Editing Ganado, Arizona

{{Short description|CDP in Apache County, Arizona}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name            = Ganado, Arizona
|settlement_type          = [[Census-designated place]]
|image_skyline            = 
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = 
|image_seal               = 
|image_map                = Apache_County_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Ganado_highlighted.svg
|mapsize                  = 250px
|map_caption              = Location in [[Apache County]] and the state of [[Arizona]]
|image_map1               = 
|mapsize1                 = 
|map_caption1             = 
|pushpin_map = USA Arizona#USA
|pushpin_label       = Ganado
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States
|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_type1        = State
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Arizona|County]]
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_name1        = Arizona
|subdivision_name2        = [[Apache County, Arizona|Apache]]
|government_type          = 
|leader_title             = 
|leader_name              = 
|established_date         = 
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 23.70
|area_total_sq_mi         = 9.15
|area_land_km2            = 23.69
|area_land_sq_mi          = 9.15
|area_water_km2           = 0.02
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.01
|elevation_ft             = 6401
|elevation_footnotes      = <ref name=gnis/>
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_total         = 883
|population_metro         = 
|population_density_km2   = 37.27
|population_density_sq_mi = 96.54
|timezone                 = [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|MST]]
|utc_offset               = -7
|timezone_DST             = [[Mountain Daylight Time|MDT]]
|utc_offset_DST           = -6
|coordinates              = {{coord|35|42|06|N|109|33|01|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code              = 86505, 86540
|area_code                = [[Area code 928|928]] 
|area_code_type           = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 04-26210
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 2408273<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2408273}}</ref>
|footnotes                = 
|website                  = 
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_04.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''Ganado''' ({{langx|nv|{{spell-nv|Lókʼaahnteel}}}}) is a [[Chapter house (Navajo Nation)|chapter]] of the [[Navajo Nation]] and [[census-designated place]] (CDP) in [[Apache County, Arizona|Apache County]], [[Arizona]], United States. The population was 883 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/all?q=Ganado%20CDP,%20Arizona |title=Total Population in Ganado CDP |website=census.gov |access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref> reduced from 1,210 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]].<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0426210| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212180537/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0426210| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Ganado CDP, Arizona| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Hubbell trading post guest house.jpg|thumb|Hubbell trading post guest house]]
Ganado is part of the [[Fort Defiance, Arizona|Fort Defiance]] Agency, of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]; and is the delegate seat for the district that encompasses the Jeddito, Cornfields, Ganado, Kinlichee, and Steamboat communities at the [[Navajo Nation]] Council. The [[Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site]] in Ganado is maintained as an example of a 19th-century [[trading post]].

==Geography==
Ganado is located at {{coord|35|42|9|N|109|33|12|W|type:city}} (35.702571, −109.553234).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the CDP has a total area of {{convert|23.7|km2|disp=flip}}, all land.<ref name="Census 2010"/> The greater Ganado area includes Ganado, Burnside, Cornfields, Kinlichee, Wood Springs, Klagetoh, and Steamboat and the family ranches dispersed amongst these sub-areas.

===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Ganado has a [[semi-arid climate]], abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=303320&cityname=Ganado,+Arizona,+United+States+of+America&units=|title=Ganado, Arizona Köppen Climate Classification|website=Weatherbase}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Ganado, Arizona, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–2016
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes

|Jan record high F = 65
|Feb record high F = 72
|Mar record high F = 85
|Apr record high F = 90
|May record high F = 98
|Jun record high F = 101
|Jul record high F = 101
|Aug record high F = 102
|Sep record high F = 96
|Oct record high F = 92
|Nov record high F = 87
|Dec record high F = 73

|Jan avg record high F = 56.6
|Feb avg record high F = 61.3
|Mar avg record high F = 69.9
|Apr avg record high F = 77.1
|May avg record high F = 85.4
|Jun avg record high F = 93.6
|Jul avg record high F = 96.1
|Aug avg record high F = 93.3
|Sep avg record high F = 88.4
|Oct avg record high F = 80.4
|Nov avg record high F = 68.5
|Dec avg record high F = 58.9
|year avg record high F = 96.5

|Jan high F = 44.2
|Feb high F = 49.2
|Mar high F = 57.5
|Apr high F = 64.9
|May high F = 73.6
|Jun high F = 85.3
|Jul high F = 89.2
|Aug high F = 86.5
|Sep high F = 80.3
|Oct high F = 68.7
|Nov high F = 54.9
|Dec high F = 44.5
|year high F =

|Jan mean F = 31.0
|Feb mean F = 34.8
|Mar mean F = 42.2
|Apr mean F = 48.1
|May mean F = 56.7
|Jun mean F = 66.9
|Jul mean F = 72.6
|Aug mean F = 71.2
|Sep mean F = 64.4
|Oct mean F = 51.7
|Nov mean F = 39.9
|Dec mean F = 31.0
|year mean F =

|Jan low F = 17.8
|Feb low F = 20.4
|Mar low F = 27.0
|Apr low F = 31.2
|May low F = 39.7
|Jun low F = 48.5
|Jul low F = 56.0
|Aug low F = 55.8
|Sep low F = 48.4
|Oct low F = 34.7
|Nov low F = 24.9
|Dec low F = 17.6
|year low F =

|Jan avg record low F = 1.9
|Feb avg record low F = 4.4
|Mar avg record low F = 12.3
|Apr avg record low F = 20.2
|May avg record low F = 27.6
|Jun avg record low F = 36.2
|Jul avg record low F = 46.9
|Aug avg record low F = 49.0
|Sep avg record low F = 35.7
|Oct avg record low F = 23.0
|Nov avg record low F = 9.8
|Dec avg record low F = 0.2
|year avg record low F = -4.0

|Jan record low F = -27
|Feb record low F = -25
|Mar record low F = -9
|Apr record low F = 5
|May record low F = 15
|Jun record low F = 27
|Jul record low F = 31
|Aug record low F = 35
|Sep record low F = 27
|Oct record low F = 11
|Nov record low F = -16
|Dec record low F = -20

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.53
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.67
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.85
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.64
|May precipitation inch = 0.58
|Jun precipitation inch = 0.23
|Jul precipitation inch = 1.21
|Aug precipitation inch = 1.75
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.19
|Oct precipitation inch = 0.93
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.78
|Dec precipitation inch = 0.77
|year precipitation inch =

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 2.5
|Feb precipitation days = 2.8
|Mar precipitation days = 3.4
|Apr precipitation days = 2.3
|May precipitation days = 2.6
|Jun precipitation days = 1.2
|Jul precipitation days = 4.7
|Aug precipitation days = 5.6
|Sep precipitation days = 3.6
|Oct precipitation days = 3.0
|Nov precipitation days = 2.4
|Dec precipitation days = 3.0

|Jan snow inch = 3.0
|Feb snow inch = 2.2
|Mar snow inch = 2.4
|Apr snow inch = 0.2
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.2
|Nov snow inch = 1.5
|Dec snow inch = 3.3
|year snow inch =

|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 1.5
|Feb snow days = 1.1
|Mar snow days = 1.1
|Apr snow days = 0.2
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 0.7
|Dec snow days = 1.2

|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00023303&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Ganado, AZ
|access-date = March 28, 2023
}}
</ref>
|source 2 = XMACIS2 (mean maxima/minima, precip/precip days, snow/snow days 1981&ndash;2010)<ref name = XMACIS2>
{{cite web
|url = https://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = xmACIS2
|access-date = March 28, 2023
}}
</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|2000= 1505
|2010= 1210
|2020= 883
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Languages (2000)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=4&place_id=26210&cty_id=|title = Data Center Results}}</ref> !! Percent 
|-
| Spoke [[Navajo language|Navajo]] at home || 55%
|-
| Spoke English at home || 45%
|}
As of the census<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 1,505 people, 422 households, and 321 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert|168.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 507 housing units at an average density of {{convert|56.6|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.3% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 10.8% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 0.1% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 1.1% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.5% from two or more races. 2.4% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There were 422 households, out of which 46.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 21.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.7% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.5 and the average family size was 4.1.

In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 38.7% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 5.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,958, and the median income for a family was $43,281. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $26,306 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,500. About 10.3% of families and 18.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.8% of those under age 18 and 37.8% of those age 65 or over.

==History==

===Ancients and legends===
The earliest peoples in the region are believed to have been nomadic hunters in search of big game roaming throughout the [[Four Corners]] region. The next wave of inhabitants are believed to have been smaller hunter-gatherer communities of similar nomadic characteristic. It is believed that archaic forms of agriculture came to the [[Little Colorado River]] basin around {{BCE|1800|link=y}}.

The first permanent residents of the Ganado region (comprising greater Ganado, Kinlichee, Burnside, and Cornfields) were the "Basketmaker" Ancestral Puebloan. The ruins of their [[homestead (buildings)|homestead]]s are scattered throughout the Little Colorado River basin and [[Colorado Plateau]], among the red clay hills surrounding Ganado, and on the [[escarpment]] to the west. Significant agricultural advancement was seen in the first millennium. The largest Puebloan ruin at Ganado is Wide Reeds Ruin, along the floodplain near the present-day Ganado Wash bridge; and it is believed to have been constructed around 1276.<ref name="sagememorial.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sagememorial.org/history.html|title=History|access-date=April 14, 2014|archive-date=April 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415051028/http://www.sagememorial.org/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Modern understanding of the historical record left behind by the Ancestral Puebloans exhibits a massive network of villages, storehouses, and fortified structures throughout the Colorado Plateau region. Stretching from [[Mesa Verde]] in the north, to [[Chaco Canyon]] in the east, to [[Navajo National Monument|Keet Seel]] (Kitsʼiil) and Betatakin (Bitátʼahkin) and Wupatki in the west, trading routes can be traced through the Ganado region to as far south as Mexico. Pottery fragments found through the area show a wide array of design and utility, both local and foreign to Ganado. The largest population center in this era near Ganado, is {{cvt|30|mi|-1}} to the north at Canyon de Chelly.
[[File:Ancient-Regions.svg|thumb|left|300px]]

Between 1276 and 1299, archaeologists have recorded a period of "great drought," leading (among other causes) to the eventual end of influence of Puebloan culture and peoples on the Ganado region.

===Apaches and Navajos===
It is not known when the ancestors of the current Ganado community arrived in the Ganado region, though some suggest after 1400. The historical record left behind shows that the first [[Navajo people]] were of hunter-gatherer communities, who evolved into a nexus of [[agrarian society]] and [[pastoral society]] as the conditions of the area suited. Empowered by evolutionary dry farming techniques acquired via the neighboring Puebloan peoples, the early Ganado community's main crops consisted of beans, corn, and [[squash (plant)|squash]].

The early Ganado Navajo, like the modern people today, were speakers of a [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]] [[Southern Athabaskan languages]] known as ''Diné bizaad'' (lit. 'People's language'). Archaeological data suggests these peoples arrived in the present day Four Corners & Colorado Plateau regions in approximately the 15th century. The Navajo language retains cultural and linguistic aspects of this primary [[dialect]] and is somewhat mutually intelligible with the [[Western Apache]] language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://canadianparks.com/northwest/nahninp/page2.htm |title=Nahanni National Park Reserve |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=July 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708113337/http://canadianparks.com/northwest/nahninp/page2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

When the Spanish [[Conquistador]]s arrived in the southwestern [[Arizona]]–[[New Mexico]] region, they encountered these peoples, and subsequently named them Apaches de Nabajó<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Navajo-Indians-486843.html |title=Navajo Indians - Research Paper by Sandydy3 |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415074254/http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Navajo-Indians-486843.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Though distant relatives of the Apache peoples, these Apaches de Nabajó were different in both lineage and pathways to the area, from other Apache bands.

===Jilhéél & Kin Naazinii (Upstanding House)===
{{see also|Wide Ruins, Arizona#Jilhaal and Kin Naazinii (Upstanding House)}}
A mix of oral legend and archeology suggest that singer, and [[warrior]]/ [[runner]] Jilhéél came to the Ganado area in the early 18th century. It is believed that he traveled extensively and lived amongst the Puebloan people along the [[Rio Grande]], and migrated with many of them to the refuge of Dinetah at the start of the Spanish [[invasion]] and [[Military occupation|occupation]] of modern-day [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]].

In Jilhéél, it is also believed, came many of the cultural, architectural and agricultural influences to the greater Ganado region. Research suggests that Jilhéél contributed to the construction of fortifications to the north and south, notably in the hills east of [[Wide Ruins, Arizona|Wide Ruins]] {{cvt|15|mi}} to the southeast of Ganado. Archaeologist David M. Brugge offers that Jilhéél "might have been a local headman of the mid-1770s, possibly a refugee from Awatobi, considering his clan (Táchiiʼnii) and his move to Black Mesa, a refuge of Tobacco Táchiiʼnii people from Awatobi." Oral history research suggests that he inhabited "Wide Ruins, (meaning the Ancestral Puebloan site) and, a few miles north up Wide Ruins Wash, at" the [[citadel]] of "Kin Naazinii (Upstanding House)"; if not contributed to its construction – with the help of elder Daalgai – "a Navajo fortified 'pueblito' that archaeologists date at 1720–1805 (NLC, site S-MLC-UP-L; Bannister and others 1966:8; Navajo Nation 1967:263, 271, 285; Gilpin 1996)." Thus, Jilhéél is believed to have traveled between here "north to Canyon de Chelly" regularly.

Oral histories tells of a Jilhéél who carried "gigantic arrows, and had enormous feet. The sight of his footprints struck terror in his enemies. Some say he was a hunter who could run down deer; others say he knew various healing and war ceremonies. Some say he was of the Red Streak into Water (Táchiiʼnii) clan and later moved to Black Mesa." His fame amongst Navajo oral history is well known amongst various historical families. "Some of his attributes may reflect late pre-" Hispanic "iconography (big feet, for example, a common petroglyph motif). These pre-" Hispanic " associations of Jilhéél, together with the idea that Wide Ruins was some kind of 'boundary' place between Hopi and Zuni zones ..., makes one wonder if the north-south travel corridor through Wide Ruins to Canyon de Chelly could have been a late 'everyone's land' as conceptualized by LaBlanc (1999:70, 333) between settlement clusters" much older.<ref name="azwater.gov">{{Cite web |url=http://www.azwater.gov/Adjudications/documents/HopiContestedCaseDisclosures/Navajo%20Supplemental%20Disclosure/CDV007%5CBNDR001%5C001%5CNN027896.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415020831/http://www.azwater.gov/Adjudications/documents/HopiContestedCaseDisclosures/Navajo%20Supplemental%20Disclosure/CDV007%5CBNDR001%5C001%5CNN027896.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

"The north-south corridor that Jilhéél stalked encompasses a string of places with names that came from
incidents of raiding and warfare before the Fort Sumner captivity. Several recorded Navajo oral histories tell the stories (HUTR oral history interviews 21, 36, 44, 142; Kelley and Francis 1993–2005, project KF9906, 5/21 and 6/17/99, and project KF9507, 8/14/98). The place names, from south to north, are Anaaʼ Hajiina (Where the Enemy Came Up) north of Chambers; Dzilgha Adahjééʼ (Where the White Mountain Apaches Ran Down or Hilltop Descent), near Ganado", and the modern day location of Ganado Mucho's burial site; "and Dzilgha Haaskai (White Mountain Apaches Went Up, or Hilltop Ascent) near Chinle, Arizona (see Map 1). The places near Ganado and Chinle are places where Apaches came from the south up the corridor and massacred Navajos. (See also Nequatewa 1967:52 and Stephen 1930:1018–1019 for Hopi accounts of a killing of Hopis by Navajos in 1858 west of Ganado; local Navajo accounts apparently of the same incident have been recorded [HUTR interviews 44 and 142], one of which describes the massacre as an Apache attack on Navajos, perhaps reflecting confusion between the name for White Mountain Apaches and the almost identical word for hilltop)."

===New Spain===
[[File:Coronado-Remington.jpg|thumb|left|200px|"Vázquez de Coronado Sets Out to the North" (1540) by [[Frederic Remington]], oil on canvas, 1905]]
As a result of Ganado's location at the crossroads of ancient trade routes and [[pueblo]]s, [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]]'s exploration party passed near the Ganado area in 1540–1542 en route to the famous Hopi Villages {{cvt|50|mi|0}} to the west. "Spanish colonial and later sources beginning with the 1540 Spanish Entrada (a detachment of the Coronado expedition) record indigenous trails linking the Wide Ruins area to Zuni and Awatobi.<ref name="azwater.gov"/> [[File:Coronado expedition.jpg|thumb|left|600px|The Coronado Expedition 1540–1542]] As the silver mines funded greater and greater Spanish expansion into the frontier of "[[New Spain]]," [[King Philip II of Spain]] directed [[Conquistador]] [[Juan de Oñate]] to begin establishing [[Holy See]] missions in Nuevo México. As [[Roman Catholicism]] spread, by the 1629, "the mission of San Bernardino was established at Awátobi by a party of four Franciscans headed by Father Francisco de Porras",<ref name="newadvent.org">{{Cite web|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hopi Indians|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07468a.htm|access-date=October 6, 2021|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> as the Hopi villages were architecturally accommodating as built up population centers.

Spanish traffic was sustained from [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís]] to the outlying Hopi mission up until the 1680 [[Pueblo Revolt|Popé's Rebellion]]. In the "spring of AD 1700 Father Juan Garaycoecha visited the remains of the Hopi mission at the request of the inhabitants"; later that year, the remaining mission was soon after destroyed. The years 1778 to 1780 saw the first recorded drought to be experienced by the European and tribal historians alike, and was devastating to the regional population. The Spanish withdrawal from the region encompassing Ganado, continued until the American invasion of the 1800s.

Navajo and Hopi oral traditions tell how some people escaped and joined Navajos in the surrounding countryside near and far, giving rise to the Tobacco Táchiiʼnii clan (Clinton 1990, Brugge 1985, 1994; Courlander 1971).

===Invasion and Ganado Mucho===
The Ganado area remained relatively independent from rebellions of European [[ethnicity]] at [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] until 1849. Ganado's first event under the American government came when a Hopi delegation was sent to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] in 1850. In 1858, [[Joseph Christmas Ives]] led an expedition through the area near Ganado. From 1821, the [[Navajo people]] had been engaged in the [[Navajo Wars]] against the Spanish, Mexican, and American invaders until the 1864 forced removal from their homelands. This exodus known as the [[Long Walk of the Navajo|Long Walk]], would not see legal Navajo return until June 18, 1868.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crowcanyon.org/EducationProducts/peoples_mesa_verde/historic_long_walk.asp|title = The Long Walk of the Navajo &#124; Peoples of Mesa Verde}}</ref>

One Navajo elder said of the Long Walk:
<blockquote>By slow stages we traveled eastward by present Gallup and Chusbbito, Bear Spring, which is now called [[Fort Wingate]]. You ask how they treated us? If there was room the soldiers put the women and children on the wagons. Some even let them ride behind them on their horses. I have never been able to understand a people who killed you one day and on the next played with your children...?<ref>Very Slim Man, Navajo elder, quoted by Richard Van Valkenburgh, ''[[Desert Magazine]]'', April 1946, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>
</blockquote>
By 1869, the Ganado area had been fully [[Military occupation|occupied]] by the United States Government at [[Fort Defiance, Arizona|Fort Defiance]].<ref name="newadvent.org"/>

During the Long Walk, [[Diné]] Chief totsohnii Hastiin (pronounced Toe-so-knee haaus-teen)(Navajo for Man of the big water Clan), famously known as Ganado Mucho (1809–1893), along with other leaders targeted by the United States (such as [[Manuelito]]) fled to the [[Harbor|haven]] of the [[Grand Canyon]]. "Of both Hopi and Navajo ancestry, Ganado Mucho was a cautious man who was inclined toward diplomacy".<ref name="navajopeople.org">{{Cite web|url=http://navajopeople.org/blog/navajo-leader-ganado-mucho-%E2%80%9Cmany-cattle%E2%80%9D/|title=Navajo leader Ganado Mucho (Many cattle)|website=navajopeople.org}}</ref> During the 1859 to 1861 period of resistance fighting, Ganado Mucho led the Ganado area on a policy of [[neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]]. This maneuver protected the Navajo residents of Ganado's wealth, held in their livestock, from United States confiscation by [[Kit Carson]].

By 1866, Ganado Mucho surrendered and was remanded to the [[Bosque Redondo]] reservation near Fort Sumner, [[New Mexico]]. When he, Barboncito and Manuelito arrived, they found [[James Henry Carleton]]'s experiment of [[Population transfer|resettlement]] a complete failure. While held in custody there, Ganado Mucho's son was murdered. He addressed directly the New Mexican Superintendent of Indian Affairs – A. Baldwin Norton – and condemned the conditions at Bosque Redondo.<ref name="navajopeople.org"/> After the treaty of 1868, Ganado Mucho and his community returned to Ganado. Following, Ganado Mucho was "appointed subchief of the western Navajo by General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]]. He lived there until his death, and is buried on a hillside between Ganado and Cornfields.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monkey's Navajo Nation Adventure|url=http://www.theguys.org/monkey/Months/2005plus/TheRez.htm|access-date=October 6, 2021|website=www.theguys.org}}</ref>

===Hubbell trading post===
{{Main|Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site}}
[[File:Hutr 1890s.jpg|thumb|Hubbell and a weaver in front of the post in the 1890s]]The first American settlements in the Ganado area were located near what is now Ganado Lake, and was established in 1871 as a trading post owned by Charles Crary. A second post operated by "Old Man" William B. Leonard opened soon after. These trading posts were established as a service to the Navajo people after the formation of the Fort Defiance Indian reservation, as a means to provide goods not locally available.
[[File:314-Hubbell Trading Post.jpg|right|thumb|Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site]]
The first name for the settlement was probably Pueblo Colorado when [[Don Lorenzo Hubbell]] (1853–1930) moved into the area in 1876. Two years later, he purchased his world-famous homestead, trading post and out buildings from William Leonard, which were constructed in 1874. Legend says that in an effort not to confuse visitors in the area with [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]], Colorado, Hubbell changed the name of the settlement to Ganado in honor of Ganado Mucho, the twelfth signer of the [[Long Walk of the Navajo#Treaty of Bosque Redondo|Navajo peace treaty of 1868]].<ref name="Granger1960">{{cite book|author=Byrd H. Granger|title=Arizona Place Names|url=https://archive.org/details/arizonaplacename00barn|url-access=registration|access-date=November 20, 2011|year=1960|publisher=University of Arizona Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/arizonaplacename00barn/page/12 12]}}</ref>

Born to an Anglo father, and Spanish mother, Hubbell was raised at [[Pajarito Mesa, New Mexico]]. He was twenty three when he relocated to Ganado. He married Lina Rubi, and the couple had two sons (Roman and Lorenzo Jr.) and two daughters (Adele and Barbara). The family added onto the current [[adobe]] building which would become the famous Hubbell home, which hosted such guests as [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. The Hubbell garden contained [[Parthenocissus quinquefolia|Virginia creeper]], a lawn, as well as native wild and yellow [[rose]]s, [[lilac]] and [[yucca]].

Hubbell died in 1930, and his youngest son, Roman Hubbell, assumed management duties. The stone [[Hogan]] (cottage) was constructed by Roman and his wife Dorothy in the early 1930s as a memorial to the elder Hubbell. Upon Roman's death in 1957, Dorothy maintained operations until 1967 when the [[National Park Service]] acquired the [[homestead (buildings)|homestead]]. Hubbell, his wife, three of his children, a daughter-in-law, and a granddaughter are buried on the cone-shaped hill northwest of the trading post. Many Horses, son of Ganado Mucho, is also interred at this Hubbell family cemetery.

Hubbell contributed to encouraging the Ganado textiles market and local Navajo weaving houses.

Other retail trading posts included Ganado Trading, and Shillingburg's (later Round Top). The Presbyterian Church established a mission, school and hospital in Ganado in 1901.<ref name="Granger1960"/>

===Americanization of Navajo children and boarding school===
The hidden cost of the Navajo relocation by the United States government were felt in many ways. The most direct would be in the forced removal of their children to boarding schools from the late 19th century into the 20th century. Many Ganado area youth were sent to such government and Christian boardings schools such as at [[Fort Apache, Arizona|Fort Apache]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fort Apache History|url=http://www.wmat.nsn.us/wmahistory.shtml|access-date=October 6, 2021|website=www.wmat.nsn.us}}</ref> In most cases, the children were far removed from their families to foreign locations. Research has shown that such Americanization practices by the boarding schools, employed first by Captain [[Richard Henry Pratt]] served to destroy any last vestiges of Navajo identity, and Ganado children during this period were not immune to such inhumane practices.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clio.missouristate.edu/lburt/Resources510/BoardingSchools_1.htm |title=Brainwashing and Boarding School |access-date=April 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206013510/http://clio.missouristate.edu/lburt/Resources510/BoardingSchools_1.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reservation Boarding Schools|url=http://www.twofrog.com/rezsch.html|access-date=October 6, 2021|website=www.twofrog.com}}</ref> Pratt's systemic [[Americanization (of Native Americans)|Americanization of Native Americans]] by forced [[cultural assimilation]], used as a model for Indian Boarding schools all over America, was later regarded by some as a form of [[cultural genocide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sutherlandinstitute.org/uploads/lawreview2008witte.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 6, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325045207/http://www.sutherlandinstitute.org/uploads/lawreview2008witte.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref>

===Modern Ganado===
The Ganado community today is of the most advanced communities on the Navajo Nation. Agricultural parcels are managed by a local board of Farming advocates, and the surrounding ranches are sources of [[organic farming|organic]] beef and mutton. The high school men and woman basketball teams are state renowned for their gamesmanship. Sage Memorial Hospital serves thousands of Hopi and Navajo patients, while affording ethnic Navajo experience to resident physicians and nurses. Hubbell Trading Post hosts a yearly art show in late summer which includes displays of art, jewelry, and rug weaving. The Ganado Rodeo Club also hosts events. The greater Ganado community is quite active, and throughout the winter months hold numerous Navajo religious ceremonies. Ganado municipal legislators also contribute largely to the policy and decision making of the Navajo Nation Government, most recently, in the tribal decision to reorganize the membership of the Navajo Nation Council.
[[Image:Navajo people and sheep.jpg|thumb|A Navajo woman shows the long, dense wool of a Navajo-Churro ewe to a Navajo girl.]]

==Education==
Ganado is served by the [[Ganado Unified School District]]. The district is served by Ganado Elementary School (North and South); Ganado Middle School; and [[Ganado High School (Arizona)|Ganado High School]], which host the region's athletic ([[American football|football]], [[track and field]], swimming, [[basketball]]) facilities.

Ganado hosts satellite campuses for various collegiate level schools such as [[Diné College]] and [[Northern Arizona University]].

===College of Ganado===
Ganado was once home to the nursing school (founded in 1927) that would soon become the College of Ganado. The collegiate campus was located on the campus of the [[Presbyterian]] Mission. Several buildings, such as Adobe West Dormitory, Cedar Lodge, Locust Cottage, Greenawalt House, and Poncel Hall remain; many of the former campus buildings are utilized by Sage Memorial Hospital. Founded in 1901, the mission community soon elected to build a nursing school for the Ganado community in 1911. Dr. Clarence Salsbury and his wife Cora organized "the first nursing school for Native Americans at the mission in Ganado. The school trained some 100<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/21422991/|title=The Delta Democrat-Times from Greenville, Mississippi on October 27, 1949 · Page 14|website=Newspapers.com}}</ref> women from more than twenty tribes and several foreign countries. The institution was accredited by the State of Arizona and its graduates were highly regarded in their field". Dr. [[William Worrall Mayo]], founder of the [[Mayo Clinic]] was a guest lecturer there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sagememorial.org/smh_history.html|title=SMH history|access-date=April 14, 2014|archive-date=April 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415055523/http://www.sagememorial.org/smh_history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Ganado Art Community==

===Navajo weaving and "Ganado red"===
[[File:NAVAJO WOMEN WEAVE A RUG AT THE HUBBEL TRADING POST, FIRST TRADING POST ON THE NAVAJO RESERVATION - NARA - 544416.jpg|thumb|Navajo weavers at work, [[Hubbell Trading Post]], 1972.]] Ganado is home to [[Navajo weaving]] style "Ganado Red". From the early 1900s demand for Ganado-produced fine rugs and blankets has grown steadily and has become world-famous since Lorenzo Hubbell began fostering the art and marketplace at his trading post.

===Navajo silversmithing===
Ganado is home to small community of [[silversmith]]s, who specialize in Navajo Jewelry.

==Transportation==
The Ganado Airport is a [[general aviation]] airport controlled by the Navajo Nation. The runway is GRS natural surface-ungraded earth runway measuring approximately {{convert|4420|ft}}, south of the junction of Indian Route 27, and [[Arizona State Route 264]]. Plans by the Ganado Chapter envision future plans for ASP-Asphalt pavement surface. No control tower, parking tarmac, storage hangars, or other facilities exist at this time.

==Notable people==
*[[Brett Helquist]], artist
*[[Cynthia Tse Kimberlin]], ethnomusicologist
*[[Myron Lizer]], 10th vice president of the Navajo Nation
*[[Shelly Lowe]], academic administrator
*[[James S. Wall]], Roman Catholic bishop

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ganado, Arizona}}
* [http://ganado.navajochapters.org Yáʼátʼééh from Ganado Chapter – Chapter Info]
* [http://www.sagememorial.com Navajo Health Foundation – Sage Memorial Hospital]

{{Apache County, Arizona}}
{{Communities of the Navajo Nation}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in Apache County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in Arizona]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Navajo Nation]]