Editing Galaxy Science Fiction

{{short description|American science fiction magazine (1950–1980)}}
{{italic title}}
{{for|the 19th-century periodical|The Galaxy (magazine)}}
{{featured article}}
[[Image:Time Quarry 5Simak novel) - Galaxy Science Fiction Novels .jpg|right|250px|thumb|David Stone's cover for the first issue of ''Galaxy'']]

'''''Galaxy Science Fiction''''' was an American [[digest size|digest-size]] [[science fiction magazine]], published in [[Boston]] from 1950 to 1980.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=H. W. Hall |date=1983 |title=The Science Fiction Magazine Checklist |url=https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/157551/MAGCHECKLIST-TO%20CONVERT%20TO%20PDF.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923145421/https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/157551/MAGCHECKLIST-TO%20CONVERT%20TO%20PDF.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=September 23, 2021 |location=Bryan, TX |publisher=Science Fiction Book Review Index |page=41 |isbn=0-935064-10-9}}</ref> It was founded by a French-Italian company, World Editions, which was looking to break into the American market. World Editions hired as editor [[H. L. Gold]], who rapidly made ''Galaxy'' the leading science fiction magazine of its time, focusing on stories about social issues rather than technology.

Gold published many notable stories during his tenure, including [[Ray Bradbury]]'s "The Fireman", later expanded as ''[[Fahrenheit 451]]''; [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s ''[[The Puppet Masters]]''; and [[Alfred Bester]]'s ''[[The Demolished Man]]''. In 1952, the magazine was acquired by Robert Guinn, its printer. By the late 1950s, [[Frederik Pohl]] was helping Gold with most aspects of the magazine's production. When Gold's health worsened, Pohl took over as editor, starting officially at the end of 1961, though he had been doing the majority of the production work for some time.

Under Pohl ''Galaxy'' had continued success, regularly publishing fiction by writers such as [[Cordwainer Smith]], [[Jack Vance]], [[Harlan Ellison]], and [[Robert Silverberg]]. Pohl never won the annual [[Hugo Award]] for his stewardship of ''Galaxy'', winning three Hugos instead for its sister magazine, ''[[If (magazine)|If]]''.  In 1969 Guinn sold ''Galaxy'' to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl resigned, to be replaced by [[Ejler Jakobsson]].  Under Jakobsson the magazine declined in quality.  It recovered under [[James Baen]], who took over in mid-1974, but when he left at the end of 1977 the deterioration resumed, and there were financial problems—writers were not paid on time and the schedule became erratic.  By the end of the 1970s, the gaps between issues were lengthening, and the title was finally sold to ''[[Galileo (magazine)|Galileo]]'' publisher Vincent McCaffrey, who brought out only a single issue in 1980. A brief revival as a semi-professional magazine followed in 1994, edited by H. L. Gold's son, [[E. J. Gold]]; this lasted for eight bimonthly issues.

At its peak, ''Galaxy'' greatly influenced the science fiction genre.  It was regarded as one of the leading science fiction magazines almost from the start, and its influence did not wane until Pohl's departure in 1969. Gold brought a "sophisticated intellectual subtlety" to magazine science fiction according to Pohl, who added that "after ''Galaxy'' it was impossible to go on being naive."<ref name=G30_xii/>  SF historian [[David Kyle]] commented that "of all the editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold".<ref name=APHOSF_119-20/>  Kyle suggested that the new direction Gold set "inevitably" led to the experimental [[New Wave science fiction|New Wave]], the defining science fiction literary movement of the 1960s.

==Publication history==
The first science fiction (sf) magazine, ''[[Amazing Stories]]'', appeared in 1926. By the end of the 1930s, the genre was flourishing in the United States,<ref>Brian Stableford, "Amazing Stories" in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p.&nbsp;25.</ref><ref name=ESF_1068>Malcolm Edwards & Peter Nicholls, "SF Magazines" in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p.&nbsp;1068.</ref> but World War II and its resulting paper shortages led to the demise of several magazines. In the late 1940s, the market began to recover.<ref name=ESF_1068/> From a low of eight active US magazines in 1946, the field expanded to 20 just four years later.<ref name=AshleyV3_323>Magazine publishing dates for the period are tabulated in Ashley, ''History of the Science Fiction Magazine Vol. 3'', pp.&nbsp;323–325.</ref> ''Galaxy''{{'s}} appearance in 1950 was part of this boom. According to sf historian and critic [[Mike Ashley (writer)|Mike Ashley]], its success was the main reason for a subsequent flood of new releases: 22 more science fiction magazines appeared by 1954, when the market dipped again as a side effect of [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency|US Senate hearings]] into the putative connection between comic books and juvenile delinquency.<ref name=AshleyV3_323/><ref>Ashley, ''Transformations'', pp.&nbsp;24, 72–73.</ref>

===Origins and 1950s===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 11pt; margin-left: 2em; text-align: center; float: right"
! !!Jan !! Feb !!Mar !!Apr !!May !!Jun !!Jul !!Aug !!Sep !!Oct !!Nov !!Dec
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!1950
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!1951
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!1952
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!1953
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!1954
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!1955
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!1956
|bgcolor=#ccffff|11/3 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|11/4||bgcolor=#ccffff|11/5 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|11/6 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|12/1 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|12/2 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|12/3 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|12/4 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|12/5 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|12/6 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|13/1 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|13/2
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!1957
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!1958
|bgcolor=#ccffff|15/3 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|15/4||bgcolor=#ccffff|15/5 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|15/6 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|16/1 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|16/2 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|16/3 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|16/4 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|16/5 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|16/6 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|17/1 ||bgcolor=#ccffff|17/2
|-
!1959
|| ||bgcolor=#ccffff|17/3 || ||bgcolor=#ccffff|17/4 || ||bgcolor=#ccffff|17/5 || ||bgcolor=#ccffff|17/6 || ||bgcolor=#ccffff|18/1 || ||bgcolor=#ccffff|18/2
|-
|colspan="13" style="font-size: 8pt; text-align:left"|Issues of ''Galaxy'' from 1950 to 1959, showing volume/issue number. H. L. Gold<br/>was editor throughout the 1950s.<ref name=TA_290-309/>
|}[[H. L. Gold]], ''Galaxy''{{'s}} first editor, had worked at [[Thrilling Publications|Standard Magazines]] in the early 1940s as an assistant editor, reading for Standard's three science fiction pulps: ''[[Startling Stories]]'', ''[[Thrilling Wonder]]'', and ''[[Captain Future (magazine)|Captain Future]]''.<ref name=TM_25>Ashley, ''Transformations'', p.&nbsp;25.</ref>  With the advent of the war, Gold left publishing and went into the army, but in late 1949 he was approached by Vera Cerutti, who had once worked for him. Cerutti was now working for a French-Italian publisher, Éditions Mondiales Del Duca founded by [[Cino Del Duca]],<ref name="Sosio">{{Cite news|url=http://www.fantascienza.com/22690/galaxy-svelato-il-mistero-dell-editore-italiano-che-la-fondo|title=Galaxy, svelato il mistero dell'editore italiano che la fondò|author=Silvio Sosio|work=Fantascienza.com|access-date=2017-07-20|language=it}}</ref> that had opened an office in New York as World Editions.<ref name=TM_25/>  She initially asked Gold for guidance on how to produce a magazine, which he provided. World Editions took a heavy loss on ''Fascination'', its first attempt to launch a US magazine, and Cerutti returned to Gold asking for recommendations for new titles.<ref name="ESF_1068"/><ref name="TA_290-309">Lawler, "Galaxy Science Fiction", pp.&nbsp;290–309.</ref><ref name=G30_2>H. L. Gold, "Gold on Galaxy", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p.&nbsp;2.</ref> Gold knew about ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]]'', a digest launched in the fall of 1949, but felt that there was still room in the market for another serious science fiction magazine.<ref name=TM_25/> He sent a prospectus to World Editions that included a proposal for a series of paperback sf novels as well as a periodical,<ref name=G30_4>H. L. Gold, "Gold on Galaxy", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p.&nbsp;4.</ref><ref name=TA_293/> and proposed paying three cents a word, an impressively high rate, given that most competing magazines were paying only one cent a word.  World Editions agreed, hired Gold as the editor, and the first issue appeared in October 1950.<ref name=TM_25/>  The novel series subsequently appeared as ''[[Galaxy Science Fiction Novels]]''.<ref name=G30_4/>

Gold initially suggested two titles for the magazine, ''If'' and ''Galaxy''.  Gold's art director, Washington Irving van der Poel, mocked up multiple layouts and Gold invited hundreds of writers, editors, artists, and fans to view them and vote for their favorite; the vote was strongly for ''Galaxy'' as the title.<ref name=G30_4/>{{#tag:ref|The distinctive cover lettering was designed by Frank Conley, the first husband of Gold's wife, Nicky.<ref name="G30_4"/>|group=notes}}  For the first issue, Gold obtained stories by several well-known authors, including [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Fritz Leiber]], and [[Theodore Sturgeon]], as well as part one of ''Time Quarry'' by [[Clifford D. Simak]] (later published in book form as ''Time and Again'').  Along with an essay by Gold, ''Galaxy''{{'s}} premiere issue introduced a book review column by anthologist [[Groff Conklin]], which ran until 1955, and a [[Willy Ley]] science column.  Gold sought to  implement high-quality printing techniques, though the quality of the available paper was insufficient for the full benefits to be seen.<ref name=TA_290-309/> Within months, the outbreak of the Korean War led to paper shortages that forced Gold to find a new printer, Robert M. Guinn. The new paper was of even lower quality, a disappointment to Gold.{{#tag:ref|Gold's recollections of the change include a comment that only one issue was missed in making the switch to Guinn; this is presumably an error on his part, as ''Galaxy'' did not miss an issue till 1955.<ref name=WWTTOL_150>H. L. Gold, "Gold on Gold", in Gold, ''"What Will They Think Of Last?"'', p.&nbsp;150.</ref>|group=notes}}<ref name=WWTTOL_150/>  According to Gold, the magazine was profitable within five issues: an "incredible" achievement, in his words.<ref name=G30_5/>

In the summer of 1951, disagreements within World Editions led to attempts to disrupt ''Galaxy''{{'s}} distribution.<ref name=TM_32>Ashley, ''Transformations'', p.&nbsp;32.</ref>  According to Gold, the circulation director and the head of the American office stockpiled many issues instead of distributing them, and made sure that the ones that did get distributed went to areas of the United States, such as the South, where there was little or no audience for the magazine.{{#tag:ref|Gold does not name the two men involved, but according to ''Galaxy''{{'s}} masthead during this period the president of World Editions was George A. Gogniat, and the circulation director (who was listed only from June through September 1951) was Frederick Allardt.<ref name=issues/>|group=notes}}  The head of the French office of World Editions came to the United States to find out what the problem was, and recommended that the magazine be sold to the two Americans, for $3,000—a very low price.  They tried to recruit Gold, but he contacted the Italian office, which rejected the sale and eventually agreed to sell ''Galaxy'' to the printer, Robert M. Guinn. It was only after the sale was complete that the sabotaged distribution came to light; World Editions wanted to buy back the magazine, but Guinn quoted a price four times as high as he had paid.  In Gold's words, "he, Guinn, knew what he was buying, whereas World Editions hadn't known what they were selling".<ref name=WWTTOL_151>H. L. Gold, "Gold on Gold", in Gold, ''"What Will They Think Of Last?"'', p.&nbsp;151.</ref>

Guinn's new company was named Galaxy Publishing Corporation, and it took over beginning with the October 1951 issue.  Gold remained as editor, but lost the assistance of staff at World Editions, relying instead on help from [[Jerome Bixby]], [[Algis Budrys]], [[Theodore Sturgeon]], and Gold's wife, Evelyn Paige. Science fiction author [[Frederik Pohl]], then working as a literary agent, was also helpful in connecting writers with Gold.<ref name=TM_32/>

By the late 1950s, the science fiction magazine boom was over, and the relatively low circulation of the magazines did not endear them to distributors, the middlemen who transported magazines from the publishers to the newsstands and other outlets. Gold changed the title from ''Galaxy Science Fiction'' to ''Galaxy Magazine'' with the September 1958 issue, commenting that the term ''science fiction'' "scares many people away from buying".  ''Galaxy''{{'s}} circulation, at about 90,000, was the highest of the science fiction magazines, but Guinn decided to cut costs, and in 1959 raised the cover price and changed the magazine to a bimonthly schedule, while increasing the page count.  Guinn also cut the rates paid to authors from three (and occasionally four) cents a word to one and a half cents a word.  These changes saved ''Galaxy'' over $12,000 a year.  The result was a fall in circulation to about 80,000 within two years, but this was sustainable because of the savings from the fiction budget.<ref name=TM_198-200>Ashley, ''Transformations'', pp.&nbsp;198–200.</ref>{{refn|According to critic and author [[Kingsley Amis]], in his survey of science fiction published in 1960, ''Galaxy'' had a circulation of 125,000 at the time he was writing, which does not match Ashley's figures. Amis gives no source for his number.<ref name=NMOH_48>Amis, ''New Maps of Hell'', p.&nbsp;48.</ref>|group=notes}}

===1960s===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 11pt; margin-left: 2em; text-align: center; float: right"
! !!Jan !! Feb !!Mar !!Apr !!May !!Jun !!Jul !!Aug !!Sep !!Oct !!Nov !!Dec
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!1960
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!1961
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!1962
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!1963
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!1964
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!1965
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!1966
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!1967
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!1968
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!1969
|bgcolor=#ffff99|27/6 ||bgcolor=#ffff99|28/1 ||bgcolor=#ffff99|28/2 ||bgcolor=#ffff99|28/3 ||bgcolor=#ffff99|28/4 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|28/5 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|128/6 || bgcolor="#ccc0d0" |129/1 || bgcolor="#ccc0d0" |129/2 || bgcolor="#ccc0d0" |129/3 || bgcolor="#ccc0d0" |29/4
|-
|colspan="13" style="font-size: 8pt; text-align:left"|Issues of ''Galaxy'' from 1960 to 1969, showing volume/issue number. Issues are<br/>color-coded to show when each editor was in charge; the editorship passed from<br/>H.L. Gold to Frederik Pohl and then to Ejler Jakobsson during the 1960s.<ref name=TA_290-309/>  Note<br/>that the apparent error in volume numbering in late 1969 is in fact correct.
|}Guinn acquired ''[[If (magazine)|If]]'', another science fiction magazine, in 1959, and gave it to Gold to edit as well.  The July 1959 issue of ''If'' was the first under Gold's editorship.  ''Galaxy''{{'s}} shift to a bimonthly schedule had been intended to help reduce the workload on Gold, who was not in good health; he was able to take on ''If'' as well because the two magazines alternated months of publication.<ref name=TM_197>Ashley, ''Transformations'', p.&nbsp;197.</ref>  Towards the end of the 1950s Frederik Pohl began to help Gold, occasionally to the extent of performing all the editorial duties, including writing the editorials and blurbs and working with the printer.  Gold, who was agoraphobic, was making efforts at this time to leave his apartment, but in 1960 he was seriously injured in a taxi accident, and proved unable to continue as editor. Pohl took over at some point in early 1961, though he was not listed on the masthead as editor until the December 1961 issue.<ref name=TM_205>Ashley, ''Transformations'', p.&nbsp;205.</ref><ref>Pohl, ''The Way the Future Was'', pp.&nbsp;190–191.</ref>

Pohl attempted to persuade Guinn to double the pay rate of one and a half cents a word back to the former level of three. Guinn refused, but Pohl was able to find enough material that he could purchase at a low rate to allow him to offer some authors three cents per word. The strategy was successful in improving circulation, and Guinn eventually acceded to the rate increase.<ref>Pohl, ''The Way the Future Was'', pp.&nbsp;196–199.</ref>

Pohl also tried hard to persuade Guinn and [[Sol Cohen]], whom Guinn had hired to help with the publishing duties, to switch both ''Galaxy'' and ''If'' to monthly schedules. In late 1962, they agreed, but soon changed their minds and decided to start a third science fiction magazine instead. This was ''[[Worlds of Tomorrow (magazine)|Worlds of Tomorrow]]'', which was launched in April 1963 and lasted until mid-1967 (it was briefly revived in 1970–71).<ref>Pohl, ''The Way the Future Was'', pp.&nbsp;202–204.</ref><ref>Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', p.&nbsp;444.</ref> Another companion magazine, ''[[International Science Fiction]]'', was tried in late 1967, but lasted only two issues; it showcased stories translated from other languages, and sales were very weak.<ref name=TA_355-6>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', pp.&nbsp;355–356</ref>  Finally, in 1968 Guinn launched ''[[Worlds of Fantasy]]'', edited initially by [[Lester del Rey]], ''Galaxy''{{'s}} managing editor; only four issues appeared.<ref name=TA_771-3>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', pp.&nbsp;771–773</ref> In the middle of 1968, ''Galaxy'' was restored to a monthly schedule.<ref name=TA_290-309/>

===1970s and after===
In 1969, Guinn sold ''Galaxy'' to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD).  Pohl was in [[Rio de Janeiro]] at a World Science Fiction Symposium when the sale went through; he heard the news when he returned to the ''Galaxy'' office afterwards and within a few days decided to resign.{{refn|Pohl reports in his autobiography that his final decision to resign was precipitated by hearing that the new publisher, Arnie Abramson, insisted that the magazine's editor be in the office from nine to five every day.<ref name=THTFW_244-6>Pohl, ''The Way the Future Was'', pp.&nbsp;244–246.</ref>|group=notes}}  He remained on the masthead as "editor emeritus", a post invented to keep Pohl from moving to one of the other sf magazines, and went back to his writing career.<ref name=THTFW_244-6/> His place was taken by [[Ejler Jakobsson]], who was working in UPD's book department.  Lester del Rey stayed on as features editor, and [[Judy-Lynn del Rey|Judy-Lynn Benjamin]] took his place as managing editor.<ref name=TM_281-82>Ashley, ''Transformations'', pp.&nbsp;281–282.</ref>  [[Jack Gaughan]] was made art editor.<ref name=GF_36>Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', p.&nbsp;36.</ref>

''Galaxy''{{'s}} circulation had held relatively steady in the mid-1960s, ranging between 73,000 and 78,000, but the UPD acquisition coincided with a precipitous drop—from 75,300 for the year ended October 1968, circulation fell to 51,479 just one year later.  Difficulties with distribution also cut into income, and Arnold Abramson, UPD's owner, decided to cut costs and maximize profits.  ''Galaxy'' went bimonthly in August 1970, ending a two-year spell of monthly scheduling (though a couple of months had been missed).  The page count, which had been cut from 196 to 160 when UPD bought it, was increased again, and the price was raised from 60 cents to 75 cents.  A British edition began in May 1972, published by Tandem Books, which was owned by UPD.  The net effect of all these changes was a substantial increase in profitability.  Circulation in 1972 also rose by about 6,000 issues, though it is possible that this was solely due to the new British edition.<ref name=GF_54-56>Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp.&nbsp;54–56.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 11pt; margin-right: 2em; text-align: center; float: left"
! !!Jan !! Feb !!Mar !!Apr !!May !!Jun !!Jul !!Aug !!Sep !!Oct !!Nov !!Dec
|-
!1970
|| ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|29/5 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|29/6 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|30/1 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|30/2 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|30/3 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|30/4 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|30/5 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|30/6 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|31/1
|-
!1971
|bgcolor=#ccc0d0|31/2 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|31/3 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|31/4 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|31/5 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|31/6 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|32/1 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|32/2 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|32/3 ||
|-
!1972
|bgcolor=#ccc0d0|32/4 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|32/5 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|32/6 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|33/1 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|33/2 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|33/3 ||
|-
!1973
|bgcolor=#ccc0d0|33/4 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|33/5 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|33/6 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|34/7 || ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|34/8 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|34/1  ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|34/2 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|34/3
|-
!1974
|bgcolor=#ccc0d0|34/4 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|34/5 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|34/6 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|34/7 ||bgcolor=#ccc0d0|35/5 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|35/6||bgcolor=#c2d69a|35/7 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|35/8 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|35/9 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|35/10 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|35/11 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|35/12
|-
!1975
|bgcolor=#c2d69a|36/1 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|36/2 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|36/3 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|36/4 || ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|36/5 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|36/6||bgcolor=#c2d69a|36/7 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|36/8 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|36/9 || ||
|-
!1976
|bgcolor=#c2d69a|37/1 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|37/2 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|37/3 || ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|37/4 || ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|37/5|| ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|37/6||bgcolor=#c2d69a|37/7 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|37/8 ||bgcolor=#c2d69a|37/9
|-
!1977
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!1978
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!1979
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!1980
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!1994
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!1995
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|colspan="13" style="font-size: 8pt; text-align:left"|Issues of ''Galaxy'' from 1970 to the last issue, including the revival in 1994, showing<br/>volume/issue number; the apparent errors at July and September 1973, and the odd<br/>numbering of volume 35, are in fact correctly shown. The editors, in sequence, were<br/>Ejler Jakobsson, James Baen, J.J. Pierce, Hank Stine, Floyd Kemske, and E.J. Gold.<ref name=TA_290-309/>
|}UPD began to have financial difficulties in the early 1970s, and when Judy-Lynn del Rey (formerly Judy-Lynn Benjamin) left in May 1973 to work at Ballantine Books, Jakobsson's workload increased greatly.  He resigned less than a year later, citing overwork and other issues, and was replaced by [[James Baen]], who took over with the June 1974 issue after Pohl declined the post.<ref name=GF_56-59>Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp.&nbsp;56–59.</ref>  Baen also took over the editorship of ''If'', but rising paper costs forced the closure of ''If'' at the end of 1974, and the title was merged with ''Galaxy''.<ref name=GF_59-62>Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp.&nbsp;59–62.</ref>  The magazine had returned to a monthly schedule in September 1973, but it was only patchily adhered to, with at least a couple of issues missed every year except 1974.  Baen was successful at increasing circulation again, bringing it from 47,789 when he took over to 81,035 when he left. The magazine was profitable for UPD, but the financial pressure on the parent company took its toll and Baen left in late 1977 to work for [[Ace Books]]—the October issue was his last.<ref name=TA_290-309/><ref name=GF_68-69>Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp.&nbsp;68–69.</ref>

Baen was replaced by John J. Pierce, but the situation only worsened.  Pierce resigned within a year: the company was in increasing debt, and his office assistant recalls that the office appeared inefficiently run, though he commented that Pierce "clearly loved what he did and knew what he was talking about".  Pierce's replacement was [[Hank Stine]], who took over in late 1978, though because of ''Galaxy''{{'s}} irregular schedule Pierce's last issue was March–April 1979.  Stine managed to produce only two more issues, June–July 1979 and September–October 1979, before UPD's financial problems spelled the end.  Rights to the title were transferred to a new company, Galaxy Magazine, Inc., owned by Vincent McCaffrey, proprietor of Avenue Victor Hugo, a second-hand book store in Boston; UPD retained a ten percent interest in order to receive income from future sales to pay off their debts.  Stine had compiled two more issues, but neither ever appeared; McCaffrey, who had also launched a separate magazine, ''Galileo'', had cash-flow problems that prevented him from distributing the magazine as he had planned.  One more issue did finally appear from McCaffrey, in July 1980, in a large format; it was edited by Floyd Kemske.  A subsequent issue, to be dated October 1980, was assembled, but never distributed.<ref name=GF_309>Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', p.&nbsp;309.</ref><ref name=GF_317-322>Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp.&nbsp;317–322.</ref>

The last few years of ''Galaxy''{{'s}} life were marked by stories of unpaid contributors. [[John Varley (author)|John Varley]], for example, reported that he was still owed money for his stories five years after they appeared.  Submissions from well-known writers fell away, and the lack of financial support from UPD meant that the pay rate was an unattractive one cent per word.  Higher postal rates, higher paper costs, and continuing competition from the paperback science fiction market all added to the pressure on ''Galaxy''. These problems were not resolved by the sale to McCaffrey, who did not even have enough money to pay for circulation postage, with the result that not every ''Galaxy'' subscriber received a copy of the final issue.<ref name=TA_290-309/>  Frederik Pohl places the blame for ''Galaxy''{{'s}} demise on Arnie Abramson, who, Pohl contends, "simply did not perform [the] basic functions of a publisher": paying the authors, ensuring subscribers received copies, and meeting other obligations.<ref name=GDLY_xv>Frederik Pohl, "Foreword", in Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p.&nbsp;xv.</ref>

==Relaunches of the magazine==

In 1994, the magazine reappeared briefly as a semi-professional publication under the editorship of [[E. J. Gold]], son of H. L. Gold.  E. J. Gold produced eight issues on a regular bimonthly schedule, starting with the January–February 1994 issue, and ending with March–April 1995.<ref name="issues">See the individual issues.  For convenience, an online index is available at {{cite web | url = http://www.isfdb.org/wiki/index.php/Magazine:Galaxy_Science_Fiction | title = Magazine:Galaxy Science Fiction&nbsp;– ISFDB | access-date = 20 May 2008 | publisher = Texas A&M University | archive-date = 17 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200917042713/http://www.isfdb.org/wiki/index.php/Magazine:Galaxy_Science_Fiction | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Contento_G">{{cite web | url = http://www.locusmag.com/index/chklst/mg0420.htm| title = Galaxy Checklist | access-date = 20 February 2008|publisher = Stephen G. Miller and William T. Contento}}</ref>

In August 2024, Starship Sloane Publishing relaunched ''Galaxy Science Fiction'' with [[Justin T. O'Conor Sloane]] serving as editor, Jean-Paul L. Garnier as deputy editor, [[Daniel Pomarède]] as science editor and [[Robert Silverberg]] as a contributing editor. The first issue featured cover art by [[Bruce Pennington]], with new fiction by [[David Gerrold]] and [[Christopher Ruocchio]] among other notables.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Table of Contents |journal=Galaxy Science Fiction |volume=1 |issue=263 |pages=2 |url=https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/003739ed-daac-4baf-b507-767aa32273a6/Galaxy%20Science%20Fiction%20%23263.pdf |access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Galaxy Science Fiction |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/galaxy |website=SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

==Contents and reception==

===Early years===
Gold intended ''Galaxy'' to publish stories of sufficient literary quality to attract readers of the slick magazines, as well as those who came to ''Galaxy'' already familiar with genre science fiction.<ref name=AshleyV3_57>Ashley, ''History of SF Magazine Vol. 3'', p.&nbsp;57</ref>  His editorial policy was broader than that of [[John W. Campbell, Jr.|John W. Campbell]], the editor of the leading magazine in the field, ''[[Astounding Science Fiction]]'': Gold was interested in sociology, psychology, and other "soft" sciences, and was also willing to publish humorous and satirical stories.<ref name=Nicholls_462>Malcolm Edwards & Peter Nicholls, "Galaxy Science Fiction", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), pp.&nbsp;462–464</ref>  Gold managed to persuade the publisher to let him offer three to four cents a word, which exceeded the highest rates paid in the field at that time.<ref name=Nicholls_462/>{{refn|Initially the rate was three cents on acceptance; ''Astounding'' sometimes paid three cents a word, but only as a bonus rate.   By 1953 the rate went as high as four cents a word for writers who appeared regularly.<ref name=TM_24/><ref name=SFH_115>de Camp, ''Science-Fiction Handbook'', p.&nbsp;115.</ref> ''Astounding'' soon matched ''Galaxy''{{'s}} rates.<ref name=TA_293>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;293</ref>|group=notes}}  In addition to the high rates, ''Galaxy'' was an attractive market for writers because Gold bought only first magazine rights, unlike the other leading magazines.<ref name=TA_293/> ''Galaxy'' was quickly established as one of the three leading science fiction magazines, along with Campbell's ''Astounding'' and ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]'' (usually abbreviated to ''F&SF'').<ref name=TA_290-309/>  Campbell had been enormously influential over the previous decade, but the appearance of ''Galaxy'' and ''F&SF'', launched just a year before, marked the end of his dominance of the genre.<ref name=Nicholls_188>Malcolm Edwards, "John Wood Campbell, Jr.", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), pp.&nbsp;187–188</ref>

[[Image:GalaxyOct50rearcover.jpg|thumb|left|Rear cover of first issue]]

The cover for the first issue was by David Stone, depicting a scene from Simak's ''Time Quarry''. The image was muted, in contrast to the sensational art typically found on the covers of the sf pulps; the intention was that ''Galaxy'' should look like an sf  magazine, but one "that you were not embarrassed to hold", in the words of Mike Ashley.<ref name=TM_24/>  The early artwork was generally unremarkable, though [[Ed Emshwiller]]'s humorous cover for the June 1951 issue, his first professional sale as an artist, was a positive sign. "Emsh", as he was known to science fiction readers, soon became a regular contributor.<ref name=Nicholls_462/><ref name=Ortiz_31>Ortiz, ''Emshwiller'', p.&nbsp;31</ref>  The relatively expensive production processes that Gold had insisted on enabled more sophisticated internal artwork, which could be integrated with type in ways not possible with cheaper [[letterpress printing]].<ref name=G30_xiv>Frederik Pohl, "Introduction", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p.&nbsp;xiv.</ref>

On the rear cover of the first issue, Gold ran a feature called "You'll Never See It In ''Galaxy''!",  with two paragraphs side by side&mdash;one a parody of the introduction to a space western, the other the same story translated to become a true western, with spaceships replaced by horses.  A sample: "He cut out his super-hyper-drive for the landing ... and at that point, a tall, lean spaceman stepped out of the tail assembly, proton gun-blaster in a space-tanned hand" became "He spurred hard for a low overhang of rimrock ... and at that point a tall, lean wrangler stepped out from behind a high boulder, six-shooter in a sun-tanned hand".<ref name=issues/>  The feature drew much attention, though [[James Blish]] commented that ''Galaxy'' did not always avoid printing the kind of fiction it parodied.<ref name=GDLY_9>Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p.&nbsp;9.</ref><ref name=MIAH_111>Blish, ''More Issues At Hand'', p.&nbsp;111.</ref>

In the first issue, Gold asked for reader feedback on what should be included in the magazine—letters, editorials, book reviews, or other features.  The response was against a letter column,{{refn|According to Gold, there were 6,000 letters from readers, 85 percent of which were against a letter column.<ref name=G30_5>H. L. Gold, "Gold on Galaxy", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p.&nbsp;5.</ref>|group=notes}} but the readers wanted editorials, and short book reviews with recommendations that would help them identify what books to buy, as opposed to in-depth criticism.<ref name=TM_27>Ashley, ''Transformations'', p.&nbsp;27.</ref>  Gold was also concerned that harsh critical reviews would scare away new authors who might otherwise submit their work.<ref name=MIAH_19>Atheling, ''More Issues At Hand'', p.&nbsp;19.</ref> Groff Conklin began a book review column, called "''Galaxy''{{'s}} Five Star Shelf", in the first issue;{{refn|Conklin's column appeared in every issue until October 1955 except those of March 1951 and April and August 1955.<ref name=issues/>|group=notes}}<ref name=Tuck_565-567/> Floyd Gale took it over with the November 1955 issue—Gale was in fact Gold's brother, using a slightly modified surname.<ref name=Rosheim_77-8>Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', pp.&nbsp;77–78.</ref> The inaugural issue also included a competition for readers to explain UFOs in under 200 words, the first of many contests Gold would run.<ref name=THSFM3_57>Ashley, ''History of the SF Magazine Vol. 3'', p.&nbsp;57.</ref>

The first six issues contained stories by well-known authors, including some that became highly regarded such as Fritz Leiber's "Coming Attraction", [[Damon Knight]]'s "[[To Serve Man (short story)|To Serve Man]]", and [[Ray Bradbury]]'s "The Fireman", later expanded as ''[[Fahrenheit 451]]''.<ref name=Nicholls_462/> Gold considered these early issues exploratory, and some of the material by major names was clearly lesser work.<ref name=TA_294-5>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', pp.&nbsp;294–295.</ref> With its second volume, beginning in April 1951, ''Galaxy'' achieved consistently high quality, with virtually every issue featuring a story that would have a lasting reputation, including [[Cyril M. Kornbluth|C. M. Kornbluth]]'s "[[The Marching Morons]]", [[Wyman Guin]]'s "Beyond Bedlam", and [[Robert Heinlein]]'s ''[[The Puppet Masters]]'', whose serialization overlapped volumes 2 and 3.<ref name=Nicholls_462/><ref name=TA_294-5/><ref>Ashley, ''Transformations'', p.&nbsp;30.</ref> Early feedback from readers had been opposed to serialized novels, but here Gold did not follow their opinion, and ''Galaxy'' is remembered for featuring some very successful serials.<ref name=TA_292/> A contemporary anthology of science fiction stories, [[E. F. Bleiler]] and [[T. E. Dikty]]'s ''The Best Science Fiction Stories: 1951'', commented in an editorial that Gold's work "will succeed in placing science-fiction on an equal basis with any other field of modern literature".<ref>Quoted in Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p.&nbsp;32.</ref>  With a circulation of over 100,000 in its second year, ''Galaxy'' surpassed ''Astounding''.<ref name=TM_32-3>Ashley, ''Transformations'', pp.&nbsp;32–33.</ref>

===Mid- and late 1950s===
Gold maintained ''Galaxy''{{'s}} high standards for most of the 1950s. [[Alfred Bester]]'s ''[[The Demolished Man]]''—according to critic [[Peter Nicholls (writer)|Peter Nicholls]], "among the few genuine classics of genre sf"—was serialized in early 1952.<ref name=Nicholls_113/> Pohl and Kornbluth's ''[[The Space Merchants]]'' followed a few months later, serialized as ''Gravy Planet''; [[Brian Aldiss]], in his critical genre study ''[[Trillion Year Spree]]'', calls it "one of the most famous books in SF".<ref name=TYS_405>Aldiss and Wingrove, ''[[Trillion Year Spree]]'', p.&nbsp;405.</ref> James Blish's "[[Surface Tension (short story)|Surface Tension]]" and Theodore Sturgeon's "Baby is Three", both widely acclaimed, also appeared in 1952.<ref name=ESF_135>Nicholls, "James Blish", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of SF'' (1993), p.&nbsp;135.</ref><ref name=ESF_1176>Clute, "Theodore Sturgeon", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of SF'' (1993), p.&nbsp;1176.</ref> Readers had expressed support for science articles, and in March 1952, Willy Ley, who had contributed occasional essays since the first issue, began a column, "For Your Information", in which he replied to readers' scientific questions. Running uninterrupted until Ley's death in 1969,<ref name=Nicholls_462/><ref name="Tuck_565-567">Tuck, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Vol. 3'', pp.&nbsp;565–567.</ref><ref name=TA_292/> Frederik Pohl describes it as "the most popular single feature ''Galaxy'' ever had".<ref name=GDLY_xii>Pohl, "Foreword", in Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p.&nbsp;xii.</ref> The [[Hugo Awards]] were inaugurated the following year: ''The Demolished Man'' won the first [[Hugo Award for Best Novel|Hugo for Best Novel]] and ''Galaxy'' shared the first [[Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine|Hugo for Best Magazine]] with ''Astounding''.<ref name=Nicholls_462/>

Gold published a wide range of material, and ''Galaxy'' became known for irony and satire; the work of authors able to adopt the wry style he favored, such as Knight and [[Robert Sheckley]], appeared regularly in the magazine<ref name=Nicholls_462/> and were obvious commentaries on contemporary society.<ref name="latham2009">{{Cite book |title=The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction |last=Latham |first=Rob |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=9781135228361 |editor-last=Bould |editor-first=Mark |pages=80–89 |chapter=Fiction, 1950–1963 |editor-last2=Butler |editor-first2=Andrew M. |editor-last3=Roberts |editor-first3=Adam |editor-last4=Vint |editor-first4=Sherryl |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7CNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80}}</ref> In 1953, with [[McCarthyism]] at its height, Gold refused to publish "[[The Liberation of Earth]]", a story by William Tenn satirizing both the Russian and American sides in the Korean War. Tenn quotes Gold, an ex-radical, as saying the idea made him "sweat green", though the year before he had published Isaac Asimov's "The Martian Way", a thinly veiled anti-[[Joseph McCarthy|McCarthy]] story.<ref name=Ortiz_35>Ortiz, ''Emshwiller'', p.&nbsp;35</ref><ref name=G30Y_33>William Tenn, "From a Cave", in Pohl, Greenberg and Olander, ''Galaxy'', p.&nbsp;33.</ref>

[[L. Sprague de Camp]] commented that Gold "sets an extremely high standard of literary excellence for his writers", and observed that he often demanded multiple revisions and rewrites.<ref name=SFH_115/> Gold was also infamous for making sweeping changes to the stories he printed.<ref name=TA_292>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;292</ref>{{refn|Damon Knight described this habit of Gold's who, he wrote, "can no more keep from interfering with another man's story, once he owns it, than a saucer-eyed kid with a jam jar".<ref name=ISOW_259>Knight, ''In Search of Wonder'', p.&nbsp;259.</ref> [[William Tenn]] relates that Sturgeon became so annoyed by Gold's changes that he took to writing "[[wikt:stet|STET]]" in the margin of every page of his manuscripts.<ref name=G30Y_35>William Tenn, "From a Cave", in Pohl, Greenberg and Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p.&nbsp;35.</ref> Pohl and Kornbluth once took revenge on Gold for this habit by extensively changing, to the point of parody, a manuscript of Gold's for a book they were editing, and returning it to him as if that were the version to be published.<ref>Pohl, ''The Way the Future Was'', pp.&nbsp;162–163.</ref>  However, Lester del Rey records that Gold agreed not to edit his stories without discussing the changes first, and that the agreement was kept.<ref name=TWOSF_171>del Rey, ''The World of SF'', p.&nbsp;171.</ref>|group=notes}}   In meetings and in phone calls he became well known as a difficult editor whose determination to achieve perfection sometimes alienated his writers.<ref name=TM_27/>{{refn|Isaac Asimov, in his memoirs, describes Gold as becoming "crankier as time went on", with his rejections "becoming increasingly personal and vilifying".<ref name=IMYG_651>Asimov, ''In Memory Yet Green'', p.&nbsp;651.</ref>  [[James Gunn (author)|James Gunn]], in his history of science fiction, says that Gold's rejection letters were "long [and] savage", and that over time his tone became even more acid: "it was not enough to reject, the author had to be punished so that he would never sin again".<ref name=AW_219>Gunn, ''Alternate Worlds'', p.&nbsp;219.</ref>|group=notes}}  He was unapologetic, declaring, "I worked hard with writers, and they didn't always enjoy it".<ref name=G30_5/>  The results were often very positive: some successful stories are said to have begun with an idea he provided to one of his authors. In the case of ''The Demolished Man'', his involvement extended almost to the point of collaboration.{{refn|Gold spent four hours on the phone with Bester every week for a year and a half talking about the book; Bester took only three months to write it at the end of the process.<ref name=G30_6>H.L. Gold, "Gold on Galaxy", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p.&nbsp;6.</ref>|group=notes}}<ref name=Nicholls_113>Peter Nicholls, "Alfred Bester", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p.&nbsp;113.</ref><ref name=G30_423-4>Alfred Bester, "Horace, Galaxyca", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', pp.&nbsp;423–424.</ref> Gold was [[Agoraphobia|agoraphobic]] and rarely left his apartment, but writers often visited him,<ref name=TM_27/> and he held regular parties and weekly poker games; in addition to the members of the science fiction community, the [[avant-garde]] composer [[John Cage]] often attended.<ref name=OE_34>Ortiz, ''Emshwiller'', p.&nbsp;34.</ref>

In March 1953 Gold announced a novel-writing contest, but it failed to attract any usable submissions.  He asked Pohl and Kornbluth if they would allow him to print ''Gladiator-at-Law'', which they had just completed, under a pseudonym, so he could claim that the contest had found a new talent.  They refused, but shortly afterwards Pohl and Lester del Rey agreed to let Gold take their recently completed novel ''Preferred Risk'' and publish it as the winner under the pseudonym Edson McCann.<ref name=Nicholls_462/><ref>Pohl, ''The Way the Future Was'', pp.&nbsp;181–182.</ref>  Pohl and del Rey constructed a fake identity for McCann, but the news leaked out and Gold never ran another fiction competition.<ref name=TM_119-20>Ashley, ''Transformations'', pp.&nbsp;119–120.</ref> In July 1953, he launched a companion magazine, ''[[Beyond Fantasy Fiction]]'', dedicated to fantasy material, which ''Galaxy''{{'s}} editorial policy did not favor. It lasted for ten bimonthly issues, with the final one appearing in January 1955.<ref name=Nicholls_462/> After it failed, Gold opened ''Galaxy'' to more fantasy, publishing writers such as [[Cordwainer Smith]].<ref name=TA_297>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;297</ref>

The [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] radio series ''[[Tales of Tomorrow]]'', which began in 1952 as an offshoot of the TV series of the same name, used stories from ''Galaxy''; the connection was announced at the start of each of its fifteen episodes.  On April 24, 1955, another radio series, [[NBC]]'s ''[[X Minus One]]'', started a much longer run of 125 episodes, lasting until January 1958.  From February 1956 onwards the scripts were adapted exclusively from stories in ''Galaxy'', and from the April 1956 issue ''Galaxy'' ran advertisements for the series, which included work by Pohl, Sturgeon, and [[Philip K. Dick]].<ref name=TM_176>Ashley, ''Transformations'', p.&nbsp;176.</ref>

Through the 1950s, ''Galaxy''{{'s}} contributors routinely dominated the Hugo ballots, but neither the magazine nor the fiction it published won many awards, despite what sf historian Donald Lawler describes as its "deserved reputation for excellence".<ref name=TA_290-309/> After several years of being shut out of the Hugos, ''Galaxy'' published two works in 1958 that won the honor: Fritz Leiber's novel ''[[The Big Time (novel)|The Big Time]]'' and [[Avram Davidson]]'s short story "[[Or All the Seas with Oysters]]".<ref>Franson & DeVore, ''A History of the Hugo, Nebula, and International Fantasy Awards'', p.&nbsp;16.</ref>

===1960s===
{{Bar chart
| float       = right
| title       = Paid Circulation per Year
| bar_width   = 20
| width_units = em
| label_type  = [[Fiscal year|Year]]
| data_type   = &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Issues sold
| data_max    = 100,000
| label1   = 1960 | data1   = 91,000
| label2   = 1961 | data2   = 91,000
| label3   = 1962 | data3   = 92,000
| label4   = 1963 | data4   = 77,677
| label5   = 1964 | data5   = 73,536
| label6   = 1965 | data6   = 73,610 
| label7   = 1966 | data7   = 73,400
| label8   = 1967 | data8   = 74,700
| label9   = 1968 | data9   = 75,300
| label10  = 1969 | data10  = 51,479
| label11  = 1970 | data11  = 46,091
| label12  = 1971 | data12  = 45598
| label13  = 1972 | data13  = 51602
| label14  = 1973 | data14  = 54524
| label15  = 1974 | data15  = 47789
| label16  = 1975 | data16  = 56361
| label17  = 1976 | data17  = 52831
| label18  = 1977 | data18  = 81035
}}<!-- chart data from [[:Image:Annual circulation of Galaxy.png]] --> 
When Pohl took over as editor in 1961, he broadened the magazine's scope, including more fantasy material.  Regular contributors in the 1960s included [[Jack Vance]], [[Larry Niven]], [[Frank Herbert]], [[Robert Silverberg]], and Cordwainer Smith.  ''Galaxy'' stories from this era that won awards include Vance's ''The Dragon Masters'' and "The Last Castle"; Clifford Simak's ''Way Station'', serialized as ''Here Gather the Stars''; [[Harlan Ellison]]'s "'Repent, Harlequin,' Said the Ticktockman" and "The Beast That Shouted Love at the Heart of the World"; and Silverberg's "Nightwings".  Pohl never succeeded in winning a Hugo Award as editor of ''Galaxy'', although he won the award three consecutive times from 1966 to 1968 as editor of ''[[If (magazine)|If]]'', ''Galaxy''{{'s}} sister magazine, and in theory the junior of the two publications.<ref name=Nicholls_462/><ref name=TA_299/>

The quality of fiction in ''Galaxy'' had dipped towards the end of Gold's editorship, and Pohl worked hard to restore the magazine's high standards. Gold's difficult editorial personality had driven away some of his contributors, but Pohl, who had worked as an agent in the 1950s, was a central figure in the sf community and was able to attract submissions from the star writers of his day.<ref name=TA_299>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;299.</ref> In the case of one of these stars, he offered an unusual arrangement: Robert Silverberg could write whatever he wished and Pohl promised that he would almost invariably buy it. Silverberg, who had been a high-volume producer of competent but unremarkable science fiction, began writing more ambitious work as a result, much of which was published in ''Galaxy'' throughout the 1960s.<ref name=HC_28>Robert Silverberg, "Sounding Brass, Tinkling Cymbal", in Aldiss and Harrison, "Hell's Cartographers", p.&nbsp;28.</ref>

In February 1965, Pohl brought in Algis Budrys as book reviewer, after a year in which no review column had appeared. Budrys's insightful reviews drew much praise, and editor David Hartwell has ranked him as one of the best sf critics of his generation.<ref name=TA_298>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;298.</ref><ref name=Nicholls_170>John Clute, "Algis Budrys" in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p.&nbsp;170.</ref><ref name=Hartwell_245>David Hartwell, "Algis Budrys", in Hartwell, ''The Science Fiction Century, Vol. 1'', p.&nbsp;245.</ref>{{refn|The reviews were later collected in book form as ''Benchmarks'' (1985).<ref name=Hartwell_245/>|group=notes}}

The difference between Pohl's approach and Gold's was apparent in the editorials Pohl wrote, which were informal, entertaining, and rooted in his deep familiarity with the genre.<ref name=TA_300>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;300.</ref> With Pohl at the helm, ''Galaxy'' moved back toward the knowledgeable [[science fiction fandom|science fiction fan]], and away from the mainstream market that Gold had targeted.<ref name=TA_301>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;301.</ref> Pohl said that he tried to "cover the full spectrum of science fiction", however, unlike Gold's "specialist magazine" of the 1950s; his ''Galaxy'' published both Sheckley's "Mindswap" and Herbert's "[[Do I Wake or Dream?]]" when Gold would not have purchased the latter, Pohl said.{{r|pohl196508}}

===1970s===
Ejler Jakobsson's tenure began with a large backlog of stories that Pohl had acquired, but within a year or two substantial changes were apparent.<ref name="TA_301"/>  In the early 1970s, Jakobsson attempted to update ''Galaxy''{{'s}} image, adding a comic strip, "Sunpot", by [[Vaughn Bodé]], for example.<ref name=Nicholls_462/> Theodore Sturgeon took over from Budrys as the regular book reviewer in January 1972 and held the post until mid-1975.<ref name=TA_302/> Jakobsson did not manage to give ''Galaxy'' a new and distinctive character: "Sunpot" lasted only four issues, Sturgeon's reviews were undistinguished, and many of the new authors he published have been, in the words of Mike Ashley, "mercifully unknown ever since".<ref name=Nicholls_462/><ref name=TA_302>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;302.</ref>  The paper quality and printing quality also dropped, and early cover designs were very weak.  Jakobsson initially printed guest editorials rather than writing his own; when he took over the editorial page his work was unremarkable.  He managed to attract some of the new writers who were becoming well known in the sf scene, including [[George R.R. Martin]], [[Joe Haldeman]], and [[Joanna Russ]].  Three novels published in Jakobsson's ''Galaxy'' won awards: Isaac Asimov's ''[[The Gods Themselves]]'' and [[Arthur C. Clarke]]'s ''[[Rendezvous with Rama]]'' each won both the Hugo and Nebula awards, in 1972 and 1973 respectively, and Robert Silverberg's ''[[A Time of Changes]]'' won the Nebula in 1971. Sturgeon's short story "[[Slow Sculpture]]" won both the Hugo and the Nebula in 1970.<ref name=TA_302/>

A letter column was added at the end of 1971; this was the first time ''Galaxy'' had published reader's letters.  ''Galaxy''{{'s}} long-time science columnist, Willy Ley, died in 1969, and was replaced by [[Donald Menzel]]. He was replaced in turn by [[Jerry Pournelle]] in April 1974.<ref name=TA_302-3>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', pp.&nbsp;302–303.</ref>

Jakobsson's successor, James Baen, was able to publish some high-quality fiction, including material by [[Roger Zelazny]], John Varley, Larry Niven, and Pohl, whose novel, ''Gateway'', won both the Hugo and Nebula awards.<ref name=Nicholls_462/>  Baen raised the level of the magazine substantially, and Ashley refers to his editorship as ''Galaxy''{{'s}} "Indian summer".<ref name=TA_304>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;304.</ref>  Under Baen the review columnist was [[Spider Robinson]], who won a [[Locus Award]] in 1977, primarily for his work in ''Galaxy''.<ref name=Nicholls_462/>  Baen also published a series of essays by authors discussing their own work.  Apart from ''Gateway'', Baen published only one award-winning story: [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]'s "The Day Before the Revolution", which appeared in August 1974 and won the Nebula.<ref name=TA_304/>

Baen's successors, Pierce, Stine, and Kemske, were unable to maintain his standard. Pohl remained loyal to the magazine, but the serialization of his novel ''Jem'' exemplified ''Galaxy''{{'s}} growing problems. Due to the magazine's increasingly erratic schedule, the serialization stretched from the last issue of 1978 into 1980, well after it had appeared in book form.<ref name=Nicholls_462/>  In November 1977, Paul Walker took over the book column from Spider Robinson, and Jerry Pournelle left the science column at the end of 1978.<ref name=issues/>  The artwork quality dropped to an amateurish level, and despite the appearance of a few successful stories and novels, such as [[C. J. Cherryh]]'s ''The Faded Sun: Kesrith'', the overall quality was dramatically worse than it had been under Baen.<ref name=TA_305>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;305.</ref>  ''Galaxy''{{'s}} deterioration was largely due to the financial troubles of the publisher, Arnold Abramson, who reduced the pay rate (at a time of high inflation) to a penny a word.  Even that low rate did not guarantee timely disbursement, and many writers stopped submitting because of ''Galaxy''{{'s}} reputation for paying slowly, if at all.  Costs were increasing for paper, postage, and production, and the paperback anthology market was booming, adding to the competition that ''Galaxy'' faced.<ref name=TA_305/>  Floyd Kemske's only issue never received newsstand distribution, doomed by the financial troubles of the magazine's publisher, Vincent McCaffrey.<ref name=TA_306>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;306.</ref>

===Cover layout and artwork===
[[Image:Galaxy cover layouts.jpg|thumb|right|Nine issues of ''Galaxy'', showing the major variations in cover design over the magazine's lifetime]]''Galaxy'' had a characteristic cover style in the 1950s with an inverted white "L" shape (Greek gamma) framing the cover art; this style was copied by several magazines, including ''[[Authentic Science Fiction]]'' and ''[[Startling Stories]]''.{{refn|Other magazines that adopted this style were ''[[Science Fiction Adventures (1952 magazine)|Science Fiction Adventures]]'', ''[[Space Science Fiction]]'', ''[[Orbit Science Fiction]]'', and [[EC Comics]]' ''[[Weird Science-Fantasy]]''.<ref name="TM_32-3"/>|group=notes}}<ref name="TM_32-3"/>  When ''Astounding'' followed suit in late 1951, Gold commented sarcastically in an editorial that ''Galaxy'' "would like to know when we may have it [the format] back again".<ref name=GDLY_33>Quoted in Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p.&nbsp;33.</ref> The first variation came with the September 1956 issue, which widened the left hand strip of white to allow room to print story titles and author names.  The December 1961 issue was the first to eliminate the strip on the left, and until July 1969 the magazine varied between this layout, the inverted "L", and a version with no white at all, first used on the August 1965 issue.  Another change visible in that issue is the reversal of the title coloring to white lettering on a block of red; this was used from August 1963 to December 1965.  In August 1969 the title was enlarged to fill the width of the magazine; this issue had the white inverted "L", but it was the last one to do so till 1980. After August 1969 the cover paintings spanned the entire cover, though with some minor variations in layout such as can be seen in the October 1976 issue.  Then in September 1978 (undated on the cover, but numbered vol. 39 no. 7) the original typeface for "Galaxy" was abandoned for the last few issues.  The final issue, edited by Kemske, returned to the previous layout and typeface, although with a magazine twice the size of the original digest.  When E. J. Gold revived ''Galaxy'' in 1994, he restored the inverted "L" and employed a predominantly black-and-white look for the eight issues he published.<ref name=issues/>

Notable artists who contributed regularly to ''Galaxy'' included Ed Emshwiller, who won several Hugo Awards for his work,<ref name=SFE_595-600>Peter Nicholls, "Hugo", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), pp.&nbsp;595–600.</ref><ref name=TM_31>Ashley, ''Transformations'', p.&nbsp;31.</ref> Hugo nominee Wallace Wood,<ref>[[Hugo Award for Best Professional Artist]]</ref> and Jack Gaughan, who won three Hugos in the late 1960s, partly for his work in ''Galaxy''.<ref name=GF_36/>  Gaughan was commissioned by Pohl to provide the cover and interior art for Jack Vance's ''The Dragon Masters'' in 1962; the resulting illustrations made Gaughan immediately famous in the science fiction field.<ref name=IW_182>di Fate, ''Infinite Worlds'', p.&nbsp;182.</ref> In the 1950s and 1960s, ''Galaxy'' retained the original artwork sent in by its artists, though Emshwiller, much of whose best color work appeared there, was able to negotiate an exception to this rule, retaining the art for his portfolios.<ref name=Ortiz_42>Ortiz, ''Emshwiller'', p.&nbsp;42</ref><ref name=IW_160>di Fate, ''Infinite Worlds'', p.&nbsp;160.</ref>  In 1972 much of this artwork—including both interior and cover illustrations—was sold off by Robert Guinn, who had kept it when he sold ''Galaxy'' to UPD in 1969.<ref name=Ortiz_42/><ref name=GalJan72>Robert Guinn, advertisement, ''Galaxy'', January 1972, p.&nbsp;157.</ref>

===Influence on the field===
Isaac Asimov, in his memoirs, recalled being deeply impressed by the first issue of ''Galaxy'', and that many fans, including himself, believed that the magazine became the field's leader almost immediately.<ref name=IMYG_602>Asimov, ''In Memory Yet Green'', p.&nbsp;602.</ref>  In critic John Clute's assessment, ''Galaxy'' indeed swiftly supplanted ''Astounding'' and remained the leading magazine in the field until Pohl resigned as editor in 1969.<ref name=SFTIE_102>Clute, ''SF: The Illustrated Encyclopedia'', p.&nbsp;102.</ref> Science fiction historian and critic Mike Ashley regarded ''Galaxy''{{'s}} success as the main reason for the subsequent boom in science fiction magazines,<ref name=TM_32-3/> commenting that it "revolutionized the field overnight".<ref name=TM_24>Ashley, ''Transformations'', p.&nbsp;24.</ref> Under Gold ''Galaxy'' provided a market for social science fiction stories that might not have been accepted by ''Astounding'' and ''Fantasy & Science Fiction'', the other leading magazines.<ref name="TA_306"/><ref>James Gunn, quoted in Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p.&nbsp;10.</ref>

Pohl stated in 1965 that almost every major science fiction writer whose career began after 1950 primarily wrote for ''Galaxy'', and that others closely imitated Gold's magazine.<ref name="pohl196508">{{Cite magazine
 |last=Pohl
 |first=Frederik
 |date=August 1965
 |title=Old Home Month
 |department=Editorial
 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v23n06_1965-08#page/n3/mode/2up
 |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction
 |pages=4–7
}}</ref> He described ''Galaxy'' as where "the stunning new kinds of science fiction ... flowered, and changed everything in science fiction".<ref name=G30_xii>Frederik Pohl, "Introduction", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p.&nbsp;xii.</ref> In his opinion, Gold's innovation was to ask writers to consider not just new technology, but the subsequent impact of that technology on society.  He adds, "What ''Galaxy'' brought to magazine science fiction was a kind of sophisticated intellectual subtlety. ... After ''Galaxy'' it was impossible to go on being naive."<ref name=G30_xii/> Science fiction author [[Brian Stableford]] argues that ''Galaxy'' quickly usurped ''Astounding''{{'}}s position as "pioneer of hardcore sf's progress" because it "embraced and gleefully pursued a new series of challenges to moral orthodoxy."<ref>Stableford, ''Heterocosms'', p.&nbsp;47.</ref>

SF historian David Kyle ascribes ''Galaxy''{{'s}} influence specifically to Gold, saying that "of all the editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold" and that the new direction he set led, "inevitably", to the [[New Wave (science fiction)|New Wave]], the celebrated science fiction literary movement of the 1960s.<ref name=APHOSF_119-20>Kyle, ''A Pictorial History of Science Fiction'', pp.&nbsp;119–120.</ref> Kyle's assessment of Gold is echoed by writer [[Barry N. Malzberg]], who calls Gold "perhaps the greatest editor in the history of all fields for the first half of his tenure". SF authors and historians Brian Aldiss and [[David Wingrove]] summarize ''Galaxy''{{'s}} history by saying that it lasted for "thirty mainly glorious years":<ref name=TYS_228>Aldiss & Wingrove, ''[[Trillion Year Spree]]'', p.&nbsp;228.</ref> it "brought into the sunlight a number of excellent satirists, comedians and ironists"<ref name=TYS_237>Aldiss & Wingrove, ''[[Trillion Year Spree]]'', p.&nbsp;237.</ref> and, through the influence of its reduced focus on technology, played an important role in attracting women to write science fiction.<ref name=TYS_259>Aldiss & Wingrove, ''[[Trillion Year Spree]]'', p.&nbsp;259.</ref>

==Publication details==

===Editors===
The list below, and the charts above, follow the mastheads in the magazines.  Because of Gold's poor health, Pohl was acting as editor for some time before he officially took over the role at the end of 1961.<ref name=TA_290-309/><ref name=issues/>
* H. L. Gold (October 1950&nbsp;– October 1961)
* Frederik Pohl (December 1961&nbsp;– May 1969)
* Ejler Jakobsson (July 1969&nbsp;– May 1974)
* James Baen (June 1974&nbsp;– October 1977)
* John J. Pierce (November 1977&nbsp;– March–April 1979)
* Hank Stine (June–July 1979&nbsp;– September–October 1979)
* Floyd Kemske (Summer 1980)
* E. J. Gold (January-February 1994 – March-April 1995)
* Justin T. O'Conor Sloane (August 2024 –)

===Overseas editions===
''Galaxy'' had multiple foreign editions.  This was in part because the original publisher, World Editions, had a European base, which Gold had planned to take advantage of when the magazine launched.  Overseas editions included:<ref name=TA_290-309/><ref name=TM_24/><ref name="Tuck_533">Tuck, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Vol. 3'', p.&nbsp;533.</ref><ref name="Tuck_564-567">Tuck, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Vol. 3'', pp.&nbsp;564–567.</ref>
*'''Argentina'''. Two magazines, ''Más Allá'' (June 1953&nbsp;– June 1957) and ''Géminis'' (July 1965&nbsp;– August 1965), reprinted stories primarily from ''Galaxy'', though they also published some original material and some stories reprinted from other sources.
*'''Finland'''. ''Aikamme tieteislukemisto'' (August 1958&nbsp;– December 1958) was a Finnish edition of ''Galaxy'', edited by Mary A. Wuorio and published by Viikkosanomat Oy.{{refn|Tuck states that there were four issues; according to Lawler there were five.<ref name=Tuck_564-567/><ref name=TA_857>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;857</ref>|group=notes}}
*'''France'''. There were two separate French editions of ''Galaxy'', both titled ''Galaxie''.  The first ran from November 1953 to April 1959 (a total of 65 issues), and was published by Editions OPTA, Paris.  The first 11 issues were edited by Irina Orloff, the next 16 by Jacqueline Boissy, and the remainder by Jeannine Courtillet. The stories were badly translated, and printed in shortened form.  Poor sales led to the cancellation of this version.  The second version ran for 158 issues, from May 1964 to August–September 1977, and was also published by Editions OPTA.  The editor was [[Alain Dorémieux]] for the first 67 issues, and Michel Demuth thereafter.  This version, which contained original French stories as well as translated material from ''Galaxy'', was much more successful and for a time outsold ''Fiction'', the leading French science fiction magazine.  From November 1974, more French authors were included, but publication ceased three years later when sales fell.
*'''Germany'''. Fifteen issues of a German version, titled ''Galaxis'', was released from March 1958 to May 1959 by Moewig Verlag, Munich.  The editor was Lothar Heinecke.  Fourteen numbered paperbacks titled ''Galaxy'' appeared between 1965 and 1970, published by Heyne Verlag, Munich. The editor was [[Walter Ernsting]], with Thomas Schlück as co-editor for the last five issues.  The contents were reprints from the American edition.
*'''Italy'''. An Italian reprint edition titled ''Galaxy'' ran from June 1958 to May 1964; there were 70 physical issues, with two issues containing double numbers, so that the last issue was numbered 72.  The publisher was Editrice Due Mondi, Milan, for the first ten issues; the remaining issues were published by Casa Editrice La Tribuna, Piacenza.  The editors were R. Valente (issues 1–26/27), Mario Vitali (28/29–39), and Lella Pollini Rambelli (40–72).  The magazine included some stories by Italian authors in addition to translated material.
*'''Netherlands'''.  Five issues, titled ''Galaxis'', appeared from October 1966 to February 1967, from Vector, Dordrecht.  The editor was Theo Kemp.  The translations were of poor quality.
*'''Norway'''.  The Norwegian magazine ''Tempo-Magasinet'', published by Greens Forlag, printed translations from US science fiction, mostly from ''Galaxy''.  It lasted for five issues, from November 1953 to March 1954.  The editor was Arne Ernst.
*'''Sweden'''.  A Swedish edition, titled ''Galaxy'', appeared from September 1958 to June 1960 (19 issues); the publisher is unknown, though it is known to be the same company that published the Swedish edition of ''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad]]''.  This version, which included some original Swedish stories, was edited by Henrik Rabe.
*'''UK'''.  Several British editions of ''Galaxy'' were produced. From 1953 to 1962 Strato Publications published 94 numbered issues. The early issues were labeled vol. 3 no. 1 to no. 12. With the 13th issue the "vol. 3" was dropped. Until issue 72 (February 1959) they were shortened versions of the US edition, with one or more stories or features being cut.{{refn|The first 71 issues were drawn from the July 1952 to December 1958 US issues, but the British reprint did not always exactly match the content sequence of the original US version, and seven issues—August 1952, March, April, and December 1954, April and May 1955, and December 1955—were not reprinted at all.<ref name=TA_307>Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p.&nbsp;307</ref> Note Lawler mistakenly gives September 1954 to March 1955 as the range for issues 11 to 29; it should be September 1953.|group=notes}} From no. 72 Strato reprinted the full US issue with a different title page, and from issue 80 the US edition was used with a variant cover. In 1967 a British edition appeared from Gold Star Publications; there were five bimonthly issues, identical to the US edition dated six months previously.  The British issues were dated January–February 1967 through September–October 1967; the corresponding US issues were June, August, October, and December 1966, and February 1967. [[Universal-Tandem Publishing Co Ltd]] published 25 issues of ''Galaxy'' in the UK; the original US issues were May–June 1972 to January 1975. These were re-covered for UK distribution. The numbering was erratic: it ran 1–10, then 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, and finally 17–25.

===Other bibliographic details===
The following table shows which issues appeared from which publisher.<ref name=TA_290-309/><ref name=issues/>

{|class="wikitable"
! Dates !! Publisher
|-
|October 1950&nbsp;– September 1951 || World Editions, Inc., New York
|-
|October 1951&nbsp;– May 1969 || Galaxy Publishing Corp., New York
|-
|July 1969&nbsp;– March 1977 || UPD Corp., New York
|-
|May 1977&nbsp;– September–October 1979 || UPD, Scarsdale, New York
|-
|Summer 1980 || Avenue Victor Hugo
|-
|January 1994 – April 1995 || Institute for the Development of the Harmonious Being, Inc.
|-
|August 2024 – || Starship Sloane Publishing Company, Inc.
|}

The title changed several times, and was frequently inconsistently given between the cover, spine, [[Indicia (publishing)|indicia]], and [[Nameplate (publishing)|masthead]].<ref name=TA_290-309/>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Start month
! End month
! Cover
! Spine
! Indicia
! Masthead
! Number of issues
|-
|Oct–50
|Aug–58
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| 94
|-
|Sep–58
|Oct–62
| bgcolor="DDD9C3" | Galaxy Magazine
| bgcolor="DDD9C3" | Galaxy Magazine
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="DDD9C3" | Galaxy Magazine
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="DDD9C3" | Galaxy Magazine
| 27
|-
|Dec–62
|Dec–65
|bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| 19
|-
|Feb–66
|Sep–68
|bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| 18
|-
|Oct–68
|Oct–69
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="E5E0EC" | Galaxy Science Fiction Magazine
| 12
|-
|Nov–69
|Jan–72
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="E5E0EC" | Galaxy Science Fiction Magazine
| 20
|-
|Mar–72
|Mar–72
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="DDD9C3" | Galaxy Magazine
| 1
|-
|May/Jun–72
|Jan–73
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| 5
|-
|Mar/Apr–73
|Mar/Apr–73
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="E5E0EC" | Galaxy Science Fiction Magazine
| 1
|-
|May/Jun–73
|Nov–73
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| 5
|-
|Dec–73
|Dec–73
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="E5E0EC" | Galaxy Science Fiction Magazine
| 1
|-
|Jan–74
|Jan–75
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| 13
|-
|Feb–75
|Jan–76
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="FCD5B4" | Galaxy Incorporating Worlds of If
| 9
|-
|Feb–76
|Oct–77
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| 16
|-
|Nov–77
|Dec-77/Jan–78
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| 2
|-
|Feb–78
|Oct–79
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| 10
|-
|Summer–80
|Summer–80
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| 1
|-
|Jan/Feb–94
|Mar/Apr–95
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| 8
|-
|Aug–2024
|
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| bgcolor="FDE9D9" | Galaxy
| bgcolor="DBEEF3" | Galaxy Science Fiction
| 1
|}

''Galaxy'' remained a digest-sized magazine from the beginning until 1979; the last issue was published in pulp format, as were the semi-professional issues produced by E. J. Gold.  The page count began at 160; it dropped to 144 in January 1955, but went up to 192 in February 1959.  In July 1969 the count went back down to 160; it returned to 192 pages with the August–September 1970 issue and stayed there till May–June 1971, when it dropped to 176.  From June 1974 to June–July 1979 it was back at 160 pages, and then went to 128 pages for the final digest issue, September–October 1979.  The single 1980 issue was 72 pages long.<ref name=TA_290-309/>  The eight issues published in the 1990s all had 96 pages, except the first, January–February 1994, which had 56 pages.<ref name=issues/>  The initial price was 25 cents. Price changes were as follows: 35 cents from May 1958; 50 cents from February 1959; 60 cents from December 1964; 75 cents from August–September 1970; $1.00 from April 1975; 79 cents for the August 1975 issue; 95 cents from September 1975; $1.00 from May 1976; $1.25 from June 1977, and $1.50 for the final professional issue in 1980.<ref name=TA_290-309/>

===Derivative anthologies===
Several anthologies of stories from ''Galaxy'' have been published.  The following list does not include reprint editions though in some cases these varied in contents, as for example with the UK editions of some of the early volumes.<ref name=TA_290-309/><ref name=SFE_Gold>Malcolm Edwards, "H.L. Gold", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p.&nbsp;505.</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Editor !! Title !! Publisher
|-
|1952 || H. L. Gold || ''Galaxy Reader of Science Fiction'' || Crown: New York
|-
|1954 || H. L. Gold || ''Second Galaxy Reader of Science Fiction'' || Crown: New York
|-
|1958 || H. L. Gold || ''Third Galaxy Reader of Science Fiction'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1958 || H. L. Gold || ''Five Galaxy Short Novels'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1959 || H. L. Gold || ''The World That Couldn't Be and Eight Other Novelets From Galaxy'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1959 || H. L. Gold || ''The Fourth Galaxy Reader of Science Fiction'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1960 || H. L. Gold || ''The Bodyguard and Four Other Short Novels From Galaxy'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1961 || H. L. Gold || ''The Mind Partner and Eight Other Novelets From Galaxy'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1961 || H. L. Gold || ''The Fifth Galaxy Reader of Science Fiction'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1962 || H. L. Gold || ''The Sixth Galaxy Reader of Science Fiction'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1962 || Frederik Pohl || ''Time Waits for Winthrop and Four Other Short Novels From Galaxy'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1964 || Frederik Pohl || ''The Seventh Galaxy Reader'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1965 || Frederik Pohl || ''The Eighth Galaxy Reader'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1966 || Frederik Pohl || ''The Ninth Galaxy Reader'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1967 || Frederik Pohl || ''The Tenth Galaxy Reader'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1969 || Frederik Pohl || ''The Eleventh Galaxy Reader'' || Doubleday: New York
|-
|1972 || "The Editors of Galaxy" || ''The Best From Galaxy, Volume I'' || Award Books: New York
|-
|1974 || "The Editors of Galaxy" || ''The Best From Galaxy, Volume II'' || Award Books: New York
|-
|1975 || Jim Baen || ''The Best From Galaxy, Volume III'' || Award Books: New York
|-
|1976 || Jim Baen || ''The Best From Galaxy, Volume IV'' || Award Books: New York
|-
|1980 || Jim Baen || ''Galaxy: The Best of My Years'' || Ace: New York
|-
|1980 || Frederik Pohl, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander || ''Galaxy Magazine: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'' || Playboy Press: Chicago
|}

==Related publications==
Two series of companion novels were issued by the publishers.  The first series, ''[[Galaxy Science Fiction Novels]]'', began in 1950 with [[Eric Frank Russell]]'s ''Sinister Barrier''; seven titles were released by World Editions, and a further twenty-eight by Guinn's Galaxy Publishing Corporation.  The books were initially in digest format but this was changed to a standard paperback format for the last four titles. In 1959 the line was sold to [[Beacon Books]], which produced another 11 volumes. Beacon specialized in softcore pornography, and changed the titles of most of the books they published to be more suggestive.  The last title, ''Sin in Space'' (originally ''Outpost Mars''), by Cyril Judd (a pseudonym for Cyril Kornbluth and [[Judith Merril]]) appeared in 1961. Two years later a second series, Galaxy Magabooks, appeared; each of these consisted of two short novels, both by the same author, published in a single volume. Only three were released; the last, ''And My Fear Is Great/Baby Is Three'' by Theodore Sturgeon, appeared in 1964.<ref name=ESF_464>Brian Stableford, "Galaxy Science Fiction Novels", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p.&nbsp;464.</ref>{{refn|The other two were  ''The Sky Is Falling''/''Badge of Infamy'' by [[Lester del Rey]] and ''The Legion of Time''/''After World's End'' by [[Jack Williamson]].<ref>Tuck, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Vol. 3'', p.&nbsp;749.</ref>|group=notes}}

==Notes==
<references group=notes/>

==References==
<references />

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Aldiss |first=Brian |author2=Wingrove, David |year=1986 |title=Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction |title-link=Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction |publisher=Gollancz |location=London |isbn=0-575-03943-4 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ashley |first=Mike |year=1976 |title=The History of the Science Fiction Magazine Vol. 3 1946–1955 |publisher=Contemporary Books |location=Chicago |isbn=0-8092-7842-1 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ashley |first=Mike |year=2005 |title=Transformations: The Story of the Science Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsv0000ashl |location=Liverpool |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=0-85323-779-4 |url-access=registration |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ashley |first=Mike |year=2007 |title=Gateways to Forever: The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1970 to 1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/gatewaystoforeve0000ashl |url-access=registration |location=Liverpool |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-84631-003-4 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |year=1979 |title=In Memory Yet Green |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City |isbn=0-385-13679-X |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Atheling |first=William Jr. |year=1974 |title=More Issues at Hand |location=Chicago |publisher=Advent |isbn=0-911682-18-X |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clute |first=John |author2=Peter Nicholls |title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |year=1993 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0-312-09618-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clute |first=John |title=Science Fiction: The Illustrated Encyclopedia |year=1995 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=New York |isbn=0-7894-0185-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=de Camp |first=L. Sprague |year=1953 |title=Science-Fiction Handbook: The Writing of Imaginative Fiction |location=New York |publisher=Hermitage House |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=del Rey |first=Lester |year=1979 |title=The World of Science Fiction: 1926–1976: The History of a Subculture |location=New York |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=0-345-25452-X |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofsciencefi00delr |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=di Fate |first=Vincent |year=1997 |title=Infinite Worlds |location=New York |publisher=The Wonderland Press |isbn=0-670-87252-0 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Franson |first=Donald |author2=DeVore, Howard |year=1978 |title=A History of the Hugo, Nebula and International Fantasy Awards |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhugoneb00fran |url-access=registration |publisher=Misfit Press |location=Dearborn, Michigan |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gold |first=Horace L. |year=1976 |title=What Will They Think of Last? |location=Crestline, California |publisher=Institute for the Development of the Harmonious Human Being (IDHHB) |oclc=2693317 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Hartwell |editor-first=David |year=2006 |title=The Science Fiction Century |volume=One |location=New York |publisher=Tor Books |isbn=0-312-86484-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Knight |first=Damon |year=1974 |title=In Search of Wonder |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofwonder0000knig |url-access=registration |location=Chicago |publisher=Advent |isbn=0-911682-15-5 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lawler |first=Donald L. |year=1985 |chapter=Galaxy Science Fiction |editor-last=Tymn |editor-first=Marshall B. |editor-last2=Ashley |editor-first2=Mike |title=Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |pages=290–309 |isbn=0-3132-1221-X |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ortiz |first=Luis |year=2007 |title=Emshwiller: Infinity X Two |publisher=Nonstop Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-933065-08-3 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pohl |first=Frederik |year=1979 |title=The Way the Future Was |publisher=Gollancz |location=London |isbn=0-575-02672-3 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Pohl |editor1-first=Frederik |editor2-last=Greenberg |editor2-first=Martin H. |editor3-last=Olander |editor3-first=Joseph D. |year=1980 |title=Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction |edition=Book Club}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rosheim |first=David L. |year=1986 |title=Galaxy Magazine: The Dark and the Light Years |location=Chicago |publisher=Advent |isbn=0-911682-28-7 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stableford  |first=Brian |year=2007 |title=Heterocosms, and Other Essays on Fantastic Literature |location=Rockville, Md. |publisher=Wildside |isbn=978-0-8095-1907-1 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tuck |first=Donald H. |year=1982 |title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy |volume=3 |location=Chicago |publisher=Advent |isbn=0-911682-26-0 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Galaxy Science Fiction}}
* {{Internet Archive|galaxymagazine|''Galaxy Science Fiction''}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Galaxy Science Fiction| ]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct digests]]
[[Category:Defunct science fiction magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1950]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1980]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1994]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1995]]
[[Category:Science fiction digests]]
[[Category:Science fiction magazines established in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Boston]]