Editing Freeman Dyson

{{short description|British theoretical physicist and mathematician (1923–2020)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Freeman Dyson
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals |country =GBR |FRS |size=100%}}
| image             = Freeman Dyson (2005).jpg
| alt               = Dyson in a jacket
| caption           = Dyson at the [[Long Now Seminar]] in [[San Francisco, California]], in 2005
| birth_name        = Freeman John Dyson
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|12|15}}
| birth_place       = [[Crowthorne]], [[Berkshire]], England
| nationality       = British-American
| children          = 6, including [[Esther Dyson]] and [[George Dyson (science historian)|George Dyson]]<ref name=rsbm/>
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|02|28|1923|12|15}}
| death_place       = [[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey]], U.S.
| field             = [[Physics]], [[mathematics]]
| alma_mater        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
* [[Cornell University]]
}}
| work_institutions = {{plainlist|
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Institute for Advanced Study]]
* [[University of Birmingham]]
* [[Cornell University]]}}
| doctoral_advisor  = <!--Dyson never received a doctorate http://www.webofstories.com/play/4403 -->
| academic_advisors = [[Hans Bethe]]
| doctoral_students = <!--please insert-->
| known_for         = {{plainlist|
* [[Circular ensemble]]
* [[Crank conjecture]]
* [[Crank of a partition]]
* [[Rank of a partition]]
* [[Random matrix|Random matrix theory]]
* [[Stability of matter]]
* [[Self-replicating machine]]
* [[Quantum electrodynamics]]
* [[Helios (propulsion system)|Helios propulsion system]]
* [[Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)|Project Orion]]
* [[TRIGA]]
* [[Anti-nuclear movement in the United States|Advocacy against nuclear weapons]]
* [[Dyson sphere]]}}
| prizes            = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics|Heineman Prize]] (1965)
* [[Lorentz Medal]] (1966)
* [[Hughes Medal]] (1968)
* [[Max Planck Medal]] (1969)
* [[Harvey Prize]] (1977)
* [[Wolf Prize in Physics|Wolf Prize]] (1981)
* [[Andrew Gemant Award]] (1988)
* [[Matteucci Medal]] (1989)
* [[Oersted Medal]] (1991)
* [[Enrico Fermi Award]] (1993)
* [[Templeton Prize]] (2000)
* [[Pomeranchuk Prize]] (2003)
* [[Henri Poincaré Prize]] (2012)}}
| website           = {{URL|https://ias.edu/sns/dyson}}
| spouse            = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Verena Huber-Dyson|Verena Huber]]|11 August 1950|1958|end=div}}<ref name=spouseobit />|{{marriage|Imme Jung|November 1958}}}}
| parents           = [[George Dyson (composer)|George Dyson]]
}}
{{Quantum field theory}}
{{Modern physics}}
'''Freeman John Dyson''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} (15 December 1923&nbsp;– 28 February 2020)<ref name=rsbm>{{cite Q|Q115731803}}</ref> was a British-American [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] and mathematician known for his works in [[quantum field theory]], [[astrophysics]], [[random matrix|random matrices]], [[mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics]], [[condensed matter physics]], [[nuclear physics]], and [[nuclear engineering|engineering]].{{efn|name=abjure}}<ref name=brit /> He was professor emeritus in the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] and a member of the board of sponsors of the ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''.<ref name=thebulletin.org />

Dyson originated several concepts that bear his name, such as [[Dyson's transform]], a fundamental technique in [[additive number theory]],{{sfn|Nathanson|1996|p=42}} which he developed as part of his proof of [[Mann's theorem]];{{sfn|Halberstam|Roth|1983|p=}} the [[Dyson tree]], a hypothetical [[genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] [[plant]] capable of growing in a [[comet]]; the [[Dyson series]], a [[Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)|perturbative]] series where each term is represented by [[Feynman diagram]]s; the [[Dyson sphere]], a [[thought experiment]] that attempts to explain how a [[spacefaring|space-faring]] civilization would meet its energy requirements with a hypothetical [[megastructure]] that completely encompasses a [[star]] and captures a large percentage of its power output; and [[Dyson's eternal intelligence]], a means by which an [[immortality|immortal]] society of [[intelligence (trait)|intelligent]] beings in an [[open universe]] could escape the prospect of the [[heat death of the universe]] by extending [[subjective time]] to infinity while expending only a finite amount of energy.

Dyson disagreed with the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].  He believed that some of the effects of increased CO{{sub|2}} levels are favourable and not taken into account by climate scientists, such as increased agricultural yield, and further that the positive benefits of CO{{sub|2}} likely outweigh the negative effects.{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}}<ref name=CTM27 />{{sfn|Connor|2011}} He was sceptical about the [[Scientific modelling|simulation models]] used to predict [[climate change]], arguing that political efforts to reduce causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority.

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Dyson was born on 15 December 1923, in [[Crowthorne]] in [[Berkshire]], [[England]].<ref name=rsbm/> He was the son of Mildred ({{née|Atkey}}) and the composer [[George Dyson (composer)|George Dyson]], who was later knighted. His mother had a law degree, and after Dyson was born she worked as a social worker.{{sfn|Stocke|2008}} Dyson had one sibling, his older sister, Alice, who remembered him as a boy surrounded by encyclopedias and always calculating on sheets of paper.{{sfn|Finkbeiner|2013}} At the age of four he tried to calculate the number of atoms in the Sun.{{sfn|Dyson|Rītups|2016}} As a child, he showed an interest in large numbers and in the [[Solar System]], and was strongly influenced by the 1937 book ''[[Men of Mathematics]]'' by [[Eric Temple Bell]].{{sfn|Lin|2014}} Politically, Dyson said he was "brought up as a socialist".{{sfn|Ghodsee|2015|p=5}}

From 1936 to 1941 Dyson was a scholar at [[Winchester College]], where his father was Director of Music.<ref name=rsbm/> At the age of 17 he studied pure mathematics with [[Abram Besicovitch]] as his tutor<ref name=MathsatCambs /> at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he won a scholarship at age 15. During this stay, Dyson also practised [[night climbing]] on the university buildings,{{sfn|Schweber|1994|p=486}} and once walked from [[Cambridge]] to [[London]] in a day with his friend Oscar Hahn, nephew of [[Kurt Hahn]], who was a wheelchair user due to [[polio]].{{sfn|Schweber|1994|p=487}}

At the age of 19 he was assigned to war work in the [[Operations research#Second World War|Operational Research Section]] (ORS) of [[RAF Bomber Command]], where he developed analytical methods for calculating the ideal density for bomber formations to help the [[Royal Air Force]] bomb German targets during the [[Second World War]].{{sfn|Dyson|2006a}}{{sfn|Brower|2010}} After the war, Dyson was readmitted to Trinity College, where he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree in mathematics.{{sfn|Aharony|Feder|1989|p=66}}<ref name=ias.edu /> From 1946 to 1949 he was a [[fellow]] of his college, occupying rooms just below those of the philosopher [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], who resigned his professorship in 1947.{{sfn|Dyson|2012}}

In 1947 Dyson published two papers in [[number theory]].{{sfn|Dyson|1947|pp= 225-240}}{{sfn|Dyson|1946|pp=409-420}} Friends and colleagues described him as shy and self-effacing, with a contrarian streak that his friends found refreshing but intellectual opponents found exasperating.<ref name=rsbm/> "I have the sense that when consensus is forming like ice hardening on a lake, Dyson will do his best to chip at the ice", [[Steven Weinberg]] said of him. His friend the neurologist and author [[Oliver Sacks]] said: "A favourite word of Freeman's about doing science and being creative is the word 'subversive'. He feels it's rather important not only to be not orthodox, but to be subversive, and he's done that all his life."{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}}

=== Career in the United States ===
On [[G. I. Taylor]]'s advice and recommendation, Dyson moved to the United States in 1947 as a [[Harkness Fellowship|Commonwealth Fellow]] for postgraduate study with [[Hans Bethe]] at [[Cornell University]] (1947–1948).{{sfn|Aaserud|1986}}{{sfn|Schweber|1994|pp=392-}} There he made the acquaintance of [[Richard Feynman]]. Dyson recognized the brilliance of Feynman and worked with him. He then moved to the Institute for Advanced Study (1948–1949), before returning to England (1949–51), where he was a research fellow at the [[University of Birmingham]].<ref name=acap /> In 1949, Dyson demonstrated the equivalence of two formulations of [[quantum electrodynamics]] (QED): Richard Feynman's diagrams and the operator method developed by [[Julian Schwinger]] and [[Shin'ichirō Tomonaga]]. He was the first person after their creator to appreciate the power of [[Feynman diagram]]s and his paper written in 1948 and published in 1949 was the first to make use of them. He said in that paper that Feynman diagrams were not just a computational tool but a physical theory and developed rules for the diagrams that completely solved the [[renormalization]] problem. Dyson's paper and his lectures presented Feynman's theories of QED in a form that other physicists could understand, facilitating the physics community's acceptance of Feynman's work. [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], in particular, was persuaded by Dyson that Feynman's new theory was as valid as Schwinger's and Tomonaga's. Also in 1949, in related work, Dyson invented the [[Dyson series]]. It was this paper that inspired [[John Clive Ward|John Ward]] to derive his celebrated [[Ward–Takahashi identity]].{{sfn|Ward|1950|p=182}}

Dyson joined the faculty at Cornell as a physics professor in 1951, though he still had no doctorate. In December 1952, Oppenheimer, the director of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], offered Dyson a lifetime appointment at the institute, "for proving me wrong", in Oppenheimer's words.{{sfn|Dyson|1979|p=}} Dyson remained at the Institute until the end of his career.{{sfn|Stone|2020}}{{sfn|Schewe|2014|pp=88–89}} In 1957 he became a [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizen]].{{efn|name=abjure}}<ref name=ias.edu /><ref name=britannica.com /> From 1957 to 1961 Dyson worked on [[Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)|Project Orion]],{{sfn|Klaes|2016}} which proposed the possibility of space-flight using [[nuclear pulse propulsion]]. A prototype was demonstrated using conventional explosives, but the 1963 [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty|Partial Test Ban Treaty]], in which Dyson was involved and which he supported,{{sfn|Schewe|2014|pp=162-164}} permitted only [[underground nuclear weapons testing]],<ref name=un.org /> and the project was abandoned in 1965.{{sfn|Schewe|2014|pp=147-149}}

In 1958 Dyson was a member of the design team under [[Edward Teller]] for [[TRIGA]], a small, inherently safe [[nuclear reactor]] used throughout the world in hospitals and universities for the production of [[Isotopes in medicine|medical isotopes]].{{sfn|Lo|2014}}

In 1966, independently of [[Elliott H. Lieb]] and [[Walter Thirring]], Dyson and Andrew Lenard published a paper proving that the [[Pauli exclusion principle]] plays the main role in the [[stability of matter]].{{sfn|Lieb|Thirring|1975|pp=687–689}} Hence it is not the electromagnetic repulsion between outer-shell orbital electrons that prevents two stacked wood blocks from coalescing into a single piece, but the exclusion principle applied to electrons and protons that generates the classical macroscopic [[normal force]]. In [[condensed matter physics]], Dyson also analysed the phase transition of the [[Ising model]] in one dimension and [[spin wave]]s.{{sfn|Dyson|1996|pp=287-}}

Dyson also did work in a variety of topics in mathematics, such as topology, analysis, number theory and [[Random matrix|random matrices]].{{sfn|Dyson|1996|pp=443-}} In 1973 the number theorist [[Hugh Lowell Montgomery]] was visiting the Institute for Advanced Study and had just made his [[Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture|pair correlation conjecture]] concerning the distribution of the zeros of the [[Riemann zeta function]]. He showed his formula to the mathematician [[Atle Selberg]], who said that it looked like something in [[mathematical physics]] and that Montgomery should show it to Dyson, which he did. Dyson recognized the formula as the [[pair correlation function]] of the [[Gaussian unitary ensemble]], which physicists have studied extensively. This suggested that there might be an unexpected connection between the [[distribution of primes]] (2, 3, 5, 7, 11,&nbsp;...) and the energy levels in the [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]] of [[heavy elements]] such as [[uranium]].{{sfn|Derbyshire|2003|p=}}

Around 1979 Dyson worked with the [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities|Institute for Energy Analysis]] on [[Climatology|climate studies]]. This group, under [[Alvin Weinberg]]'s direction, pioneered multidisciplinary climate studies, including a strong biology group. Also during the 1970s, Dyson worked on climate studies conducted by the [[JASON (advisory group)|JASON]] defense advisory group.{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}}

Dyson retired from the Institute for Advanced Study in 1994.<ref name=nasonline.org /> In 1998 he joined the board of the [[Solar Electric Light Fund]]. In 2003 he was president of the [[Space Studies Institute]], the space research organization founded by [[Gerard K. O'Neill]]; in 2013 he was on its board of trustees.<ref name=ssi.org /> Dyson was a longtime member of the [[JASON (advisory group)|JASON]] group.{{sfn|Schewe|2014|pp=166, 298}}

Dyson won numerous scientific awards, but never a [[Nobel Prize]]. Nobel physics laureate [[Steven Weinberg]] said that the [[Nobel Committee for Physics|Nobel committee]] "fleeced" Dyson, but Dyson remarked in 2009, "I think it's almost true without exception if you want to win a Nobel Prize, you should have a long attention span, get hold of some deep and important problem and stay with it for ten years. That wasn't my style."{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}} Dyson was a regular contributor to ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', and published a memoir, ''Maker of Patterns: An Autobiography Through Letters'' in 2018.{{sfn|Schewe|2014|p=299}}

In 2012 Dyson published (with [[William H. Press]]) a fundamental new result about the [[prisoner's dilemma]] in the [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]].{{sfn|Hawks|2012}} He wrote a foreword to a treatise on psychic phenomena in which he concluded that "ESP is real... but cannot be tested with the clumsy tools of science".{{sfn|Mayer|2008|loc=Foreword}}

=== Personal life and death ===
Dyson married his first wife, the Swiss mathematician [[Verena Huber-Dyson|Verena Huber]], on 11 August 1950. They had two children, [[Esther Dyson|Esther]] and [[George Dyson (science historian)|George]], before divorcing in 1958. In November 1958 he married Imme Jung (born 1936) and they had four more children: Dorothy, Mia, Rebecca, and Emily Dyson.{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}}

Dyson's eldest daughter, Esther, is a digital technology consultant and investor; she has been called "the most influential woman in all the computer world".{{sfn|McKelvey|2014}} His son George is a [[history of science|historian of science]],{{sfn|Brockman|1996|p=81}} one of whose books is ''Project Orion: The Atomic Spaceship 1957–1965''.{{sfn|Dyson|2002|p=}}

Dyson died on 28 February 2020 at [[Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center]] in [[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey]], from complications following a fall. He was 96.{{sfn|Stone|2020}}{{sfn|Johnson|2020}}{{sfn|Brumfiel|2020}}{{sfn|Levin|2020}}

==Concepts==
===Biotechnology and genetic engineering===
{{see also|The Sun, the Genome and the Internet}}
Dyson admitted his record as a prophet was mixed, but thought it is better to be wrong than vague, and that in meeting the world's material needs, technology must be beautiful and cheap.

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | My book ''The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet'' (1999) describes a vision of green technology enriching villages all over the world and halting the migration from villages to megacities. The three components of the vision are all essential: the sun to provide energy where it is needed, the genome to provide plants that can convert sunlight into chemical fuels cheaply and efficiently, the Internet to end the intellectual and economic isolation of rural populations. With all three components in place, every village in Africa could enjoy its fair share of the blessings of civilization.|source={{harvnb|Dyson|2007}} }}

Dyson coined the term "green technologies", based on [[biology]] instead of [[physics]] or [[chemistry]], to describe new species of [[microorganism]]s and [[plant]]s designed to meet human needs. He argued that such technologies would be based on [[solar power]] rather than the [[fossil fuel]]s whose use he saw as part of what he calls "gray technologies" of industry. He believed that [[Genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] crops, which he described as green, can help end [[rural poverty]], with a movement based in [[ethics]] to end the inequitable [[distribution of wealth]] on the planet.{{sfn|Shwartz|2001}}

===''The Origin of Life''===
{{Main|Abiogenesis}}
Dyson favoured the dual origin theory: that life first formed as [[Cell (biology)|cells]], then [[enzyme]]s, and finally, much later, [[gene]]s. This was first propounded by the Russian biochemist, [[Alexander Oparin]].{{sfn|Oparin|1924}} [[J. B. S. Haldane]] developed the same theory independently.{{sfn|Haldane|1929}} In Dyson's version of the theory, life evolved in two stages, widely separated in time. Because of the biochemistry, he regards it as too unlikely that genes could have developed fully blown in one process. Current cells contain [[adenosine triphosphate]] or ATP and [[adenosine 5'-monophosphate]] or AMP, which greatly resemble each other but have completely different functions. ATP transports energy around the cell, and AMP is part of RNA and the genetic apparatus. Dyson proposed that in a primitive early cell containing ATP and AMP, RNA and replication came into existence only because of the similarity between AMP and RNA. He suggested that AMP was produced when ATP molecules lost two of their phosphate radicals, and then one cell somewhere performed [[Manfred Eigen|Eigen]]'s experiment and produced RNA.{{sfn|Schewe|2014|pp=222–223}}

There is no direct evidence for the dual origin theory, because once genes developed, they took over, obliterating all traces of the earlier forms of life. In the first origin, the cells were probably just drops of water held together by surface tension, teeming with enzymes and chemical reactions, and having a primitive kind of growth or replication. When the liquid drop became too big, it split into two drops. Many complex molecules formed in these "little city economies" and the probability that genes would eventually develop in them was much greater than in the prebiotic environment.{{sfn|Dyson|1985|p=}}
[[File:Dyson rings.PNG|thumb|Artist's concept of Dyson rings, forming a stable [[Dyson swarm]], or "Dyson sphere"]]

=== Dyson sphere ===
{{Main|Dyson sphere}}
In 1960 Dyson wrote a short paper for the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' titled "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation".{{sfn|Dyson|1960|pp=1667-1668}} In it he speculated that a technologically advanced [[Extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] [[civilization]] might surround its native star with artificial structures to maximize the capture of the star's energy. Eventually, the civilization would enclose the star, intercepting [[electromagnetic radiation]] with [[wavelength]]s from visible light downward and radiating waste heat outward as [[infrared]] radiation. One method of [[Search for extraterrestrial intelligence|searching for extraterrestrial civilizations]] would be to look for large objects radiating in the infrared range of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]].

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | One should expect that, within a few thousand years of its entering the stage of industrial development, any intelligent species should be found occupying an artificial biosphere which surrounds its parent star. |source={{harvnb|Davis|1978}}}}

Dyson conceived that such structures would be clouds of [[asteroid]]-sized [[space habitat]]s, though [[science fiction]] writers have preferred a solid structure: either way, such an artifact is often called a [[Dyson sphere]], although Dyson used the term "shell". Dyson said that he used the term "artificial biosphere" in the article to mean a habitat, not a shape. The general concept of such an energy-transferring shell had been created decades earlier by science fiction writer [[Olaf Stapledon]] in his 1937 novel ''[[Star Maker]]'', a source which Dyson credited publicly.<ref name=perimeterinstitute.ca />{{efn|name=Dyson1979p211}}

===Dyson tree===
{{Main|Dyson tree}}
Dyson also proposed the creation of a ''Dyson tree'', a [[genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] plant capable of growing inside a [[comet]]. He suggested that comets could be engineered to contain hollow spaces filled with a breathable atmosphere, thus providing self-sustaining habitats for humanity in the outer [[Solar System]].

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | Plants could grow greenhouses… just as turtles grow shells and polar bears grow fur and polyps build coral reefs in tropical seas. These plants could keep warm by the light from a distant Sun and conserve the oxygen that they produce by photosynthesis. The greenhouse would consist of a thick skin providing thermal insulation, with small transparent windows to admit sunlight. Outside the skin would be an array of simple lenses, focusing sunlight through the windows into the interior…  Groups of greenhouses could grow together to form extended habitats for other species of plants and animals. |source={{harvnb|Dyson|1997}} }}

===Space colonies===
{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | I've done some historical research on the costs of the Mayflower's voyage, and on the Mormons' emigration to Utah, and I think it's possible to go into space on a much smaller scale. A cost on the order of $40,000 per person [1978 dollars, $181,600 in 2022 dollars] would be the target to shoot for; in terms of real wages, that would make it comparable to the colonization of America. Unless it's brought down to that level it's not really interesting to me, because otherwise, it would be a luxury that only governments could afford. |source= {{harvnb|Davis|1978}}}}

Dyson was interested in space travel since he was a child, reading such science fiction classics as [[Olaf Stapledon]]'s ''[[Star Maker]]''. As a young man, he worked for [[General Atomics]] on the nuclear-powered [[Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)|Orion]] spacecraft. He hoped Project Orion would put men on Mars by 1965, and Saturn by 1970. For a quarter-century, Dyson was unhappy about how the government conducted space travel:
{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | The problem is, of course, that they can't afford to fail. The rules of the game are that you don't take a chance, because if you fail, then probably your whole program gets wiped out. |source= {{harvnb|Davis|1978}}}}

Dyson still hoped for cheap space travel, but was resigned to waiting for private entrepreneurs to develop something new and inexpensive.

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | No law of physics or biology forbids cheap travel and settlement all over the solar system and beyond. But it is impossible to predict how long this will take. Predictions of the dates of future achievements are notoriously fallible. My guess is that the era of cheap unmanned missions will be the next fifty years, and the era of cheap manned missions will start sometime late in the twenty-first century.

Any affordable program of manned exploration must be centred in biology, and its time frame tied to the time frame of biotechnology; a hundred years, roughly the time it will take us to learn to grow warm-blooded plants, is probably reasonable. |source={{harvnb|Dyson|1997}} }}
<!-- Dyson also proposed the use of bioengineered space colonies to colonize the Kuiper Belt on the outer edge of our Solar System. He proposed that habitats could be grown from space hardened spores. The colonies could then be warmed by large reflector plant leaves that could focus the dim, distant sunlight back on the growing colony. This was illustrated by [[Pat Rawlings]] on the cover of the National Space Society's ''Ad Astra'' magazine. -->

===Space exploration===
{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | A direct search for life in Europa's ocean would today be prohibitively expensive. Impacts on Europa give us an easier way to look for evidence of life there. Every time a major impact occurs on Europa, a vast quantity of water is splashed from the ocean into the space around Jupiter. Some of the water evaporates, and some condenses into snow. Creatures living in the water far enough from the impact have a chance of being splashed intact into space and quickly freeze-dried. Therefore, an easy way to look for evidence of life in Europa's ocean is to look for freeze-dried fish in the ring of space debris orbiting Jupiter.

Freeze-dried fish orbiting Jupiter is a fanciful notion, but nature in the biological realm has a tendency to be fanciful. Nature is usually more imaginative than we are.  …To have the best chance of success, we should keep our eyes open for all possibilities. |source={{harvnb|Dyson|1997}} }}

===Dyson's eternal intelligence===
{{Main|Dyson's eternal intelligence}}
Dyson proposed that an [[immortality|immortal]] group of intelligent beings could escape the prospect of [[Heat death of the universe|heat death]] by extending time to infinity while expending only a finite amount of energy.{{sfn|Dyson|1979a|pp=447-460}} This is also known as the Dyson scenario.{{sfn|Cendes|2019}}

===Dyson's transform===
{{Main|Dyson's transform}}
His concept "Dyson's transform" led to one of the most important [[lemma (mathematics)|lemmas]] of [[Olivier Ramaré]]'s theorem: that every even integer can be written as a sum of no more than six primes.{{sfn|Ramaré|1995|pp=645–706}}

===Dyson series===
{{Main|Dyson series}}
The Dyson series, the formal solution of an explicitly time-dependent [[Schrödinger equation]] by iteration, and the corresponding Dyson time-ordering operator <math>\mathcal T\,,</math> an entity of basic importance in the [[mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics]], are also named after Dyson.<ref name=ocw.mit.edu />
[[File:Freeman dyson.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Freeman Dyson in 2007 at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] ]]

===Quantum physics and prime numbers===
Dyson and [[Hugh Montgomery (mathematician)|Hugh Montgomery]] discovered an intriguing connection between quantum physics and [[Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture]] about the zeros of the zeta function. The primes 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,... are described by the [[Riemann zeta function]], and Dyson had previously developed a description of quantum physics based on m by m arrays of totally random numbers.{{sfn|Dyson|1962|p=1191}} Montgomery and Dyson discovered that the ''[[eigenvalues]]'' of these matrices are spaced apart in exactly the same manner as Montgomery conjectured for the nontrivial zeros of the zeta function. [[Andrew Odlyzko]] has verified the conjecture on a computer, using his [[Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm]] to calculate many zeros.{{sfn|Odlyzko|Schonhage|1988|p=797}}

There are in nature one, two, and three-dimensional [[quasicrystals]]. Mathematicians define a quasicrystal as a set of discrete points whose [[Fourier transform]] is also a set of discrete points. Odlyzko has done extensive computations of the Fourier transform of the nontrivial zeros of the zeta function, and they seem to form a one-dimensional quasicrystal. This would in fact follow from the [[Riemann hypothesis]].{{sfn|Dyson|2015|pp=41–42}}

===Rank of a partition===
[[File:Rank of a partition.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The rank of a partition, shown as its [[Young diagram]]]]
{{Main|Rank of a partition}}
In [[number theory]] and [[combinatorics]], the rank of an [[integer partition]] is a certain [[integer]] associated with the partition. Dyson introduced the concept in a paper published in the journal [[Eureka (University of Cambridge magazine)|''Eureka'']]. It was presented in the context of a study of certain [[Congruence relation|congruence]] properties of the [[Partition function (number theory)|partition function]] discovered by the mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]].{{sfn|Dyson|1944|pp=10–15}}

===Crank of a partition===
{{Main|Crank of a partition}}
In [[number theory]], the crank of a partition is a certain [[integer]] associated with the partition. Dyson first introduced the term without a definition in a 1944 paper in a journal published by the Mathematics Society of [[Cambridge University]].{{sfn|Dyson|1996|p=51}} He then gave a list of properties this yet-to-be-defined quantity should have. In 1988, [[George E. Andrews]] and [[Frank Garvan]] discovered a definition for the crank satisfying the properties Dyson had hypothesized.{{sfn|Andrews|Garvan|1988|pp=167–72}}

===Astrochicken===
{{Main|Astrochicken}}
[[File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif|thumb|upright|John von Neumann]]

Astrochicken is the name given to a [[thought experiment]] Dyson expounded in his book ''Disturbing the Universe'' (1979). He contemplated how humanity could build a small, [[Self-replication|self-replicating]] automaton that could [[space exploration|explore space]] more efficiently than a crewed craft could. He attributed the general idea to [[John von Neumann]], based on a lecture von Neumann gave in 1948 titled ''The General and Logical Theory of Automata''. Dyson expanded on von Neumann's [[Automata theory|automata theories]] and added a biological component.{{sfn|Schewe|2014|pp=230–31}}

===Lumpers and splitters===
{{Main|Lumpers and splitters}}

Dyson suggested that philosophers can be broadly if simplistically, divided into lumpers and splitters. These roughly correspond to [[Platonism|Platonists]], who regard the world as made up of ideas, and [[materialism|materialists]], who imagine it divided into atoms.{{sfn|Dyson|2015a|p=238}}

==Views==
===Climate change===
Dyson agreed that technically humans and additional CO{{sub|2}} emissions contribute to warming. However, he felt that the benefits of additional CO{{sub|2}} outweighed any associated negative effects.<ref name=CTM27 /> He said that in many ways increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is beneficial,{{sfn|Ridley|2015}} and that it is increasing biological growth, agricultural yields and forests.<ref name=CTM27 /> He believed that existing [[Scientific modelling|simulation models]] of [[climate change]] fail to account for some important factors, and that the results thus contain too great a margin of error to reliably predict trends.{{sfn|Orlowski|2007}}<ref name=heretic /> He argued that political efforts to reduce the causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority,<ref name=um /> and viewed the acceptance of climate change as comparable to religion.<ref name=CTM27 />

In 2009, Dyson criticised [[James Hansen]]'s climate-change activism. "The person who is really responsible for this overestimate of global warming is Jim Hansen. He consistently exaggerates all the dangers... Hansen has turned his science into ideology."{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}} Hansen responded that Dyson "doesn't know what he's talking about... If he's going to wander into something with major consequences for humanity and other life on the planet, then he should first do his homework- which he obviously has not done on global warming".{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}} Dyson replied that "[m]y objections to the global warming propaganda are not so much over the technical facts, about which I do not know much, but it's rather against the way those people behave and the kind of intolerance to criticism that a lot of them have."{{sfn|Lemonick|2009}} Dyson stated in an interview that the argument with Hansen was exaggerated by ''[[The New York Times]]'', stating that he and Hansen are "friends, but we don't agree on everything."<ref>{{Cite video
 |url         = http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/10560
 |title       = A conversation with theoretical physicist and mathematician Freeman Dyson
 |publisher   = [[Charlie Rose]]
 |access-date  = November 21, 2010
 |date        = August 14, 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20101117012635/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/10560
 |archive-date = November 17, 2010
}}</ref>

Since originally taking an interest in climate studies in the 1970s, Dyson suggested that [[carbon dioxide]] levels in the atmosphere could be controlled by planting fast-growing trees. He calculated that it would take a trillion trees to remove all carbon from the atmosphere.{{sfn|Dyson|1977|pp=287–91}}{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}} In a 2014 interview he said, "What I'm convinced of is that we don't understand climate… It will take a lot of very hard work before that question is settled."{{sfn|Lin|2014}}

Dyson was a member of the academic advisory council of the [[Global Warming Policy Foundation]].{{sfn|Orlowski|2015}}

===Warfare and weapons===
At RAF Bomber Command, Dyson and colleagues proposed removing two gun turrets from [[Avro Lancaster]] bombers, to cut the catastrophic losses due to German fighters in the [[Bombing of Berlin in World War II|Battle of Berlin]]. A Lancaster without turrets could fly {{convert|50|mph|-1|abbr=on}} faster and be much more manoeuvrable.

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | All our advice to the commander in chief [went] through the chief of our section, who was a career civil servant. His guiding principle was to tell the commander in chief things that the commander in chief liked to hear…  To push the idea of ripping out gun turrets, against the official mythology of the gallant gunner defending his crew mates… was not the kind of suggestion the commander in chief liked to hear. |source={{harvnb|Dyson|1979|loc=The Children's Crusade}} }}

On hearing the news of the bombing of [[Hiroshima]]:

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | I agreed emphatically with [[Henry Stimson]]. Once we had got ourselves into the business of bombing cities, we might as well do the job competently and get it over with. I felt better that morning than I had felt for years…  Those fellows who had built the atomic bombs obviously knew their stuff…  Later, much later, I would remember [the downside]. |source={{harvnb|Dyson|1979|loc=The Blood of a Poet}} }}

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | I am convinced that to avoid nuclear war it is not sufficient to be afraid of it. It is necessary to be afraid, but it is equally necessary to understand. And the first step in understanding is to recognize that the problem of nuclear war is basically not technical but human and historical. If we are to avoid destruction we must first of all understand the human and historical context out of which destruction arises. |source={{harvnb|Dyson|1984}} }}

In 1967, in his capacity as a military adviser, Dyson wrote an influential paper on the issue of possible US use of tactical nuclear weapons in the [[Vietnam War]]. When a general said in a meeting, "I think it might be a good idea to throw in a nuke now and then, just to keep the other side guessing…"{{sfn |Dyson|1979|p=149|loc=The Ethics of Defense}} Dyson became alarmed and obtained permission to write a report on the pros and cons of using such weapons from a purely military point of view. (This report, ''Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Southeast Asia'', published by the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]], was obtained, with some redactions, by the [[Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability]] under the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information act]] in 2002.){{sfn|Dyson|Gomer|Weinberg|Wright|1967}} It was sufficiently objective that both sides of the debate based their arguments on it. Dyson says that the report showed that, even from a narrow military point of view, the US was better off not using nuclear weapons.{{sfn|Schewe|2014|pp=169–70}}

Dyson opposed the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Gulf War]] and the [[invasion of Iraq]]. He supported [[Barack Obama]] in the [[2008 US presidential election]] and ''[[The New York Times]]'' described him as a [[Modern liberalism in the United States|political liberal]].{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}} He was one of 29 leading US scientists who wrote Obama a strongly supportive letter about his administration's [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|2015 nuclear deal with Iran]].{{sfn|Broad|2015}}

===Science and religion===
Dyson was raised in what he described as a "watered-down [[Church of England]] Christianity".{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}} He was a [[Nondenominational Christianity|nondenominational Christian]] and attended various churches, from [[Presbyterian]] to [[Roman Catholic]]. Regarding doctrinal or [[Christological]] issues, he said, "I am neither a saint nor a theologian. To me, good works are more important than theology."<ref name=edge68 />

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | Science and religion are two windows that people look through, trying to understand the big universe outside, trying to understand why we are here. The two windows give different views, but they look out at the same universe. Both views are one-sided, and neither is complete. Both leave out essential features of the real world. And both are worthy of respect.

Trouble arises when either science or religion claims universal jurisdiction when either religious or scientific dogma claims to be infallible. Religious creationists and scientific materialists are equally dogmatic and insensitive. By their arrogance, they bring both science and religion into disrepute. The media exaggerate their numbers and importance. The media rarely mention the fact that the great majority of religious people belong to moderate denominations that treat science with respect or the fact that the great majority of scientists treat religion with respect so long as religion does not claim jurisdiction over scientific questions.<ref name=edge68 />}}

Dyson partially disagreed with the remark by his fellow physicist [[Steven Weinberg]] that "With or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil – that takes religion."{{sfn|Dyson|2006c}}

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | Weinberg's statement is true as far as it goes, but it is not the whole truth. To make it the whole truth, we must add an additional clause: "And for bad people to do good things – that [also] takes religion." The main point of Christianity is that it is a religion for sinners. Jesus made that very clear. When the Pharisees asked his disciples, "Why eateth your Master with publicans and sinners?" he said, "I come to call not the righteous but sinners to repentance." Only a small fraction of sinners repent and do good things but only a small fraction of good people are led by their religion to do bad things. |source= {{harvnb|Dyson|2006c}}}}

Dyson identified himself as agnostic about some of the specifics of his faith.{{sfn|Gbenu|2003|p=110}}{{sfn|Giberson|Yerxa|2002|p=141}} For example, in reviewing ''The God of Hope and the End of the World'' by [[John Polkinghorne]], Dyson wrote:

{{Blockquote | style=font-size:100% | I am myself a Christian, a member of a community that preserves an ancient heritage of great literature and great music, provides help and counsel to young and old when they are in trouble, educates children in moral responsibility, and worships God in its own fashion. But I find Polkinghorne's theology altogether too narrow for my taste. I have no use for a theology that claims to know the answers to deep questions but bases its arguments on the beliefs of a single tribe. I am a practicing Christian but not a believing Christian. To me, to worship God means to recognize that mind and intelligence are woven into the fabric of our universe in a way that altogether surpasses our comprehension. |source= {{harvnb|Dyson|2002a}} }}

In ''[[The God Delusion]]'' (2006), evolutionary biologist and atheist activist [[Richard Dawkins]] singled out Dyson for accepting the [[Templeton Prize]] in 2000: "It would be taken as an endorsement of religion by one of the world's most distinguished physicists."{{sfn|Dawkins|2006|p=152}} In 2000, Dyson declared that he was a (non-denominational) Christian,<ref name= edge68 /> and he disagreed with Dawkins on several subjects, such as that group selection is less important than individual selection on the subject of [[evolution]].<ref name=dawkins_dyson />

==Named after Dyson==
* [[Dyson conjecture]]
* [[Self-energy|Dyson equation]]
* [[Parasitic number#Smallest n-parasitic numbers|Dyson numbers]]
* [[Dyson series#The Dyson operator|Dyson operator]]
* [[Dyson series]]
* [[Dyson sphere]]
* [[Dyson tree]]
* [[Crank of a partition#Dyson's crank|Dyson's crank]]
* [[Dyson's eternal intelligence]]
* [[Dyson's transform]]
* [[Holstein–Primakoff transformation|Dyson–Maleev spin wave theory]]
* [[Schwinger–Dyson equation]]
* [[Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem|Thue–Siegel–Dyson–Roth theorem]]
* [[Feynman diagram]], also known as Dyson graphs
* [[Strong subadditivity of quantum entropy#Wigner–Yanase–Dyson conjecture|Wigner–Yamase–Dyson conjecture]]
* [[Gordon Freeman]], a fictional character named after Dyson{{sfn|Hodgson|2004|p=31}}

==Honors and awards==
* Dyson was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1952|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1952]].<ref name="frs" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dyson |first=George |date=2022 |title=Freeman John Dyson. 15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=73|pages=197–226 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2021.0050 |s2cid=249204385 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Dyson was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freeman John Dyson |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/freeman-john-dyson |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref>
* Dyson was elected to the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freeman J. Dyson |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/56140.html |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
* Dyson was awarded the [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics]] in 1965, [[Lorentz Medal]] in 1966, [[Max Planck Medal]] in 1969, the [[J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize]] in 1970,{{sfn|Walter|1982|p=438}}<ref name=1970PhT /> the [[Harvey Prize]] in 1977<ref name=Harvey /> and [[Wolf Prize]] in 1981.<ref name=Wolf />
* Dyson was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Freeman+J.+Dyson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
* In 1986, Dyson received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref name=GoldenPlate /><ref>{{cite news |title= Summit Overview Photo| url=  https://achievement.org/summit/|quote= Awards Council member, theoretical physicist and futurist Dr. Freeman Dyson presenting the American Academy of Achievement’s Golden Plate Award to Dr. Francis H.C. Crick, recipient of the Nobel Prize as the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, during the 1987 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies in Scottsdale, Arizona.}}</ref>
* In 1989, Dyson was elected as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, University of Cambridge.<ref name=HonFell />
* In 1990, Dyson taught at [[Duke University]] as a [[Fritz London]] Memorial Lecturer.<ref name=Fritz />
* Dyson published a number of collections of speculations and observations about technology, science, and the future. In 1996, he was awarded the [[Lewis Thomas Prize|Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science]].<ref name=Rockefeller />
* In 1993, Dyson was given the [[Enrico Fermi Award]].<ref name=Fermi />
* In 1995, he gave the Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], sponsored jointly by the Hebrew University and [[Harvard University Press]] that grew into the book ''Imagined Worlds''.{{sfn|Dyson|1998}}
* In 2000, Dyson was awarded the [[Templeton Prize]] for Progress in Religion.{{sfn|Connor|2000}}
* In 2003, Dyson was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in [[Telluride, Colorado]].<ref name=Telluride />
* In 2011, Dyson received as one of twenty distinguished [[Old Wykehamists]] at the ''Ad Portas'' celebration, the highest honor that [[Winchester College]] bestows.<ref name=AdPortas />
* In 2011, Dyson received the Arthur C. Clarke Lifetime Achievement Award from the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur Clarke Foundation Awardees |url=https://clarkefoundation.org/awards/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=The Arthur C Clarke Foundation |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2018, Dyson received the first Presidential Science and Humanism Award from the [[American University of Beirut]].<ref name=aub.edu.lb />

==Publications==
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage=[[File:Freeman Dyson at Harvard cropped.jpg|210px]]
 | video1 =[https://www.ted.com/talks/freeman_dyson_let_s_look_for_life_in_the_outer_solar_system?subtitle=en Freeman Dyson: Let's look for life in the outer solar system], [[TED (conference)|TED Talks]], February 2003
 | video2 =[http://www.webofstories.com/play/freeman.dyson/1 Freeman Dyson 1 – My middle class upbringing], [[Web of Stories]] (1st of a series)
 | video3 =[http://ww3.tvo.org/video/166231/freeman-dyson-living-through-four-revolutions Big Ideas: Freeman Dyson on Living Through Four Revolutions], [[TVOntario|TVO]], 1 June 2011 at Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Canada}}

{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal|last=Dyson|first= F.J.|title=Some guesses in the theory of partitions|journal=Eureka |location=Cambridge|year=1944|volume=8|pages=10–15|url=https://www.archim.org.uk/eureka/archive/Eureka-8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610100827/https://archim.org.uk/eureka/archive/Eureka-8.pdf |archive-date=2020-06-10 |url-status=live |display-authors=0}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dyson|first1=F. J.|title=On Simultaneous Diophantine Approximations |journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society|volume=s2-49|issue=1|year=1946|pages=409–420 |issn=0024-6115|doi=10.1112/plms/s2-49.6.409 |display-authors=0}}
* {{cite journal|title=The Approximation to Algebraic Numbers by Rationals|journal= Acta Mathematica |location=Uppsala|last=Dyson|first= Freeman J.| volume= 79|issue=1|date=1947|doi= 10.1007/BF02404697 |pages= 225–240|s2cid= 121579041 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02404697.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125162418/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02404697.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-25 |url-status=live|doi-access=free|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite journal| title=Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation| journal=Science| volume= 131| pages= 1667–1668| first=Freeman J.| last=Dyson| date=3 June 1960| issue=3414| pmid=17780673| bibcode=1960Sci...131.1667D |s2cid=3195432| doi=10.1126/science.131.3414.1667| display-authors=0}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dyson|first1=Freeman J.|title=A Brownian-Motion Model for the Eigenvalues of a Random Matrix|journal=Journal of Mathematical Physics|volume=3|issue=6|year=1962|pages=1191–1198|issn=0022-2488 |doi=10.1063/1.1703862|bibcode = 1962JMP.....3.1191D|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=Symmetry groups in nuclear and particle physics: a lecture-note and reprint volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j1KzQEACAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Benjamin |display-authors=0}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dyson|first1=Freeman J.|title=Interstellar transport|journal=Physics Today|volume=21 |issue=10|year=1968|pages=41–45|issn=0031-9228 |doi=10.1063/1.3034534|bibcode=1968PhT....21j..41D |url=http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109.jvn.spring00/nuc_rocket/Dyson.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605130322/http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109.jvn.spring00/nuc_rocket/Dyson.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=live|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Dyson | first1 = Freeman J. | year = 1977| title = Can we control the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? | journal = Energy | volume = 2 | issue = 3| pages = 287–291 | doi = 10.1016/0360-5442(77)90033-0 | bibcode = 1977Ene.....2..287D |display-authors=0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=Disturbing the Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8raAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=978-0-06-011108-3|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Dyson | first1 = Freeman J. | year = 1979a| title = Time without end: Physics and biology in an open universe | url = http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Global/Omega/dyson.txt | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume =  51| issue = 3| pages =  447–460| doi = 10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447 | bibcode = 1979RvMP...51..447D|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=Weapons and Hope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQhEa54Bx7gC|year=1984|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=978-0-06-039031-0|display-authors=0}} (Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award).{{sfn|Dawidoff|2009}}{{sfn|Pierre|1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=Origins of Life|year=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30949-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zulgAAAAMAAJ|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=Infinite in All Directions: Gifford Lectures Given at Aberdeen, Scotland, April-November 1985|year=1988|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=978-0-06-039081-5|id={{google books|id=4ZwEAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|title-link=Infinite in All Directions|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=From Eros to Gaia|title-link=From Eros to Gaia |year=1992|publisher=Pantheon Books|arxiv=quant-ph/0608140|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=Selected Papers of Freeman Dyson with Commentary|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnyNUidX1OMC&pg=PA51|year=1996|publisher=American Mathematical Soc.|isbn=978-0-8218-0561-9|chapter=Some Guesses in The Theory of Partitions|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Dyson|first= Freeman J.|title=Warm-blooded plants and freeze-dried fish: the future of space exploration|magazine=The Atlantic Monthly|date= November 1997 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97nov/space.htm|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=Imagined Worlds|year=1997b|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-53908-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tS0EAAAAYAAJ|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/imaginedworlds00dyso |title=Imagined Worlds |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674539099 |series=The Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures |url-access=registration|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=L'importanza di essere imprevedibile|year=1998b |publisher=Di Renzo|language=it|isbn=978-88-86044-95-0|trans-title=The importance of being unpredictable |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNFPAAAACAAJ|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=The Sun, the Genome & the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions|id={{google books|id=ioD-6SxGn0kC|plainurl=yes}}|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512942-7|title-link=The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=George |title=Project Orion: The Atomic Spaceship 1957–1965|year=2002 |publisher=Allen Lane and Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-188613-8|oclc=51109229 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQUBAAAACAAJ|display-authors=0}}
* {{Cite magazine |title=Science & Religion: No Ends in Sight – a review of The God of Hope and the End of the World by John Polkinghorne |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |magazine=The New York Review of Books |date=28 March 2002a |access-date=30 October 2020 |url= https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/03/28/science-religion-no-ends-in-sight/ |display-authors=0}}
* {{Cite magazine |title=What Can You Really Know? a review of Jim Holt's 'Why Does the World Exist?' |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |magazine=The New York Review of Books |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url= https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2012/11/08/what-can-you-really-know/?pagination=false |display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=The Scientist as Rebel|title-link=The Scientist as Rebel|id={{google books|id=dfe_s_tK080C|plainurl=yes}}|year=2006|publisher=New York Review Books|isbn=978-1-59017-216-2|display-authors=0}}
* {{Cite web |title=A Failure of Intelligence: Part I |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |work=MIT Technology Review |date=1 November 2006a |access-date=30 October 2020 |url= https://www.technologyreview.com/2006/11/01/227625/a-failure-of-intelligence/ |display-authors=0}}
* {{Cite web |title=A Failure of Intelligence: Part II |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |work=MIT Technology Review |date=5 December 2006b |access-date=30 October 2020 |url= https://www.technologyreview.com/2006/12/05/227373/part-ii-a-failure-of-intelligence/ |display-authors=0}}
* {{Cite magazine |title=Religion from the Outside a review of Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon by Daniel C. Dennett |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |magazine=The New York Review of Books |date=22 June 2006c |access-date=31 October 2020 |url= https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2006/06/22/religion-from-the-outside/ |display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=A Many-colored Glass: Reflections on the Place of Life in the Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHMl03-CNYwC|year=2007|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-2663-6|display-authors=0}}
* {{Cite magazine |title=Our Biotech Future |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |magazine=The New York Review of Books |date=19 July 2007b |access-date=30 October 2020 |url= https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2007/07/19/our-biotech-future/ |display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=Advanced Quantum Mechanics|year=2007c|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-270-661-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb5QvwEACAAJ|display-authors=0}}
* {{Cite journal| last=Dyson| first=Freeman| date=February 2009| title=Birds and Frogs| journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society| volume=56| issue=2| pages=212–223| issn=1088-9477| url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200902/rtx090200212p.pdf| access-date=23 April 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304104413/http://www.ams.org/notices/200902/rtx090200212p.pdf| archive-date= 4 March 2011| url-status=live|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman J. |title=Birds and Frogs: Selected Papers, 1990–2014|year=2015 |publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4602-85-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5tZjgEACAAJ |display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman |title=Dreams of Earth and Sky|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nZoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238|year=2015a|publisher=New York Review Books|isbn=978-1-59017-855-3|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite interview |title=Freeman Dyson: By the Book |newspaper=The New York Times |department=Sunday Book Review |date=18 April 2015|page=8|url =https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/books/review/19bkr-bythebook_dyson.t.html |subject=Freeman Dyson|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|author=Freeman J. Dyson|title=Maker of Patterns: An Autobiography Through Letters|year=2018 |publisher=Liveright|isbn=978-0-87140-386-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6e0tAEACAAJ |display-authors=0}}
* {{citation|first1=F.J. |last1=Dyson|first2= R.|last2= Gomer|first3= S.|last3= Weinberg|first4= S.C. |last4=Wright |url=http://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/tactical_nukes_vietnam.pdf |title=Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Southeast Asia|date=March 1967|publisher=Institute for Defense Analyses}} A formerly secret document, declassified December 2002.
{{refend}}

==Documentaries==
* [[To Mars By A-Bomb (film)|''To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion'']]
* ''The Oakes''
* ''Atomic Dream''
* ''2001: The Science of Futures Past''
* [[Cool It (film)|''Cool It'']]
* ''Nuclear Dynamite''
* ''Gaia Symphony III''
* ''The Starship and the Canoe''
* ''[[The Day After Trinity]]''
* ''[[The Untold History of the United States]]''
* ''[[The Uncertainty Has Settled]]''
* ''[[A Glorious Accident]]''
* ''Freeman Dyson: Space Dreamer''

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=abjure|"I had finally become an American&nbsp;... The decision to abjure my allegiance to [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] might have been a difficult one, but the Queen's ministers made it easy for me."{{sfn|Dyson|1979|p=131}} }}

{{efn|name=Dyson1979p211|"Some science fiction writers have wrongly given me the credit of inventing the artificial biosphere. In fact, I took the idea from Olaf Stapledon, one of their own colleagues"{{harv|Dyson|1979|p=211}} }}
}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=thebulletin.org>{{Cite web |title=Board of Sponsors |work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |access-date=30 October 2020 |url= https://thebulletin.org/about-us/board-of-sponsors/ }}</ref>

<ref name=ias.edu>{{Cite web |title=Freeman Dyson |work=Institute for Advanced Study |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url= https://www.ias.edu/sns/dyson }}</ref>

<ref name=brit>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/740688.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | title=Scientist wins $1m religion prize | date=9 May 2000 | access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name=ralston.ac>{{cite web | website= Ralston College| title = Board of Visitors | url = https://www.ralston.ac/boardofvisitors| access-date = 24 October 2019 }}</ref> -->

<ref name=frs>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116223708/https://royalsociety.org/people/freeman-dyson-11371/|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/freeman-dyson-11371/|archive-date=16 November 2015|title=Professor Freeman Dyson FRS|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London}}</ref>

<ref name=spouseobit>{{cite web |url=http://molesfarewelltributes.com/tribute/details/1427/Verena-Huber-Dyson/obituary.html |title=Obituary of Verena Huber-Dyson |date=12 March 2016 |website=Moles Farewell Tributes |access-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160826092103/http://molesfarewelltributes.com/tribute/details/1427/Verena-Huber-Dyson/obituary.html |archive-date=26 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=CTM27>{{YouTube|id=-mmI6DorL_Y |title=Freeman Dyson – Conversations That Matter Ep. 27}}. A more widely viewed <sup>[401,107 views as of Sept. 1, 2022]</sup> copy (also on [[YouTube]]) of this video (which might be an identical video file) can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQHhDxRuTkI here].</ref>

<ref name=MathsatCambs>{{YouTube|id=NSp2fEQ6wyA|title=Freeman Dyson – Pure mathematics at Cambridge: the influence of Besicovitch}}</ref>

<ref name=acap>{{cite web |title=Freeman Dyson |url=http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?dysonf |publisher=The American Institute of Physics |access-date=23 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017131442/http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?dysonf |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name=britannica.com>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Freeman Dyson|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=28 February 2020 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Freeman-Dyson|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>

<ref name=un.org>{{cite web |title=Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water |publisher=United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs |access-date=11 August 2016 |url=http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/test_ban/text}}</ref>

<ref name=ssi.org>{{Cite web |title=Officers and Board |work=Space Studies Institute |access-date=30 October 2020 |url= http://ssi.org/about/ssi-officers-and-board/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817174236/http://ssi.org/about/ssi-officers-and-board/ |archive-date=2020-08-17 }}</ref>

<ref name=nasonline.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/podcasts/interviews/freeman-dyson.html|access-date=19 December 2011|title=InterViews Freeman Dyson|date=23 July 2004|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035534/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/podcasts/interviews/freeman-dyson.html|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=perimeterinstitute.ca>{{cite speech | title = Living Through Four Revolutions | first = Freeman | last = Dyson | event = Perimeter Institute Public Lecture Series | location = Waterloo, Ontario, Canada | date = 1 June 2011 | url = https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/videos/living-through-four-revolutions | access-date = 14 July 2018 | archive-date = 19 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200419194344/https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/videos/living-through-four-revolutions | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name=edge68>{{cite speech |url=https://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge68.html |author=Freeman Dyson |event=Templeton Prize Lecture |title=Progress In Religion |via=[[Edge.org]] |date=15 March 2000 |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032024/https://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge68.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=heretic>{{cite web|url=http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/dysonf07/dysonf07_index.html|publisher=Edge|title=Heretical Thoughts about Science and Society|date=8 August 2007|author=Freeman Dyson|access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=ocw.mit.edu>{{cite web |url=https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-51-quantum-theory-of-radiation-interactions-fall-2012/lecture-notes/MIT22_51F12_Ch5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114021226/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-51-quantum-theory-of-radiation-interactions-fall-2012/lecture-notes/MIT22_51F12_Ch5.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2020 |title= Quantum Theory of Radiation Interactions – Chapter 5: Time evolution|work=OpenCourseWare |publisher=MIT }}</ref>

<ref name=um>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831094244/http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?DysonWinCom05|archive-date=31 August 2006 |url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?DysonWinCom05|title= University of Michigan 2005 Winter Commencement Address|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>

<ref name=dawkins_dyson>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edge.org/discourse/dawkins_dyson.html |title=Richard Dawkins – Freeman Dyson: an exchange |year=2007 |website=[[Edge.org]]|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229182343/http://www.edge.org/discourse/dawkins_dyson.html|archive-date=2020-02-29}}</ref>

<ref name=1970PhT>{{cite journal|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=March 1970|title=Theoreticians Name Dyson As Winner of Oppenheimer Prize|journal=Physics Today|volume=23|issue=3|pages=97|bibcode=1970PhT....23c..97.|doi=10.1063/1.3022048}}</ref>

<ref name=Harvey>{{cite web |title=Prize Winners  |website=Harvey Prize |url=https://harveypz.net.technion.ac.il/harvey-prize-laureates/ |access-date=28 February 2020|publisher=Israel Institute of Technology}}</ref>

<ref name=Wolf>{{cite web |title=The Wolf Prize  |publisher= Wolf Foundation |url=https://wolffund.org.il/the-wolf-prize/#Laureates |access-date= 7 March 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=GoldenPlate>{{cite web|title=Science & Exploration |work=Golden Plate Awardees |publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>

<ref name=HonFell>{{cite web |title=Honorary Fellows |website= Trinity College Cambridge  |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/fellows/master-fellows/honorary-fellows/ |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=Fritz>{{cite web |title=Fritz London Memorial Lecture |publisher= Department of Physics |url=https://phy.duke.edu/fritz-london-memorial-lecture |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=Rockefeller>{{cite web |title= Lewis Thomas Prize Honors Freeman Dyson |website=The Rockefeller University |url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/4500-lewis-thomas-prize-honors-freeman-dyson/ |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=Fermi>{{cite web |title=Freeman J. Dyson, 1993|work=The Enrico Fermi Award |date=28 December 2010 |publisher= U.S. Dept of Energy |url=https://science.osti.gov/fermi/Award-Laureates/1990s/dyson |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=Telluride>{{cite web |title= Past Honorees |publisher= Telluride Tech Festival |url=http://www.techfestival.org/index.html%3Fp=314.html |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=AdPortas>{{cite web |url=http://aero-comlab.stanford.edu/jameson/AD_Portas.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007025455/http://aero-comlab.stanford.edu/jameson/Ad_Portas.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-07 |url-status=live |access-date=29 February 2020 |title=AD Portas |publisher=Westchester College }}</ref>

<ref name=aub.edu.lb>{{cite web |title= AUB's first Presidential Science and Humanism Award goes to physicist Freeman Dyson |website=www.aub.edu.lb |url=https://www.aub.edu.lb/articles/Pages/first-presidential-science-humanism-award-physicist-freeman-dyson.aspx |access-date=28 February 2020|date=26 November 2018}}</ref>
}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
{{cite interview |interviewer=Finn Aaserud |first=Finn |last=Aaserud |title=Freeman Dyson |url=https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4585 |publisher=American Institute of Physics |location=Princeton, New Jersey |date=17 December 1986 |work=Oral History Interviews }}
* {{citation|title=Fractals in Physics: Essays in Honor of Benoit B. Mandelbrot |editor1-first=A. |editor1-last=Aharony |editor2-first=J.|editor2-last= Feder|date=1989|work=Proceedings of the International Conference Honoring Benoit B. Mandelbrot on His 65th Birthday, Vence, France, 1–4 October 1989}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Andrews|first1=George E.|last2=Garvan|first2=F. G.|title=Dyson's crank of a partition|journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|volume=18|issue=2|year=1988|pages=167–172|issn=0273-0979|doi=10.1090/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6|url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1988-18-02/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928182158/http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1988-18-02/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-28|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite web | last = Broad | first = William J. | date = 8 August 2015 | title = 29 U.S. Scientists Praise Iran Nuclear Deal in Letter to Obama | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/world/29-us-scientists-praise-iran-nuclear-deal-in-letter-to-obama.html | work = The New York Times | access-date = 9 August 2015 }}
* {{cite book|last=Brockman|first=John|title=Digerati: Encounters with the Cyber Elite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3sBFPIEemcC|year=1996|publisher=HardWired|chapter=Chap. 9 The Pattern-Recognizer|isbn=978-1888869040|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991007020027/http://www.edge.org/documents/digerati/Dyson.html|archive-date=7 October 1999|chapter-url=http://www.edge.org/documents/digerati/Dyson.html}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Danger of Cosmic Genius |last=Brower |first=Kenneth |work=The Atlantic |date=December 2010 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/12/the-danger-of-cosmic-genius/308306/ }}
* {{Cite web |title=Physicist And Iconoclastic Thinker Freeman Dyson Dies At 96 |last=Brumfiel |first=Geoff |work=NPR.org |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/28/810433230/physicist-and-iconoclastic-thinker-freeman-dyson-dies-at-96 }}
* {{cite magazine |title=How Will The Universe End? |first=Yvette |last=Cendes |date=20 March 2019 |magazine=Discover Magazine |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/how-will-the-universe-end |access-date=28 February 2020 }}
* {{Cite web |first=Steve |last=Connor |date=23 March 2000 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/600000-prize-for-physicist-who-urges-ethics-in-science-284361.html |title=£600,000 prize for physicist who urges ethics in science |work=The Independent |access-date=15 October 2015 }}
* {{Cite web |title=Letters to a heretic: An email conversation with climate change sceptic Professor Freeman Dyson |last=Connor |first=Steve |work=The Independent |date=25 February 2011 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/letters-to-a-heretic-an-email-conversation-with-climate-change-sceptic-professor-freeman-dyson-2224912.html }}
* {{cite interview |url=http://www.omnimag.com/archives/interviews/dyson.html |title=Freeman Dyson: Imagine … |first=Monte |last=Davis |date=October 1978 |work=[[Omni (magazine)|Omni]] |access-date=2006-12-17 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981207065016/http://www.omnimag.com/archives/interviews/dyson.html |archive-date=1998-12-07 |df=dmy }}
* {{cite book|title=The God Delusion|last=Dawkins|first=Richard|publisher=[[Bantam Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-61868-000-9|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0593058259/page/n152}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Civil Heretic |last=Dawidoff |first=Nicholas |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 March 2009 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html }}
* {{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=John|author-link=John Derbyshire|title=Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJumJ0fFMaoC|year=2003|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=978-0-309-08549-6}}
* {{Cite web |title=Freeman Dyson Turns 90 |last=Finkbeiner |first=Ann |work=The Last Word On Nothing |date=7 October 2013 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2013/10/07/freeman-dyson-turns-90/ }}
* {{cite book|last=Gbenu|first=Moses|title=Back to Hell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8aLHpyW7vEC&pg=PA110|year=2003|publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=978-1-59160-815-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|title=The Left Side of History: World War II and the Unfulfilled Promise of Communism in Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmCUoAEACAAJ|date=2015|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5823-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Giberson|first1=Karl|last2=Yerxa|first2=Donald|title=Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXt7khUslccC&pg=PA141|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-0765-4}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Halberstam | first1 = H. |author-link1 = Heini Halberstam | last2 = Roth | first2 = K. F. | author-link2 =Klaus Roth | title = Sequences | title-link = Sequences (book) | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | year = 1983 | edition = revised | isbn = 978-0-387-90801-4 }}
* {{citation|title=The Origin of Life|first= J.B.S. |last=Haldane|author-link=J.B.S. Haldane|work=The Rationalist Annual|date= 1929}}
* {{Cite web |title=A new approach to the Prisoner's Dilemma |last=Hawks |first=John |work=john hawks weblog |date=8 July 2012 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=http://johnhawks.net/weblog/reviews/behavior/game-theoretic/press-dyson-iterated-prisoners-dilemma-2012.html }}
* {{cite book|last=Hodgson|first=David S. J.|title=Half-life 2: Prima Official Game Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/halflife2primaof0000hodg|year=2004|publisher=Prima Games|isbn=978-0-7615-5196-6}}
* {{Cite web |title=Freeman Dyson, Math Genius Turned Technological Visionary, Dies at 96 |last=Johnson |first=George |work=NY Times |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/science/freeman-dyson-dead.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur }}
* {{Cite web |title=Our SpaceFlight Heritage: Project Orion, a nuclear bomb and rocket – all in one |last=Klaes |first=Larry |work=SpaceFlight Insider |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-history/project-orion-nuclear-bomb-rocket/ }}
* {{cite web|date=4 June 2009|title=Freeman Dyson Takes on the Climate Establishment|first=Michael D.|last=Lemonick|work=Environment 360|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608114821/http://www.e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2151|archive-date=2009-06-08|url=http://www.e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2151}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lieb|first1=Elliott H.|last2=Thirring|first2=Walter E.|title=Bound for the Kinetic Energy of Fermions Which Proves the Stability of Matter|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=35|issue=11 |year=1975 |pages=687–689|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.687|bibcode=1975PhRvL..35..687L}}
* {{cite news |last=Lin |first=Thomas |title=At 90, Freeman Dyson Ponders His Next Challenge |newspaper=Wired |date=31 March 2014 |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/03/quanta-freeman-dyson-qa/ |access-date=2 April 2014 }}
* {{Cite web |title=An Essay on Freeman Dyson, Designer of the TRIGA Reactor |last=Lo |first=Andrew |work=Wirebiters |date=7 October 2014 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.wirebiters.com/freeman-dyson-triga-reactor/ |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808025638/https://www.wirebiters.com/freeman-dyson-triga-reactor/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|last=Mayer|first=Elizabeth Lloyd|title=Extraordinary Knowing: Science, Skepticism, and the Inexplicable Powers of the Human Mind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxgghclkCg8C|year=2008|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=978-0-553-38223-5|chapter=Foreword}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26858383|title=Esther Dyson: Breaking through tech's glass ceiling|last=McKelvey|first=Tara|date=27 May 2014|access-date=11 February 2017|work=BBC News}}
* {{cite book|last=Nathanson|first=Melvyn B.|title=Additive Number Theory: Inverse Problems and the Geometry of Sumsets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqlQjNhjkKUC&pg=42|year=1996|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-94655-9}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Odlyzko|first1=A. M.|last2=Schonhage|first2=A.|title=Fast Algorithms for Multiple Evaluations of the Riemann Zeta Function|journal=Transactions of the American Mathematical Society |volume=309|issue=2 |year=1988|pages=797–809|issn=0002-9947|doi=10.2307/2000939|jstor=2000939|mr=0961614 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last=Oparin|first= A. I.|author-link=Alexander Oparin|title=The Origin of Life|publisher=The Moscow Worker |date= 1924|language=ru}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/08/14/freeman_dyson_climate_heresies/|title=Dyson: Climate models are rubbish|date=14 August 2007|access-date=28 April 2019|first=Andrew|last=Orlowski|work=The Register}}
* {{Cite web |title=Top boffin Freeman Dyson on climate change, interstellar travel, fusion, and more |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |work=The Registe |date=11 Oct 2015 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/11/freeman_dyson_interview/ }}
* {{Cite magazine |title=Review of Weapons and Hope by Freeman Dyson |last=Pierre |first=Andrew J. |magazine=Foreign Affairs |date=Summer 1984 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1984-06-01/weapons-and-hope }}
* {{cite journal |first=O. |last=Ramaré |author-link=Olivier Ramaré |year=1995 |title=On šnirel'man's constant |journal=Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=645–706 |url=http://www.numdam.org/item?id=ASNSP_1995_4_22_4_645_0 |access-date=13 March 2009 }}
* {{Cite web |title=The benefits of carbon dioxide |last=Ridley |first=Matt |work=rationaloptimist.com |date=20 October 2015 |access-date=31 October 2020 |url=http://www.rationaloptimist.com/blog/the-benefits-of-carbon-dioxide/ }}
* {{Cite web |title=Freeman Dyson |last1=Dyson |first1=Freeman |last2=Rītups |first2=Arnis |work=Rīgas Laiks Conversations |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.rigaslaiks.com/magazine/freeman-dyson-18771 |date=2016 }}
* {{cite book |last=Schewe |first=Phillip F. |title=Maverick Genius: The Pioneering Odyssey of Freeman Dyson |location=London |year=2014 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-1-250-04256-9 |oclc=846545249 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/maverickgeniuspi0000sche_j1m7 }}
* {{Cite web |title=Freeman Dyson envisions biotech solutions to rural poverty: 3/01 |last=Shwartz |first=Mark |work=Stanford News Service |date=13 March 2001 |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/dyson321.html |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217155608/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/dyson321.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book|author-link=Silvan S. Schweber|title=QED and the Men Who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga|last=Schweber|first=Silvan S.|location=Princeton|publisher=University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-03327-3|url=https://archive.org/details/qedmenwhomadeitd0000schw/page/492|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.wildriverreview.com/quarkpark_dyson.php|title=The Scientist as Rebel|access-date=5 December 2017|website=Wild River Review Interview|first=Joy E.|last=Stocke|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521024729/http://www.wildriverreview.com/quarkpark_dyson.php|archive-date=2008-05-21|date=2008}}
* {{cite web |last1=Stone |first1=Andrea |title=Freeman Dyson, legendary theoretical physicist, dies at 96 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/freeman-dyson-legendary-theoretical-physicist-dies-at-96/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228195322/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/freeman-dyson-legendary-theoretical-physicist-dies-at-96/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2020 |website=National Geographic |access-date=29 February 2020 |date=28 February 2020 }}
* {{cite book |title=Winners, the blue ribbon encyclopedia of awards |last=Walter |first=Claire |publisher=Facts on File Inc. |year=1982 |isbn=978-0871963864 |url=https://archive.org/details/winnersblueribbo0000walt/page/438 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=J. C.|title=An Identity in Quantum Electrodynamics|journal=Physical Review|volume=78|issue=2|year=1950|pages=182|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.78.182|bibcode=1950PhRv...78..182W |issn=0031-899X}}
* {{cite news|last = Levin|first = Anne|url = https://www.towntopics.com/2020/03/04/freeman-dyson-remembered-by-family-and-colleagues/|title = Freeman Dyson Remembered By Family and Colleagues|date = 4 March 2020|accessdate = 20 September 2024|work = [[Town Topics (newspaper)|Town Topics]]}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Brower |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Brower |title=The Starship and the Canoe |location=New York |year=1978 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-039196-5 |oclc=3481414 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Library resources box|about=yes|by=yes}}
* {{official website}}
* {{IMDb name|246032}}
* {{C-SPAN|56680}}
* [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4585 Oral history interview transcript with Freeman Dyson on 17 December 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives]
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===By Dyson===
* [http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/freeman-dyson/ Freeman Dyson] at ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' (content for subscribers only)
* [https://www.edge.org/conversation/freeman_dyson-heretical-thoughts-about-science-and-society "Heretical thoughts about science & society"], essay by Freeman Dyson [8.7.2007]
* [https://www.templetonprize.org/laureate-sub/dyson-acceptance-address/ Templeton Prize acceptance lecture 2000], by Freeman Dyson
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/imaginedworlds.htm ''Imagined Worlds''] by Freeman Dyson, 1996: Chapter 1
* {{YouTube|JTSxubKfTBU|Video Interview of Freeman Dyson discussing Bogus Climate Models}}
* [http://lewisfrumkes.com/radioshow/freeman-dyson-interview A radio interview with Freeman Dyson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807012445/http://lewisfrumkes.com/radioshow/freeman-dyson-interview |date=7 August 2020 }} Aired on the [[Lewis Burke Frumkes]] Radio Show in 2009.
* [http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/06/27/an-interview-with-freeman-dyson-on-the-origins-of-life-on-earth/ Suzan Mazur interviewing Dyson], 2012, ''[[CounterPunch]]''
* [http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/freeman-dyson-2014-06-11 "Pushing the Boundaries – A Conversation with Freeman Dyson"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817003438/http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/freeman-dyson-2014-06-11 |date=17 August 2016 }}, ''[[Ideas Roadshow]]'', 2014
* {{YouTube|id=riPDQ3VJBCI|title=Freeman Dyson and Gregory Benford: Forseeing the Next 35 Years – Where Will We Be in 2054?}}, Arthur C. Clarke Center for Human Imagination, February 2019.
* [https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-math-puzzle-worthy-of-freeman-dyson-20140326/ A ‘Rebel’ Without a Ph.D.]

===About Dyson===
* [https://www.wired.com/1998/02/dyson/ "Freeman Dyson's Brain"], interview by [[Stewart Brand]] at ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', 1998
* [http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/freeman-dysons-interview 2008 Video Interview with Freeman Dyson by Atomic Heritage Foundation], [[Voices of the Manhattan Project]]
* {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Russ |title=Dyson on Heresy, Climate Change, and Science |url=https://www.econtalk.org/dyson-on-heresy-climate-change-and-science/ |website=[[EconTalk]] |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |author-link=Russ Roberts |date=7 March 2011}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.52-insights.com/freeman-dyson-i-kept-quiet-for-30-years-so-maybe-its-time-to-speak-interview-science/ | title=Freeman Dyson: 'I kept quiet for thirty years, maybe it's time to speak' | work=52 Insights | date=15 June 2018 | access-date=25 November 2019}}
* [https://www.quantamagazine.org/remembering-the-unstoppable-freeman-dyson-20200413/ Remembering the Unstoppable Freeman Dyson]
* {{TED speaker|freeman_dyson}}
* [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/dyson-freeman.pdf Freeman J. Dyson], a Biographical Memoir by [[Ann Finkbeiner]] and [[William H. Press]].

{{Wolf Prize in Physics}}
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