Editing Franz Joseph I of Austria

{{Short description|Habsburg monarch from 1848 to 1916}}
{{Redirect|Franz Joseph}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Franz Joseph I
| image        = Emperor Francis Joseph.jpg
| alt          = Photograph of Franz Joseph I
| caption      = Franz Joseph in 1903
| succession   = [[Emperor of Austria]] <br /> [[King of Hungary]]
| moretext     = ([[Grand title of the emperor of Austria|more…]])
| reign        = 2 December 1848 – {{nowrap|21 November 1916}}
| coronation   = 8 June 1867 <br> [[Matthias Church]] <br /> (as King of Hungary)
| cor-type     = [[Coronation of the Hungarian monarch|Coronation]]
| predecessor  = [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I & V]]
| successor    = [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I, III & IV]]
| succession1  = [[King of Lombardy-Venetia]]
| reign1       = 2 December 1848 – {{nowrap|12 October 1866}}
| predecessor1 = Ferdinand I
| successor1   = [[Unification of Italy|Annexation to Italy]]
| succession2  = [[President of the German Confederation|Head of the ''Präsidialmacht'' Austria]]
{{Infobox officeholder/office
| termstart    = 1 May 1850 
| termend      = 24 August 1866
| predecessor  = Ferdinand I
| successor    = [[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]]<br />(as Head of the [[North German Confederation]])
}}
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1830|8|18|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Schönbrunn Palace]], Vienna, Austrian Empire
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1916|11|21|1830|8|18|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Schönbrunn Palace]], Vienna, Austria-Hungary
| burial_place = [[Imperial Crypt]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|<!--Do not add "Duchess"; similar to other consorts-->[[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Elisabeth in Bavaria]]<!--"in" is correct; do not change to "of"-->|1854|1898|end=died}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Archduchess Sophie of Austria|Archduchess Sophie]]
* [[Archduchess Gisela of Austria|Gisela, Princess of Bavaria]]
* [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]]
* [[Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria|Archduchess Marie Valerie]]
 }}
| house        = [[Habsburg-Lorraine]]
| father       = [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]]
| full name    = {{langx|de|link=no|Franz Joseph Karl}}<br />English: Francis Joseph Charles
| mother       = [[Princess Sophie of Bavaria]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church]]
| signature    = Franz Joseph I signature.svg
| module       = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Franz Josef I of Austria - voice recording (1900).ogg|title=Franz Joseph I's voice|type=speech|description=Franz Joseph I on the invention of the phonograph<br/>Recorded 1900}}
}}

'''Franz Joseph I''' or '''Francis Joseph I''' ({{langx|de|link=|Franz Joseph Karl}} {{IPA|de|fʁants ˈjoːzɛf ˈkaʁl|}}; {{langx|hu|Ferenc József Károly}} {{IPA|hu|ˈfɛrɛnt͡s ˈjoːʒɛf ˈkaːroj|}}; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was [[Emperor of Austria]], [[King of Hungary]], and the ruler of the [[Grand title of the emperor of Austria|other states]] of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] from 1848 until his death in 1916.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216776/Francis-Joseph Francis Joseph], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 19 April 2009</ref> In the early part of his reign, his realms and territories were referred to as the [[Austrian Empire]], but were reconstituted as the [[dual monarchy]] of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867. From 1 May 1850 to 24 August 1866, he was also president of the [[German Confederation]].

In December 1848, Franz Joseph's uncle Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]] abdicated the throne at [[Olomouc]], as part of Minister President [[Felix zu Schwarzenberg]]'s plan to end the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]. Franz Joseph then acceded to the throne. In 1854, he married his first cousin [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria]], with whom he had four children: [[Archduchess Sophie of Austria|Sophie]], [[Archduchess Gisela of Austria|Gisela]], [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria|Rudolf]], and [[Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria|Marie Valerie]]. Largely considered to be a [[reactionary]], Franz Joseph spent his early reign resisting [[constitutionalism]] in his domains. The Austrian Empire was forced to cede its influence over [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]] and most of its claim to [[Lombardy–Venetia]] to the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], following the [[Second Italian War of Independence]] in 1859 and the [[Third Italian War of Independence]] in 1866. Although Franz Joseph ceded no territory to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] after the Austrian defeat in the [[Austro-Prussian War]], the [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Peace of Prague]] (23 August 1866) settled the [[German Question]] in favour of Prussia, which prevented the [[unification of Germany]] from occurring under the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|House of Habsburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gale Encyclopedia of Biography: ''Francis Joseph'' |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/franz-joseph-of-austria |access-date=2 December 2013 |publisher=Answers.com}}</ref>

Franz Joseph was troubled by nationalism throughout his reign. He concluded the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], which granted greater autonomy to [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. He ruled peacefully for the next 45 years, but personally suffered the tragedies of the execution of his brother Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico]] in 1867, the [[Mayerling incident|suicide of his son Rudolf]] in 1889, and the [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria#Assassination|assassinations of his wife Elisabeth]] in 1898 and [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|his nephew and heir presumptive, Archduke Franz Ferdinand]], in 1914.

After the Austro-Prussian War, Austria-Hungary turned its attention to the [[Balkans]], which was a hotspot of international tension because of conflicting interests of Austria with not only the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] but also the [[Russian Empire]]. The [[Bosnian Crisis]] was a result of Franz Joseph's annexation in 1908 of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had already been [[Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|occupied by his troops]] since the [[Congress of Berlin]] (1878). On 28 June 1914, the assassination of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] in [[Sarajevo]] resulted in Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against the [[Kingdom of Serbia]], which was an ally of the Russian Empire. This activated a system of alliances declaring war on each other, which resulted in [[World War I]]. Franz Joseph died in 1916, after ruling his domains for almost 68 years. He was succeeded by his grandnephew [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I & IV]].

==Early life==
[[File:Sophiebayern franzjoseph.jpg|thumb|upright|Franz Joseph and his mother [[Princess Sophie of Bavaria|Archduchess Sophie]], by [[Joseph Karl Stieler]].]]
[[File:Peter Fendi - The Evening Prayer, 1839 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|Franz Joseph's family gathered in prayer, 1839.]]

Franz Joseph was born on 18 August 1830 in the [[Schönbrunn Palace]] in Vienna (on the 65th anniversary of the death of [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis of Lorraine]]) as the eldest son of Archduke [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria|Franz Karl]] (the younger son of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]]), and [[Sophie, Princess of Bavaria]]. Because his uncle, reigning from 1835 as the Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand]], was disabled by seizures, and his father unambitious and retiring, the mother of the young Archduke "Franzi" brought him up as a future emperor, with emphasis on devotion, responsibility and diligence.

For this reason, Franz Joseph was consistently built up as a potential successor to the imperial throne by his politically ambitious mother from early childhood.

Up to the age of 7, little "Franzi" was brought up in the care of the nanny ("Aja") [[Louise von Sturmfeder]]. Then the "state education" began, the central contents of which were "sense of duty", religiosity and dynastic awareness. The theologian [[Joseph Othmar von Rauscher]] conveyed to him the inviolable understanding of rulership of divine origin (divine grace), and therefore a belief that no participation of the population in rulership in the form of parliaments was required.

The educators Heinrich Franz von Bombelles and Colonel Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg ordered Archduke Franz to study an enormous amount of time, which initially comprised 18 hours per week and was expanded to 50 hours per week by the age of 16. One of the main focuses of the lessons was language acquisition: in addition to French, the diplomatic language of the time, [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], Czech, Italian and [[Polish language|Polish]] were the most important national languages of the monarchy. In addition, the archduke received general education that was customary at the time (including mathematics, physics, history, geography), which was later supplemented by law and political science. Various forms of physical education completed the extensive program.

On his 13th birthday, Franz Joseph was appointed Colonel-[[Inhaber]] of Dragoon Regiment No. 3 and the focus of his training shifted to imparting basic strategic and tactical knowledge. From that point onward, army style dictated his personal fashion{{mdash}}for the rest of his life, he normally wore the uniform of a military officer.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p= 61}} Franz Joseph was soon joined by three younger brothers: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (born 1832, the future Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian]] of [[Second Mexican Empire|Mexico]]); Archduke [[Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria|Karl Ludwig]] (born 1833, father of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]]), and [[Archduke Ludwig Viktor]] (born 1842), and a sister, Archduchess [[Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1835–1840)|Maria Anna]] (born 1835), who died at the age of 4.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=101}}

==Revolutions of 1848==
{{Main|Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire|Hungarian Revolution of 1848}}

During the [[Revolutions of 1848]], the [[List of heads of government under Austrian emperors|Austrian Chancellor]] Prince [[Klemens von Metternich]] resigned (March–April 1848). The young archduke, who (it was widely expected) would soon succeed his uncle on the throne, was appointed Governor of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] on 6 April 1848, but never took up the post. Sent instead to the [[First Italian War of Independence|front in Italy]], he joined Field Marshal [[Joseph Radetzky von Radetz|Radetzky]] on campaign on 29 April, receiving his baptism of fire on 5 May at [[Battle of Santa Lucia|Santa Lucia]].

By all accounts, he handled his first military experience calmly and with dignity. Around the same time, the imperial family was fleeing revolutionary Vienna for the calmer setting of [[Innsbruck]], in [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]]. Called back from Italy, the archduke joined the rest of his family at Innsbruck by mid-June. It was here that Franz Joseph first met his cousin and eventual future bride, Elisabeth, then a girl of 10, but apparently the meeting made little impression.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=33}}

Following Austria's victory over the Italians at [[Battle of Custoza (1848)|Custoza]] in late July 1848, the court felt it safe to return to Vienna, and Franz Joseph travelled with them. But within a few weeks, Vienna again appeared unsafe, and in September, the court left once more, this time for [[Olomouc|Olmütz]] in [[Margraviate of Moravia|Moravia]]. By now, [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]], an influential military commander in Bohemia, was determined to see the young archduke soon put on the throne. It was thought that a new ruler would not be bound by the oaths to respect constitutional government to which Ferdinand had been forced to agree, and that it was necessary to find a young, energetic emperor to replace the kindly but mentally unfit Ferdinand.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p= 8}}

By the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand and the renunciation of his father (the mild-mannered Franz Karl), Franz Joseph succeeded as Emperor of Austria at Olmütz on 2 December 1848. At this time, he first became known by his second as well as his first Christian name. The name "Franz Joseph" was chosen to bring back memories of the new Emperor's great-granduncle, Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] (Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790), remembered as a modernising reformer.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p= 6}}

Under the guidance of the new prime minister, [[Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg]], the new emperor at first pursued a cautious course, granting a [[March Constitution (Austria)|constitution in March 1849]]. At the same time, a military campaign was necessary against the Hungarians, who had [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|rebelled against Habsburg central authority]] in the name of their ancient constitution. Franz Joseph was also almost immediately faced with a renewal of the [[First Italian War of Independence|fighting in Italy]], with King [[Charles Albert of Sardinia]] taking advantage of setbacks in [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]] to resume the war in March 1849.
[[File:Győri csata.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Győr]] on 28 June 1849. Franz Joseph enters [[Győr]] leading the Austrian troops.]]
However, the military tide began to turn swiftly in favor of Franz Joseph and the Austrian whitecoats. Almost immediately, Charles Albert was decisively beaten by Radetzky at [[Battle of Novara (1849)|Novara]] and forced to sue for peace, as well as to renounce his throne.

===Revolution in Hungary===
{{Main|Holy Alliance|Hungarian Revolution of 1848}}

Unlike other Habsburg ruled areas, the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] had an [[Uncodified constitution|old historic constitution]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert Young |url=https://archive.org/details/secessionofquebe0000youn |title=Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7735-6547-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/secessionofquebe0000youn/page/138 138] |quote=the Hungarian constitution was restored. |url-access=registration}}</ref> which limited the power of the crown and had greatly increased the authority of the [[Diet of Hungary|parliament]] since the 13th century.
The Hungarian reform laws ([[April laws]]) were based on the 12 points that established the fundaments of modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in the Kingdom of Hungary.<ref name="Ferenc Szakály 1980 178">{{Cite book |last=Ferenc Szakály |title=Hungary and Eastern Europe: Research Report Volume 182 of Studia historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1980 |isbn=978-963-05-2595-4 |page=178}}</ref> The crucial turning point of the Hungarian events were the April laws which was ratified by his uncle King Ferdinand, however the new young Austrian monarch Francis Joseph arbitrarily "revoked" the laws without any legal competence. The monarchs had no right to revoke Hungarian parliamentary laws which were already signed. This unconstitutional act irreversibly escalated the conflict between the Hungarian parliament and Francis Joseph. The Austrian [[Stadion Constitution]] was accepted by the [[Imperial Diet (Austria)|Imperial Diet of Austria]], where Hungary had no representation, and which traditionally had no legislative power in the territory of Kingdom of Hungary; despite this, it also tried to abolish the [[Diet of Hungary]] (which existed as the supreme legislative power in Hungary since the late 12th century.)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Július Bartl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3orG2yZ9mBkC&q=%22stadion+constitution%22++%22Imperial+Diet%22&pg=PA222 |title=Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon, G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-86516-444-4 |page=222}}</ref>

The new Austrian constitution also went against the historical constitution of Hungary, and even tried to nullify it.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=et9nAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Declaration+of+Independence%22+%22Stadion+Constitution%22 |title=Hungarian statesmen of destiny, 1860–1960, Volume 58 of Atlantic studies on society in change, Volume 262 of East European monographs |publisher=Social Sciences Monograph |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-88033-159-3 |page=23}}</ref> Even the territorial integrity of the country was in danger: On 7 March 1849, an imperial proclamation was issued in the name of the Emperor Francis Joseph, according to the new proclamation, the territory of Kingdom of Hungary would be carved up and administered by five military districts, while the [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Principality of Transylvania]] would be reestablished.<ref name="phillips">{{EB1911 |last=Phillips |first=Walter Alison |author-link=Walter Alison Phillips |wstitle=Hungary |volume=13 |pages=917–918}}</ref> These events represented a clear and obvious existential threat for the Hungarian state. The new constrained Stadion Constitution of Austria, the revocation of the April laws and the Austrian military campaign against Kingdom of Hungary resulted in the fall of the pacifist [[Lajos Batthyány|Batthyány government]] (which sought agreement with the court) and led to the sudden emergence of [[Lajos Kossuth]]'s followers in the Hungarian parliament, who demanded the full independence of Hungary. The Austrian military intervention in the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, thus the events in Hungary grew into a war for total independence from the [[Habsburg dynasty]].

====Constitutional and legitimacy problems in Hungary====

On 7 December 1848, the [[Diet of Hungary]] formally refused to acknowledge the title of the new king, "as without the knowledge and consent of the diet no one could sit on the Hungarian throne", and called the nation to arms.<ref name=phillips/> While in most Western European countries (like France and the United Kingdom) the monarch's reign [[The king is dead, long live the king!|began immediately upon the death of their predecessor]], in Hungary the coronation was indispensable; if it were not properly executed, the kingdom remained "[[interregnum|orphaned]]".

Even during the long personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg ruled areas, the Habsburg monarchs had to be crowned as [[King of Hungary]] in order to promulgate laws there or exercise royal prerogatives in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yonge|first=Charlotte|title=A Book of Golden Deeds Of all Times and all Lands|publisher=Blackie and Son|location=London, Glasgow and Bombay|year=1867|chapter=The Crown of St. Stephen|chapter-url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/yonge/deeds/crown.html|access-date=21 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="review1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ce-review.org/00/1/nemes1.html|title=Central Europe Review&nbsp;– Hungary: The Holy Crown|last=Nemes|first=Paul|date=10 January 2000|access-date=26 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517110819/http://www.ce-review.org/00/1/nemes1.html|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>An account of this service, written by Count Miklos Banffy, a witness, may be read at [http://www.websitetoolbox.com/tool/post/royalcello/vpost?id=2646769&trail=15 The Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916]. From [http://www.royaltymonarchy.com/ Theodore's Royalty and Monarchy Website].</ref> From a legal point of view, according to the coronation oath, a crowned Hungarian king could not relinquish the Hungarian throne during his life; if the king was alive and unable to do his duty as ruler, a governor (or regent, as they would be called in English) had to assume the royal duties. Constitutionally, Franz Joseph's uncle Ferdinand was still the legal [[king of Hungary]]. If there was no possibility to inherit the throne automatically due to the death of the predecessor king (since King Ferdinand was still alive), but the monarch wanted to relinquish his throne and appoint another king before his death, technically only one legal solution remained: the parliament had the power to dethrone the king and elect a new king. Due to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not grant Franz Joseph that favour. This event gave to the revolt an excuse of legality. Actually, from this time until the collapse of the revolution, [[Lajos Kossuth]] (as elected regent-president) became the de facto and de jure ruler of Hungary.<ref name=phillips/>

====Military difficulties in Hungary====
[[File:Franz Joseph of Austria young.jpg|thumb|upright|Franz Joseph in 1851.]]

While the revolutions in the Austrian territories had been suppressed by 1849 in Hungary, the situation was more severe and Austrian defeat seemed imminent. Sensing a need to secure his right to rule, Franz Joseph sought help from [[Russian Empire|Russia]], requesting the intervention of Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]], in order "to prevent the Hungarian insurrection developing into a European calamity".<ref>Rothenburg, G. ''The Army of Francis Joseph''. West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1976. p. 35.</ref> For the Russian military support, Franz Joseph kissed the hand of the tsar in [[Warsaw]] on 21 May 1849.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Paul Lendvai]]|title=The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2021|page=236|isbn=978-0-691-20027-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C33DwAAQBAJ}}</ref> Tsar Nicholas supported Franz Joseph in the name of the [[Holy Alliance]],<ref>Eric Roman: ''Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present'' p. 67, Publisher: Infobase Publishing, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-8160-7469-3}}</ref> and sent a 200,000 strong army with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under brutal [[martial law]].<ref>''The Making of the West'': Volume C, Lynn Hunt, pp. 683–684</ref>

With order now restored throughout his empire, Franz Joseph felt free to renege on the constitutional concessions he had made, especially as the Austrian parliament meeting at [[Kremsier]] had behaved—in the young Emperor's eyes—abominably. The 1849 constitution was suspended, and a policy of absolutist centralism was established, guided by the Minister of the Interior, [[Alexander Bach]].{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=41}}

====Assassination attempt in 1853====
[[File:J.Reiner - Attentat auf Kaiser Franz Joseph.jpg|thumb|upright|Assassination attempt on the emperor in 1853.]]

On 18 February 1853, Franz Joseph survived an assassination attempt by Hungarian nationalist [[János Libényi]].{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=42}} The emperor was taking a stroll with one of his officers, Count [[Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell]], on a city [[bastion]], when Libényi approached him. He immediately struck the emperor from behind with a knife straight at the neck. Franz Joseph almost always wore a uniform, which had a high collar that almost completely enclosed the neck. The collars of uniforms at that time were made from very sturdy material, precisely to counter this kind of attack. Even though the Emperor was wounded and bleeding, the collar saved his life. Count O'Donnell struck Libényi down with his sabre.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=42}}

O'Donnell, hitherto a Count only by virtue of his Irish nobility,<ref>As a descendant of the Irish noble dynasty [[O'Donnell of Tyrconnell]]: ''O'Domhnaill Abu – [[O'Donnell]] Clan Newsletter'' no. 7, Spring 1987. {{ISSN|0790-7389}}</ref> was made a Count of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] (''[[Reichsgraf]]''). Another witness who happened to be nearby, the butcher Joseph Ettenreich, swiftly overpowered Libényi. For his deed he was later elevated to the nobility by the emperor and became Joseph von Ettenreich. Libényi was subsequently put on trial and condemned to death for attempted [[regicide]]. He was executed on the Simmeringer Heide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Decker |first=Wolfgang |title=Kleingartenanlage Simmeringer Haide |url=http://www.simmeringerhaide.at/chronik.html |access-date=4 October 2018 |website=www.simmeringerhaide.at}}</ref>

After this unsuccessful attack, the emperor's brother Archduke [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Ferdinand Maximilian]] called upon Europe's royal families for donations to construct a new church on the site of the attack. The church was to be a [[votive offering]] for the survival of the emperor. It is located on [[Ringstraße]] in the district of [[Alsergrund]] close to the [[University of Vienna]], and is known as the [[Votivkirche]].{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=42}} The survival of Franz Joseph was also commemorated in Prague by erecting a new [[Statue of Francis of Assisi, Charles Bridge|statue of St. Francis of Assisi]], the patron saint of the emperor, on [[Charles Bridge]]. It was donated by Count [[Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky]], the first minister-president of the Austrian Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statuary of St. Francis Seraph |url=http://www.kralovskacesta.cz/en/tour/objects/statuary-of-st-francis-seraph.html |access-date=17 August 2019 |website=Královská cesta |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227131536/http://www.kralovskacesta.cz/en/tour/objects/statuary-of-st-francis-seraph.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Consolidation of domestic policy==
[[File:2 Gulden - Francis Joseph I Silver Wedding Jubilee.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 2 Gulden of Franz Joseph I - Silver Wedding Jubilee]]
[[File:5 corona Franz Joseph 1908.png|thumb|left|250px| [[Silver coin]]: 5 corona, 1908 – The bust of Franz Joseph I facing right surrounded by the legend "Franciscus Iosephus I, Dei gratia, imperator Austriae, rex Bohemiae, Galiciae, Illyriae et cetera et apostolicus rex Hungariae"]]
[[File:Order of the Garter of Franz Joseph I of Austria.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Order of the Garter|garter]] of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria]]
The next few years saw the seeming recovery of Austria's position on the international scene following the near disasters of 1848–1849. Under Schwarzenberg's guidance, Austria was able to stymie [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] scheming to create a new German Federation under Prussian leadership, excluding Austria. After Schwarzenberg's premature death in 1852, he could not be replaced by statesmen of equal stature, and the emperor himself effectively took over as prime minister.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=41}} He was one of the most prominent Roman Catholic rulers in Europe, and a fierce enemy of [[Anti-Masonry|Freemasonry]].<ref>Simon Sarlin and Dan Rouyer, "The Anti-Masonic Congress of Trento (1896): International Mobilization and the Circulation of Practices against Freemasonry." ''Contemporanea: Rivista di Storia dell'800 e del '900'' (July-Sep 2021), 24#3, pp. 517-536.</ref>

===Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867===
{{Main|Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867}}
[[File:Ferenc József koronázása Budán.jpg|thumb|250px|Franz Joseph's coronation as Apostolic King of Hungary. Painting by [[Edmund Tull]].]]
The 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy: the [[Crimean War]], the dissolution of its alliance with Russia, and defeat in the [[Second Italian War of Independence]]. The setbacks continued in the 1860s with defeat in the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866, which resulted in the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]].{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=169}}

The Hungarian political leaders had two main goals during the negotiations. One was to regain the traditional status (both legal and political) of the Hungarian state, which was lost after the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]. The other was to restore the series of reform laws of the revolutionary parliament of 1848, which were based on the [[12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848|12 points]] that established modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in Hungary.<ref name="Ferenc Szakály 1980 178" />

The Compromise partially re-established<ref>{{Cite book |last1=André Gerrits |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFY_iWZAj7kC&q=Ausgleich+%22hungarian+parliament%22+re-established&pg=PA42 |title=Political Democracy and Ethnic Diversity in Modern European History |last2=Dirk Jan Wolffram |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8047-4976-3 |page=42}}</ref> the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from, and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. Instead, it was regarded as an equal partner with Austria. The compromise put an end to 18 years of absolutist rule and military dictatorship which had been introduced by Francis Joseph after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Franz Joseph was crowned King of Hungary on 8 June, and on 28 July he promulgated the laws that officially turned the Habsburg domains into the Dual Monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]]. 

According to Emperor Franz Joseph, "There were three of us who made the agreement: [[Ferenc Deák (politician)|Deák]], [[Gyula Andrássy|Andrássy]] and myself."<ref>Kozuchowski, Adam. ''The Afterlife of Austria-Hungary: The Image of the Habsburg Monarchy in Interwar Europe''. Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies. University of Pittsburgh Press (2013), {{ISBN|978-0-8229-7917-3}}. p. 83</ref> However, the role of Empress Elisabeth (Sisi) cannot be understated in facilitating this compromise. Fluent in Hungarian and deeply sympathetic to the Hungarian cause, Elisabeth fostered close relationships with Hungarian leaders, including Count Gyula Andrássy, and worked behind the scenes to persuade Francis Joseph to adopt a more conciliatory approach. Her influence helped build the trust necessary for successful negotiations, and her personal popularity in Hungary significantly bolstered the monarchy's legitimacy in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haslip |first=Joan |title=The Lonely Empress: Elizabeth of Austria |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson History |year=2000 |isbn=978-1842120989 |edition=Paperback}}</ref>

Political difficulties in Austria mounted continuously through the late 19th century and into the 20th century. However, Franz Joseph remained immensely respected; the emperor's patriarchal authority held the Empire together while the politicians squabbled among themselves.<ref name="Johnston">:[[Will Johnston|William M. Johnston]], ''The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938'' (University of California Press, 1983), p. 38</ref>

===Bohemian question===
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Franz Joseph of Bohemia 1861.jpg|thumb|180px|Franz Joseph in the regalia of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]], with the [[Bohemian Crown Jewels]] next to him. Painting by [[Eduard von Engerth]] for the Bohemian Diet, 1861.]]

Following the accession of Franz Joseph to the throne in 1848, the political representatives of the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] hoped and insisted that account should be taken of their historical state rights in the upcoming constitution. They felt the position of [[Bohemia]] within the [[Habsburg monarchy]] should have been highlighted by a [[Coronation of the Bohemian monarch|coronation of the new ruler to the king of Bohemia]] in Prague (the last coronation took place in 1836). However, before the 19th century the Habsburgs had ruled Bohemia by hereditary right and a separate coronation was not deemed necessary.

His new government installed the system of [[neoabsolutism]] in Austrian internal affairs to make the Austrian Empire a unitary, centralised and bureaucratically administered state. When Franz Joseph returned to constitutional rule after the debacles in Italy at [[Battle of Magenta|Magenta]] and [[Battle of Solferino|Solferino]] and summoned the diets of his lands, the question of his coronation as king of Bohemia again returned to the agenda, as it had not since 1848. On 14 April 1861, Emperor Franz Joseph received a delegation from the Bohemian Diet with his words (in Czech):

{{blockquote|I will have myself crowned King of Bohemia in Prague, and I am convinced that a new, indissoluble bond of trust and loyalty between My throne and My Bohemian Kingdom will be strengthened by this holy rite.<ref name="lecaine">{{Cite book |last=Le Caine Agnew |first=Hugh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_SOie5SJQwC |title=The limits of loyalty: imperial symbolism, popular allegiances, and state patriotism in the late Habsburg monarchy |date=2007 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-84545-202-5 |editor-last=Cole |editor-first=Laurence |location=New York |pages=86–112 |language=en |chapter=The Flyspecks on Palivec's Portrait: Franz Joseph, the Symbols of Monarchy, and Czech Popular Loyalty |access-date=17 November 2016 |editor-last2=Unowsky |editor-first2=Daniel L.}}</ref>}}

In contrast to his predecessor Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand]] (who spent the rest of his life after his abdication in 1848 in Bohemia and especially in Prague), Franz Joseph was never crowned separately as king of Bohemia. In 1861, the negotiations failed because of unsolved constitutional problems. However, in 1866, a visit of the monarch to Prague following defeat at the [[Battle of Königgrätz]] was a huge success, testified by the considerable numbers of new photographs taken.

[[File:Portrait of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (by Philip Alexius de Laszlo) – Hungarian National Museum.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Portrait by [[Philip de László]], 1899]]

In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian compromise and the introduction of the dual monarchy left the Czechs and their aristocracy without the recognition of separate Bohemian state rights for which they had hoped. Bohemia remained part of the [[Cisleithania|Austrian Crown Lands]]. In Bohemia, opposition to dualism took the form of isolated street demonstrations, resolutions from district representations, and even open air mass protest meetings, confined to the biggest cities, such as Prague. The Czech newspaper ''[[Národní listy]]'' complained that the Czechs had not yet been compensated for their wartime losses and sufferings during the Austro-Prussian War, and had just seen their historic state rights tossed aside and their land subsumed into the "other" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, commonly called "Cisleithania".<ref name="lecaine" />

The Czech hopes were revived again in 1870–1871. In an Imperial [[Rescript]] of 26 September 1870, Franz Joseph referred again to the prestige and glory of the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown]] and to his intention to hold a coronation. Under Minister-President [[Karl Hohenwart]] in 1871, the government of Cisleithania negotiated a series of fundamental articles spelling out the relationship of the Bohemian Crown to the rest of the Habsburg Monarchy. On 12 September 1871, Franz Joseph announced:

{{blockquote|Having in mind the constitutional position of the Bohemian Crown and being conscious of the glory and power which that Crown has given us ''and our predecessors''… we gladly recognise the rights of the kingdom and are prepared to renew that recognition through our coronation oath.<ref name="lecaine" />}}

For the planned coronation, the composer [[Bedřich Smetana]] had written the opera ''[[Libuše (opera)|Libuše]]'', but the ceremony did not take place. The creation of the [[German Empire]], domestic opposition from German-speaking liberals (especially [[Sudeten Germans|German-Bohemians]]) and from Hungarians doomed the [[Fundamental Articles of 1871|Fundamental Articles]]. Hohenwart resigned and nothing changed.

Many Czech people were waiting for political changes in monarchy, including [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] and others. Masaryk served in the ''[[Imperial Council (Austria)|Reichsrat]]'' (Upper House) from 1891 to 1893 in the [[Young Czech Party]] and again from 1907 to 1914 in the [[Czech Realist Party|Realist Party]] (which he had founded in 1900), but he did not campaign for the independence of Czechs and Slovaks from Austria-Hungary. In Vienna in 1909 he helped [[Hinko Hinković]]'s defense in the fabricated trial against prominent Croats and Serbs members of the Serbo-Croatian Coalition (such as [[Frano Supilo]] and [[Svetozar Pribićević]]), and others, who were sentenced to more than 150 years and a number of death penalties. The Bohemian question would remain unresolved for the entirety of Franz Joseph's reign.

==Foreign policy==
[[File:Francesco Giuseppe fra le truppe a Solferino 1859.jpg|thumb|Franz Joseph among his troops at [[Battle of Solferino|Solferino]], fought during the [[Second Italian War of Independence|Franco-Austrian War]] of 1859]]

===German question===
{{main|German question}}
[[File:Fuerstentag Frankfurt 1863 263-022.jpg|thumb|Emperor Franz Joseph (centre in white uniform) at the [[German Confederation|Congress of German princes]] in [[Free City of Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], 1863]]

The main foreign policy goal of Franz Joseph had been the [[unification of Germany]] under the [[House of Habsburg]].{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=149}} This was justified on grounds of precedence; from 1452 to the end of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806, with only one brief period of interruption under the [[House of Wittelsbach]], the Habsburgs had generally held the German crown.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=150}} However, Franz Joseph's desire to retain the non-German territories of the Habsburg [[Austrian Empire]] in the event of German unification proved problematic.

Two factions quickly developed: a party of German intellectuals favouring a [[Greater Germany]] (''Großdeutschland'') under the House of Habsburg; the other favouring a [[Lesser Germany]] (''Kleindeutschland''). The Greater Germans favoured the inclusion of Austria in a new all-German state on the grounds that Austria had always been a part of Germanic empires, that it was the leading power of the [[German Confederation]], and that it would be absurd to exclude eight million Austrian Germans from an all-German nation state. The champions of a lesser Germany argued against the inclusion of Austria on the grounds that it was a multi-nation state, not a German one, and that its inclusion would bring millions of non-Germans into the German nation state.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=151}}

If Greater Germany were to prevail, the crown would necessarily have to go to Franz Joseph, who had no desire to cede it in the first place to anyone else.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=151}} On the other hand, if the idea of a smaller Germany won out, the German crown could of course not possibly go to the [[Emperor of Austria]], but would naturally be offered to the head of the largest and most powerful German state outside of Austria—the [[King of Prussia]]. The contest between the two ideas, quickly developed into a contest between Austria and [[Prussia]]. After Prussia decisively won the [[Seven Weeks War]], this question was solved; Austria lost no territories to Prussia as long as they remained out of German affairs.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=151}}

=== Three Emperors League ===
[[File:Franz joseph1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of Franz Joseph I by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]], 1865]]

In 1873, two years after the unification of Germany, Franz Joseph entered into the [[League of Three Emperors]] (''Dreikaiserbund'') with Emperor [[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I of Germany]] and Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]], who was succeeded by Tsar [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]] in 1881. The league had been designed by the German chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]], as an attempt to maintain the peace of Europe. It would last intermittently until 1887.

=== Vatican ===
In 1903, Franz Joseph's veto of [[Jus exclusivae]] of Cardinal [[Mariano Rampolla]]'s election to the papacy was transmitted to the [[Papal conclave, 1903|Papal conclave]] by Cardinal [[Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko]]. It was the last use of such a veto, as the new [[Pope Pius X]] prohibited future uses and provided for [[excommunication]] for any attempt.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=127}}<ref>See also http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677b.htm (discussing the papal veto from the perspective of the Catholic Church)</ref>

=== Bosnia and Herzegovina ===
{{Main|Bosnian Crisis}}
{{See also|Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878}}
[[File:Franz Josef I of Austria - voice recording (1900).ogg|thumb|Voice recording of the emperor speaking into [[Valdemar Poulsen]]'s magnetic wire recorder at the [[1900 World's Fair]].]]

During the mid-1870s, a series of violent rebellions against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]] broke out in the Balkans, and the Turks responded with equally violent and oppressive reprisals. Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia]], wanting to intervene against the Ottomans, sought and obtained an agreement with Austria-Hungary.

In the [[Budapest Convention of 1877]], the two powers agreed that Russia would annex southern [[Bessarabia]], and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent neutrality toward Russia in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|pending war]] with the Turks. As compensation for this support, Russia agreed to Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.{{sfn|Albertini|2005|p=16}} A scant 15 months later, the Russians imposed on the Ottomans the [[Treaty of San Stefano]], which reneged on the Budapest accord and declared that Bosnia-Herzegovina would be jointly occupied by Russian and Austrian troops.{{sfn|Albertini|2005|p=16}}

The treaty was overturned by the 1878 [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]], which allowed sole [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Austrian occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina]] but did not specify a final disposition of the provinces.{{clarify|date=June 2016}} That omission was addressed in the Three Emperors' League agreement of 1881, when both Germany and Russia endorsed Austria-Hungary's right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina.{{sfn|Albertini|2005|p=37}} However, by 1897, under a [[Nicholas II of Russia|new tsar]], the Russian Imperial government had again withdrawn its support for Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Russian foreign minister, Count [[Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov|Mikhail Muravyov]], stated that an Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina would raise "an extensive question requiring special scrutiny".{{sfn|Albertini|2005|p=94}}

In 1908, the Russian foreign minister, [[Alexander Izvolsky]], offered Russian support, for the third time, for the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, in exchange for Austrian support for the opening of the [[Bosporus Strait]] and the [[Dardanelles]] to Russian warships. Austria's foreign minister, [[Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal|Alois von Aehrenthal]], pursued this offer vigorously, resulting in the quid pro quo understanding with Izvolsky, reached on 16 September 1908 at the Buchlau Conference. However, Izvolsky made this agreement with Aehrenthal without the knowledge of Tsar [[Nicholas II]] or his government in St. Petersburg, or any of the other foreign powers including [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[French Third Republic|France]] and [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]].

Based upon the assurances of the Buchlau Conference and the treaties that preceded it, Franz Joseph signed the proclamation announcing the [[annexation]] of Bosnia-Herzegovina into the Empire on 6 October 1908. However a diplomatic crisis erupted, as both the Serbs and the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italians]] demanded compensation for the annexation, which the Austro-Hungarian government refused to entertain. The incident was not resolved until the revision of the Treaty of Berlin in April 1909, exacerbating tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Serbs.

==Outbreak of World War I==
{{Main|July Crisis}}
[[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|240px|Rival military coalitions in 1914: {{legend|#83be58|[[Triple Entente]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]]}}.]]

On 28 June 1914, Franz Joseph's nephew and heir presumptive [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]], and his [[morganatic marriage|morganatic]] wife [[Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg]], were [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|assassinated]] by [[Gavrilo Princip]], a Yugoslav nationalist of Serbian ethnicity,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dejan Djokić |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMyZdvTympMC |title=Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992 |date=January 2003 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-663-0 |page=24}}</ref> during a visit to Sarajevo. Franz Joseph learned about the assassination of Franz Ferdinand from his adjutant, cavalry General [[Eduard von Paar]],<ref name=":1" /> who also wrote the emperor's reaction in his diary: "one has not to defy the Almighty. In this manner a superior power has restored that order which I unfortunately was unable to maintain."<ref name=":1">Albert Freiherr von Margutti: Vom alten Kaiser. Leipzig & Wien 1921, S. 147f. Zitiert nach Erika Bestenreiter: Franz Ferdinand und Sophie von Hohenberg. München (Piper), 2004, S. 247</ref>

While the emperor was shaken, and interrupted his holiday to return to Vienna, he soon resumed his vacation at his [[Kaiservilla]] at [[Bad Ischl]]. Initial decision-making during the "July Crisis" fell to Count [[Leopold Berchtold]], the Austrian foreign minister; Count [[Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf]], the chief of staff for the [[Common Army|Austro-Hungarian army]] and the other ministers.{{sfn|Palmer|1994|p=328}} The ultimate resolution of deliberations by the Austro-Hungarian government during the weeks following the assassination of the Archduke was to give Serbia [[July Crisis#Austro-Hungarian ultimatum|an ultimatum]] of itemized demands with which it was virtually certain Serbia would be unable or unwilling to comply, thus serving as a "legal basis for war".

A week after delivery of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia; on 28 July, war was declared. Within weeks, the Germans, Russians, French and British had all entered the fray which eventually became known as [[World War I]]. On 6 August, Franz Joseph signed the declaration of war against Russia.

==Death==
[[File:Funeral Franz-Joseph.webm|thumb|Film of the funeral procession of Franz Joseph]]

Franz Joseph died in the [[Schönbrunn Palace]] on the evening of 21 November 1916, at the age of 86. His death was a result of developing [[pneumonia]] of the right lung several days after catching a [[Common cold|cold]] while walking in Schönbrunn Park with King [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 1916 |title=Sausalito News 25 November 1916 — California Digital Newspaper Collection |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SN19161125.2.74# |access-date=2 December 2013 |publisher=Cdnc.ucr.edu}}</ref> He was succeeded by his grandnephew [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I & IV]], who reigned until the collapse of the empire following its defeat at the end of the First World War in 1918.<ref>Norman Davies, ''Europe: A history'' p. 687</ref>

He is buried in the [[Imperial Crypt]] in Vienna.

== Family ==
[[File:Die Familie des Kaisers von Österreich.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Painting of Franz Joseph with his family]]

It was generally felt in the court that the emperor should marry and produce heirs as soon as possible. Various potential brides were considered, including [[Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria|Princess Elisabeth of Modena]], [[Princess Anna of Prussia]] and [[John, King of Saxony#Marriage and issue|Princess Sidonia of Saxony]].<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=d_rlZKhgaekC Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph By Alan Palmer]''</ref> Although in public life Franz Joseph was the unquestioned director of affairs, in his private life his mother still wielded crucial influence. Sophie wanted to strengthen the relationship between the Houses of [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Habsburg]] and [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbach]]—descending from the latter house herself—and hoped to match Franz Joseph with her sister [[Princess Ludovika of Bavaria|Ludovika's]] eldest daughter, [[Duchess Helene in Bavaria|Helene]] ("Néné"), who was four years the emperor's junior.

However, Franz Joseph fell deeply in love with Néné's younger sister [[Empress Elizabeth of Austria|Elisabeth]] ("Sisi"), a beautiful girl of 15, and insisted on marrying her instead. Sophie acquiesced, despite her misgivings about Sisi's appropriateness as an imperial consort, and the young couple were married on 24 April 1854 in [[Augustinian Church, Vienna|St. Augustine's Church]], Vienna.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=242}}

[[File:Mariage de Sissi et François-Joseph.png|thumb|Marriage of Franz Joseph and Elisabeth.]]

Their marriage would eventually prove to be an unhappy one; though Franz Joseph was passionately in love with his wife, the feeling was not mutual. Elisabeth never truly acclimatized to life at court, and was frequently in conflict with the imperial family. Their first daughter Sophie died as an infant, and their only son [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria|Rudolf]] died by suicide in 1889 in the infamous [[Mayerling Incident]].{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=127}}

[[File:Emperor Franz Joseph and his only son.jpg|thumb|Emperor Franz Joseph hunting with his only son [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]].]]

In 1885, Franz Joseph met [[Katharina Schratt]], a leading actress of the Vienna stage, and she became his friend and confidante. This relationship lasted the rest of his life, and was—to a certain degree—tolerated by Elisabeth. Franz Joseph built Villa Schratt in [[Bad Ischl]] for her, and also provided her with a small palace in Vienna.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=120}} Though their relationship lasted for 34 years, it remained platonic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Frederic |url=https://archive.org/details/thunderattwiligh00mort |title=Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 1913/1914 |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-684-19143-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thunderattwiligh00mort/page/85 85–86] |publisher=Scribner |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The empress was an inveterate traveller, horsewoman, and fashion maven who was rarely seen in Vienna. Sisi was obsessed about preserving her beauty, carrying out many bizarre routines and strenuous exercise, and as a result suffered from ill health. She was [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria#Assassination|stabbed to death]] by [[Luigi Lucheni|an Italian anarchist]] in 1898 while on a visit to Geneva. A few days after the funeral, [[Robert I, Duke of Parma|Robert of Parma]] wrote in a letter to his friend [[Tirso de Olazábal y Lardizábal|Tirso de Olazábal]] that "It was pitiful to look at the Emperor, he showed a great deal of energy in his immense pain, but at times one could see all the immensity of his grief."<ref>The letter is available [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_Robert,_Duke_of_Parma,_to_Tirso_de_Olaz%C3%A1bal_(Sep._1898).pdf here]</ref> Franz Joseph never fully recovered from the loss. According to the future empress [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma]] he told his relatives: "You'll never know how important she was to me" or, according to some sources, "You will never know how much I loved this woman."{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=117}}

===Relationship with Franz Ferdinand===

[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] became [[heir presumptive]] (''Thronfolger'') to the throne of Austria-Hungary in 1896 after the deaths of his cousin Rudolf (in 1889) and his father Karl Ludwig (in 1896). The relationship between him and Franz Joseph had always been a fairly contentious one, which was further exacerbated when Franz Ferdinand announced his desire to marry [[Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg|Countess Sophie Chotek]]. The emperor would not even consider giving his blessing to the union, as Sophie was merely of noble rank, not dynastic rank.

Although the emperor received letters from members of the imperial family throughout the fall and winter of 1899 beseeching him to relent, Franz Joseph stood his ground.{{sfn|Palmer|1994|p=288}} He finally gave his consent in 1900. However, the marriage was to be [[Morganatic marriage|morganatic]], and any children of the marriage would be ineligible to succeed to the throne.{{sfn|Palmer|1994|p=289}} The couple were married on 1 July 1900 at [[Zákupy|Reichstadt]]. The emperor did not attend the wedding, nor did any of the archdukes. After that, the two men disliked and mistrusted each other.{{sfn|Murad|1968|p=120}}

His interactions with Franz Ferdinand were strained; the emperor's personal attendant recollected in his memoirs that:<br> ''"thunder and lightning always raged when they had their discussions."''<ref>Ketterl, Eugen. ''Der alte Kaiser wie nur einer ihn sah''. Cissy Klastersky (ed.), Gerold & Co., Vienna 1929</ref> 

Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie in 1914, Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her father expressed his greater confidence in the new heir presumptive, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor admitted to his daughter, regarding the assassination: <br>''"For me, it is a relief from a great worry."''{{sfn|Palmer|1994|p=324}}

==Titles, styles, honours and arms==
{{See also|Grand title of the Emperor of Austria}}{{infobox hrhstyles|royal name=Franz Joseph I of Austria and Hungary|dipstyle=[[Apostolic Majesty|His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty]]|offstyle=Your Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty|image=[[File:Personal Arms of the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1916).svg|150px]]}}{{Infobox manner of address
|type        = Monarchical
|name        = Franz Joseph I of Austria
|image       = [[File:Coat of Arms of Emperor Franz Joseph I.svg|100px]]
|reference   = [[Imperial and Royal Majesty (style)|His Imperial and Royal Majesty]]
|spoken      = Your Imperial and Royal Majesty
}}
{{Infobox manner of address
|type        = Monarchical
|name        = Ferenc József I of Hungary
|image       = [[File:Royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1896-1915; angels).svg|100px]]
|reference   = [[Apostolic Majesty|His Apostolic Majesty]]
|spoken      = Your Apostolic Majesty
}}

===Name===
Franz Joseph's names in the languages of his empire included:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{langx|bs|Franjo Josip I}}
* {{langx|hr|Franjo Josip I.}}
* {{langx|cs|František Josef I}}
* {{langx|de|link=no|Franz Joseph I}}
* {{langx|hu|I. Ferenc József}}
* {{langx|it|Francesco Giuseppe I}}
* {{langx|pl|Franciszek Józef I}}
* {{langx|ro|Francisc Iosif}}
* {{langx|sr|Фрања Јосиф|italic=yes}}
* {{langx|sk|František Jozef I}}
* {{langx|sl|Franc Jožef I}}
* {{langx|uk|Фра́нц Йо́сиф I|italic=yes}}
{{div end}}

===Titles and styles===
* 18 August 1830 – 2 December 1848: ''His Imperial and Royal Highness'' Archduke and Prince Francis Joseph of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia<ref name="harmonische Wahlkapitulation">{{Cite book |title=Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige}} Since 1780 official title used for princes ("''zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slawonien, Königlicher Erbprinz''")</ref>
* 2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916: ''His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty'' The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary

The full titulature of Francis Joseph after he succeeded his uncle Ferdinand I to the thrones of Empire of Austria and the vast realms of Central and Eastern Europe went as following:

{{Blockquote|text="His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, Francis Joseph I, by the Grace of God Emperor of Austria, King of Germany, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Lombardy–Venetia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Illyria, Serbia, Cumania, Bulgaria, Italy, Rama, Romania, King of Jerusalem, etc. etc.; Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke of Tuscany; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and Bukovina; Grand Prince of Transylvania, Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, of Auschwitz and Zator, of Teschen, Friaul, Ragusa and Zara and Teck; Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince of Trento and Brixen; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Istria; Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc. etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro and on the Windic March; Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia,
etc. etc."}}

<ref>The official title of the ruler of Austrian Empire and later the Austria-Hungary had been changed several times: by a patent from 1 August 1804, by a court office decree from 22 August 1836, by an imperial court ministry decree from 6 January 1867 and finally by a letter from 12 December 1867. Shorter versions were recommended for official documents and international treaties: "Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary", "Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary", "His Majesty The Emperor and King" and "His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty". The term ''[[Kaiserlich und königlich]]'' (''K.u.K.'') was decreed in a letter from 17 October 1889 for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the monarchy. – From the [[Otto's encyclopedia]] (published during 1888–1909), subject 'King', [http://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral online in Czech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209045019/http://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral |date=9 December 2008 }}.</ref>

===Honours===

====National decorations====
* [[Order of the Golden Fleece#Austrian Order|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''1844'';<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boettger |first=T. F. |title=Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or – Knights of the Golden Fleece |url=http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights5.htm |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=La Confrérie Amicale}}</ref> Chief and Sovereign, ''2 December 1848'' (''Orden vom Goldenen Vlies'', ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<ref name="Handbuch">{{Citation |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich |date=1856 |page=40 |chapter=Ritter-Orden: Orden des Goldenen Vlies |chapter-url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=132 |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
* Grand Master of the [[Military Order of Maria Theresa]] (''Militär Maria-Theresien-Orden'', ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<ref name="Handbuch2">{{Citation |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich |date=1856 |page=41 |chapter=Ritter-Orden: Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden |chapter-url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=133 |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
* Grand Master of the [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen]] (''Königlich ungarischer St. Stephan-Orden'', ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<ref name="Handbuch3">{{Citation |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich |date=1856 |page=43 |chapter=Ritter-Orden: Königlich ungarischer St. Stephan-Orden |chapter-url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=135 |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
* Grand Master of the [[Order of Leopold (Austria)|Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold]] (''Leopold-Orden'', ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<ref name="Handbuch4">{{Citation |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich |date=1856 |page=45 |chapter=Ritter-Orden: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Leopolds-Orden |chapter-url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=137 |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
* Grand Master of the [[Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)|Imperial Order of the Iron Crown]] (''Orden der Eisernen Krone'', ex officio as Emperor of Austria)<ref name="Handbuch5">{{Citation |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich |date=1856 |page=55 |chapter=Ritter-Orden: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Orden der eisernen Krone |chapter-url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1856&size=45&page=147 |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>

In addition, he founded the [[Order of Franz Joseph]] (''Franz Joseph-Orden'') on 2 December 1849,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3MGbRilRoC&q=ordine%20di%20francesco-giuseppe&pg=PA100 |title=Bollettino generale delle leggi e degli atti del governo per l'impero d'Austria: anno ... |date=1851 |publisher=Imp. reg. stampieria di Corte e di Stato |language=it |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> and the [[Order of Elizabeth]] (''Elizabeth-Orden'') in 1898.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yashnev |first=Yuri |url=http://awards.netdialogue.com/Europe/Austria/AHEmpire/Elizabeth/Elizabeth.htm |title=Orders and Medals of the Austro-Hungarian Empire |year=2003 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402203536/http://awards.netdialogue.com/Europe/Austria/AHEmpire/Elizabeth/Elizabeth.htm |archive-date=2 April 2009}}</ref>

====Foreign decorations====
{{columns-list|colwidth=38em|
* [[House of Ascania|Ascanian duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Albert the Bear]], ''27 October 1849''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt'' (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TYEp3N5O48EC&pg=PA16 16]</ref>
* [[Baden]]:<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1868), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1872719 pp. 50], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1872729 60]</ref>
** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1851''
** [[Order of the Zähringer Lion|Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion]], ''1851''
* [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]:
** [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1849''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJljAAAAcAAJ&q=Hof-%20und%20Staats-handbuch%20des%20K%C3%B6nigreichs%20Bayern&pg=PA8 |title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern |date=1867 |publisher=Königl. Oberpostamt |page=8 |language=de |access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of Max Joseph]]
* Belgium: [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold]] (civil), ''19 April 1849''<ref>{{Citation |title=Almanach Royal Officiel |page=33 |year=1850 |chapter=Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold |chapter-url=https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1850_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1850_R%20208#page/16 |language=french |via=Archives de Bruxelles}}</ref>
* [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Henry the Lion]], ''1854''<ref>''Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1897'', "Herzogliche Orden Heinrich des Löwen" p. 10</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]:
** [[Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius|Knight of Saints Cyril and Methodius]]<ref name="p5">Justus Perthes, ''Almanach de Gotha'' (1916) [https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha01unse_0/page/n63 p. 5]</ref>
** [[Order of Bravery]], Grade I<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knights of the Order of Bravery | date=13 October 2024 |url=http://www.boiniznamena.com/?action=article&id=155 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203221313/http://www.boiniznamena.com/?action=article&id=155 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=3 February 2010 |language=bg}}</ref>
* Denmark: [[Order of the Elephant|Knight of the Elephant]], ''17 January 1849''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jørgen Pedersen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ |title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 |publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag |year=2009 |isbn=978-87-7674-434-2 |page=472 |language=da}}</ref>
* [[Ernestine duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]], ''March 1852''<ref>''Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg'' (1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243702/Parladrusa_Staatshandbuch_SA_166810592_1869_0034.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00472815 p. 20]</ref>
* [[Second French Empire|France]]: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]]<ref name="Museum">{{cite AV media|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Ausl%C3%A4ndische_Orden_Kaiser_Franz_Josephs_I.jpg|title=Ausländische_Orden_Kaiser_Franz_Josephs_I.jpg (3366×2508)|website=upload.wikimedia.org}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]]:<ref name="Hannover1860">{{Cite book |last=Staat Hannover |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dQdTAAAAcAAJ |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1860 |publisher=Berenberg |year=1860 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dQdTAAAAcAAJ/page/n52 36], 71}}</ref>
** [[Order of St. George (Hanover)|Knight of St. George]], ''1848''
** [[Royal Guelphic Order|Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order]]
* [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaii]]:
** [[Royal Order of Kamehameha I (decoration)|Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I]], ''1865''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Order of Kamehameha |url=https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kamehameha |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=crownofhawaii.com |publisher=Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228013523/https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kamehameha |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Kalākaua|Order of Kalākaua]], ''1878''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Order of Kalākaua |url=https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kalakaua |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=crownofhawaii.com |publisher=Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228013521/https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kalakaua |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Hesse and by Rhine|Hesse-Darmstadt]]: [[Ludwig Order|Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order]], ''3 May 1851''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ... Hessen'' (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 10</ref>
* [[Electorate of Hesse|Hesse-Kassel]]: [[House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse-Kassel)|Knight of the Golden Lion]], ''19 November 1851''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen'' (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 44</ref>
* [[Holy See]]: [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]]
* [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]: 
** [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Knight of the Annunciation]], ''13 April 1869''<ref name="dell">{{Cite book |last=Italia : Ministero dell'interno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PP5 |title=Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia |publisher=Unione tipografico-editrice |year=1898 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PA53 53]}}</ref>
** [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''1869''
** [[Order of the Crown of Italy|Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy]], ''1869''
* [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''7 May 1880''; Collar, ''25 October 1898''<ref>{{Cite book |last=刑部芳則 |url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf |title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 |publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要 |year=2017 |pages=143, 149 |language=ja}}</ref>
* [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion<ref name="p5" />
* [[Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]: Cross for Distinction in War, 1st and 2nd Classes<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ohm-Hieronymussen |first=Peter |title=Die Mecklenburg-Strelitzer Orden und Ehrenzeichen |year=2000 |location=Copenhagen |page=150 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[Second Mexican Empire|Mexico]]: [[Mexican Imperial Orders#Imperial Order of the Mexican Eagle|Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle]], with Collar, ''1865''<ref>{{Citation |title=Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 |pages=214–236, 242–243 |year=1866 |chapter=Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ |language=es |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|Modena]]: [[Order of the Eagle of Este|Grand Cross of the Eagle of Este]], ''1856''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N29SDfqL548C&pg=PA30 |title=Almanacco di corte |page=30}}</ref>
* Monaco: [[Order of Saint-Charles|Grand Cross of St. Charles]], ''24 September 1872''<ref>[https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/4a7cd0b8d97d49ce72579e14a486159b.pdf Sovereign Ordonnance of 24 September 1872]</ref>
* [[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegro]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Prince Danilo I]]<ref>[http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/news/051207.htm "The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I"], ''orderofdanilo.org''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009012208/http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/history/index.htm |date=9 October 2010 |data=9 October 2010 }}</ref>
* [[House of Nassau|Nassau]]: [[Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau|Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau]], ''May 1858''<ref>''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10021632?page=25 Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau]'' (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 7</ref>
* Netherlands: Grand Cross of the [[Military William Order]], ''21 June 1849''<ref name="Military William Order">{{in lang|nl}} [https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/inhoud/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1849/06/21/franz-joseph-i Military William Order: Franz Joseph I. Retrieved 9 March 2016.]</ref>
* [[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]: [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]], with Golden Crown, ''9 March 1853''<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NpBYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30 Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73]'', "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden" p. 30</ref>
* [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]]: [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George|Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George]], with Collar, ''1849''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqYSAAAAYAAJ&q=Almanacco%20di%20Parma&pg=PA220 |title=Almanacco di corte |date=1858 |page=220 |language=it |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]:
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''14 August 1844''; with Collar, ''1851''<ref name="prus">{{Citation |title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021 |journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste |volume=1 |pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=12&skin=2021 4], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=1008&skin=2021 936] |year=1886 |place=Berlin |language=German}}</ref>
** Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal [[House Order of Hohenzollern]], ''16 September 1884''<ref name="prus" />
** [[Pour le Mérite]] (military), with Oak Leaves, ''27 August 1914''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Pour le Mérite Awards: Foreign Awards During World War I |url=https://pourlemerite.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031062935/https://pourlemerite.org/ |archive-date=31 October 2019 |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=pourlemerite.org}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]:
** Collar of the [[Order of Carol I]], ''1906''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ordinul Carol I |trans-title=Order of Carol I |url=https://familiaregala.ro/ordine-si-decoratii/ordinul-carol-i |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=[[Romanian royal family|Familia Regală a României]] |location=Bucharest |language=ro}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Star of Romania|Grand Cross of the Star of Romania]]<ref name="Museum" />
* [[Russian Empire|Russia]]: 
** [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]], ''30 December 1845''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sergey Semenovich Levin |title=Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917) |year=2003 |location=Moscow |chapter=Lists of Knights and Ladies}}</ref>
** [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky]]
** [[Order of the White Eagle (Russia)|Knight of the White Eagle]]
** [[Order of St. Anna|Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class]]
** [[Imperial Order of St. George|Knight of St. George]], 4th Class, ''2 July 1849''<ref>{{Cite book |last=V. M. Shabanov |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYwWAQAAIAAJ |title=Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George: A Nominal List, 1769–1920 |year=2004 |isbn=978-5-89577-059-7 |location=Moscow}}</ref>
* [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]: [[Order of the White Falcon|Grand Cross of the White Falcon]], ''1 October 1857''<ref>''[https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183895/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0430.tif Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830065732/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183895/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0430.tif |date=30 August 2019 }}'' (1864), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]:
** [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]], ''1847''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867)'' (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of St. Henry]]
* [[Principality of Serbia|Serbia]]:
** [[Order of the Cross of Takovo|Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo]]<ref name="Museum" />
** [[Order of Miloš the Great]], 1st Class
* [[Siam]]: Knight of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], ''15 July 1891''
* [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]], with Collar, ''10 May 1875''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Guía Oficial de España |date=1887 |page=148 |language=es |chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III |access-date=21 March 2019 |chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es}}</ref>
* [[Sweden-Norway]]:
** [[Royal Order of the Seraphim|Knight of the Seraphim]], with Collar, ''9 July 1850''<ref>{{Citation |title=Sveriges statskalender |url=https://runeberg.org/sonkal/1864/0461.html |page=421 |year=1864 |language=sv |access-date=6 January 2018 |via=runeberg.org}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Norwegian Lion|Knight of the Norwegian Lion]], ''5 April 1904''<ref>[http://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=33000&sek=32999 "The Order of the Norwegian Lion"], ''The Royal House of Norway''. Retrieved 10 August 2018.</ref>
* [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]]: [[Order of Saint Joseph|Grand Cross of St. Joseph]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y5fOnwLsZxsC |title=Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855 |publisher=Stamperia Granducale |year=1855 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y5fOnwLsZxsC/page/n312 272]}}</ref>
* [[Two Sicilies]]: [[Order of Saint Januarius|Knight of St. Januarius]], ''1848''<ref>{{Citation |last=Angelo Scordo |title=Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie |url=http://www.socistara.it/studi/Real%20Ordine%20di%20San%20Gennaro.pdf |page=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190749/http://www.socistara.it/studi/Real%20Ordine%20di%20San%20Gennaro.pdf |language=Italian |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]: 
** [[Order of the Garter|Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter]], ''14 August 1867'' (revoked 1915)<ref name="p64">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n153/mode/2up p. 64]</ref>
** Recipient of the [[Royal Victorian Chain]], ''16 August 1904'' (revoked 1915)<ref>Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n505/mode/2up p. 415]</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]]: [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1850''<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n61 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg]'' (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 27</ref>
}}

====Honorary appointments====
* Honorary General of the [[Swedish Army]], ''1888''<ref>{{Citation |title=Sveriges statskalender |url=https://runeberg.org/rikskal/1909/0239.html |page=155 |year=1909 |language=sv |access-date=6 January 2018 |via=runeberg.org}}</ref>
* [[Colonel-in-chief]] of the [[1st King's Dragoon Guards]], [[British Army]], ''25 March 1896 – 1914''
* Colonel-in-chief of the Kexholm Life Guards Grenadier Regiment, [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian Army]], until 26 June 1914
* Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Belgorod Lancer Regiment, Russian Army, ''until 26 June 1914''
* Colonel-in-chief of the [[16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars]], [[Imperial German Army|German Army]]<ref name="p5" />
* Colonel-in-chief of the [[122nd (Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary (4th Württemberg) Fusiliers]]<ref name="p5" />
* [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] of the British Army, ''1 September 1903 – 1914''[[File:Imperial Standard of Austria-Hungary (Before 1915).svg|thumb|Imperial Standard (From 1867 to 1915)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Standard of Austria, Flags of the World. |url=https://flagspot.net/flags/ah-imper.html}}</ref>]]

====Arms and monogram====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Emperor Franz Joseph I.svg|195px]]<br />Lesser coat of arms of Franz Joseph I
| <br />Imperial monogram
[[File:Imperial Monogram of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.svg|78px]]
|}

===Legacy===
[[File:Austria 1910 10k Franz Josef.JPG|thumb|upright|Centennial stamp<ref>[https://onlineshop.post.at/onlineshop/briefmarken---philatelie/briefmarken/sondermarken/100-todestag-kaiser-franz-joseph_13438 ''100. Todestag Kaiser Franz Joseph'' (100th Anniversary of the death of Emperor Francis Joseph)]. The stamp uses the design issued on his 80th birthday, which in turn is based on a 1908 design by [[Koloman Moser]] to commemorate the 60th anniversary of his accession to the throne.</ref>]]

[[Franz Josef Land]] in the Russian Arctic was named in his honour in 1873 by the [[Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition]] which first reported finding it. The [[Franz Josef Glacier]] in New Zealand's South Island also bears his name.

Franz Joseph founded in 1872 the ''Franz Joseph University'' (Hungarian: ''Ferenc József Tudományegyetem'', Romanian: ''Universitatea Francisc Iosif'') in the city of [[Cluj-Napoca]] (at that time a part of Austria-Hungary under the name of Kolozsvár). The university was moved to [[Szeged]] after Cluj became a part of Romania, becoming the [[University of Szeged]].

In certain areas, celebrations are still being held in remembrance of Franz Joseph's birthday. The Mitteleuropean People's Festival takes place every year around 18 August, and is a "spontaneous, traditional and brotherly meeting among peoples of the Central-European Countries".<ref>[http://www.mitteleuropa.it/uk Associazione Culturale Mitteleuropa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514200334/http://www.mitteleuropa.it/uk/|date=14 May 2013 }}. Retrieved 21 April 2012</ref> The event includes ceremonies, meetings, music, songs, dances, wine and food tasting, and traditional costumes and folklore from ''[[Mitteleuropa]]''.

===Personal motto===
* "With united forces" ''(as the Emperor of Austria)'' – {{langx|de|"Mit vereinten Kräften"|links=no}} – {{langx|la|"Viribus Unitis"|links=no}}
* "My trust in [the ancient] virtue" ''(as the Apostolic King of Hungary)'' – {{langx|hu|"Bizalmam az Ősi Erényben"|links=no}} – {{langx|la|"Virtutis Confido"|links=no}}

==Issue==
* [[Archduchess Sophie of Austria]] (5 March 1855 – 29 May 1857).
* [[Archduchess Gisela of Austria]] (12 July 1856 – 27 July 1932). Married [[Prince Leopold of Bavaria]] (second cousin) in 1873. They had four children.
* [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]] (21 August 1858 – 30 January 1889). Married [[Princess Stephanie of Belgium]] in 1881. They had one daughter. He died in a [[Mayerling incident|murder–suicide]].
* [[Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria]] (22 April 1868 – 6 September 1924). Married [[Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria|Archduke Franz Salvator]] (second cousin) in 1890. They had ten children.

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel|align=center|collapsed=yes
|boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
|1 = 1. '''Franz Joseph I of Austria'''
|2 = 2. [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]]
|3 = 3. [[Princess Sophie of Bavaria]]
|4 = 4. [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="BLKO-Franz Karl">{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Franz Karl Joseph|volume=6|page=257}}</ref>
|5 = 5. [[Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily|Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily]]<ref name="BLKO-Franz Karl" />
|6 = 6. [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]]<ref name="BLKO-Sophie">{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Sophie (geb. 27. Jänner 1805)|volume=7|page=149}}</ref>
|7 = 7. [[Caroline of Baden|Princess Caroline of Baden]]<ref name="BLKO-Sophie" />
|8 = 8. [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="BLKO-Franz I">{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Franz I.|volume=6|page=208}}</ref>
|9 = 9. [[Maria Luisa of Spain|Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain]]<ref name="BLKO-Franz I" />
|10 = 10. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria Theresia von Neapel">{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Maria Theresia von Neapel|volume=7|page=81}}</ref>
|11 = 11. [[Maria Carolina of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria Theresia von Neapel" />
|12 = 12. [[Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken]]<ref name="Genealogie94">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans |publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel |year=1768 |location=Bourdeaux |page=94 |language=fr |trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living}}</ref>
|13 = 13. [[Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach]]<ref name="Genealogie94" />
|14 = 14. [[Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden]]<ref name="HDBG">{{Cite web |title=Maximilian I. Joseph → Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine von Baden |url=https://www.hdbg.eu/koenigreich/index.php/personen/index/herrscher_id/1/id/7 |access-date=13 June 2020 |website=Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte [House of Bavarian History] |publisher=Bavarian Ministry of State for Wissenschaft and Kunst |language=de}}</ref><!-- replaced prior citation at http://web.archive.org/web/20181201005250/https://www.hdbg.eu/biografien/web/index.php/detail?uid=1351 -->
|15 = 15. [[Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]<ref name="HDBG" />
}}

==See also==
* [[Family tree of German monarchs]] – he was related to every other ruler of Germany
* [[List of coupled cousins#Royalty|List of coupled cousins]]
* [[Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I]]
* [[Franc Jozeph Island]], island in Albania named in honor of the Emperor.
* [[Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Albertini |first=Luigi |title=The Origins of the War of 1914 |date=2005 |publisher=Enigma Books |location=New York}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{Cite book |last=Murad |first=Anatol |title=Franz Joseph I of Austria and his Empire |publisher=Twayne Publishers |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-8290-0172-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Alan |title=Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph |url=https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu00palm |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |year=1994|isbn=978-0-8021-1560-7 }}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bagger |first=E. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/francisjosephemp1927bagg/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Francis Joseph: Emperor of Austria{{snd}}King of Hungary |publisher=[[G.P. Putnam's Sons]] |year=1927 |location=New York |oclc=1658401 |author-link=Eugene Szekeres Bagger}}
* {{Cite book |last=Beller |first=S. |title=Francis Joseph |publisher=[[Longman]] |year=1996 |series=Profiles in Power |location=London |oclc=605339010}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bled |first=J. |title=Franz Joseph |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell]] |year=1994 |location=Oxford |oclc=844302638}}
* Bridge, F. R. (1972). [https://archive.org/details/fromsadowatosara0000brid ''From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria–Hungary, 1866–1914''].
* {{Cite book |last=Cunliffe-Owen |first=M. |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924067345177 |title=A Keystone of Empire: Francis Joseph of Austria |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper]] |year=1904 |location=New York |oclc=8393894}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gerő |first=A. |title=Emperor Francis Joseph: King of the Hungarians |publisher=Social Science Monogaphs |year=2001 |location=Boulder |oclc=865200178}}
* {{Cite book |last=Owens |first=K. |url=http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1543474 |title=Franz Joseph and Elisabeth: The Last Great Monarchs of Austria–Hungary |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4766-1216-4 |location=Jefferson}}
* {{Cite book |last=Redlich |first=J. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176378 |title=Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |year=1929 |location=New York |oclc=936201260}}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=A.J.P. |url=https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy00tayl |title=The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria–Hungary |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1964 |edition=2nd |location=London |author-link=A. J. P. Taylor |url-access=registration}}; politics and diplomacy
* Tschuppik, Karl (1930). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.227241 ''The reign of the Emperor Francis Joseph''].
* {{Cite book |last=Unterreiner |first=K. |title=Emperor Franz Joseph, 1830–1916: Myth and Truth |publisher=Brandstätter |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-902510-44-0 |location=Vienna}}
* {{Cite book |last=Van der Kiste |first=J. |title=Emperor Francis Joseph: Life, Death and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire |publisher=[[History Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7524-9547-7 |location=Stroud}}
* {{Cite book |last=Winkelhofer |first=M. |title=The Everyday Life of the Emperor: Francis Joseph and His Imperial Court |publisher=Haymon Taschenbuch |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-85218-927-7 |location=Innsbruck}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Franz Joseph I of Austria}}
{{wikisource portal|Francis Joseph I of Austria}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Franz Joseph I of Austria}}
* {{Librivox author|id=11368}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/005488}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]|18 August|1830|21 November|1916|[[House of Lorraine]]}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I & V]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Emperor of Austria]]<br />[[King of Bohemia]]<br />[[Emperor of Austria|King of Galicia and Lodomeria]]<br />[[King of Hungary]]<br />[[King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia]]|years=1848–1916}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Charles I of Austria|Charles I & IV]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]]}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[President of the German Confederation|Head of the ''Präsidialmacht'' Austria]]|years=1850–1866}}
{{S-aft|after=[[William I of Prussia]]|as=Holder of the [[Bundespräsidium]]<br />of the [[North German Confederation]]}}
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