Editing Gaius Mucius Scaevola

{{Short description|6th-century BC Roman youth famous for his bravery}}
{{Other people|Mucius Scaevola|Mucius Scaevola (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Mucius Scaevola Deseine Louvre RF2987.jpg|thumb|160px|''Mucius Scævola'' by [[Louis-Pierre Deseine]], 1791, [[Louvre]] Museum]]
'''Gaius Mucius Cordus''', better known with his later [[cognomen]] '''Scaevola''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|v|ə|l|ə|,_|ˈ|s|ɛ|v|-}} {{respell|SE(E)V|ə|lə}}, {{IPA|la|ˈskae̯wɔla|lang}}), was an [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] youth, possibly mythical, famous for his bravery.

In 508 BC, during the [[Roman-Etruscan Wars#War with Clusium in 508 BC|war between Rome and Clusium]], the Clusian king [[Lars Porsena]] laid siege to Rome. Gaius Mucius Cordus, with the approval of the [[Roman Senate]], sneaked into the Etruscan camp with the intent of assassinating Porsena. Since it was the soldiers' pay day, there were two similarly dressed people, one of whom was the king, on a raised platform speaking to the troops. This caused Mucius to misidentify his target, and he killed Porsena's scribe by mistake. After being captured, he famously declared to Porsena: "[[Civis Romanus sum|I am a Roman citizen]], men call me Gaius Mucius. I came here as an enemy to kill my enemy, and I am as ready to die as I am to kill. We Romans act bravely and, when adversity strikes, we suffer bravely." He also declared that he was the first of three hundred Roman youths to volunteer for the task of assassinating Porsena at the risk of losing their own lives.<ref>[[Livy]], ''[[Ab Urbe Condita (book)|Ab Urbe Condita]]'', 2.12.</ref>

"Watch", he is said to have declared, "so that you know how cheap the body is to men who have their eye on great glory". Mucius thrust his right hand into a fire which was lit for sacrifice and held it there without giving any indication of pain, thereby earning for himself and his descendants the [[cognomen]] ''Scaevola'', meaning "left-handed". Porsena was shocked at the youth's bravery, and dismissed him from the Etruscan camp, free to return to Rome, saying "Go back, since you do more harm to yourself than me". At the same time, the king also sent ambassadors to Rome to offer peace.<ref>Livy, ''Ab Urbe Condita'', 2.12-13.</ref>

Mucius was granted farming land on the right-hand bank of the Tiber, which later became known as the ''Mucia Prata'' (Mucian Meadows).<ref>[[Livy]], ''Ab Urbe Condita'', 2.12-13.</ref>
[[File:Matthias Stomer - Mucius Scaevola in the presence of Lars Porsenna - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|280px|''Mucius Scaevola in the Presence of Lars Porsenna'' by [[Matthias Stom]], (early 1640s), [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]]]]

==In popular culture==
*[[Dante Alighieri]] refers to Mucius and the sacrifice of his hand within the ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. In ''[[Paradiso (Dante)|Paradiso]]'' Canto 4: 82–87, along with [[St. Lawrence]], Mucius is depicted as a person possessing the rarest and firmest of wills. 
*In a poem in ''[[Marthae Marchinae Virginis Neapolitanae Musa Postuma|Musa Posthuma]]'', Martha Marchina compared Mucius unfavorably to the martyr [[Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum|Martha]] and suggests that Martha was the stronger hero because she suffered worse on behalf of God.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marchina|first=Martha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaP6VenzAf8C&q=virago|title=Musa Posthuma|publisher=|year=1662|isbn=|location=Rome|pages=77}}</ref>  
*[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] mentions in Book One of his ''[[Confessions (Rousseau)|Confessions]]'' that as a child, he attempted to replicate Mucius' action by placing his hand over a [[chafing dish]].
* At the age of twelve, [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], attempting to prove to his classmates at [[Schulpforta]] that the story could be true, burnt his outstretched palm over a book of burning matches without expression of pain and was only saved from serious harm by the school's prefect.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nietzsche and the Modern Crisis of the Humanities|author=Levine, Peter |page=3|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1995}}</ref>
*[[Gordon Scott]] portrayed Mucius in the [[sword-and-sandal]] film ''[[Hero of Rome]]'' (1964), which was loosely based on this story.
*Since 1991 Spanish cultural association Fuerzas de Choque Extraordinarii from the {{ill|Carthaginians and Romans|es|Carthagineses y Romanos}} festivities of [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] has Gaius Mucius Scaevola as their commander.
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna.jpg|thumb|220px|''Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna'' by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Pushkin Museum]]]]
* In the 2022 television series [[Gaslit (TV series) |''Gaslit'']], [[James W. McCord Jr.|James McCord]] says to [[G. Gordon Liddy]] "Gaius Scaevola would be proud". McCord is referring to an earlier conversation where Liddy describes holding his hand over a candle in order to prove to several Cubans that he was "macho". This was part of a program Liddy followed to develop his willpower.<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Bob |date=1980-05-18 |title=
Gordon Liddy Spills His Guts |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1980/05/18/gordon-liddy-spills-his-guts/aeb77942-67e2-4c39-b249-c5628100ac1a/ |work=The Washington Post |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=April 17, 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cloelia]]
* [[Et facere et pati fortia Romanum est]]
* [[Mucia (gens)]]
* [[Týr]]

==References==
<references/>
==External links==
{{commons category|Gaius Mucius Scaevola}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mucius Scaevola, Gaius}}
[[Category:Characters in Roman mythology]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman soldiers]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Romans]]
[[Category:Mucii|Scaevola, Gaius]]
[[Category:Failed regicides]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman assassins]]