Editing Gabriele D'Annunzio

{{short description|Italian writer (1863–1938)}}
{{redirect|D'Annunzio|the film|D'Annunzio (film){{!}}''D'Annuzio'' (film)|the Scottish television presenter|Romana D'Annunzio}}
{{use British English|date=May 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[General officer|General]]
| name             = Gabriele D'Annunzio
| honorific-suffix = '''Prince of Montenevoso'''<br>[[Military Order of Savoy|OMS]] [[War Merit Cross (Italy)|CMG]] [[Gold Medal of Military Valour|MVM]]
| image            = Gabriele D'Annunzio 1922.jpg
| caption          = D'Annunzio in 1922
| office           = [[Italian Regency of Carnaro|''Comandante'' of Carnaro]]
| term_start       = 12 September 1919
| term_end         = 30 December 1920
| predecessor      = Zoltán Jekelfalussy<br><small>(as Governor of the [[Corpus separatum (Fiume)|City of Fiume and its District]])</small>
| successor        = [[Riccardo Zanella]]<br><small>(as President of the [[Free State of Fiume]])</small>
| office1          = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start1      = 5 April 1897
| term_end1        = 17 May 1900
| constituency1    = [[Ortona a Mare]]
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1863|03|12}}
| birth_place      = [[Pescara]], [[Abruzzo]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|1938|03|01|1863|03|12}}
| death_place      = [[Gardone Riviera]], [[Lombardy]], Italy
| resting_place    = [[Vittoriale degli italiani]], Gardone Riviera, Lombardy, Italy
| nationality      = [[Italian nationality law|Italian]]
| nickname        = ''Il Vate'' ("The Poet")<br>''Il Profeta'' ("The Prophet")
| party            = [[Historical Right]]<br />(1897–1898)<br>[[Historical Far Left]]<br />(1898–1900)<br>[[Italian Nationalist Association]]<br />(1910–1923)
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Maria Hardouin]]|1883|1891|end=separated}}
| partner          = [[Eleonora Duse]] (1898–1901)
| children         = 5, including [[Gabriellino D'Annunzio|Gabriellino]]
| education = [[Cicognini National Boarding School|Cicognini College]]<br>[[Sapienza University of Rome]]
| profession       = {{flatlist}}
* Writer
* politician
* soldier
{{endflatlist}}
| signature = D'Annunzio signature.svg
| allegiance = Italy
| branch           = [[Royal Italian Army]]<br>[[Regia Aeronautica|Royal Italian Air Force]]
| serviceyears     = 1915–1918
| rank             = General (honorary)<br />[[Lieutenant colonel]]
| unit             = 3rd Army<br>''[[Arditi]]''
| battles          = {{tree list}}
* [[World War I]]
** [[Tenth Battle of the Isonzo]]
** [[Bakar mockery|Bakar raid]]
** [[Flight over Vienna]]
{{tree list/end}}
| module           = {{Infobox writer|embed=yes
| period           = [[20th century in literature|20th century]]
| genre            = {{flatlist}}
* Poetry
* novel
{{endflatlist}}
| subject          = {{flatlist}}
* [[Individualism]]
* [[existentialism]]
{{endflatlist}}
| movement         = [[Decadence]]
| notableworks     = {{hlist|''[[Il Piacere]]''|''[[Il trionfo della morte]]''|''[[La Gioconda (play)|La Gioconda]]''}}
| years_active     = 1879–1938
}}
}}

[[General officer|General]] '''Gabriele D'Annunzio, Prince of Montenevoso''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Military Order of Savoy|OMS]] [[War Merit Cross (Italy)|CMG]] [[Gold Medal of Military Valour|MVM]]}} ({{IPAc-en|UK|d|æ|ˈ|n|ʊ|n|t|s|i|oʊ}},<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/d%27Annunzio,_Gabriele |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112172850/https://www.lexico.com/definition/d%27annunzio,_gabriele |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2021 |title=d'Annunzio, Gabriele |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|d|ɑː|ˈ|n|uː|n|-}};<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|D'Annunzio|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|ɡabriˈɛːle danˈnuntsjo|lang}}; 12 March 1863 – 1 March 1938), sometimes written '''d'Annunzio''' as he used to sign himself,<ref>{{cite book|last=Gatti|first=Guglielmo|date=1956|title=Vita di Gabriele d'Annunzio|language=it|location=Florence|publisher=Sansoni|pages=1–2}}</ref> was an Italian poet, playwright, orator, journalist, aristocrat, and [[Royal Italian Army]] officer during [[World War I]]. He occupied a prominent place in [[Italian literature]] from 1889 to 1910 and in its political life from 1914 to 1924. He was often referred to by the epithets {{lang|it|il Vate}} ("the Poet"; the Italian {{lang|it|vate}} directly stems from Latin {{lang|la|[[vates]]}}, and its meaning is a poet with special emphasis on prophetic, inspiring, or divining qualities) and {{lang|it|il Profeta}} ("the Prophet").<ref name="Alosco 2020">{{cite journal |last=Alosco |first=Antonio |date=May 2020<!--3 March 2020--> |title=Il percorso socialista di Gabriele D'Annunzio tra storia e letteratura |journal=Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies |language=it |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=377–390 |doi=10.1177/0014585820909283 |issn=0014-5858|doi-access=free }}</ref>

D'Annunzio was associated with the [[Decadent movement]] in his literary works, which interplayed closely with French [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolism]] and British [[aestheticism]]. Such works represented a turn against the [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalism]] of the preceding [[Romanticism|romantics]]{{Clarify|reason=The Romantics shunned, not embraced, Naturalism.|date=October 2024}} and was both sensuous and mystical. He came under the influence of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], which would find outlets in his literary and later political contributions. His affairs with several women, including [[Eleonora Duse]] and [[Luisa Casati]], received public attention. In his politics, which evolved many times, he associated himself with [[socialism]] and the [[progressivist]] views of the [[political left]], responding to the [[illiberal]] and [[reactionary]] policies of [[Luigi Pelloux]],<ref name="Alosco 2020"/> as well as with the [[Historical Far Left]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cultura/unlibroalgiorno/2014/12/12/gabriele-dannunzio-fu-anche-socialista_ecf758c3-459c-4d60-b3e8-fc6b40a5b9fa.html|title=Gabriele D'Annunzio fu anche socialista|last=De Filippo|first=Francesco|agency=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]]|language=it|date=12 December 2014|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>

During the [[Great War]], D'Annunzio's image in Italy transformed from literary figure to national [[war hero]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/polopoly_fs/1.13266527.1460193009!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/detail_558/image.jpg |title=D'Annunzio and "Carnaro" irredentism |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422195607/http://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/polopoly_fs/1.13266527.1460193009!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/detail_558/image.jpg |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was associated with the elite ''[[Arditi]]'' storm troops of the [[Italian Army]] and took part in actions such as the [[Flight over Vienna]]. As part of an [[Italian nationalist]] reaction against the [[Paris Peace Conference of 1919]], he set up the short-lived [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]] in [[Fiume]] with himself as ''[[Duce]]''. The [[Charter of Carnaro]] made music the fundamental principle of the state, which was [[corporatist]] in nature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parlato |first=Giuseppe |title=La sinistra fascista |trans-title=The fascist left |publisher=Il Mulino |year=2000 |location=Bologna |pages=88 |language=it}}</ref> Although D'Annunzio later preached [[nationalism]] and never called himself a [[fascist]], he has been credited with partially inventing [[Italian fascism]],<ref name="Ledeen" /> as both his ideas and his aesthetics were an influence upon [[Benito Mussolini]]. At the same time, he was an influence on Italian socialists and an early inspiration to the first phase of the [[Italian resistance movement]] to fascism.<ref name="Alosco 2020"/>

== Biography ==
=== Early life and family ===
[[File:Gabriele D'Annunzio a 7 anni.jpg|thumb|left|D'Annunzio in 1870, aged 7]]
[[File:Pescara 2007 -Casa natale di Gabriele D'Annunzio- by-RaBoe 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Birthplace of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum]] in Pescara]]
[[File:Gabriele d’Annunzio birth certificate.jpg|thumb|Gabriele d’Annunzio's birth certificate]]
D'Annunzio was born in the township of [[Pescara]], in the modern-day [[Italian region]] of [[Abruzzo]], the son of a wealthy [[landowner]] and mayor of the town, Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta D'Annunzio (1838–1893) and his wife Luisa de Benedictis (1839–1917). His father was born Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta, the sixth child of Camillo Rapagnetta, a shoemaker, and Rita Olimpia Lolli.<!--See birth certificate of Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta at https://antenati.cultura.gov.it/ark:/12657/an_ud18580327--> At the age of 13, he was adopted by a sister of his mother Rita, Anna Lolli, who had remarried, after the death of her first husband, a wealthy merchant and shipowner, Antonio D'Annunzio.<ref>{{cite book |last=Geiger |first=André Geiger |title=Gabriele d'Annunzio |year=1918 |page=142 |language=fr |quote=Après la légitimation, et conformément à la loi, il perdit ce nom de Rapagnetta pour prendre le seul nom du père qui l'avait légitimé. Il est probable que le Camillo Rapagnetta, qui figure dans l'acte de naissance du poète, était un parent, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carrière |first1=Joseph Médard|last2=Fucilla |first2=Joseph Guerin |title=D'Annunzio Abroad: A Bibliographical Essay |year=1935 |volume=2 |page=29 |postscript=It includes a translation of the birth certificate of D'Annunzio's father, Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta, of the legal act recognizing the latter's adoption by his uncle Antonio D'Annunzio, and the birth certificate of Gabriele D'Annunzio.}}</ref> D'Annunzio's paternal grandfather, Camillo Rapagnetta (1795–1866) registered his birth. Legend has it that D'Annunzio was initially [[baptised]] Gaetano and given the name of [[Gabriele]] later in childhood because of his angelic looks;<ref>{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSIhzKnNUf4C |title=Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5763-2 |edition=5th |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eSIhzKnNUf4C&pg=PA132 132] }}</ref> this story is purely fictitious, as can be seen by D'Annunzio's birth certificate and baptismal records, which record ''Gabriele'' as both his birth and baptismal name.<ref>{{cite web |date=2000 |title=Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863-1938)<!--Gabriele D'Annunzio - Biografia--> |url=http://www.italialibri.net/autori/dannunzio.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Italialibri.net |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For the birth certificate of D'Annunzio, see {{cite web |title=Registro: 1863 |url=https://antenati.cultura.gov.it/ark:/12657/an_ua19139143/wkbAYrr/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Portale Antenati |page=27 |language=it}} For the urban legend, see {{cite book|last=Rapagnetta|first=Amedeo|date=1938|title=La vera origine familiare e il vero cognome del poeta abruzzese Gabriele D'Annunzio|location=Lanciano|publisher=Carabba|language=it}}|group=nb}}

D'Annunzio's precocious talent was recognised early in life, and he was sent to school at the Liceo Cicognini in [[Prato]], Tuscany. He published his first poems – a small volume of verses called ''Primo Vere'' – in 1879, at the age of sixteen and while still at school. Influenced by [[Giosuè Carducci]]'s ''Odi barbare'', he placed some almost brutal imitations of [[Lorenzo Stecchetti]], the fashionable poet of ''Postuma'', side by side with translations from the Latin. His verse was so distinguished that the literary critic Giuseppe Chiarini, upon reading it, brought the unknown youth before the public in an enthusiastic article.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chiarini |first=Giuseppe |date=1 May 1880 |title=A proposito di un nuovo poeta |work=Fanfulla della domenica |location=Rome |language=it |issue=<!--Anno II-->18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pinagli |first=Palmiro |date=1985 |title=Il noviziato poetico di Gabriele D'Annunzio: l'età del 'Primo vere'. Prima parte |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23928360 |journal=Italianistica: Rivista di letteratura italiana |language=it |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=57–71 |issn=0391-3368 |jstor=23928360}}</ref>

In 1881, D'Annunzio entered the [[University of Rome La Sapienza]], where he became a member of various literary groups, including {{lang|it|Cronaca Bizantina}}, and wrote articles and criticism for local newspapers. In those university years, he started to promote [[Italian irredentism]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Literary work ===
D'Annunzio published {{lang|it|Canto novo}} (1882), {{lang|it|Terra vergine}} (1882), {{lang|it|L'intermezzo di rime}} (1883), {{lang|it|Il libro delle vergini}} (1884) and the greater part of the short stories that were afterwards collected under the general title of {{lang|it|San Pantaleone}} (1886). {{lang|it|Canto novo}} contains poems full of pulsating youth and the promise of power, some descriptive of the sea and some of the Abruzzese landscape, commented on and completed in prose by {{lang|it|Terra vergine}}, the latter a collection of short stories dealing in radiant language with the peasant life of the author's native province. {{lang|it|Intermezzo di rime}} is the beginning of D'Annunzio's second and characteristic manner. His conception of style was new, and he chose to express all the most subtle vibrations of voluptuous life. Both style and contents began to startle his critics; some who had greeted him as an ''enfant prodige'' rejected him as a perverter of public morals, whilst others hailed him as one bringing a breath of fresh air and an impulse of new vitality into the somewhat prim, lifeless work hitherto produced.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Meanwhile, the review of D'Annunzio publisher Angelo Sommaruga perished in the midst of scandal, and his group of young authors found itself dispersed. Some entered the teaching career and were lost to literature, others threw themselves into journalism.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} D'Annunzio took this latter course, and joined the staff of the {{lang|it|Tribuna}}, under the pseudonym of "Duca Minimo". Here he wrote {{lang|it|Il libro d'Isotta}} (1886), a love poem, in which for the first time he drew inspiration adapted to modern sentiments and passions from the rich colours of the Renaissance.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} {{lang|it|Il libro d'Isotta}} is also interesting because in it one can find most of the germs of his future work, just as in {{lang|it|Intermezzo melico}} and in certain ballads and sonnets one can find descriptions and emotions which later went to form the aesthetic contents of {{lang|it|Il piacere}}, {{lang|it|Il trionfo della morte}} and {{lang|it|Elegie romane}} (1892).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

D'Annunzio's first novel {{lang|it|[[Il Piacere]]}} (1889, translated into English as ''The Child of Pleasure'') was followed in 1891 by ''[[Giovanni Episcopo]]'', and in 1892 by ''[[The Intruder (D'Annunzio novel)|L'innocente]]'' (''The Intruder''). These three novels made a profound impression. ''L'innocente'', admirably translated into French by Georges Herelle, brought its author the notice and applause of foreign critics. His next work, ''[[Il trionfo della morte]]'' (''The Triumph of Death'') (1894), was followed soon by {{lang|it|Le vergini delle rocce}} (''The Maidens of the Rocks'') (1896) and {{lang|it|[[The Flame (novel)|Il fuoco]]}} (''The Flame of Life'') (1900); the latter is in its descriptions of Venice perhaps the most ardent glorification of a city existing in any language.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

[[File:Picture of Gabriele D'Annunzio.jpg|thumb|left|D'Annunzio in 1903]]
D'Annunzio's poetic work of this period, in most respects his finest, is represented by {{lang|it|Il Poema Paradisiaco}} (1893), the {{lang|it|Odi navali}} (1893), a superb attempt at civic poetry, and {{lang|it|Laudi}} (1900).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} A later phase of D'Annunzio's work is his dramatic production, represented by {{lang|it|Il sogno di un mattino di primavera}} (1897), a lyrical fantasia in one act, and his {{lang|it|Città Morta}} (''The Dead City'') (1898), written for [[Sarah Bernhardt]]. In 1898 he wrote his {{lang|it|Sogno di un pomeriggio d'autunno}} and ''[[La Gioconda (play)|La Gioconda]]''; in the succeeding year ''La gloria'', an attempt at contemporary political tragedy which met with no success, probably because of the audacity of the personal and political allusions in some of its scenes; and then ''[[Francesca da Rimini (play)|Francesca da Rimini]]'' (1901), based on an episode from [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''; a perfect reconstruction of medieval atmosphere and emotion, magnificent in style, and declared by an authoritative Italian critic – Edoardo Boutet – to be the first real, if imperfect, tragedy ever given to the Italian theatre.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} It was adapted by Tito Ricordi to become the libretto for the opera [[Francesca da Rimini (Zandonai)|Francesca da Rimini]] by [[Riccardo Zandonai]], which premiered in 1914.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1883, D'Annunzio married [[Maria Hardouin]] di Gallese, and had three sons, Mario (1884–1964), Gabriele Maria "Gabriellino" (1886–1945) and Ugo Veniero (1887–1945), but the marriage ended in 1891. In 1894, he began a love affair with the actress [[Eleonora Duse]] which became a ''cause célèbre''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=D'Annunzio |first1=Gabrielle |title=The Book of the Virgins |date=2003 |publisher=Hesperus Press Limited |location=London |isbn=1843910527 |page=101}}</ref> He provided leading roles for her in his plays of the time such as ''La città morta'' (1898) and ''Francesca da Rimini'' (1901), but the tempestuous relationship finally ended in 1910. After meeting [[Luisa Casati|the Marchesa Luisa Casati]] in 1903, he began a lifelong turbulent on again-off again affair with Luisa, that lasted until a few years before his death.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crawford |first=Zarah |date=2007-02-25 |title=Shock of the Few |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/t-magazine/womens-fashion/25tchic.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[File:Gabriele D'Annunzio (before 1938) - Archivio Storico Ricordi FOTO001172.jpg|thumb|upright|D'Annunzio in a photo before 1938]]
In 1897, D'Annunzio was elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] for a three-year term, where he sat as an independent. By 1910, his daredevil lifestyle had forced him into debt, and he fled to France to escape his creditors. There he collaborated with composer [[Claude Debussy]] on a musical play, ''[[Le Martyre de saint Sébastien]]'' (''The Martyrdom of [[St Sebastian]]''), 1911, written for [[Ida Rubinstein]]. The [[Holy See]] reacted by placing all of his works in the [[Index of Forbidden Books]]. The work was not successful as a play, but it has been recorded in adapted versions several times, notably by [[Pierre Monteux]] (in French), [[Leonard Bernstein]] (songs in French, dialogue in English), and [[Michael Tilson Thomas]] (in French). In 1912 and 1913, D'Annunzio worked with opera composer [[Pietro Mascagni]], writing the libretto for the opera ''[[Parisina (Mascagni)|Parisina]]'', staying sometimes in a house rented by the composer in Bellevue, near Paris. D'Annunzio insisted that the entire, long libretto should be set to music, which eventually meant that the work was too long for audiences of the time, and required the entire last act to be removed.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1901, D'Annunzio and [[Ettore Ferrari]], the [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Grand Orient of Italy]], founded the Università Popolare di Milano (Popular University of [[Milan]]), located in via [[Ugo Foscolo]]. D'Annunzio held the inaugural speech and subsequently became an associated professor and a lecturer in the same institution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unipmi.org/1/la_nostra_storia_1957302.html |title=Our History – Gabriele D'Annunzio |publisher=Università Popolare di Milano |language=it |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=unipmi.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131104107/http://www.unipmi.org/1/la_nostra_storia_1957302.html |archive-date=31 January 2011}}</ref> In 1902, D'Annunzio visited [[Istria]], an "[[irredent land]]", then under [[Austro-Hungarian]] rule. He was welcomed in [[Pisino]] by a "pouring of flowers" let down from the windows of the crowded houses,<ref name="masci">{{cite book |last1=Masci |first1=Filippo |title=La vita e le opere di Gabriele d'Annunzio in un indice cronologico e analitico |date=1950 |publisher=Danesi |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7F8vAAAAIAAJ |quote=Conosce la signora Ilda Mizzan, che poi diverrà la moglie del senatore Salata [(D'Annunzio) becomes acquainted with Ilda Mizzan, who will become the wife of senator Francesco Salata}}</ref> visited the Italian gymnasium and was paid a homage designed by the future wife of [[Francesco Salata]].<ref name="stefani">{{cite book |last=Stefani |first=Giuseppe |title=La lirica italiana e l'irredentismo da Goffredo Mameli a Gabriele d'Annunzio |date=1959 |publisher=Cappelli |page=217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWFJAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> In a letter addressed to the same Italian historian, D'Annunzio complimented with him about the civility of the Italian population living there, praising the struggle of the "great, manifold, transfiguring Latin civilization against the barbaric abuse".<ref>{{cite book |last=Spadolini |first=Giovanni |title=Nuova Antologia – Rivista di lettere, scienze ed arti |date=1939 |publisher= Sapienza University of Rome |page=21}}</ref><ref name="Feresini">{{cite book |last=Feresini |first=Nerina |date=26 December 1989|title=Scontro di culture. La storia del Ginnasio di Pisino corre parallela a quella delle contrapposizioni etniche, fatte di scontri e di violenza, all'interno dell'Istria  |publisher=Il Territorio |pages=52–57 |url=https://www.ccm.it/ProxyVFS.axd/article,/r17922/1989_26_12_Scontro-di-culture-pdf?v=12492&ext=.pdf}}</ref>

D'Annunzio was a Grand Master of the [[Grand Lodge of Italy]], a [[Scottish Rite]] that in 1908 had separated from the Grand Orient of Italy.<ref>{{cite book |first=Fulvio |last=Conti |title=Storia della massoneria italiana. Dal Risorgimento al fascism |language=it |trans-title=History of Italian Freemasonry. From the Risorgimento to fascism |location=Bologna |publisher=Il Mulino |year=2003 |isbn=978-88-15-11019-0}}</ref> Subsequently, he adhered to the mystic and philosophic movimento known as [[Martinism]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cesnur.org/religioni_italia/m/martinismo_01.htm |title=Gli ordini martinisti e l'ermetismo kremmerziano |language=it |trans-title=The Martinist Orders and Kremmerzian Hermeticism |first1=M. |last1=Introvigne |publisher=Centro Studi sulle Nuove Religioni |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217073823/http://www.cesnur.org/religioni_italia/m/martinismo_01.htm |archive-date=17 December 2005}}</ref> collaborating in [[Fiume]] with other 33rd degree Scottish Rite Freemasons and occultists like [[Alceste De Ambris]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archiviostorico.info/libri-e-riviste/5165-alceste-de-ambris |title=Alceste De Ambris. L'utopia concreta di un rivoluzionario sindacalista |trans-title=Alceste De Ambris. The concrete utopia of a syndicalist revolutionary |website=archiviostorico.info |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221210549/http://www.archiviostorico.info/libri-e-riviste/5165-alceste-de-ambris |archive-date= 21 February 2014}}</ref> [[Sante Ceccherini]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Gianfranco De |last1=Turris |title=Esoterismo e Fascismo |language=it |trans-title=Esotericism and Fascism |location=Rome |publisher=Edizioni Mediterranee |year=2006 |isbn=978-88-272-1831-0 |page=44}}</ref> and [[Marco Egidio Allegri]]. The Masonic initiation of D'Annunzio his testified by the choice of Masonic symbols for the flag of the Regence of Carnaro like the [[Ouroboros]] and the seven stars of the [[Ursa Major]].<ref>De Turris 2006, p. 44.</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=S. |last1=Calasso |year=2011 |title=Speciale movimenti moderni – La Reggenza del Carnaro |trans-title=Special modern movements – The Regency of Carnaro |work=Il Covile – Anno XI |issue=627 |language=it |pages=1–13 |issn=2279-6924 |url=http://www.ilcovile.it/raccolte/RACCOLTA_COVILE__2_Romano_Guardini_e_i_movimenti_moderni.pdf#33 |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210213911/http://www.ilcovile.it/raccolte/RACCOLTA_COVILE__2_Romano_Guardini_e_i_movimenti_moderni.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2012}} and {{cite web|first=Armando |last=Ermini |year=2011 |title=Speciale movimenti moderni – Bilancio |trans-title=Special modern movements – Balance sheet |work=Il Covile – Anno XI |issue= 627 |pages=13–16 |issn=2279-6924 |url=http://www.ilcovile.it/raccolte/RACCOLTA_COVILE__2_Romano_Guardini_e_i_movimenti_moderni.pdf#45 |language=it |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210213911/http://www.ilcovile.it/raccolte/RACCOLTA_COVILE__2_Romano_Guardini_e_i_movimenti_moderni.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://guide.supereva.it/astronomia/interventi/2002/01/86621.shtml |title=A special flag |author1 = P. Colono |language=it |website=superEva |access-date = 20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020804131416/http://guide.supereva.it/astronomia/interventi/2002/01/86621.shtml |archive-date=4 August 2002}}</ref>

=== World War I ===
{{main|Flight over Vienna}}
[[File:Volantinodann.jpg|thumb|upright 1.2|Italian translation of the propaganda leaflet which D'Annunzio threw from his aeroplane during his flight above Vienna]]
After the start of [[World War I]], D'Annunzio returned to Italy and made public speeches in favor of Italy's entry on the side of the [[Triple Entente]]. Since taking a flight with [[Wilbur Wright]] in 1908, D'Annunzio had been interested in aviation. With the war beginning he volunteered and achieved further celebrity as a [[Fighter aircraft|fighter pilot]], losing the sight of an eye in a flying accident.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Gabriele DAnnunzio.jpg|thumb|D'Annunzio (left) with a fellow officer]]
In February 1918, he took part in a daring, if militarily irrelevant, [[Bakar mockery|raid on the harbour]] of [[Bakar, Croatia|Bakar]] (known in Italy as {{lang|it|La beffa di Buccari}}, lit. ''the Bakar Mockery''), helping to raise the spirits of the Italian public, still battered by the [[Battle of Caporetto|Caporetto disaster]]. On 9 August 1918, as commander of the 87th fighter squadron "La Serenissima", he organized one of the great feats of the war, leading nine planes in a 700-mile round trip to drop propaganda leaflets on [[Vienna]]. This is called in Italian "il Volo su Vienna", "the [[Flight over Vienna]]".<ref>{{cite EB1922|wstitle=D'Annunzio, Gabriele}}</ref>

=== Fiume ===
{{main|Impresa di Fiume}}
The war strengthened D'Annunzio's [[ultranationalist]] and [[Italian irredentist]] views, and he campaigned widely for Italy to assume a role alongside her wartime [[Allies of World War I|allies]] as a first-rate European power. Angered by the proposed handing over of the city of [[Fiume]] (now [[Rijeka]] in Croatia) whose population, when the suburbs are included, was mostly Italian, at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], on 12 September 1919, D'Annunzio led 186 grenadiers of the [[Royal Italian Army]]'s [[2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna"|2nd Grenadiers Regiment]]'s I Battalion from [[Ronchi dei Legionari|Ronchi]] to Fiume to seize the city. Within days troops from other army units joined D'Annunzio in Fiume, who soon commanded a force of 2,500 troops of former Royal Italian Army troops, Italian nationalists, and World War I veterans of the [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian front]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonelli |first1=Ernesto |title=Granatieri di Sardegna |date=2010 |publisher=Associazione del Museo Pietro Micca |location=Turin |pages=23–26, 104–109}}</ref> D'Annunzio then forced the [[Occupation of the eastern Adriatic|inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces]] to withdraw.<ref>H.R. Kedward, ''Fascism in Western Europe 1900–45'', p 40 New York University Press New York, 1971</ref> The plotters sought to have Italy annex Fiume but were denied. Instead, Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the plotters surrender.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Fiume cheering D'Annunzio.jpg|thumb|Residents of [[Fiume]], now Rijeka, Croatia, cheering the arrival of [[Impresa di Fiume|Gabriele D'Annunzio and his ''Legionari'']] in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Fiume-question|title=Fiume question|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>]]
D'Annunzio then declared Fiume an independent state, the [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]]; the [[Charter of Carnaro]] foreshadowed much of the later Italian Fascist system, with himself as "Duce" (leader). Some elements of the [[Royal Italian Navy]], such as the destroyer ''Espero'' joined up with D'Annunzio's local forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D07E7D7163CE533A25752C1A9649D946195D6CF |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=D'ANNUNZIO PAYS DESERTING SAILORS; Hands Out 10,000 Francs to Crew of Destroyer – Its Officer Bound to Gun. WRANGEL TROOPS NEAR BY Many in Rome Look Hopefully to Giolitti to Find a Way Out of Flume Crisis |date=11 December 1920 |access-date=3 May 2010}}</ref> He attempted to organize an alternative to the [[League of Nations]] for (selected) oppressed nations of the world (such as the Irish, whom D'Annunzio attempted to arm in 1920),<ref>Mark Phelan, 'Prophet of the Oppressed Nations: Gabriele D'Annunzio and the Irish Republic, 1919–1921, ''History Ireland'' vol. 21, no, 5(Sept/Oct 2013, pp. 44–50.</ref> and sought to make alliances with various [[separatism|separatist]] groups throughout the [[Balkans]] (especially groups of Italians, though also some [[Slavs|Slavic]] and [[Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo|Albanian]] groups),<ref>{{cite book |language=de |title=Lebenserinnerungen: 1912 bis 1925 |trans-title=Memoirs: 1912–1925 |page=154 |first=Ekrem |last=Vlora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnsITEI0l4IC&q=beqir+vokshi |isbn=9783486475715 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=1973}}</ref> although without much success. D'Annunzio ignored the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]] and declared war on Italy itself, only finally surrendering the city on 29 December 1920 after a bombardment by the Italian navy and five days of fighting.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Foto Fiume.jpg|thumb|D'Annunzio (near the centre with cane) with some legionaries (components of the Arditi's department of the Italian Royal Army) in Fiume in 1919. Next to D'Annunzio (right) is Arturo Avolio, a lieutenant and the commander of the Arditi's department of Bologna Brigade.]]

=== Later life ===
[[File:Vittoriale teatro.jpg|thumb|Villa of [[Vittoriale degli italiani]]]]
After the Fiume episode, D'Annunzio retired to his home on [[Lake Garda]] and spent his latter years writing and campaigning. Although D'Annunzio had a strong influence on the ideology of [[Benito Mussolini]], he never became directly involved in fascist government politics in Italy. In 1922, shortly before the [[march on Rome]], he was [[defenestration|pushed out of a window]] by an unknown assailant, or perhaps simply slipped and fell out himself while intoxicated. He survived but was badly injured, and recovered only after Mussolini had been appointed Prime Minister.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1924, D'Annunzio was ennobled by King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] and given the hereditary title of Prince of [[Monte Nevoso|Montenevoso]] ({{langx|it|Principe di Montenevoso}}). In 1937 he was made president of the [[Royal Academy of Italy]]. D'Annunzio died in 1938 of a stroke, at his home in [[Gardone Riviera]]. He was given a state funeral by Mussolini and was interred in a magnificent tomb constructed of white marble at [[Il Vittoriale degli Italiani]]. His son, [[Gabriellino D'Annunzio]], became a film director. His 1921 film ''[[The Ship (film)|The Ship]]'' was based on a novel by his father. In 1924, he co-directed the historical epic {{lang|it|[[Quo Vadis (1924 film)|Quo Vadis]]}}, an expensive failure, before retiring from filmmaking.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Politics ==
=== D'Annunzio and fascism ===
[[File:Tomba di Gabriele d'Annunzio nel Mausoleo Vittoriale degli Italiani.jpg|thumb|upright|Tomb of Gabriele D'Annunzio]]
{{fascism sidebar|intellectuals}}
Although D'Annunzio initially briefly associated himself with the [[Historical Right]] and his political views often evolved, D'Annunzio later associated himself with the  [[Historical Far Left]], [[socialism]], and [[progressivism]].<ref name="Alosco 2020"/> D'Annunzio is also often seen within the context of [[proto-fascism]] as a precursor of the ideals and techniques of [[Italian fascism]]. His political ideals emerged in Fiume when he coauthored a constitution with [[Alceste de Ambris]], a [[syndicalist]], the [[Charter of Carnaro]]. De Ambris provided the legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as a poet. De Ambris was the leader of a group of Italian seamen who had mutinied and then given their vessel to the service of D'Annunzio. The constitution established a [[corporatist]] state, with nine corporations to represent the different sectors of the economy (workers, employers, and professionals), and a tenth (D'Annunzio's invention) to represent the perceived superior human beings, the heroes, poets, prophets, and supermen. The Charter of Carnaro also declared that music was the fundamental principle of the state.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Others disagree and cite his initial opposition to [[fascism]], as well as his influence on Italian socialists and [[anti-fascists]].<ref name="Alosco 2020"/>

D'Annunzio, the ''de facto'' dictator of Fiume, maintained control through what has been described as a "new and dangerously potent politics of spectacle".<ref name="Lowe">{{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=Brian |title=Moral Claims in the Age of Spectacles: Shaping the Social Imaginary |date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137502414 |page=72}}</ref> It was this culture of dictatorship that [[Benito Mussolini]] imitated and learned from D'Annunzio. D'Annunzio has been described as the [[John the Baptist]] of Italian fascism,<ref name="Ledeen">{{cite book|last=Ledeen|first=Michael Arthur|title=D'Annunzio: the First Duce|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2001|edition=2, illustrated|chapter=''Preface''|isbn=9780765807427 }}</ref> as virtually the entire ritual of Fascism was invented by D'Annunzio during his occupation of Fiume and his leadership of the Italian Regency of Carnaro.<ref name="Paxton">{{cite book |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |author-link=Robert Paxton |title=[[The Anatomy of Fascism]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=2005 |edition=reprint |series=Vintage Series |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyoffascism00paxt_0/page/59 59–60] |chapter=Taking Root |isbn=9781400040940 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyoffascism00paxt_0/page/59}}</ref> These included the balcony address, the [[Roman salute]], the cries of "Eia, eia, eia! [[Alala]]!" taken from [[Achilles]]'s cry in the ''[[Iliad]]'', the dramatic and rhetorical dialogue with the crowd, the use of religious symbols in new secular settings,<ref name="Ledeen"/> as well as blackshirted followers (the [[Arditi]]) with their disciplined, bestial responses and strongarm repression of dissent.<ref>''The United States and Italy'', H. Stuart Hughes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1953, pp. 76, 81–82.</ref> He was even said to have originated the practice of forcibly dosing opponents with large amounts of [[castor oil]], a very effective laxative, to humiliate, disable, or kill them, a practice that became a common tool of Mussolini's [[Blackshirts]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Cecil|url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a4_028.html|url-status=dead|title=Did Mussolini use castor oil as an instrument of torture?|website=The Straight Dope|date=22 April 1994|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509145202/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a4_028.html|archive-date=9 May 2008|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Doody|first=Richard|date=11 May 2001|url=http://worldatwar.net/nations/other/fiume/|url-status=dead|title=Stati Libero di Fiume – Free State of Fiume|website=The World at War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308033039/http://worldatwar.net/nations/other/fiume/|archive-date=8 March 2009|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ruchala|first=Cali|date=2002|url=http://www.diacritica.com/degenerate/6/dannunzio7.html|url-status=dead|title='Superman, Supermidget': the Life of Gabriele D'Annunzio, Chapter Seven: The Opera|magazine=Degenerate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210064018/http://www.diacritica.com/degenerate/6/dannunzio7.html|archive-date=10 February 2005|access-date=11 July 2023|via=Diacritica}}</ref>

=== Rivalry with Benito Mussolini ===
{{multiple image
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 | image1 = Colletta per Fiume pag 01.jpg
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In his essay "Mussolini and The Cult of the Leader", John Whittam wrote:<ref>
{{cite journal|last=Whittam|first=John|date=March 1998|url=http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~semp/mussolini2.htm|title=Mussolini and the Cult of the Leader|journal=New Perspective|volume=3|issue=3|pages=12–16|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>

<blockquote>This famous poet, novelist and war hero was a self-proclaimed Superman. He was the outstanding interventionist in May 1915 and his dramatic exploits during the war won him national and international acclaim. In September 1919 he gathered together his 'legions' and captured the disputed seaport of Fiume. He held it for over a year and it was he who popularised the black shirts, the balcony speeches, the promulgation of ambitious charters and the entire choreography of street parades and ceremonies. He even planned a march on Rome. One historian had rightly described him as the 'First Duce' and Mussolini must have heaved a sigh of relief when he was driven from Fiume in December 1920 and his followers were dispersed. But he remained a threat to Mussolini and in 1921 Fascists like Balbo seriously considered turning to him for leadership.</blockquote>

In contrast, Mussolini vacillated from left to right at this time. Although Mussolini's fascism was heavily influenced by the Charter of Carnaro, the constitution for Fiume written by [[Alceste De Ambris]] and D'Annunzio, neither wanted to play an active part in the new movement, both refusing when asked by Fascist supporters to run in the elections of 15 May 1921. Before the [[March on Rome]], De Ambris even went so far as to depict the Italian fascist movement as "a filthy pawn in [[Giovanni Giolitti|Mister Giolitti's]] game of chess, and made out of the least dignified section of the [[bourgeoisie]]".{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

D'Annunzio was seriously injured when he fell out of a window on 13 August 1922; subsequently the planned "meeting for national pacification" with [[Francesco Saverio Nitti]] and Mussolini was cancelled. The incident was never explained and is considered by some historians an attempt to murder him, motivated by his popularity. Despite D'Annunzio's retreat from active public life after this event, Mussolini still found it necessary to regularly dole out funds to D'Annunzio as a bribe for not re-entering the political arena. When asked about this by a close friend, Mussolini purportedly stated: "When you have a rotten tooth you have two possibilities open to you: either you pull the tooth or you fill it with gold. With D'Annunzio I have chosen for the latter treatment."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Licht|first=Fred|date=December 1982|title=The Vittoriale degli Italiani|journal=The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|publisher=University of California Press|volume=41|issue=4|pages=318–324|doi=10.2307/989802 |jstor=989802}}</ref>

D'Annunzio kept attempting to intervene in politics almost until his death in 1938. He wrote to Mussolini in 1933 to try to convince him not to ally with [[Adolf Hitler]]. In 1934, he tried to disrupt the relationship between Hitler and Mussolini after their first meeting, even writing a satirical pamphlet about Hitler. In September 1937, D'Annunzio met with Mussolini at the [[Verona]] train station to try to convince him to leave the [[Axis powers]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Literature ==
[[File:Nunes Vais, Mario (1856-1932) - Gabriele D'Annunzio sdraiato mentre legge.jpg|thumb|D'Annunzio reading in a photo by Mario Nunes Vais]]
At the height of his success, D'Annunzio was celebrated for the originality, power and decadence of his writing. Although his work had immense impact across Europe, and influenced generations of Italian writers, his ''fin de siècle'' works are now little known, and his literary reputation has always been clouded by nationalistic ideals, and he had his strong detractors. A ''[[New York Times]]'' review in 1898 of his novel ''The Intruder'' referred to him as "evil", "entirely selfish and corrupt".<ref>{{cite news|title=D'Annunzio.; Books That Prove Him to Be Entirely Selfish and Corrupt|work=The New York Times|date=5 March 1898|page=RBA145}}</ref> Three weeks into its December 1901 run at the Teatro Constanzi in Rome, his tragedy ''[[Francesca da Rimini (play)|Francesca da Rimini]]'' was banned by the censor on grounds of morality.<ref>{{cite news|title=D'Annunzio's Tragedy Prohibited by Censor.; Further Performances of Francesca da Rimini at Rome Forbidden on Moral Grounds|work=The New York Times|date=31 December 1901|page=5}}</ref>

A prolific writer, D'Annunzio's novels in Italian include {{lang|it|Il piacere}} (''The Child of Pleasure'', 1889), {{lang|it|Il trionfo della morte}} (''The Triumph of Death'', 1894), and {{lang|it|Le vergini delle rocce}} (''The Maidens of the Rocks'', 1896). He wrote the screenplay to the feature film ''[[Cabiria]]'' (1914) based on episodes from the [[Second Punic War]]. D'Annunzio's literary creations were strongly influenced by the French [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] school, and contain episodes of striking violence and depictions of abnormal mental states interspersed with gorgeously imagined scenes. One of D'Annunzio's most significant novels, scandalous in its day, is ''Il fuoco'' (''The Flame of Life'') of 1900, in which he portrays himself as the [[Nietzsche]]an Superman (''[[Übermensch]]'') Stelio Effrena, in a fictionalized account of his love affair with [[Eleonora Duse]]. His short stories showed the influence of [[Guy de Maupassant]]. He was also associated with the Italian noblewoman [[Luisa Casati]], an influence on his novels and one of his mistresses.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Gabriele d&#039;Annunzio-L&#039;armata d&#039;Italia-Carabba-1916.png|thumb|D'Annunzio's book ''L'armata d'Italia'', published by Carabba in 1916]]
The 1911 ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' wrote of him:{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
<blockquote>The work of d' Annunzio, although by many of the younger generation injudiciously and extravagantly admired, is almost the most important literary work given to Italy since the days when the great classics welded her varying dialects into a fixed language. The psychological inspiration of his novels has come to him from many sources—French, Russian, Scandinavian, German—and in much of his earlier work there is little fundamental originality.<p>His creative power is intense and searching, but narrow and personal; his heroes and heroines are little more than one same type monotonously facing a different problem at a different phase of life. But the faultlessness of his style and the wealth of his language have been approached by none of his contemporaries, whom his genius has somewhat paralysed. In his later work [meaning as of 1911], when he begins drawing his inspiration from the traditions of bygone Italy in her glorious centuries, a current of real life seems to run through the veins of his personages. And the lasting merit of D'Annunzio, his real value to the literature of his country, consists precisely in that he opened up the closed mine of its former life as a source of inspiration for the present and of hope for the future, and created a language, neither pompous nor vulgar, drawn from every source and district suited to the requirements of modern thought, yet absolutely classical, borrowed from none, and, independently of the thought it may be used to express, a thing of intrinsic beauty. As his sight became clearer and his purpose strengthened, as exaggerations, affectations, and moods dropped away from his conceptions, his work became more and more typical Latin work, upheld by the ideal of an Italian Renaissance.</p></blockquote>

In Italy, some of D'Annunzio's poetic works remain popular, most notably his poem ''La pioggia nel pineto'' ("The Rain in the Pinewood"), which exemplifies his linguistic virtuosity as well as the sensuousness of his poetry. His work was part of the [[Art competitions at the 1912 Summer Olympics#Literature|literature event]] in the [[Art competitions at the 1912 Summer Olympics|art competition]] at the [[1912 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920848 |title=Gabriele D'Annunzio |work=Olympedia |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

== Museums ==
D'Annunzio's life and work are commemorated in a museum, ''[[Il Vittoriale degli Italiani]]'' ("The Shrine of the Italian People's Victories"). He planned and developed it himself, adjacent to his villa at [[Gardone Riviera]] on the southwest bank of [[Lake Garda]], between 1923 and his death. Now a national monument, it is a complex of military museum, library, literary and historical archive, theatre, war memorial and [[mausoleum]]. The museum preserves his [[torpedo boat]] ''MAS 96'' and the SVA-5 aircraft he flew over Vienna. His birthplace is also open to the public as a museum, [[Birthplace of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum]] in Pescara.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Works ==
[[File:Adolfo De Karolis (1874-1928), La figlia di Iorio (1914).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Poster by Adolfo De Karolis for [[Alberto Franchetti]]'s opera ''[[La figlia di Iorio]]'' (1906)]]
[[File:22 agosto 1915.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Pro-Italy messages that D'Annunzio threw from his aeroplane during his 1915 flight above Trieste]]

=== Novels ===
* ''[[Il Piacere]]'' (''The Child of Pleasure'', 1889)
* ''[[Giovanni Episcopo]]'' (1891)
* ''[[The Intruder (D'Annunzio novel)|L'innocente]]'' (''The Intruder'' (UK) or ''The Victim'' (US), 1892)
* ''[[Il trionfo della morte (novel)|Il trionfo della morte]]'' (''The Triumph of Death'', 1894)
* ''[[Le vergini delle rocce]]'' (''The Maidens of the Rocks'', 1895)
* ''[[The Flame (novel)|Il fuoco]]'' (''The Flame of Life: A Novel'', 1900)
* ''[[Forse che sì forse che no]]'' (''Maybe Yes, Maybe No'', 1910)

=== Tragedies ===
* ''La città morta'' (''The Dead City: a Tragedy'', 1899)
* ''[[La Gioconda (play)|La Gioconda]]'' (''Gioconda'', 1899)
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini (play)|Francesca da Rimini]]'' (1902),<ref>{{oclc|01308564}}</ref>
* ''L'Etiopia in fiamme'' (1904)
* ''[[The Daughter of Iorio|La figlia di Jorio]]'' (''The Daughter of Jorio'', 1904)
* ''[[La fiaccola sotto il moggio]]'' (''The Torch Under the Bushel'', 1905)
* ''[[Carlo Zeno#In Literature|La nave]]'' (1908).
* ''[[Fedra (Pizzetti)|Fedra]]'' (1909)

=== Short story collections ===
* ''La Riscossa'' (1918), Bestetti e Tumminelli Edizioni d'Arte, first edition of warlike prayers held on the Italian front from November 1917 to May 1918, in No. 16, 171 pages, brochure original xilographed, frontispiece, and trim always engraved on wood by Sartorio
* ''Terra vergine'' (1882)
* ''Le novelle della Pescara'' (1884–1886)

=== Poetry collections ===
* ''Primo vere'' (1879)
* ''Canto novo'' (1882)
* ''Poema paradisiaco'' (1893)
* The five books of ''Laudi del cielo, del mare, della terra e degli eroi'' (1903–1912)
** ''Maia (Canto Amebeo della Guerra)''
** ''Elettra''
** ''[[Halcyon (book)|Alcyone]]''
** ''Merope''
** ''Asterope (La Canzone del Quarnaro)''
* ''Ode alla nazione serba'' (1914)

=== Autobiographical works ===
* ''La Leda senza cigno''
* ''Notturno''
* ''Le faville del maglio''
* ''Le cento e cento e cento e cento pagine del Libro Segreto di Gabriele D'Annunzio tentato di morire o Libro Segreto'' (as Angelo Cocles)

D'Annunzio's epistolary work, ''Solus ad solam'', was published posthumously.

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Cabiria]]'', directed by [[Giovanni Pastrone]] (1914) – screenplay
* ''[[The Ship (film)|La Nave]]'' directed by [[Gabriellino D'Annunzio]] (1921) – screenplay

== In popular culture ==
*''[[D'Annunzio (film)|D'Annunzio]]'', directed by Sergio Nasca (1985) – about the romantic relationships in the life of the poet
* ''[[The Bad Poet]]'', directed by Vincenzo Jodice (2020) – about the poet's last years
* Fiume o Morte! (2025) about D'Annunzio's takeover of Fiume. It premiered at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|Rotterdam Film Festival.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Fiume o Morte! |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2025/films/fiume-o-morte |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=International Film Festival Rotterdam}}</ref>
* In the 2025 TV series Mussolini: Son of the Century, D'Annunzio is played by {{ill|Paolo Pierobon|it}}.

== Legacy ==
The [[D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara]] is named after him, as is the [[Brescia Airport]]. The Chilean poetess Lucila Godoy Alcayaga, 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature, took the first name of her pseudonym, [[Gabriela Mistral]], in his honour. The play ''[[Tamara (play)|Tamara]]'' is based on his meeting with the painter [[Tamara de Lempicka]]. [[Luchino Visconti]]'s last film, ''[[The Innocent (1976 film)|The Innocent]]'', is based on D'Annunzio's novel. The writer [[Ernesto Giménez Caballero]] was given the nickname the "Spanish D'Annunzio".<ref>{{cite book|last=Payne|first=Stanley G.|year=2001|title=A History of Fascism: 1914–1945|location=London|publisher=Routledge|page=258}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
{|
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Distintivo promozione merito di guerra ufficiali superiori (forze armate italiane).svg|100px]] [[File:Distintivo promozione merito di guerra ufficiali superiori (forze armate italiane).svg|100px]]
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Ufficiale OMS BAR.svg|100px]][[File:Cavaliere BAR.svg|100px]][[File:Valor militare gold medal - old style BAR.svg|100px]][[File:Valor militare silver medal BAR.svg|100px]][[File:Valor militare silver medal BAR.svg|100px]]
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Valor militare silver medal BAR.svg|100px]] [[File:Croce_di_guerra_al_valor_militare_BAR.svg|100px]] [[File:Croce di guerra al valor militare BAR.svg|100px]] [[File:MeritoMilitare3.png|100px]] [[File:1GMx4.png|100px]]
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Medaglia a ricordo dell'Unità d'Italia BAR.svg|100px]] [[File:vittoria.png|100px]] [[File:Medaglia Commemorativa Fiume.png|100px]] [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|100px]] [[File:CroixGuerre.png|100px]]
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Military cross nastrino.png|100px]]
|}

=== Italian ===
* [[File:Cavaliere BAR.svg|106px]] Knight of the [[Military Order of Savoy]]
::"As an air team leader in the flights of the August offensive, he was able, setting a magnificent example, to make the action coordinated and highly effective. In the battlefield of the sky, opposed by intense fire from every weapon, he dared the limits of human courage, striking the enemy from the lowest altitudes with very audacious persistence."
::— Sky over the [[Karst]], 19–26 August 1917
* [[File:Ufficiale OMS BAR.svg|106px]] Officer of the [[Military Order of Savoy]]
::"Animator of every spirit, transfusing his faith and love into everyone, in a magnificent and superb mission he led a flight of brave men over [[Vienna]], affirming in a hitherto unsurpassed way the power of the wings of Italy."
::— Vienna sky, 9 August 1918
* [[File:Valor militare gold medal - old style BAR.svg|106px]] [[Gold Medal of Military Valor]]
::"Volunteer and war-maimed, during three years of bitter struggle, with animating faith, with tireless work, participating in very audacious undertakings, on land, on the sea, in the sky, the high intellect and the tenacious will of the purposes – in harmony of thought and action – entirely dedicated to the sacred ideals of the Fatherland, in the pure dignity of duty and sacrifice."
::— War zone, May 1915–November 1918
* [[File:Valor militare silver medal BAR.svg|106px]] [[Silver Medal of Military Valor]] (first award)
::"As an [[Air observer|observer]] officer he voluntarily took part in various war missions carried out in enemy territory by [[seaplanes]] of the ''[[Regia Marina|Regia Marine]]'' [Royal Navy], always maintaining an exemplary and courageous demeanor and constantly demonstrating cold-blooded and youthful courage even under enemy fire. During a landing he suffered a serious injury to his right eye."
::— [[Adriatic]], May 1915–February 1916
* [[File:Valor militare silver medal BAR.svg|106px]] Silver Medal of Military Valor (second award)
::"During the actions from 10 to 12 October and from 1 to 3 November, he was a companion to the soldiers who conquered Veliki and Faiti. Enthusiastic and daring in every act of his, the example given was equal to the word and the effects obtained were effective and complete."
::— [[Veliki Kribak]], 10–12 October; [[Faiti Krib]], 1–3 November 1916
* [[File:Valor militare silver medal BAR.svg|106px]] Silver Medal of Military Valor (third award)
::"In the grand aerial feat he himself championed and in the harsh land combat he overcame on the [[Timavo]], his courage amazed the brave men themselves."
::— [[Karst]] sky-[[Timavo]], 23–28 May 1917
* [[File:Valor militare bronze medal BAR.svg|106px]] [[Bronze Medal of Military Valor]] (first award)
::"In land[-based] aircraft, covering a long stretch of open sea, in adverse conditions, he managed, with others, to reach the mouth of [[Cattaro]] and hit the naval objectives with great accuracy and effectiveness, returning with all the others to base, despite the inevitable detours in the growing haze."
::— [[Bay of Kotor]] 4–5 October 1917
* [[File:Valor militare bronze medal BAR.svg|106px]] Bronze Medal of Military Valor (second award)
::"An effective promoter, admirable for his faith and courage, a persevering example of military virtue, he voluntarily participated in the [[Bakar, Croatia|Buccari]] incursion."
::— [[Bakar, Croatia|Bakar]] 10–11 February 1918
* [[File:MeritoMilitare3.png|106px]] [[War Merit Cross (Italy)|War Merit Cross]] (three awards)
* [[File:Medaglia a ricordo dell'Unità d'Italia BAR.svg|106px]] [[Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy]]
* [[File:1GMx4.png|106px]] [[Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Austrian War 1915–1918]] (four years of campaign)
* [[File:World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|106px]] [[Allied Victory Medal (Italy)|Allied Victory Medal]]
* [[File:Medaglia Commemorativa Fiume.png|106px]] [[Commemorative Medal of the Fiume Expedition|Commemorative Gold Medal of the Fiume Expedition]]

=== Foreign ===
* [[File:Legion of Honour - Knight (France).png|106px]] Knight of the Order of the [[Legion of Honour]] ([[French Third Republic|France]])
* [[File:CroixGuerre.png|106px]] ''[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre 1914–1918]]'' (France)
* [[File:Military cross BAR.svg|106px]] [[Military Cross]] ([[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]])

=== Badges of honour and merit ===
* [[File:Distintivo promozione merito di guerra ufficiali superiori (forze armate italiane).svg|40px]] [[War Merit Promotion Badge]] (two awards)
* [[File:Medaglia 13 febbraio 1917 Mutilato-In-Guerra.jpg|40px]] Mutilated in War 1915–1918

=== Noble titles and honorary military ranks ===
* [[File:Arms of the house of D'annunzio.svg|40px]] [[Prince of Montenevoso]]
::— Conferred by Royal Decree of 15 March 1924 / 1915–1920
* [[File:IT-Airforce-OF-7.png|40px]] Honorary ''[[Brigadier general|Generale di Brigata Aerea]]'' ("Air Brigade General")
::— Awarded by Royal Decree of 1925 / 1915–1918
* [[File:Rank insignia of appuntato of the Guardia di Finanza.svg|25px]] Honorary ''[[Lance corporal|Appuntato]]'' ("Appointee") of the ''[[Guardia di Finanza]]'' ("Financial Police")
::— Awarded by Royal Decree of 1925 / Fiume 25 June 1920

== See also ==
* Tom Antongini, D'Annunzio's private secretary for more than thirty years
* [[Maurice Barrès]], a friend and literary-political kindred spirit of D'Annunzio
* ''[[The Pike: Gabriele D'Annunzio, Poet, Seducer and Preacher of War]]'', a modern reappraisal of D'Annunzio's life and work
* [[List of LGBT artists at the Olympic Games]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett |author-link=Everett F. Bleiler |year=1948 |title=The Checklist of Fantastic Literature |location=Chicago |publisher=Shasta Publishers |page=22}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Bufacchi |first=Emanuela |year=2005 |title=D'Annunzio, Gabriele |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia dei ragazzi |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gabriele-d-annunzio_(Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi)/ |language=it}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Carlino |first=Marcello |year=1986 |title=D'Annunzio, Gabriele |encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gabriele-d-annunzio_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |volume=32 |language=it}}
* {{cite encyclopedia  |last=Comes |first=Salvatore |year=1970 |title=D'Annunzio, Gabriele |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Dantesca |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gabriele-d-annunzio_(Enciclopedia-Dantesca)/ |language=it}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=D'Annunzio, Gabriele |year=1938 |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Italiana |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gabriele-d-annunzio_res-50dd272e-8b74-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ |volume=XII, I Appendice |page=322 |language=it}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=D'Annunzio, Gabriele |year=2010 |encyclopedia=Dizionario di Storia |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gabriele-d-annunzio_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |language=it}}
* {{cite web |year=2011 |title=D'Annùnzio, Gabriele |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gabriele-d-annunzio |website=Treccani |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |language=it}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Matt |first=Luigi |year=2010 |title=D'Annunzio, Gabriele |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia dell'Italiano |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gabriele-d-annunzio_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)/ |language=it}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Russu |first=Luigi |year=1931 |title=D'Annunzio, Gabriele |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Italiana |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gabriele-d-annunzio_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |language=it}}
* {{cite web |last=Stefanelli |first=Stefania |date=11 May 2018 |title=D'Annunzio, lessico e nuvole |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/articoli/percorsi/percorsi_147.html |website=Treccani |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |language=it}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Valentini |first=Valentina |year=2003 |title=D'Annunzio, Gabriele |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia del Cinema |publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute |location=Rome |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gabriele-d-annunzio_(Enciclopedia-del-Cinema)/ |language=it}}

; Attribution
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Annunzio, Gabriele D'|volume=2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Altrocchi |first=Rudolph|title=Gabriele D'Annunzio: Poet of Beauty and Decadence|url=https://archive.org/details/gabrieledannunz00altrgoog|year=1922|location=Chicago|publisher=Chicago Literary Club}}
* {{cite book|last=Antongini |first=Tommaso|year=1938|title=D'Annunzio|location=London|publisher=William Heinemann|postscript=. The author was D'Annunzio's private secretary.}}
* {{cite book|last=Bonadeo|first= Alfredo|title=D'Annunzio and the Great War|location=Vancouver<!--, British Columbia-->|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|year=1995 |isbn=0-8386-3587-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Baruffi|first1=Alessandro|last2=D'Annunzio |first2=Gabriele |title=Gabriele d'Annunzio: The Collection of Poems in English|edition=paperback|location=Toronto<!--, Ontario-->|publisher= LiteraryJoint Press |year=2019|isbn=978-0-3599-2886-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Duse |first1=Eleonora |last2=D'Annunzio |first2=Gabriele |author-link1=Eleonora Duse |editor-last1=Minucci |editor-first1=Franca |editor-last2=Andreoli |editor-first2=Annamaria |title=Come il mare io ti parlo. Lettere 1894-1923<!--Like the Sea I Speak to You: 1894–1923 Letters--> |year=2014 |edition=hardback with dust jacket
|publisher=Bompiani |location=Milan |isbn=978-8-8452-6990-5 |language=it |oclc=893328719}}
* {{cite journal|last= Galbo|first= Joseph|title= A Decadence Baedeker: D'Annunzio's The Triumph of Death|journal= The European Legacy|volume=22|issue=1|year=2017|pages= 49–67|doi=10.1080/10848770.2016.1239452|issn=1084-8770}}
* {{cite journal|last= Galbo|first= Joseph|url=https://www.academia.edu/12710847 |title=Sex, geography, and death: metropolis and empire in a Fascist writer|journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space|volume=14|issue=1|year=1996|pages=35–58|doi=10.1068/d140035|bibcode= 1996EnPlD..14...35G|issn=0263-7758}}
* {{cite magazine|last= Gilmour|first= David|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/03/06/dannunzio-he-dared-undarable/|title=He Dared the Undarable|magazine=The New York Review of Books|date=6 March 2014|volume= 61|issue= 4|issn= 0028-7504|pages=21–22|postscript=. Review of ''Gabriele d'Annunzio: Poet, Seducer, and Preacher of War'' by Lucy Hughes-Hallett. }}
* {{cite book|last= Hamilton|first= Alastair |title=The Appeal of Fascism: A Study of Intellectuals and Fascism 1919–1945|title-link=The Appeal of Fascism|edition=paperback|location= London|publisher=Blond |year=1971|isbn=0-218-51426-3}}
* {{cite book|last= Hughes-Hallett|first=Lucy|author-link=Lucy Hughes-Hallett|title=Gabriele d'Annunzio: Poet, Seducer, and Preacher of War|edition=hardcover|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=2013|isbn=978-0-307-26393-3}}
** Published in England as {{cite book|last= Hughes-Hallett|first=Lucy|title=The Pike: Gabriele D'Annunzio, Poet, Seducer and Preacher of War|title-link=The Pike: Gabriele D'Annunzio, Poet, Seducer and Preacher of War|edition=paperback|location=London|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2013|isbn=978-0-0072-1396-2}}
* {{cite book|last= Ledeen|first= Michael A.|title=D'Annunzio: The First Duce|date= 4 June 2024|edition=paperback; 2nd|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7658-0742-7}}
* {{cite book|last= Pireddu|first= Nicoletta|title=Antropologi alla corte della bellezza. Decadenza ed economia simbolica nell'Europa fin de siècle|language=it|edition=paperback|location=Verona|publisher= Fiorini|year= 2002 |isbn=88-87082-16-2}}
* {{cite book|last= Pireddu|first= Nicoletta|chapter=Gabriele D'Annunzio: The Art of Squandering and the Economy of Sacrifice|title=The Question of the Gift: Essays Across Disciplines|editor-last=Osteen|editor-first=Mark|edition=paperback; 1st|location=London <!--and--> New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|pages=172–190|isbn=978-0-4158-6914-0}}
* {{cite journal|last= Pireddu|first= Nicolett|title=Il divino pregio del dono': Andrea Sperelli's economy of pleasures|journal= Annali d'italianistica|volume= 15|year= 1997|pages= 175–201|issn=0741-7527|jstor=24006790}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Reese|editor-first=Philip|editor-link=Philip Rees|title=Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890|title-link=Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890|year=1991|edition=hardcover|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan Library Reference |isbn=0-13-089301-3}}
* {{cite book|last= Reill|first= Dominique Kirchner |year=2020|title=The Fiume Crisis: Life in the Wake of the Habsburg Empire|edition=paperback|location= Cambridge<!--, Massachusetts, and London, England-->|publisher= The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6742-4424-5}}
* {{cite book|last= Rhodes|first= Anthony|author-link=Anthony Rhodes|title=D'Annunzio: The Poet as Superman |year=1960|location=New York|publisher=Astor-Honor|isbn=0-8392-1022-1}}
* {{cite book|last= Valesio|first=Paolo|title=Gabriele D'Annunzio: The Dark Flame|translator-last=Migiel|translator-first=Marilyn |edition=hardcover|location=New Haven<!--, New Jersey-->|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-04871-8}}
* {{cite book|last= Veronesi|first= Matteo|title=Il critico come artista dall'estetismo agli ermetici. D'Annunzio, Croce, Serra, Luzi e altri|language=it|edition=paperback|location=Bologna|publisher= Azeta Fastpress|year= 2006 |isbn=88-89982-05-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodhouse|first= John|title= Gabriele D'Annunzio: Defiant Archangel|edition=hardcover|location= Oxford|publisher= Clarendon Press<!--Oxford University Press-->|year=1998 |isbn=0-19-815945-5}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
{{wikisource|Author:Gabriele_d'Annunzio|Gabriele d'Annunzio}}
* [[iarchive:FIUMARE|The Charter of Carnaro]] {{in lang|en}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=9030|name=Gabriele D'Annunzio}}
* {{FadedPage|id=D'Annunzio, Gabriele|name=Gabriele D'Annunzio|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Gabriele D'Annunzio}}
* {{Librivox author|id=980}}
* [http://www.gabrieledannunzio.it/ Gabrieledannunzio.it]
* [http://www.gabrieledannunzio.net/ Gabrieledannunzio.net]
* [http://www.vittoriale.it/ Vittoriale.it]
* Wilcoxm, Vanda. [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/dannunzio_gabriele/ D'Annunzio, Gabriele]. In the [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ ''International Encyclopedia of the First World War'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060103085343/http://www.liceopertini.net/progetti/gabriele_dannunzio/ Gabriele D'annunzio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070728125249/http://h1.ath.cx/muvi/museodannunzio/ Casa D'Annunzio]
* [http://digilander.libero.it/vanessaviaggi/galleria_vittoriale/ Il Vittoriale]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060506055423/http://www.castellionline.it/mostradannunzio/index.html Per non dormire Eleganze notturne al Vittoriale]
* [http://www.fotovideolab.it/MOSTRE/ELEGANZE_NOTTURNE_AL_VITTORIALE.htm Eleganze notturne al Vittoriale]
* [http://www.hist.uib.no/antikk/stamps/stmp399.htm Decennale di Fiume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210201128/http://www.hist.uib.no/antikk/stamps/stmp399.htm |date=10 February 2005 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061208172531/http://www14.brinkster.com/philayu/CRO/fiume/fiume.htm#pic4 Stamp Fiume]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060103094035/http://www.leadershipmedica.com/culturale/culgiu03/culturaleita/6bassi/6bassi03.htm Epistolario D'Annunzio Debussy]
* {{IMSLP|id=D'Annunzio, Gabriele}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/003691}}

{{Gabriele D'Annunzio}}
{{Italian Regency of Carnaro}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dannunzio, Gabriele}}
[[Category:Gabriele D'Annunzio| ]]
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[[Category:Italian male novelists]]
[[Category:Italian male poets]]
[[Category:Italian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Italian Nationalist Association]]
[[Category:Italian nationalists]]
[[Category:Italian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Italian World War I poets]]
[[Category:Martinism]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique]]
[[Category:Members of the Grand Council of Fascism]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Academy of Italy]]
[[Category:Art competitors at the 1912 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:People from Pescara]]
[[Category:Princes in Italy]]
[[Category:Proto-fascists]]
[[Category:Sapienza University of Rome alumni]]
[[Category:Symbolist novelists]]
[[Category:Symbolist poets]]
[[Category:Italian Regency of Carnaro]]