Editing Freising manuscripts

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{about|the 10th-century Slovene/Latin theological texts|the 7th-century Vetus Latina New Testament texts|Frisingensia Fragmenta}}
 
[[File:Freising manuscript.jpg|thumb|The beginning of the second Freising manuscript]]
The '''Freising manuscripts'''<ref group="nb">Also ''Freising folia'', ''Freising fragments'', or ''Freising monuments''; {{langx|de|Freisinger Denkmäler}}, {{langx|la|Monumenta Frisingensia}}, {{langx|sl|Brižinski spomeniki}} or {{lang|sl|Brižinski rokopisi.}}</ref> are the first [[Latin alphabet|Latin-script]] continuous text in a [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]] and the oldest document in [[Slovene language|Slovene]].<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Collection of Sermons, Treatises, Liturgical Formulae and Canons. Slavic Liturgical Formulae (Freising Monuments)
| work = World Digital Library
| access-date = 2 June 2014
| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/13451/
}}</ref>

==Description and origin==
The manuscripts were found bound into a Latin [[codex]] (manuscript book).<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon">{{cite book |author= Đorđe Sp. Radojičić |editor = Živan Milisavac |date=1971 |title=Jugoslovenski književni leksikon |trans-title=Yugoslav Literary Lexicon |publisher=[[Matica srpska]] |language=sh |location= [[Novi Sad]] ([[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|SAP Vojvodina]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|SR Serbia]]) |page=126 }}</ref> Four [[parchment]] leaves and a further quarter of a page have been preserved (i.e., folia 78, 158, 159, 160, and 161, comprising nine pages altogether). They consist of three texts in the oldest [[Slovene dialects|Slovene dialect]]. Linguistic, stylistic and contextual analyses reveal that these are church texts of careful composition and literary form.

The precise date of the origin of the Freising manuscripts cannot be exactly determined; the original text was probably written in the 9th century. In this [[liturgy|liturgic]] and [[homily|homiletic]] manuscript, three Slovene records were found and this miscellany was probably an episcopal manual (pontificals). The Freising manuscripts in it were created between 972 and 1039, most likely before 1000.<ref>[https://www.didaktum.si/facts-about-the-slovenian-language/ Didaktum Language Institute website, ''Facts about the Slovenian Language'']</ref> The main support for this dating is the writing, which was used in the centuries after [[Charlemagne]] and is named [[Carolingian minuscule]].

During the time of the writing of the two manuscripts (sermons on sin and repentance, a confessional form), [[Abraham of Freising|Bishop Abraham]] was active (from 957 to 994) in Freising. It is believed that the manuscripts were written in the [[Möll]] Valley in [[Carinthia (duchy)|Carinthia]]. For this reason some linguists (e.g. [[Jernej Kopitar]] and [[Rajko Nahtigal]]) linked Abraham closely to the origin of the Freising manuscripts and even attributed to him the authorship of one of the texts and suspected that he was of Slovene origin, although this was later disproven.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://nl.ijs.si/e-zrc/bs/html/bsBK.html |title=Brižinski spomeniki: Monumenta Frisingiensia: elektronska znanstvenokritična izdaja |language=sl |trans-title=The Freising Manuscripts: Monumenta Frisingiensa: The Electronic Scientifically Critical Edition |editor-first=Matija |editor-last=Ogrin |publisher=Institute of the Slovene Literature and the Slovene language, Scientific Research Centre, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts |date=6 April 2007 |isbn=978-961-6568-33-3 |chapter=Oris raziskav |trans-chapter=Outline of Research |first=Igor |last=Grdina |at=§309}}</ref>

==Modern history==
The manuscripts were discovered in [[Freising]], [[Bavaria]]. The Slovene name ''Brižinski spomeniki'' (literally 'Brižinj Monuments') was coined by the [[Carinthian Slovenes|Carinthian Slovene]] philologist [[Anton Janežič]], who Slovenized the German name Freising to ''Brižinj'' in 1854.<ref>Pogačnik, Jože & Franc Zadravec. 1968. ''Zgodovina slovenskega slovstva: Srednji vek, reformacija in protireformacija, manirizem in barok.'' Maribor: Obzorja, p. 64.</ref> In 1803, the manuscript came to the [[Bavarian State Library]] in [[Munich]] and the Freising manuscripts were discovered there in 1807. The texts were translated into modern Slovene in 1854 by Anton Janežič. Before World War II, a [[facsimile]] of the Freising manuscripts was published by {{ill|Silvester Škerl|sl}} at ''[[Akademska založba]]'' (Academic Publisher) in [[Ljubljana]].

==Exhibitions==
The manuscripts are still kept at the Bavarian State Library in Munich<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon"/> and have left it only twice. In the 1970s, they were exhibited in the [[Vatican Museums]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.druzina.si/icd/spletnastran.nsf/knjigarna/DE355EBEC92986CAC1256EFD004D74FA/$FILE/CD97.PDF |title=Cerkev in kulturne dobrine |language=sl |trans-title=The Church and Cultural Goods |volume=97 |journal=Cerkveni Dokumenti |publisher=Družina; Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Goods of the Church |year=2002 |first=Rafko |last=Valenčič |isbn=961-222-418-8 |page=15}}</ref> In May and June 2004, they were exhibited at the [[National and University Library of Slovenia|National and University Library]] in [[Ljubljana]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tvslo.si/kultura/knjige/vrnitev-brizinskih-spomenikov/131528 |title=Vrnitev Brižinskih spomenikov |language=sl |trans-title=The Return of the Freising Monuments |date=23 June 2004 |work=MMC RTV Slovenija |publisher=RTV Slovenija |issn=1581-372X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Codex Suprasliensis]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
* {{Cite book|last=Richards|first=Ronald O.|title=The Pannonian Slavic Dialect of the Common Slavic Proto-language: The View from Old Hungarian|year=2003|location=Los Angeles|publisher=University of California|isbn=9780974265308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDFiAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tóth|first=Imre H.|chapter=The Significance of the Freising Manuscripts (FM) for Slavic Studies in Hungary|title=Zbornik Brižinski spomeniki|year=1996|location=Ljubljana|publisher=Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti|pages=443–448|isbn=9788671311007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipoYAQAAIAAJ}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Freising Manuscripts|Freising manuscripts}}
* [http://nl.ijs.si/e-zrc/bs/index-en.html Freising manuscripts (Brižinski spomeniki)]. Scholarly Digital Editions of Slovenian Literature. Scientific Research Centre, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Contains a historical overview of the manuscripts, a series of studies and commentaries, a glossary, transcriptions and translations.
* [https://archive.today/20130210191324/http://www.bsb-muenchen.de/Freisinger-Denkmaeler-Freising-Manuscripts-Clm-6426.728+M57d0acf4f16.0.html Freisinger Denkmäler (Freising manuscripts), Clm 6426]. Bavarian State Library. Presents the manuscripts and contains links to the digitised versions kept by the library.

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[[Category:Earliest known manuscripts by language]]
[[Category:Slovenian literature]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Christian manuscripts]]
[[Category:10th-century manuscripts]]
[[Category:11th-century manuscripts]]
[[Category:South Slavic manuscripts]]