gardner went public, publishing his first non-fiction book, "Witchcraft Today" (1954). Gardner continued, as the text often iterates, to respect his oaths and the wishes of his High Priestess in his writing.<ref name="Gardner, Gerald 1954"/> Gardner said that the "Witchcraft" religion was dying out, and he pursued publicity and welcomed new initiates during the last years of his life. Gardner even courted the attentions of the tabloid press, to the consternation of some more conservative members of the tradition. In Gardner's own words: "Witchcraft doesn't pay for broken windows!"<ref name="Gardner, Gerald 1954"/>

Gardner knew many famous occultists. Ross Nichols was a friend and fellow Druid (until 1964 member of the [[Druid Order]], when he left to found his own Druidic [[Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids]]). Nichols edited Gardner's "Witchcraft Today" and is mentioned extensively in Gardner's "The Meaning of Witchcraft". Near the end of [[Aleister Crowley]]'s life, Gardner met with him for the first time on 1 May 1947 and visited him twice more before Crowley's death that autumn; at some point, Crowley gave Gardner an [[Ordo Templi Orientis]] (OTO) charter and the 4th OTO degree—the lowest degree authorising use of the charter.<ref>"Gardner & Crowley: the Overstated Connection" [[Don Frew]] Pantheacon 1996</ref>

[[Doreen Valiente]], one of Gardner's priestesses, identified the woman who initiated Gardner as [[Dorothy Clutterbuck]], referenced in "A Witches' Bible" by [[Janet Farrar|Janet]] and [[Stewart Farrar]].<ref>Farrar, Janet & Stewart (2002). "A Witches' Bible". Robert Hale. {{ISBN|0-7090-7227-9}}</ref> Valiente's identification was based on references Gardner made to a woman he called "Old Dorothy" whom Valiente remembered. Biographer [[Philip Heselton]] corrects Valiente, clarifying that Clutterbuck (Dorothy St. Quintin-Fordham, née Clutterbuck), a Pagan-minded woman, owned the Mill House, where the New Forest coven performed Gardner's initiation ritual.<ref>Heselton, Philip (2012). "Witchfather: A Life of Gerald Gardner. Volume 1: Into the Witch Cult." Loughborough, Leicestershire: Thoth Publications.</ref> Scholar [[Ronald Hutton]] argues in his ''Triumph of the Moon'' that Gardner's tradition was largely the inspiration of members of the [[Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship]] and especially that of a woman known by the magical name of "[[Edith Woodford-Grimes|Dafo]]".<ref name=Hutton01>Hutton, Ronald (2001). ''The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-285449-6}}</ref> Dr. [[Leo Ruickbie]], in his ''Witchcraft Out of the Shadows'', analysed the documented evidence and concluded that [[Aleister Crowley]] played a crucial role in inspiring Gardner to establish a new pagan religion.<ref>[[Leo Ruickbie|Ruickbie, Leo]](2004). ''Witchcraft out of the Shadows: A Complete History''. Robert Hale Limited. {{ISBN|0-7090-7567-7}}</ref> Ruickbie, Hutton, and others further argue that much of what has been published of Gardnerian Wicca, as Gardner's practice came to be known, was written by Blake, Yeats, [[Doreen Valiente|Valiente]] and [[Aleister Crowley|Crowley]] and contains borrowings from other identifiable sources.<ref name=Hutton01/>{{rp|237}}

The witches Gardner was originally introduced to were originally referred to by him as "the Wica" and he would often use the term "[[Witch-cult hypothesis|Witch Cult]]" to describe the religion.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Other terms used, included "Witchcraft" or "the Old Religion." Later publications standardised the spelling to "Wicca" and it came to be used as the term for the Craft, rather than its followers. "Gardnerian" was originally a pejorative term used by Gardner's contemporary Roy Bowers (also known as Robert Cochrane), a British [[cunning man]],<ref>''Pentagram'' magazine 1965</ref> who nonetheless was initiated into Gardnerian Wicca a couple of years following Gardner's death.<ref>Doyle White, Ethan (2011). "Robert Cochrane and the Gardnerian Craft: Feuds, Secrets, and Mysteries in Contemporary British Witchcraft". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies 13 (2): 205–224.</ref>

===Reconstruction of the Wiccan rituals===
Gardner stated that the rituals of the existing group were fragmentary at best, and he set about fleshing them out, drawing on his library and knowledge as an [[occult]]ist and amateur [[folklorist]]. Gardner borrowed and wove together appropriate material from other artists and occultists, most notably [[Charles Godfrey Leland]]'s ''[[Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches]]'', the [[Key of Solomon]] as published by [[Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers|S.L. MacGregor Mathers]], [[Freemasonry|Masonic]] ritual, Crowley, and [[Rudyard Kipling]]. [[Doreen Valiente]] wrote much of the best-known poetry, including the much-quoted [[Charge of the Goddess]].<ref name=Hutton01/>{{rp|247}}

===Bricket Wood coven===
In 1948–1949, Gardner and [[Edith Woodford-Grimes|Dafo]] were running a coven separate from the original New Forest coven at a [[naturist club]] near [[Bricket Wood]] to the north of London.<ref name=Hutton01/>{{rp|227}} By 1952 Dafo's health had begun to decline, and she was increasingly wary of Gardner's publicity-seeking.<ref name=Valiente89>[[Doreen Valiente|Valiente, Doreen]]. ''The Rebirth of Witchcraft'' (1989) Custer, WA: Phoenix.</ref>{{rp|38,66}}

In 1953, Gardner met [[Doreen Valiente]], who was to become his High Priestess in succession to Dafo. The question of publicity led to Doreen and others formulating thirteen proposed 'Rules for the Craft',<ref>[[Aidan Kelly|Kelly, Aidan]]. ''Crafting the Art of Magic'' (1991) St Paul, MN: Llewellyn. pp 103–5, 145–161.</ref> which included restrictions on contact with the press. Gardner responded with the sudden production of the [[Wiccan Laws]] which led to some of his members, including Valiente, leaving the coven.<ref name=Hutton01/>{{rp|249}}

Gardner reported that witches were taught that the power of the human body can be released, for use in a coven's circle, by various means, and released more easily without clothing. A simple method was dancing round the circle singing or chanting;<ref name="Gardner, Gerald 1954"/> another method was the traditional "binding and scourging".<ref name=Scholars>{{cite news|last=Allen|first=Charlotte|title=The Scholars and the Goddess|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/01/the-scholars-and-the-goddess/305910/|access-date=12 September 2023|newspaper=Atlantic Monthly, vol. 287, issue 1|date=January 2001}}</ref> In addition to raising power, "binding and scourging" can heighten the initiates' sensitivity and spiritual experience.<ref name=Scourge>{{cite web|author1=((Anon. (Used with permission from the author)))|author2=Yvonne|title=The Scourge and the Kiss|url=http://pagantheologies.pbworks.com/w/page/13622306/The%20Scourge%20and%20the%20Kiss|work=Gardnerian Wicca|publisher=PB Works|access-date=2012-03-17}}</ref>

Following the time Gardner spent on the Isle of Man, the coven began to experiment with circle dancing as an alternative.<ref name=Lamond>[[Fred Lamond|Lamond, Frederic]]. ''Fifty Years of Wicca'' Sutton Mallet, England: Green Press. {{ISBN|0-9547230-1-5}}</ref> It was also about this time that the lesser 4 of the 8 Sabbats were given greater prominence. Bricket Wood coven members liked the Sabbat celebrations so much, they decided that there was no reason to keep them confined to the closest full moon meeting, and made them festivities in their own right. As Gardner had no objection to this change suggested by the Bricket Wood coven, this collective decision resulted in what is now the standard eight festivities in the Wiccan [[Wheel of the year]].<ref name=Lamond/>{{rp|p16}}

The split with Valiente led to the Bricket Wood coven being led by Jack Bracelin and a new High Priestess, Dayonis. This was the first of a number of disputes between individuals and groups,<ref name=Hutton01/> but the increased publicity only seems to have allowed Gardnerian Wicca to grow much more rapidly. Certain others also helped fuel this publicity, such as [[Alex Sanders (Wiccan)|Alex Sanders]] (real name Orrell Alexander Carter) and [[Raymond Buckland]].  Sanders started his own separate tradition, together with his wife Maxine, known as Alexandrian Wicca and frequently were covered by the press.  Buckland, who authored dozens of books on the subject, brought the Gardnerian tradition to the United States in 1964, later to start his own tradition known as Seax Wicca.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

=== Controversy over transgender individuals and male/female polarity ===
On July 18, 2022, ''A Declaration of the Traditional Gardnerian Wica'', was released, with [[The Wild Hunt (periodical)|The Wild Hunt]] reporting that "the document was signed and sealed by 47 Gardnerians who are either third-degree or autonomous second-degree," before further clarifying that "there is no central Gardnerian authority akin to a sovereign spiritual leader found in other faiths."<ref name="Pagliarulo-1">{{cite web |last1=Pagliarulo |first1=Antonio |last2=Moreno |first2=Manny |date=31 July 2022 |title="Traditional Gardnerian" declaration draws accusations of transphobia |url=https://wildhunt.org/2022/07/traditional-gardnerian-declaration-draws-accusations-of-transphobia.html |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=The Wild Hunt}}</ref> The declaration asserts that Gardnerian Wicca is fundamentally rooted in "fertility and the generative powers of the universe," and that its core Mysteries are transmitted specifically through ritual polarity between biological males and biological females.<ref>{{cite web |author=Traditional Gardnerian Wica |date=2022-09-12 |title=A declaration of the Traditional Gardnerian Wica |url=https://www.tradgardwica.com/_files/ugd/4fc6e7_3d104073a0174ba081c84f07698e9956.pdf |website=TradGardWica.com |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref> These claims which were "labeled transphobic by a number of prominent Gardnerians" were met with "strong condemnations and widespread dismissal" from others in the community, with at least three on record describing the signatories as a "minority" spreading transphobic rhetoric that contradicts the writings of Gerald Gardner.<ref name="Pagliarulo-1">{{cite web |last1=Pagliarulo |first1=Antonio |last2=Moreno |first2=Manny |date=31 July 2022 |title="Traditional Gardnerian" declaration draws accusations of transphobia |url=https://wildhunt.org/2022/07/traditional-gardnerian-declaration-draws-accusations-of-transphobia.html |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=The Wild Hunt}}</ref><ref name="Pagliarulo-2">{{cite web |last1=Pagliarulo |first1=Antonio |title=Trans and nonbinary Witches respond to "Traditional Gardnerian Wica" declaration |url=https://wildhunt.org/2022/08/trans-and-nonbinary-witches-respond-to-traditional-gardnerian-wica-declaration.html |website=The Wild Hunt |date=7 August 2022 |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> Pagan news site ''The Wild Hunt'' noted that because of Gardnerian Wicca's decentralized structure and emphasis on coven autonomy, the declaration "effectively only applies to covens that are led by or hive from the documents' signers."<ref name="Pagliarulo-1" />

==See also==
*[[New Forest coven]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|1}}

==Bibliography==

==External links==
* [http://www.geraldgardner.com/ Gerald Gardner – The History of Wicca]
* [https://www.thewica.co.uk/ Gardnerian History]
* [http://www.channel4.com/programmes/a-very-british-witchcraft ''A Very British Witchcraft'' TV program] 
* [http://www.thewica.co.uk/the-wica-family-tree Wiccan descendants from Gardner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722115540/http://www.thewica.co.uk/wica/wica.htm |date=22 July 2013 }}

{{WiccaandWitchcraft}}

[[Category:Gardnerian Wicca| ]]
[[Category:1950s in modern paganism]]
[[Category:1950s establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 1950s]]