Editing Galliard

{{Short description|Form of Renaissance dance}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Italic title}} 
[[File:Antiochus and Stratonice Detail.jpg |right|thumb|Galliard in [[Siena]], Italy, 15th century]]

The '''''galliard''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|æ|l|j|ər|d}}; {{langx|fr|gaillarde}}; {{langx|it|gagliarda}}) was a form of [[Renaissance dance]] and [[Renaissance music|music]] popular all over Europe in the 16th century. It is mentioned in dance manuals from England, Portugal, France, Spain, Germany, and Italy.

==Dance form==
The ''galliard'' is not an improvised dance, but rather, it consists of choreographed patterns of steps, which occupy one or more measures of music. In one measure, a galliard typically has five steps; in French such a basic step is called a ''cinq pas'' and in Italy, ''cinque passi''. This is sometimes written in English sources as ''sinkapace''. These steps are: right, left, right, left, cadence.

The galliard is an athletic dance, characterised by leaps, jumps, hops and other similar figures. The main feature that defines a galliard step is a large jump, after which the dancer lands with one leg ahead of the other. This jump is called a ''cadence,'' and the final landing is called the ''posture.'' The cadence is typically preceded by three quick hops with alternating feet.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Music Then and Now|last=Kelly|first=Thomas Forrest|author-link=Thomas Forrest Kelly|publisher=Harvard University|year=2012|pages=75}}</ref> The sources generally describe movement patterns starting on the left foot, then repeating it starting with the right foot. <!-- So is the hypermeter in 5 or 6 (with the cadence lasting twice as long as the other of the five steps. Somebody write that in if they know. --> A galliard pattern may also last twice as long, or more, which would involve 11 steps, or 17 steps.

[[Image:Robert Dudley Elizabeth Dancing.jpg|thumb|left|Unknown dancers performing [[lavolta]]. The painting is currently in [[Penshurst Place]] in Kent.]]
The galliard was a favourite dance of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], and although it is a relatively vigorous dance, in 1589 when the Queen was aged in her mid-fifties, John Stanhope of the Privy Chamber reported, "the Queen is so well as I assure you, six or seven galliards in a morning, besides music and singing, is her ordinary exercise."<ref name="Brissenden">{{cite book | last=Brissenden | first=Alan | year=1981 | title=Shakespeare and the Dance | url=https://archive.org/details/shakespearedance0000bris | url-access=registration | publisher=Humanities Press |location=Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey| isbn=0-391-01810-8 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/shakespearedance0000bris/page/4 4–5]}}</ref>

While most commonly being an entire dance, the galliard's steps are used within many other forms of dance. For example, 16th-century Italian dances in [[Fabritio Caroso]]'s (1581) and [[Cesare Negri]]'s (1602) dance manuals often have a galliard section.

One special step used during a galliard is [[lavolta]], a step which involves an intimate, close hold between a couple, with the woman being lifted into the air and the couple turning 270 degrees, within one six-beat measure. Lavolta was considered by some dancing masters as an inappropriate dance.

Another special step used during a galliard is the tassel kick ("salto del fiocco"). These steps are found in Negri's manual and involve a galliard step usually (though not always) ending with a spin.  The easier steps involve single spins of 180 or 360 degrees; later, more difficult steps involve multiple sequential spins and spins of up to at least 540 degrees.  During the spin, the dancer kicks out to touch a [[tassel]] suspended between knee and waist height.

==Musical form==
[[File:Galliard dance pattern.png|thumb|250px|Galliard rhythm<ref>Blatter, Alfred (2007). ''Revisiting Music Theory: A Guide to the Practice'', p. 28. {{ISBN|0-415-97440-2}}.</ref>]]

Musical compositions in the galliard form appear to have been written and performed after the dance fell out of popular use. In musical compositions, the galliard often filled the role of an ''after dance'' written in 6, which followed and mimicked another piece (sometimes a [[pavane]]) written in 4. The distinctive 6 beats to the phrase can still be heard today in songs such as "[[God Save the King]]".

==See also==
* [[List of dances]]
* [[Saltarello]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General sources==
* Caroso, Fabritio (1581). ''Il ballarino''. 2 volumes. Venice: Francesco Ziletti. Facsimile reprint in one volume, Monuments of Music and Music Literature in Facsimile. second series: Music Literature, 46, New York: Broude Brothers, 1967.
* Negri, Cesare (1602). ''Le Gratie d'amore''. Milan. Facsimile reprints, (1) Bibliotheca musica Bononiensis, Sez. 2, n. 104, Bologna: Forni Editore, 1969; (2) Monuments of Music and Music Literature in Facsimile. second series: Music Literature, no. 141, New York: Broude Bros., 1969.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Galliard}}
* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/dihtml/diessay2.html Renaissance Dance article and video clips] (US Library of Congress)
* [http://www3.sympatico.ca/kronenfeld/Negri/tassel-reconstruction.html Reconstruction of Tassel Kicks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319110839/http://www3.sympatico.ca/kronenfeld/Negri/tassel-reconstruction.html |date=2017-03-19 }}
* {{cite AV media|date=2017-05-10 |title=Galliard |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kM-eJ42lmGE | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/kM-eJ42lmGE| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|via=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Historical Dance Society}}{{cbignore}} Galliard performed by students of Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance. Music by Jeremy Barlow and The Broadside Band.

{{Baroque dance}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Renaissance music]]
[[Category:Baroque dance]]
[[Category:Renaissance dance]]
[[Category:Dance forms in classical music]]
[[Category:Baroque music]]