Editing Frederick Temple

{{Short description|Archbishop of Canterbury from 1896 to 1902}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = {{pre-nominal styles|size=100%|MRevd|&RHPC}}
| name = Frederick Temple
| honorific-suffix = 
| archbishop_of = [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
| image = Frederick Temple 1900 Bradford.JPG
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| province =
| church = [[Church of England]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]]
| see =
| appointed = 1896
| enthroned = 1896
| ended = 23 December 1902
| predecessor = [[Edward White Benson]]
| successor = [[Randall Davidson]]
| ordination =
| consecration =
| other_post =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1821|11|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Santa Maura]], [[United States of the Ionian Islands|Ionian Islands]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1902|12|23|1821|11|30|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| buried = [[Canterbury Cathedral]]
| nationality = British
| religion = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
| residence =
| parents = [[Octavius Temple]] & Dorcas Carveth
| spouse = Beatrice Blanche Lascelles
| children = Frederick Charles Temple<br>[[William Temple (bishop)|William Temple]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| alma_mater =
| signature = Frederick Temple Signature.svg
| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
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| shrine =
| suppressed_date =
}}
{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by   = [[Samuel Wilberforce]], [[Bishop of Oxford]]
| date of diaconal ordination = 1846
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by   = [[Samuel Wilberforce]], [[Bishop of Oxford]]
| date of priestly ordination = 1847
| place of priestly ordination = 
| consecrated by       = [[John Jackson (bishop)|John Jackson]], [[Bishop of London]]
| co-consecrators      = {{ubl|[[Connop Thirlwall]], [[Bishop of St David's]]|[[Harold Browne]], [[Bishop of Ely]]}}
| date of consecration = 21 December 1869
| place of consecration = [[Westminster Abbey]]
| elevated by = 
| date of elevation = 
| bishop 1             =
| consecration date 1  =
| sources              = DNB1912
}}
{{Portal|Christianity}}
[[File:Arms BishopOfExeter FrederickTemple WashfieldChurch Devon.PNG|thumb|200px|Arms of Frederick Temple, Bishop of Exeter. Escutcheon on screen of St Mary the Virgin Church, Washfield, Devon, which church was restored between 1871 and 1874, during his tenure as Bishop.{{sfn|Smith|p=5}} The arms are the [[See of Exeter]] impaling Temple (as for [[Temple baronets]] and [[Viscount Cobham]] of [[Stowe House]], Buckinghamshire): ''Or, an eagle displayed sable'' (Temple), quartering: ''Argent, two bars sable each charged with three martlets or'' (Temple)]]
'''Frederick Temple''' (30 November 1821 – 23 December 1902){{sfn|Spooner|Chapman}} was an English academic, teacher and [[Clergy|churchman]], who served as [[Bishop of Exeter]] (1869–1885), [[Bishop of London]] (1885–1896) and [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (1896–1902).

== Early life ==
Temple was born in [[Santa Maura]], one of the [[Ionian Islands]], the son of Major [[Octavius Temple]], who was subsequently appointed lieutenant-governor of [[Sierra Leone]]. On his retirement, Major Temple settled in [[Devon]] and contemplated a farming life for his son Frederick, giving him a practical training to that end.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=601}}

Temple's grandfather was [[William Johnson Temple]], [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] of [[Mamhead]] in [[Devon]], who is mentioned several times in [[James Boswell]]'s ''[[Life of Johnson]]''.{{sfn|Naylor|Naylor|1916|p=34}}

Temple was sent to [[Blundell's School]], [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], and soon showed signs of being suited to a different career. He retained a warm affection for the school, where he did well both academically and at physical activities, especially walking. The family was not wealthy, and Temple knew he would have to earn his own living. He took the first step by winning a Blundell scholarship at [[Balliol College, Oxford]],{{sfn|Jones|2014}} before he was seventeen.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=601}}

The [[Tractarian Movement]] had begun five years earlier, but the memorable [[Tract 90]] had not yet been written. In the intellectual and religious excitement, he drew closer to the camp of "the Oxford Liberal Movement." In 1842 he took a [[double first]] and was elected fellow of Balliol, and lecturer in [[mathematics]] and [[logic]]. Four years later he was ordained, and, with the aim of improving the education of the very poor, he accepted the headship of [[Kneller Hall]], a college founded by the government for the training of masters of [[workhouse]]s and penal schools. The experiment was not successful, and Temple himself advised its abandonment in 1855. He then accepted a school-inspectorship, which he held until he went to teach at [[Rugby School]] in 1858. In the meantime he had attracted the admiration of [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], and in 1856 he was appointed [[Chaplain-in-Ordinary]] to [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]. In 1857 he was [[select preacher]] at his university.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=601}}

== Rugby ==
At Rugby School, [[Thomas Arnold]] had died in 1842 and had been succeeded by [[Archibald Campbell Tait]], who again was followed by [[Edward Meyrick Goulburn]]. Upon the resignation of the latter the trustees appointed Temple, who in that year (1858) had taken the degrees of [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] and [[Doctor of Divinity|D.D.]] His life at Rugby School was marked by great energy and bold initiative.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=601}}

Temple strengthened the school's academic reputation in the classics, but also instituted scholarships in natural science, built a laboratory, and recognised the importance of these subjects. He reformed the sporting activities, in spite of all the traditions of the playing fields. His own tremendous powers of work and rough manner intimidated the pupils, but he soon became popular, and raised the school's reputation. His school sermons made a deep impression on the boys, teaching loyalty, faith and duty.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=601}}

It was two years after he had taken up his work at Rugby that the volume entitled ''[[Essays and Reviews]]'' caused a controversy. The first essay in the book, "The Education of the World," was by Temple. The authors of the volume were responsible only for their respective articles, but some of these were deemed so destructive that many people banned the whole book, and a noisy demand, led by [[Samuel Wilberforce]], Bishop of Oxford, called on the headmaster of Rugby to dissociate himself from his comrades. Temple's essay had dealt with the intellectual and spiritual growth of the race, and had pointed out the contributions made respectively by the [[Hebrews]], the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]], the [[ancient Greece|Greeks]], the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], and others. Though accepted as harmless, it was blamed for being in the book. Temple refused to repudiate his associates, and it was only at a much later date (1870) that he decided to withdraw his essay. In the meantime, he printed a volume of his Rugby sermons, to show definitely what his own religious position was.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=601}}

In politics Temple was a follower of [[William Ewart Gladstone]], and he approved of the [[disestablishment]] of the [[Church of Ireland]]. He also wrote and spoke in favour of the [[Elementary Education Act 1870]] of [[William Edward Forster]], and was an active member of the Endowed Schools Commission.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=601}}

In 1869, Gladstone offered him the deanery of [[Durham, England|Durham]], but he declined because he wanted to stay at Rugby School. When later in the same year, however, [[Henry Phillpotts]], bishop of Exeter, died, the prime minister turned again to Temple, and he accepted the bishopric of the city he knew so well.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=601}}
[[File:Frederick Temple, Vanity Fair, 1869-11-06.jpg|thumb|left|"He has displayed ability in the free handling of religious subjects, and has nevertheless been made a Bishop"<br />As [[Bishop of Exeter]], by "Coïdé" ([[James Tissot]]) in ''[[Vanity Fair (UK magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1869]]

== Bishoprics ==

The appointment caused a fresh controversy; [[George Anthony Denison]], [[Archdeacon of Taunton]], [[Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury]], and others formed a strong committee of protest, while [[Edward Pusey]] declared that "the choice was the most frightful enormity ever perpetrated by a prime minister". At the confirmation of his election, counsel was instructed by Bishop [[Walter Trower]] to object to it, and in the voting the chapter was divided. Gladstone stood firm, and Temple was consecrated on 21 December 1869, by [[John Jackson (bishop)|John Jackson]], [[Bishop of London]].<ref>{{Church Times | title = Consecration of Dr Temple... (col. 4) | archive = 1869_12_24_511 | issue = 360 | date = 24 December 1869 | page = 511 | accessed = 26 June 2018 }}</ref> There were murmurings among his clergy against what they deemed his harsh control, but his real kindness soon made itself felt, and, during the sixteen years of his tenure, he overcame the prejudices against him, so that when, on the death of John Jackson in 1885, he was translated to London, the appointment gave general satisfaction. In 1884 he was [[Bampton Lecturer]], taking for his subject "The Relations between Religion and Science." In 1885 he was elected honorary fellow of [[Exeter College, Oxford]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=601}}

Temple's tenancy of the bishopric of London saw him working harder than ever. His normal working day at this time was one of fourteen or fifteen hours, though under the strain blindness was rapidly coming on. Many of his clergy and candidates for ordination thought him a rather terrifying person, enforcing almost impossible standards of diligence, accuracy and preaching efficiency, but his manifest devotion to his work and his zeal for the good of the people won him general confidence. In London he continued as a tireless [[Temperance movement|temperance]] worker, and the working class instinctively recognised him as their friend. When, in view of his growing blindness, he offered to resign the bishopric, he was urged to reconsider his proposal, and on the sudden death of [[Edward White Benson]] in 1896, though now seventy-six years of age, he accepted the see of [[Canterbury]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=601–602}} There is a memorial to him at [[St Paul's Cathedral]].<ref>"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" [[William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)|Sinclair, W.]] p. 465: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.</ref>

Between 1871 and 1902 Temple was a governor of [[Sherborne School]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=13 March 2019|title=Sherborne School Governors|url=https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/sherborne-school-governors/|access-date=6 April 2021|website=The Old Shirburnian Society|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Archbishop of Canterbury ==

As archbishop he presided in 1897 over the decennial [[Lambeth Conferences|Lambeth Conference]]. In the same year Temple and [[Archbishop of York]] [[William Maclagan]] issued a joint response to ''[[Apostolicae curae]]'', a [[Papal bull|bull]] of [[Pope Leo XIII]] which denied the validity of Anglican orders. In 1899 the archbishops again acted together, when an appeal was addressed to them by the united episcopate, to rule on the use of [[incense]] in divine service and on the carrying of lights in liturgical processions. After hearing the arguments the two archbishops decided against both practices.<ref>''The archbishops on the lawfulness of the liturgical use of incense and the carrying of lights in procession''. Lambeth Palace, 31 July 1899</ref> During his archiepiscopate Temple was deeply distressed by the divisions which were weakening the [[Church of England]], and many of his most memorable sermons were calls for unity.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=602}}
[[File:CollapseOfTemple.jpg|thumb|200px|Painting by [[Sydney Prior Hall]] depicting Archbishop Temple's collapse in the [[House of Lords]] while delivering a speech on the [[Education Act 1902|Education Bill]], 1902.]]
His first charge as primate on "Disputes in the Church" was felt to be a most powerful plea for a more catholic and a more charitable temper, and again and again during the closing years of his life he came back to this same theme. He was zealous also in the cause of foreign missions, and in a sermon preached at the opening of the new century he urged that a supreme obligation rested upon Britain at this epoch in the world's history to seek to evangelise all nations. In 1900 he presided over the World Temperance Congress in London, and on one occasion preached in the interests of women's education.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=602}}

On 9 August 1902, he discharged the important duties of his office at the [[coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra]], and two days later was received in private audience by the King and Queen to be presented with the [[Royal Victorian Chain]], a new decoration founded by the King in honour of his mother.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular|date=12 August 1902 |page=8 |issue=36844}}</ref> In early October that year he visited [[University of Wales, Lampeter|St. David's Theological College]] in [[Lampeter]], Wales, for its 75th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Primate in Wales|date=3 October 1902 |page=8 |issue=36889}}</ref> The strain at his advanced age told upon his health, however. During a speech which he delivered in the [[House of Lords]] on 4 December 1902<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1902/dec/04/the-education-england-and-wales-bill|title = THE EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES) BILL. (Hansard, 4 December 1902)}}</ref> on the [[Education Act 1902|Education Bill of that year]], he was taken ill, and, though he revived sufficiently to finish his speech, he never fully recovered, and died on 23 December 1902. He was interred in [[Canterbury Cathedral]] four days later, where his grave is located in the cloister garden. His second son, [[William Temple (archbishop)|William Temple]], became Archbishop of Canterbury thirty-nine years later and is buried close to him.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=602}}

== Science and religion ==
Temple had a lifelong interest in the [[relationship between science and religion]]. In 1860 at the famous meeting of the [[British Association]] which saw the debate between [[Thomas Huxley]] and [[Samuel Wilberforce]], Temple preached a sermon welcoming the insights of [[evolution]].{{sfn|Polkinghorne|1998|p=7}} In his Eight Bampton Lectures on the Relations between Religion and Science (1884) Temple stated clearly that "doctrine of Evolution is in no sense whatever antagonistic to the teachings of Religion".{{sfn|Temple|1903|loc=Lecture iv}} These lectures also addressed the origin and nature of scientific, and of religious belief and the apparent conflicts between science and religion on free will and supernatural power.

==Family==
Temple married in 1876 Beatrice Blanche Lascelles (1844–1915), youngest daughter of Right Hon. [[William Lascelles]] (1798–1851), a [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] politician and son of the [[Henry Lascelles, 2nd Earl of Harewood|2nd Earl of Harewood]]. Her mother was Lady Caroline Georgiana Howard (1803–1881), daughter of another Whig politician [[George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle]]. Beatrice Lascelles had nine elder siblings, including [[William Cavendish, 2nd Baron Chesham|Lady Chesham]], [[Lord Edward Cavendish|Lady Edward Cavendish]], and the diplomat [[Frank Lascelles (diplomat)|Sir Frank Lascelles.]]

They had two sons:
*Frederick Charles Temple (b. 1879)
*[[William Temple (bishop)|William Temple]] (1881–1944)

== Memorials ==
The Temple Reading Room and Museum at Rugby School is named after him, and contains an 1869 bust of him by [[Thomas Woolner]].
There is a fine memorial in Canterbury Cathedral at the east end in the Corona depicting Temple kneeling in prayer.
The West Window of Exeter Cathedral also depicts him amongst the great figures of the cathedral's history shown there.

A bust of Frederick Temple designed by [[George Frampton|Sir George Frampton]] is located outside the Big School Room at [[Sherborne School]], where he served as governor from 1871 to 1902.<ref name=":0" /> The bust is inside a marble niche designed by [[Reginald Blomfield|Sir Reginald Blomfield]] which displays his coat of arms impaled with those of [[Diocese of Exeter|Exeter]] and [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]] on the left and right respectively.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hassall|first=Rachel|title=Bust of Archbishop Frederick Temple by Sir George Frampton RA, 1904|date=4 January 2016|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/sherborneschoolarchives/24087254641/|access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>

F. D. How included Temple in the 1904 book ''Six Great Schoolmasters''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Six Great Schoolmasters'' by F. D. How|journal=The Athenaeum |issue=4031|date=January 28, 1905|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MW0vAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA102}}</ref>

== Honours ==
* 1842: Fellow of [[Balliol College, Oxford]].
* 1885: Honorary Fellow of [[Exeter College, Oxford]].
* 1897: Elected a member of the [[American Antiquarian Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistt|website= American Antiquarian Society |title=Members Directory}}</ref>
* 1902: Awarded the [[Royal Victorian Chain]] by [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]].

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{cite book|last=Polkinghorne|first=John |author-link=John Polkinghorne|title=Science and theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9wnAAAAYAAJ|year=1998|publisher=SPCK/Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-3153-6}}
*{{cite web |last=Jones |first=John |date=11 August 2014 |url=http://archives.balliol.ox.ac.uk/History/blundellscholars.asp |title=Balliol Archives |website=balliol.ox.ac.uk |access-date=2 January 2017}}
*{{cite book|last1=Naylor|first1=Robert |last2=Naylor|first2=John |title=From John O' Groats to Land's End|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14415/14415-h/14415-h.htm|year=1916|publisher=Caxton|location=London}}
*{{citation |last=Smith |first=Francis |title=St Mary the Virgin Church, Washfield |page=5 |edition=church guide booklet}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2017}}
*{{citation |last=Temple |first=Frederick |year=1903 |chapter=Lecture IV: The Relations Between Religion and Science |title=Eight Lectures Preached Before the University of Oxford in the Year 1884 |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17194/17194-h/17194-h.htm#LECTURE_IV}}

=== Attribution ===
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Temple, Frederick |volume=26 |pages=601–602}} Endnotes:
**{{cite book |editor-last=Sandford |editor-first=E.G. |year=1906 |title=Memoirs of Archbishop Temple by "Seven Friends"}}
**{{cite book |last=Sandford |first=E.G. |year=1907 |title=Frederick Temple: An Appreciation|url=https://archive.org/details/fredericktemplea00sanduoft }}, with biographical introduction by [[William Temple (archbishop)|William Temple]]

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Hinchliff |first=Peter |year=1998 |title=Frederick Temple Archbishop of Canterbury. A Life}}
*{{cite DNB12|wstitle=Temple, Frederick|first=Henry Morse |last=Stephens}}
*{{cite ODNB|first1=H. M.|last1=Spooner|title=Temple, Frederick (1821–1902)|first2=Mark D.|last2= Chapman|id= 36451}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Frederick Temple}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Temple,+Frederick | name=Frederick Temple}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Frederick Temple}}
* {{Find a Grave|16400044}}
* [http://archives.lambethpalacelibrary.org.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=f.temple Archbishop Temple's papers are held at Lambeth Palace Library]

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel|en}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Henry Phillpotts]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Exeter]]|years=1869–1885}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Edward Henry Bickersteth]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[John Jackson (bishop)|John Jackson]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Bishop of London]]|years=1885–1896}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Mandell Creighton]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Edward White Benson]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Archbishop of Canterbury]]|years=1896–1902}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Randall Davidson]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Bishops of London}}
{{Archbishops of Canterbury}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Temple, Frederick}}
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