Editing Frederick I of Denmark

{{Short description|King of Denmark (1523–1533) and Norway (1524–1533)}}
{{expand Danish|topic=bio|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name           = Frederick I
| succession     = [[King of Denmark]]
| moretext       = ([[Style of the Danish sovereign|more...]])
| image          = Frederik1dk.jpg
| caption        = Portrait of Frederick attributed to [[Jacob Binck]], 1539. No portraits of the King painted during his lifetime are known.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Den Store Danske Encyklopædi]]|title=Jacob Binck|author=Kolstrup, Inger-Lise|access-date=29 April 2021|url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Jacob_Binck}}</ref>
| reign          = 1523<ref>Frederick was provisionally declared king on 26 March 1523, which was confirmed at Roskilde on 5 August. After a siege that began on 10 June 1523, Copenhagen surrendered to [his forces on 6 January 1524, see https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-2-1481-1559/ 
Christian 2., 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523"], danmarkshistorien.dk.</ref>&nbsp;– 10 April 1533
| coronation     = 7 August 1524<br/>[[Copenhagen Cathedral]]
| predecessor    = [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]]
| successor      = [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]]
| succession1    = [[List of Norwegian monarchs|King of Norway]]
| reign1         = 5 August 1524&nbsp;– 10 April 1533
| predecessor1   = [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]]
| successor1     = [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]]
| succession2    = [[Duke of Schleswig]][[Duke of Holstein|-Holstein]]
| reign2         = 1482&nbsp;– 10 April 1533
| predecessor2   = [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]]
| successor2     = [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]]
| regent2 =  [[John I of Denmark|John]] (until 1490)
| reg-type2 = Co-duke
| spouses        = {{marriage|[[Anna of Brandenburg]]|1502|1514|end=died}}<br/>{{marriage|[[Sophie of Pomerania]]|1518}}
| issue          = [[Christian III of Denmark]]<br/>[[Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia|Dorothea, Duchess of Prussia]]<br/>[[John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev]]<br/>[[Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg|Elizabeth, Duchess of Mecklenburg]]<br/>[[Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]]<br/>[[Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg|Dorothea, Duchess of Mecklenburg]]<br />[[Frederick of Denmark (bishop)|Frederick, Bishop of Hildesheim and Schleswig]]
| issue-link   = #Family and children
| issue-pipe   = among others...
| house = [[House of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]
| father         = [[Christian I of Denmark]]
| mother         = [[Dorothea of Brandenburg]]
| birth_date  = 7 October 1471
| birth_place = [[Haderslevhus]], Denmark 
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1533|4|10|1471|10|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gottorf Castle]], Schleswig
| burial_place= [[Schleswig Cathedral]]
| religion    = [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
}}
'''Frederick I''' ([[Danish language|Danish]] and {{Langx|no|Frederik}}; {{Langx|de|Friedrich}}; {{Langx|sv|Fredrik}}; 7 October 1471&nbsp;– 10 April 1533) was [[King of Denmark]] and [[king of Norway|Norway]]. He was the last [[Catholic]] monarch to reign over Denmark and Norway, when subsequent monarchs embraced [[Lutheranism]] after the [[Protestant Reformation]]. As king of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned as such.  Therefore, he was styled  ''King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway''. Frederick's reign began the enduring tradition of calling kings of Denmark alternately by the names Christian and Frederick.<ref>{{citation | language = da | place = DK | url = http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=frederik1 | title = Frederik 1 | publisher = Gravsted}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Frederik_1/utdypning''Frederik 1 – utdypning'' (Store norske leksikon)]</ref>

==Background==
Frederick was the younger son of the first Oldenburg King [[Christian I of Denmark]], Norway and [[Sweden]] (1426–81) and of [[Dorothea of Brandenburg]] (1430–95).  Soon after the death of his father, the underage Frederick was elected co-Duke of [[Schleswig]] and [[Holstein]] in 1482, the other co-duke being his elder brother, King [[John, King of Denmark|John of Denmark]]. In 1490 at Frederick's majority, both duchies were divided between the brothers.<ref>{{citation | publisher = Runeberg | language = da | url = https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/8/0865.html | contribution = Frederik I, Konge i Danmark og Norge | title = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon}}.</ref>

In 1500, he had convinced his brother King John to conquer [[Dithmarschen]]. A great army was called from not only the duchies, but with additions from all of the [[Kalmar Union]] for which his brother briefly was king. In addition, numerous German [[mercenary|mercenaries]] took part. The expedition failed miserably, however, in the [[Battle of Hemmingstedt]], where one-third of all [[knight]]s of Schleswig and Holstein lost their lives.<ref>{{cite web|url=   https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/6/0247.html|title= Ditmarsken (Dithmarschen, "de tyske Marsklande") |publisher = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>

==Reign==
When his brother, [[John, King of Denmark|King John]] died, a group of Jutish nobles had offered Frederick the throne as early as 1513, but he had declined, rightly believing that the majority of the Danish nobility would be loyal to his nephew [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]]. In 1523, Christian was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate as king of Denmark and Norway, and Frederick took the throne of Denmark in 1523 and was elected king of Norway in 1524. It is not certain that Frederick ever learned to speak Danish. After becoming king, he continued spending most of his time at [[Gottorp]], a castle and estate in the city of [[Schleswig]].<ref>{{cite web|url=   http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom_vise_tekst.prl?b=5595&s=n&str=Hanss%20met%20gudz%20nade|title= Kong Hans
|publisher =Diplomatarium Norvegicum|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>

In 1524 and 1525, Frederick had to suppress revolts among the peasants in [[Agder]], [[Jutland]] and [[Scania]] who demanded the restoration of Christian II. The high point of the rebellion came in 1525 when [[Søren Norby]], the governor (''statholder'') of [[Gotland]], invaded [[Blekinge]] in an attempt to restore Christian II to power. He raised 8000 men who besieged [[Kärnan]] (''Helsingborgs slott''), a castle in [[Helsingborg]].  Frederick's general, [[Johann Rantzau]], moved his army to [[Scania]] and defeated the peasants soundly in April and May 1525.<ref>{{citation | publisher = Runeberg | url = https://runeberg.org/dbl/5/0285.html | contribution = Frederik I, 1471–1533 | title = Konge (Dansk biografisk Lexikon)}}.</ref>

[[File:Fredrik I medalje.jpg|thumb|240px|Gold coin or medal of Frederick I. Shows him together with Sophia on the obverse, and coat of arms on the reverse.]]
[[File:Dronning-Sophie.jpg|thumb|240px|Sophie of Pomerania]]
Frederick played a central role in the spread of Lutheran teachings throughout Denmark. In his coronation charter, he was made the solemn protector (''værner'') of the [[Catholic Church in Denmark]].  In that role, he asserted his right to select bishops for the Catholic dioceses in the country. Christian II had been intolerant of Protestant teaching, but Frederick took a more opportunist approach. For example, he ordered that Catholics and Lutherans share the same churches and encouraged the first publication of the [[Bible]] in the  Danish language. In 1526, when Lutheran Reformer [[Hans Tausen]] was threatened with arrest and trial for heresy, Frederick appointed him his personal [[chaplain]] to give him immunity.<ref>{{cite web|url=   http://denstoredanske.dk/Sprog%2C_religion_og_filosofi/Religion_og_mystik/Danske_folkekirke/Hans_Tausen|title= Hans Tausen|publisher =    Den Store Danske 
|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>

Starting in 1527, Frederick authorized the closure of [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] [[priory|houses]] and monasteries in 28 Danish cities. He used the popular anti-establishment feelings that ran against some persons of the [[Catholic hierarchy]] and nobility of Denmark as well as keen propaganda to decrease the power of bishops and Catholic nobles.<ref name= Kronike>{{citation | language = da | title = Krønike om Gråbrødrenes Udjagelse}}.</ref> 
 
During his reign, Frederick was skillful enough to prevent all-out warfare between Catholics and Protestants. In 1532, he succeeded in capturing Christian II who had tried to invade Norway, and to make himself king of the country. Frederick died on 10 April 1533 in Gottorp, at the age of 61, and was buried in [[Schleswig Cathedral]]. Upon Frederick's death, tensions between Catholics and Protestants rose to a fever pitch which would result in the [[Count's Feud]] (''Grevens Fejde'').<ref>{{cite web|url=   https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/10/0125.html|title= Grevens Fejde|publisher =   Salmonsens konversationsleksikon
|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>

==Family and children==

On 10 April 1502, Frederick married [[Anna of Brandenburg]] (1487–1514), the daughter of [[John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg]] and [[Margaret of Thuringia]]. The couple had two children:

# [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway]] (12 August 1503&nbsp;– 1 January 1559)<ref>{{cite web|url=   http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=christian3|title=  Christian 3|publisher =    gravsted.dk|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>
# [[Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia|Dorothea of Denmark]] (1 August 1504&nbsp;– 11 April 1547),<ref>{{cite web|url=   https://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0309.html|title=  Dorothea, Hertuginde af Preussen, 1504–47|publisher =    Dansk biografisk Lexikon
|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> married 1 July 1526 to [[Albert, Duke of Prussia]].

Frederick's wife Anna died on 5 May 1514, 26 years old. Four years later on 9 October 1518 at [[Kiel]], Frederick married [[Sophie of Pomerania]] (20 years old; 1498–1568), a daughter of [[Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw "the Great", Duke of Pomerania]]. Sophie and Frederick had six children:

# [[John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev|John II of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev]] (28 June 1521&nbsp;– 2 October 1580)<ref>{{cite web|url=   http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/hto/hto_4rk_0006-PDF/hto_4rk_0006_77079.pdf|title=  Hertug Hans den ældre i Haderslev  
|publisher =    Historisk Tidsskrift|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>
# [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg|Elizabeth of Denmark]] (14 October 1524&nbsp;– 15 October 1586),<ref>{{cite web|url=   https://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0499.html|title= Elisabeth, 1524–86, Hertuginde af Meklenborg|publisher =Dansk biografisk Lexikon 
|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> married:
## on 26 August 1543 to [[Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]].
## on 14 February 1556 to [[Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow|Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]].
# [[Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp|Adolf of Denmark, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]] (25 January 1526&nbsp;– 1 October 1586)<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=  https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Adolf_I._(Herzog_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)|title= Adolf I. (Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf) 
|chapter= Adolf, Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein 
|series= Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 
|year= 1875 
|page= 111 
|publisher =    Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>
# Anna of Denmark (1527&nbsp;– 4 June 1535)
# [[Dorothea of Denmark (1528-1575)|Dorothea of Denmark]] (1528&nbsp;– 11 November 1575),<ref>{{cite web|url=   https://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0308.html
|title= Dorothea, Hertuginde af Meklenborg, 1528–75 |publisher =    Dansk biografisk Lexikon|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> married on 27 October 1573 to [[Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch]].
# [[Frederick of Denmark (1532–1556)|Frederick of Denmark]] (13 April 1532&nbsp;– 27 October 1556), Prince-Bishop of [[Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim|Hildesheim]] and Bishop of Schleswig.

He is the [[Common descent|common ancestor]] of all surviving branches of the [[House of Oldenburg|House of Oldenburg]].

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes
|align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Frederick I of Denmark'''
|2= 2. [[Christian I of Denmark]]
|3= 3. [[Dorothea of Brandenburg]]
|4= 4. [[Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg]]
|5= 5. [[Hedvig of Holstein]]
|6= 6. [[John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach]]
|7= 7. Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg
|8= 8. [[Christian V, Count of Oldenburg]]
|9= 9. Agnes von Honstein
|10= 10. [[Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg]]
|11= 11. [[Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick]]
|12= 12. [[Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg]]
|13= 13. [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Brandenburg|Elisabeth of Bavaria]]
|14= 14. [[Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg]]
|15= 15. Barbara of Legnica
}}


==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|35em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last1=Scocozza|first1=Benito|chapter=Frederik 1.|title=Politikens bog om danske monarker|trans-title=Politiken's book about Danish monarchs|year=1997|publisher=Politikens Forlag|location=Copenhagen|isbn=87-567-5772-7|pages=111–113|language=da}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Frederick I of Denmark}}
* [http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-monarchy-in-denmark/The-Royal-Lineage The Royal Lineage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314224944/http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-monarchy-in-denmark/The-Royal-Lineage |date=2015-03-14 }} at the website of the [[Danish Monarchy]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Oldenburg]]|7 October|1471|10 April|1533|name=Frederick I}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Denmark]]|years=1523–1533}}
{{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Norway]]|years=1524–1533}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Christian I of Denmark|Christian I]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=1|title=[[Duke of Holstein]] and [[Duke of Schleswig|Schleswig]]|years=1490–1533|regent1=[[John, King of Denmark|John I]]|years1=1490–1513|regent2=[[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]]|years2=1513–1523|regent3=[[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]]|years3=1523–1533}}
|-
{{s-end}}
{{Monarchs of Denmark}}
{{Monarchs of Norway}}
{{Monarchs of Iceland}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Frederick I of Denmark| ]]
[[Category:1471 births]]
[[Category:1533 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Norwegian monarchs]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]
[[Category:Dukes of Schleswig]]
[[Category:Dukes of Holstein]]
[[Category:People of the Swedish War of Liberation]]
[[Category:15th-century Danish people]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs of Denmark]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:Children of Christian I of Denmark]]
[[Category:Sons of counts]]