Editing Gérard de Nerval

{{Short description|French writer, poet, essayist and translator (1808–1855)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Gérard de Nerval
| image              = Félix Nadar 1820-1910 portraits Gérard de Nerval.jpg
| caption            = Gérard de Nerval, by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]]
| birth_name         = Gérard Labrunie
| birth_date         = {{birth date|df=yes|1808|5|22}}
| birth_place        = Paris, [[First French Empire|French Empire]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|df=yes|1855|1|26|1808|5|22}}
| death_place        = Paris, [[Second French Empire|French Empire]]
| occupation         = Essayist, poet, translator, travel writer
| movement           = [[Romanticism]]
| notable_works      = ''[[Voyage en Orient]]'' (1851)<br />''[[Les Filles du feu]]'' (1854), ''Aurélia'' (1855)
| signature          = 
}}

'''Gérard de Nerval''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒeʁaʁ də nɛʁval|lang}}; 22 May 1808 – 26 January 1855), the [[pen name]] of the French writer, poet, and translator '''Gérard Labrunie''', was a French essayist, poet, translator, and travel writer. He was a major figure during the era of [[French romanticism]], and best known for his novellas and poems, especially the collection ''[[Les Filles du feu]]'' (''The Daughters of Fire''), which included the novella ''[[Sylvie (novel)|Sylvie]]'' and the poem "El Desdichado".<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gerard-de-Nerval] Gérard de Nerval at Britannica</ref> Through his translations, Nerval played a major role in introducing French readers to the works of German Romantic authors, including [[Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock|Klopstock]], [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]], [[Gottfried August Bürger|Bürger]] and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]. His later work merged poetry and journalism in a fictional context and influenced [[Marcel Proust]]. His last novella, ''Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie'', influenced [[André Breton]] and [[Surrealism]].

==Biography==

===Early life===
Gérard Labrunie was born in Paris on 22 May 1808.<ref name="Cogez11">Gérard Cogez, ''Gérard de Nerval'' 11.</ref> His mother, Marie Marguerite Antoinette Laurent, was the daughter of a clothing salesman,<ref name="Petitfils15">Pierre Petitfils, ''Nerval'' p. 15.</ref> and his father, Étienne Labrunie, was a young doctor who had volunteered to serve as a medic in the army under [[Napoleon]].<ref name="Cogez13">Cogez 13.</ref>

In June 1808, soon after Gérard's birth, Étienne was drafted. With his young wife in tow, Étienne followed the army on tours of Germany and Austria, eventually settling in a hospital in [[Głogów]].<ref name="Cogez14">Cogez 14.</ref> While they travelled East, the Labrunies left their newborn son Gérard in the care of Marie Marguerite's uncle Antoine Boucher, who lived in [[Mortefontaine, Oise|Mortefontaine]], a small town in the [[Counts and dukes of Valois|Valois]] region, not far from Paris.<ref name="Cogez13">Cogez 13.</ref> On 29 November 1810 Marie Marguerite died before she could return to France.<ref name="Cogez14" /> Gérard was two years old. Having buried his wife, Étienne took part in the disastrous [[French invasion of Russia]].<ref name="Cogez15">Cogez 15.</ref> He was reunited with his son in 1814.<ref name="Cogez15" />

Upon his return to France in 1814, Étienne took his son and moved back to Paris, starting a medical practice at 72 rue Saint-Martin.<ref>Cogez 16</ref> Gérard lived with his father but often stayed with his great-uncle Boucher in Mortefontaine and with Gérard Dublanc at 2 rue de Mantes (now 2 rue du Maréchal Joffre) in [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]. (Dublanc, Étienne's uncle, was also Gérard's godfather.)<ref name="Cogez11" />

In 1822 Gérard enrolled at the [[Lycée Charlemagne|collège Charlemagne]]. This was where he met and befriended [[Théophile Gautier]]. This was also where he began to take poetry more seriously. He was especially drawn to epic poetry. At age 16, he wrote a poem that recounted the circumstances of Napoleon's defeat called "{{Lang|fr|Napoléon ou la France guerrière, élégies nationales|italic=no}}".<ref>Cogez 20.</ref> Later, he tried out satire, writing poems that took aim at Prime Minister [[Jean-Baptiste de Villèle|Villèle]], the Jesuit order, and anti-liberal newspapers like ''[[La Quotidienne]]''.<ref>Cogez 21–22.</ref> His writing started to be published in 1826.

At age 19, with minimal knowledge of the German language, he began the ambitious task of translating [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]''.<ref>Cogez 24</ref> His prose translation appeared in 1828. Despite its many flaws, the translation had many merits, and it did a great deal to establish his poetic reputation.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jean |last=Richer |title=Nerval par les témoins de sa vie |publisher= éditions Minard |year= 1970 | page=73|isbn= 0-320-05499-3}}</ref> It is the reason why [[Victor Hugo]], the leader of the [[French romanticism|Romantic movement in France]], felt compelled to have Gérard come to his apartment on 11, rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs.<ref name="Cogez27">Cogez 27.</ref>

===Cénacle===
In 1829, having received his baccalaureate degree two years late (perhaps because he skipped classes to go for walks and read for pleasure),<ref name="Cogez27" /> Gérard was under pressure from his father to find steady employment.  He took a job at a notary's office, but his heart was set on literature. When [[Victor Hugo]] asked him to support his play ''[[Hernani (drama)|Hernani]]'', under attack from conservative critics suspicious of Romanticism, Gérard was more than happy to join the fight (see {{ill|Bataille d'Hernani|fr}}).

Gérard was sympathetic to the liberal and republican atmosphere of the time, and was briefly imprisoned in 1832 for participating in student demonstrations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Karen L. |title=The Facts on File Companion to the French Novel |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=285–286}}</ref> Gérard set himself two anthology projects: one on German poetry, and one on French poetry. [[Alexandre Dumas]] and [[Pierre-Sébastien Laurentie]] arranged a library card for him so he could carry out his research.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

The first anthology included translations of [[Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock|Klopstock]], [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]], [[Gottfried August Bürger|Bürger]] and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], and met with less enthusiasm than his translation of ''Faust''. The second anthology included poems by [[Pierre de Ronsard|Ronsard]], [[Joachim du Bellay]], [[Jean-Antoine de Baïf]], [[Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas|Guillaume Du Bartas]] and {{ill|Jean-Baptiste Chassignet|fr}}.

By the fall of 1830, the ''[[Cénacle]]'', a group created by [[Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve|Sainte-Beuve]] to ensure Victor Hugo's success with ''Hernani'', had assembled many famed writers, including [[Alfred de Vigny]], [[Alfred de Musset]], [[Charles Nodier]], [[Alexandre Dumas]] and [[Honoré de Balzac]]. After ''Hernani''{{'}}s success, the Cénacle began to fall apart. At that time a new group appeared: the Petit-Cénacle, created by the sculptor [[Jean Bernard Duseigneur]]. Gérard attended some of the meetings, which took place in Duseigneur's studio.<ref>Pierre Petitfils, ''Nerval'', {{p.|63}}.</ref>

Gérard, following Hugo's lead, started to write plays. ''Le Prince des sots'' and ''Lara ou l'expiation'' were shown at the [[Théâtre de l'Odéon]] and met with positive reviews. He started to use the pseudonym Gérard de Nerval, inspired by the name of a property near Loisy (a village near [[Ver-sur-Launette]], [[Oise]]) which had belonged to his family.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130718123323/http://www.litterature-pour-tous.com/article-xix-eme-gerard-de-nerval-38221929.html litterature-pour-tous.com].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terresdecrivains.com/Gerard-de-NERVAL |title=Gérard de NERVAL |language=fr |date=28 August 2003 |access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref>

===Work with Dumas===

In January 1834, Nerval's maternal grandfather died and he inherited around 30,000 francs. That autumn, he headed to southern France and then travelled to Florence, Rome and Naples. On his return in 1835, he moved in with a group of Romantic artists (including {{ill|Camille Rogier|fr}}). In May of that year, he created ''Le Monde Dramatique,'' a luxurious literary journal on which he squandered his inheritance. Debt-ridden, he finally sold it in 1836. Getting his start in journalism, he travelled to Belgium with Gautier from July to September.

In 1837, ''Piquillo'' was shown at the Opéra-Comique. Despite Nerval's work on the project, Dumas' was the only name on the libretto. {{ill|Jenny Colon|fr}} played the main role. Nerval may have fallen in love with the actress. Some specialists claim that his unrequited love for her is what inspired many of the female figures that appear in his writing, including the Virgin Mary, Isis, the queen of Saba. Other experts disagree with this biographical analysis.<ref>For example, see Christine Bomboir, ''Les Lettres d'amour de Nerval : mythe ou réalité ?'', {{p.|93–94}}.</ref>

Despite Dumas' refusal to let him take credit for his work, Nerval continued to collaborate with Dumas on plays. In the summer of 1838, he travelled with Dumas to Germany to work on ''Léo Burckart,'' which eventually premiered at the [[Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin]] on 16 April 1839, six days after the premiere of another play the pair worked on together called ''L'Alchimiste.'' In November 1839, Nerval travelled to Vienna, where he met the pianist [[Marie Pleyel]] at the French embassy.

===First nervous breakdowns===

Back in France in March 1840, Nerval took over Gautier's column at ''La Presse.'' After publishing a third edition of ''Faust'' in July, including a preface and fragments of ''Second Faust,'' he travelled to Belgium in October. On 15 December ''Piquillo'' premiered in Brussels, where Nerval crossed paths with Jenny Colon and Marie Pleyel once again.

After a first nervous breakdown on 23 February 1841, he was cared for at the Sainte-Colombe Borstal ("maison de correction"). On 1 March [[Jules Janin]] published an obituary for Nerval in the ''Journal des Débats.'' After a second nervous breakdown, Nerval was housed in Docteur Esprit Blanche's clinic in Montmartre, where he remained from March to November.

===Travels===

On 22 December 1842, Nerval set off for the Near East, travelling to [[Alexandria]], [[Cairo]], [[Beirut]], [[Constantinople]], [[Malta]] and [[Naples]]. Back in Paris in 1843, he began to publish articles about his trip in 1844. His ''[[Voyage en Orient]]'' appeared in 1851.

Between 1844 and 1847, Nerval travelled to Belgium, the Netherlands, and London, producing [[travel writing]]. At the same time, he wrote novellas and opera librettos and translated poems by his friend [[Heinrich Heine]], publishing a selection of translations in 1848. His last years were spent in dire financial and emotional straits. Following his doctor Emile Blanche's advice, he tried to purge himself of his intense emotions in his writing. This is when he composed some of his best works.

[[File:Gustave Doré, La Rue de la Vieille Lanterne The Suicide of Gérard de Nerval, 1855.jpg|thumb|''La rue de la vieille lanterne: The Suicide of Gérard de Nerval'', by [[Gustave Doré]], 1855]]
Nerval had a pet [[lobster]] named Thibault, which he walked at the end of a blue silk ribbon in the [[Palais-Royal]] in Paris.<ref name="Horton">{{cite magazine|url= https://harpers.org/2008/10/nerval-a-man-and-his-lobster/| title= Nerval: A Man and His Lobster| first = Scott| last = Horton| author-link = Scott Horton (lawyer)| date= 12 October 2008| magazine= Harper's Magazine| access-date = 22 January 2010}}</ref> According to [[Théophile Gautier]], Nerval said:<ref>{{cite book|last=Gautier |first= Théophile |title=Portraits et Souvenirs Littéraires |location= Paris |publisher=Charpentier |year= 1875 }}</ref>
{{quote|Why should a lobster be any more ridiculous than a dog? ...or a cat, or a gazelle, or a lion, or any other animal that one chooses to take for a walk? I have a liking for lobsters. They are peaceful, serious creatures. They know the secrets of the sea, they don't bark, and they don't gnaw upon one's ''monadic'' privacy like dogs do. And Goethe had an aversion to dogs, and he wasn't mad.}}

In his later years, Nerval also took an interest in socialism, tracing its origins to the eighteenth-century [[Les Illuminés|Illuminists]] and esoteric authors such as [[Nicolas-Edme Rétif]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyngaard |first1=Amy S. |title=Bad Books: Rétif de la Bretonne, Sexuality, and Pornography |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=3}}</ref>

===Suicide===

Increasingly poverty-stricken and disoriented, he took his own life during the night of 26 January 1855, by hanging himself from the bar of a cellar window in the rue de la Vieille-Lanterne, a narrow lane in a squalid section of Paris.{{efn|The street existed only a few months longer. The area had been scheduled for demolition in June 1854, and that work began in the spring of 1855. The site of Nerval's suicide is now occupied by the [[Théâtre de la Ville]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carmona|first1=Michel|title=Haussmann: His Life and Times and the Making of Modern Paris|date=2002|publisher=Ivan R. Dee|location=Chicago|isbn=1-56663-427-X|pages=249–51}}</ref>}} He left a brief note to his aunt: "Don't wait up for me this evening, for the night will be black and white."<ref>{{cite book |last=Sieburth |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFHKmDZgd-cC&pg=PR31 |title=Gérard de Nerval: Selected Writings |page= xxxi |publisher=Penguin Group |location= London |year=1999|isbn=9780140446012 }}</ref> Just like in English, in French a ''nuit blanche'' (literal translation: a white night) is a sleepless night. {{cn|date=October 2024}}

The poet [[Charles Baudelaire]] observed that Nerval had "delivered his soul in the darkest street that he could find." The discoverers of his body were puzzled by the fact that his hat was still on his head. The last pages of his manuscript for ''{{ill|Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie|fr}}'' were found in a pocket of his coat. After a religious ceremony at the Notre-Dame cathedral (which was granted despite his suicide because of his troubled mental state), he was buried in the [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] in Paris, at the expense of his friends [[Théophile Gautier]] and [[Arsène Houssaye]], who published ''Aurélia'' as a book later that year.

The complete works of Gérard de Nerval are published in three volumes by [[Gallimard]] in the collection ''[[Bibliothèque de la Pléiade]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.la-pleiade.fr/Le-catalogue/Par-auteur/%28letter%29/N/%28author%29/1873 |title=Le Catalogue: Gerard de Nerval|access-date = 1 September 2015}}</ref>

==Assessments and legacy==
Goethe read Nerval's translation of ''Faust'' and called it "very successful", even claiming that he preferred it to the original.<ref>''[[Gespräche mit Goethe|Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann]]'', Trans. John Oxenford, 1906. [http://www.hxa.name/books/ecog/Eckermann-ConversationsOfGoethe-1830.html Jan 3, 1830 entry] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325004455/http://www.hxa.name/books/ecog/Eckermann-ConversationsOfGoethe-1830.html |date=25 March 2016 }}.</ref>

The composer [[Hector Berlioz]] relied on Nerval's translation of Faust for his work ''[[La damnation de Faust]]'', which premiered in 1846.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Thomas Forrest|author-link=Thomas Forrest Kelly|title=First Nights: Five Musical Premieres|date=2000|publisher=Yale University Press|page=190|isbn=0300091052|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PySuF_weSCIC&pg=PA190|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

In 1867, Nerval's friend [[Théophile Gautier]] (1811–1872) wrote a touching reminiscence of him in "La Vie de Gérard" which was included in his ''Portraits et Souvenirs Littéraires'' (1875).

For [[Marcel Proust]], Nerval was one of the greatest writers of the nineteenth century. Proust especially admired [[Sylvie (novel)|Sylvie]]'s exploration of time lost and regained, which would become one of Proust's deepest interests and the dominant theme of his magnum opus ''[[In Search of Lost Time]]''. Later, [[André Breton]] named Nerval a precursor of [[surrealism|Surrealist]] art, which drew on Nerval's forays into the significance of dreams. For his part, [[Antonin Artaud]] compared Nerval's visionary poetry to the work of [[Hölderlin]], [[Nietzsche]] and [[Van Gogh]].<ref name="Sieburth intro">Richard Sieburth, introduction to ''Selected Writings'', by Gérard de Nerval, trans. Richard Sieburth (New York: Penguin, 2006), Apple Books edition.</ref>

In 1945, at the end of the Second World War and after a long illness, the Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst [[Carl Jung]] delivered a lecture in Zürich on Nerval's ''Aurélia'' which he regarded as a work of "extraordinary magnitude". Jung described Nerval's memoir as a cautionary tale (the protagonist cannot profit psychologically from his own lucidity and profound insights), and he validates Nerval's visionary experience as a genuine encounter with the [[collective unconscious]] and ''[[anima mundi]]''.<ref>Jung (1945/2015){{full citation needed|date=September 2021}}</ref>

[[Umberto Eco]] in his ''[[Six Walks in the Fictional Woods]]'' calls Nerval's ''[[Sylvie (novel)|Sylvie]]'' a "masterpiece" and analysed it to demonstrate the use of temporal ambiguity.

[[Henry Miller]] called Nerval an "extraordinary French poet" and included him among a group of exemplary translators:"[i]n English we have yet to produce a poet who is able to do for Rimbaud what [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] did for [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]]'s verse, or Nerval for ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'', or [[Auguste Morel|Morel]] and [[Larbaud]] for ''Ulysses''".<ref>Miller, Henry, ''The Time of the Assassins, A Study of Rimbaud'', New York 1962, p. vi and vii.</ref> Literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] called him "a pure instance of [[Faust|Faustian]] man" but judged that "the sorrow of his unmothered and unloved existence destroyed him before" his genius could "fus[e] all the visionary's contraries together."<ref>{{cite book|title=Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds|author-first=Harold|author-last=Bloom|date=2002|pages=468–471}}</ref>

Twentieth century French composer [[Denise Roger]] used Nerval's texts for some of her songs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Aaron I. |title=International Encyclopedia of Women Composers |date=1987 |publisher=Books & Music (USA) |isbn=978-0-9617485-0-0 |pages=595 |language=en}}</ref>

The English rock band [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]] included the jazz-rock track "Dream Gerrard" in their 1974 album ''[[When the Eagle Flies]]''. Lyrics are known to be mainly written by [[Vivian Stanshall]] after reading Nerval's biography.<ref>Jonathan Calder, [http://liberalengland.blogspot.it/2013/09/traffic-dream-gerrard.html "Traffic: Dream Gerrard"], 22 September 2013</ref>

There are streets named after Nerval in the towns of [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]], [[Béthisy-Saint-Pierre]], [[Crépy-en-Valois]], [[Creil]], [[Mortefontaine, Oise|Mortefontaine]], [[Othis]] and [[Senlis]].

==Selected works==
* ''Les Faux Saulniers'' (''The Salt Smugglers'', 1850) – published over several weeks in ''[[Le National (Paris)|Le National]]'', a daily newspaper. He later incorporated some of this material in ''[[Les Filles du feu]]'' (in ''Angelique'') and in ''[[Les Illuminés]]'' (in ''L'Abbé de Bucquoy'').
* ''[[Voyage en Orient]]'' (1851) – an account of the author's voyages to Germany, Switzerland and Vienna in 1839 and 1840, and to Egypt and Turkey in 1843. Includes several pieces already published, including ''Les Amours de Vienne'', which first appeared in the ''[[Revue de Paris]]'' in 1841.  One of the author's major works.
* ''La Bohème Galante'' (1852) – a collection of short prose works and poems including some of the set he later called ''Odelettes''. Dedicated and addressed to [[Arsène Houssaye]].
* ''Les Nuits d'Octobre'' (1852) – a small but distinguished collection of essays describing Paris at night.
* ''[[Lorely, souvenirs d'Allemagne]]'' (1852) – an account of his travels along the Rhine, also in Holland and Belgium. It includes the full-length play ''Léo Burckart'', under the title "Scènes de la Vie Allemande".
* ''[[Les Illuminés]]'' (1852) – a collection of six biographical narratives in the form of novellas or essays.
* ''[[Sylvie (novel)|Sylvie]]'' (1853) – described by Nerval as "un petit roman" ("a small novel"), it is the most celebrated of his works.
* ''Petits Châteaux de Bohême'' (1853) – a collection of prose works and poetry, including the short play ''Corilla'', which was subsequently included in ''[[Les Filles du feu]]'', the ''Odelettes'', and several of the sonnets later published as ''The Chimeras''.
* ''[[Les Filles du feu]]'' (1854) – a volume of short stories or idylls, including the previously published ''Sylvie'', along with a sequence of twelve sonnets, ''[[The Chimeras]]''
* ''[[La Pandora|Pandora]]'' (1854) – another Fille du Feu, not finished in time for inclusion in that volume, written in the style of ''Sylvie'' and set in Vienna. Also known as ''La Pandora'', often subtitled ''Suite des Amours de Vienne''.
* ''{{ill|Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie|fr}}'' (1855, posthumously) – a fantasy-ridden interior autobiography as referred to by Gérard de Nerval
* ''Promenades et Souvenirs'' (1854–1855) – a collection of eight essays after the manner of ''Les Nuits d'Octobre'', describing the [[Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Saint-Germain neighbourhood]] of the author's childhood and youth. The last, "Chantilly", includes a portrait similar to those in ''Les Filles du feu''.

==Quotes==
From 'El Desdichado' in “The Chimeras," from ''Sylvie & The Chimeras'': <ref name="satc">{{cite book |last1=de Nerval |first1=Gérard |translator=Richard Robinson |title=Sylvie & The Chimeras |date=2023 |publisher=Sunny Lou Publishing}}</ref>
:{{lang|fr|I am the tenebrous, – the widower, – the disconsolate}}
:{{lang|fr|Prince of Aquitaine in a ruined tower:}}
:{{lang|fr|My only star is dead, – and my lute, constellated,}}
:{{lang|fr|Bears the black sun of Melancholy.}}

:{{lang|fr|In the dark night of the tomb, you who consoled me,}}
:{{lang|fr|Grant me the Posillipo and the sea of Italy,}}
:{{lang|fr|The flower that so pleased my heart which is desolate,}}
:{{lang|fr|And the trellis where vines with roses intertwine.}}

==Bibliography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
===Works in French===
* ''Œuvres complètes.'' 3 vols. Eds. Jean Guillaume & Claude Pichois. Paris: La Pléiade-Gallimard, 1984. Print.
* ''Les filles du feu/Les Chimères.'' Ed. Bertrand Marchal. Paris: Folio-Gallimard, 2005. Print. {{ISBN|978-2070314799}}
* ''Aurélia – La Pandora – Les Nuits d'Octobre – Promenades et souvenirs.'' Ed. Jean-Nicolas Illouz. Paris: Folio-Gallimard, 2005. Print. {{ISBN|978-2070314768}}

===English translations===
* ''The Women of Cairo'', trans. Conrad Elphinstone. Harcourt, Brace, 1930. Later reprinted as ''Journey to the Orient''. New York: Antipodes Press, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0988202603}}
* ''Aurélia & Other Writings'', trans. Geoffrey Wagner, Robert Duncan, Marc Lowenthal. New York: Exact Change, 1996. {{ISBN|978-1878972095}}
* ''Selected Writings'', trans. Richard Sieburth. New York: Penguin, 1999. Print. {{ISBN|978-0140446012}}
* ''The Illuminated, or The Precursors of Socialism: Tales and Portraits'', trans. Peter Valente. Wakefield Press, 2022. {{ISBN|978-1-93966-374-0}}
* ''Sylvie & The Chimeras'', trans. Richard Robinson. Portland, OR: Sunny Lou Publishing, 2023. {{ISBN|978-1-95539-240-2}}
* ''Small Castles of Bohemia'', trans. Napoleon Jeffries. Wakefield Press, forthcoming.
{{Div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of people who died by hanging#suicide by hanging|List of people who died by suicide by hanging]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
===Biographies===
* ''Album Nerval''. Eds. Éric Buffetaud and Claude Pichois. Paris: La Pléiade-Gallimard, 1993. {{ISBN|2070112829}}.
* Cogez, Gérard. ''Gérard de Nerval.'' Paris : Folio-Gallimard, 2010. Print. {{ISBN|978-2070338795}}
* [[Théophile Gautier|Gautier, Théophile]]. ''Histoire du romantisme/Quarante portraits romantiques.'' Ed. Adrien Goetz. Paris: Folio-Gallimard, 2011. Print. {{ISBN|978-2070412730}}
* [[Théophile Gautier|Gautier, Théophile]]. (1900). [https://archive.org/stream/completeworks08gaut#page/96/mode/2up "Gérard de Nerval."] In: ''The Complete Works of Théophile Gautier,'' Vol. VIII. London: The Athenæum Press, pp.&nbsp;96–116.
* Jones, Robert Emmet (1974). ''Gerard de Nerval.'' New York: Twayne Publishers.
* {{ill|Pierre Petitfils|fr|lt=Petitfils, Pierre}}, ''Nerval'', Paris, Julliard, 1986, coll. ''Les Vivants'' {{ISBN|2-260-00484-9}}
* Sowerby, Benn. ''The disinherited; the life of Gérard de Nerval, 1808–1855.'' New York: New York University Press, 1974. Print.

===Criticism (books)===
* Ahearn, Edward J. "Visionary Insanity: Nerval's ''Aurélia.''" ''Visionary Fictions: Apocalyptic Writing from Blake to the Modern Age.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Print.
* Jeanneret, Michel. ''La lettre perdue: Ecriture et folie dans l'œuvre de Nerval.'' Paris: Flammarion, 1978. Print.
* Gordon, Rae Beth (2014). "The Enchanted Hand: Schlegel's Arabesque in Nerval." In: ''Ornament, Fantasy, and Desire in Nineteenth-Century French Literature''. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* [[Jung, Carl Gustav]] (1945/2015). ''On Psychological and Visionary Art: Notes from C. G. Jung's Lecture on Gérard de Nerval's "Aurélia"''. Ed. Craig E Stephenson, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* Rhodes, Solomon A. (1951). ''Gérard de Nerval, 1808–1855: Poet, Traveler, Dreamer.'' New York: Philosophical Library.
* [[Arthur Symons|Symons, Arthur]] (1919). [https://archive.org/stream/symbolistmovemen00symo#page/68/mode/2up "Gérard de Nerval."] In: ''The Symbolist Movement in Literature.'' New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, pp.&nbsp;69–95.
* [[Andrew Lang|Lang, Andrew]] (1892). [https://archive.org/stream/lettersonliterat00langiala#page/146/mode/2up "Gérard de Nerval."] In: ''Letters on Literature.'' London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co., pp.&nbsp;147–156.

===Criticism (journal articles)===
* Blackman, Maurice (1986–87). "Byron and the First Poem of Gérard de Nerval," ''Nineteenth-Century French Studies,'' Vol. XV, No. 1/2, pp.&nbsp;94–107.
* Bray, Patrick M. (2006). "Lost in the Fold: Space and Subjectivity in Gérard de Nerval's 'Généalogie' and Sylvie," ''French Forum,'' Vol. XXXI, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;35–51.
* Carroll, Robert C. (1976). "Illusion and Identity: Gérard de Nerval and Rétif's 'Sara'," ''Studies in Romanticism,'' Vol. XV, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;59–80.
* Carroll, Robert C. (1976). "Gérard de Nerval: Prodigal Son of History," ''Nineteenth-Century French Studies,'' Vol. IV, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;263–273.
* DuBruck, Alfred (1974–1975). "Nerval and Dumas in Germany," ''Nineteenth-Century French Studies,'' Vol. III, No. 1/2, pp.&nbsp;58–64.
* Duckworth, Colin (1965). "Eugène Scribe and Gérard de Nerval 'Celui Qui Tient la Corde Nous Étrangle'," ''The Modern Language Review,'' Vol. LX, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;32–40.
* Knapp, Bettina L. (1974–75). "Gérard de Nerval's 'Isis' and the Cult of the Madonna," ''Nineteenth-Century French Studies,'' Vol. III, No. 1/2, pp.&nbsp;65–79.
* Knapp, Bettina L. (1976). "Gérard de Nerval: The Queen of Sheba and the Occult," ''Nineteenth-Century French Studies,'' Vol. IV, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;244–257.
* [[Andrew Lang|Lang, Andrew]] (1873). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092641562;view=1up;seq=583 "Gérard de Nerval, 1810–1855,"] ''Fraser's Magazine,'' Vol. VII, pp.&nbsp;559–566.
* Mauris, Maurice (1880). [https://archive.org/stream/frenchmenoflette00maurrich#page/128/mode/2up "Gérard de Nerval."] In: ''French Men of Letters.'' New York: D. Appleton and Company, pp.&nbsp;129–150.
* Moon, H. Kay (1965). "Gerard de Nerval: A Reappraisal," ''Brigham Young University Studies,'' Vol. VII, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;40–52.
* Rhodes, Solomon A. (1938). "Poetical Affiliations of Gerard de Nerval," ''PMLA,'' Vol. LIII, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;1157–1171.
* Rhodes, Solomon A. (1949). "The Friendship between Gérard de Nerval and Heinrich Heine," ''The French Review,'' Vol. XXIII, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;18–27.
* Rinsler, Norma (1963). "Gérard de Nerval, Fire and Ice," ''The Modern Language Review,'' Vol. LVIII, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;495–499.
* Rinsler, Norma (1963). "Gérard de Nerval's Celestial City and the Chain of Souls," ''Studies in Romanticism,'' Vol. II, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;87–106.
* Smith, Garnet (1889). [https://archive.org/stream/gentlemansmagaz229unkngoog#page/n288/mode/2up "Gérard de Nerval,"] ''The Gentleman's Magazine'', Vol. CCLXVI, pp.&nbsp;285–296.
* Warren, Rosanna (1983). "The 'Last Madness' of Gérard de Nerval," ''The Georgia Review,'' Vol. XXXVII, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;131–138.
{{Div col end}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Gérard de Nerval}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{wikiquotelang|fr}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=6559| name=Gérard de Nerval}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Gérard de Nerval}}
* {{Librivox author |id=444}}
* [http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/shared/WebDisplay/0,,49012_1_10,00.html Hieronymo's Mad Againe: On Translating Nerval] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328030850/http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/shared/WebDisplay/0,,49012_1_10,00.html |date=28 March 2013 }} essay by [[Richard Sieburth]], an English translator of Nerval

{{Gérard de Nerval}}
{{Romanticism}}
{{Portal bar|Poetry|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nerval, Gerard De}}
[[Category:Gérard de Nerval| ]]
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