Editing Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

{{Short description|Holy Roman Emperor from 1745 to 1765}}
{{distinguish|text=his grandson, [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]], later styled Francis I as Emperor of Austria}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Francis I
| title        = [[Imperator Romanorum]]
| succession   = [[Holy Roman Emperor]]
| image        = Martin van Meytens 006.jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Martin van Meytens]], {{circa|1745}}
| reign        = 13 September 1745 – {{nowrap|18 August 1765}}
| coronation   = 4 October 1745<br>[[Frankfurt Cathedral]]
| cor-type     = [[Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor#German royal coronation|Coronation]]
| full name    = Francis Stephen
| predecessor  = [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VII]]
| successor    = [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]
| succession2  = [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]]
| reign2       = 12 July 1737 – {{nowrap|18 August 1765}}
| predecessor2 = [[Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Gian Gastone I]]
| successor2   = [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]]
| succession3  = [[Archduke of Austria]]
| moretext3    = (''[[jure uxoris]]'')
| reign3       = 20 October 1740 – {{nowrap|18 August 1765}}
| predecessor3 = [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles III]]
| successor3   = [[Maria Theresa]] and [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]
| regent3      = Maria Theresa
| reg-type3    = Co-ruler
| succession4  = [[Duke of Lorraine]] and [[Duchy of Bar|Bar]]
| reign4       = 27 March 1729 – {{nowrap|9 July 1737}}
| predecessor4 = [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine|Leopold]]
| successor4   = [[Stanisław Leszczyński|Stanislas]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Maria Theresa|Archduchess Maria Theresa]]|12 February 1736}}
| issue        = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1737)|Archduchess Maria Elisabeth]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1738)|Archduchess Maria Anna]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (born 1740)|Archduchess Maria Carolina]]
* [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
* [[Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1743)|Archduchess Maria Elisabeth]]
* [[Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (born 1745)|Archduke Charles Joseph]]
* [[Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma]]
* [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Josepha]]
* [[Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily]]
* [[Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este]]
* [[Marie Antoinette, Queen of France]]
* [[Maximilian Francis, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne]]
}}
| house        = [[House of Lorraine|Lorraine]]
| father       = [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine]]
| mother       = [[Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|df=yes|1708|12|8}}
| birth_place  = [[Lunéville]], [[Duchy of Lorraine]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1765|8|18|1708|12|8}}
| death_place  = [[Hofburg, Innsbruck]], [[County of Tyrol]], Holy Roman Empire
| date of burial = 
| place of burial = [[Imperial Crypt]]
| religion     = [[Catholicism]]
| signature    = Signature of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.svg
}}
'''Francis I''' (Francis Stephen; {{langx|fr|François Étienne}}; {{langx|de|Franz Stefan}}; {{langx|it|Francesco Stefano}}; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Franz I. |url=https://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.f/f659693.htm |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=www.aeiou.at}}</ref> was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1745 to 1765, [[List of rulers of Austria#Dukes and archdukes of Austria under the House of Habsburg|Archduke of Austria]] from 1740 to 1765, [[List of kings and dukes of Lorraine#House of Lorraine|Duke of Lorraine]] and [[Duchy of Bar|Bar]] from 1729 to 1737, and [[List of grand dukes of Tuscany#Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1737–1801|Grand Duke of Tuscany]] from 1737 to 1765. He became the ruler of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], and [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]] through his marriage to his second cousin [[Maria Theresa of Austria]], daughter of [[Emperor Charles VI]]. Francis was the last non-[[Habsburg]] monarch of the Empire. The couple were the founders of the [[Habsburg-Lorraine]] dynasty, and their marriage produced sixteen children.  

Francis was the oldest surviving son of [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine]], and the French princess [[Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans]]. Duke Leopold died in 1729 and was succeeded by his son. In 1736, Francis married Maria Theresa. In 1738, he left the Duchy of Lorraine and Bar for the deposed Polish king [[Stanisław Leszczyński]] in exchange for the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], as one of the terms ending the [[War of the Polish Succession]]. Following the death of his father-in-law, Charles VI, in 1740, Francis and Maria Theresa became the rulers of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg domains]]. Maria Theresa gave her husband responsibility for the empire's financial affairs, which he handled well. Francis died in 1765 and was succeeded by their son, [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], who co-ruled Austria alongside Maria Theresa.

==Early life==
Francis was born in [[Lunéville]], [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]] (now in France), the fourth and oldest surviving son of [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine]], and his wife Princess [[Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans]]. He was connected with the [[Habsburg]]s through his grandmother [[Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland|Eleonore]], daughter of Emperor [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He was very close to his brother [[Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine|Charles]] and sister [[Princess Anne Charlotte of Lorraine|Anne Charlotte]].

[[File:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor at the age of 15.jpeg|thumb|upright|Francis at the age of 15 in his hunting attire|left]]

Emperor [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] favoured the family, who, besides being his cousins, had served the house of [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] with distinction. He had designed to marry his daughter [[Maria Theresa]] to Francis' older brother [[Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine|Leopold Clement]]. On Leopold Clement's death, Charles adopted the younger brother as his future son-in-law. Francis was brought up in [[Vienna]] with Maria Theresa with the understanding that they were to be married, and a real affection arose between them.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

At the age of 15, when he was brought to Vienna, he was established in the [[Silesia]]n [[Duchy of Teschen]], which had been [[German mediatisation|mediatised]] and granted to his father by the Emperor in 1722. Francis succeeded his father as [[Duke of Lorraine]] in 1729.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In 1731 he was initiated into freemasonry ([[Premier Grand Lodge of England|Grand Lodge of England]]) by [[John Theophilus Desaguliers]] at a specially convened lodge in [[The Hague]] at the house of the British Ambassador, [[Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield]].<ref>Audrey Carpenter, ''John Theophilus Desaguliers: A Natural Philosopher, Engineer and Freemason in Newtonian England'', (London : Continuum, 2011), {{ISBN|978-1-4411-2778-5}}, p. 47</ref> During a subsequent visit to England, Francis was made a Master Mason at another specially convened lodge at [[Houghton Hall]], the [[Norfolk]] estate of British Prime Minister [[Robert Walpole]].<ref>Malcolm Davies, ''The masonic muse : songs, music, and musicians associated with Dutch freemasonry, 1730–1806''. (Utrecht : Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis, 1995), {{ISBN|90-6375-199-0}}, pp. 22–23</ref>

Maria Theresa arranged for Francis to become "[[Lord Lieutenant]]" (locumtenens) of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)|Hungary]] in 1732. He was not excited about this position, but Maria Theresa wanted him closer to her. In June 1732 he agreed to go to the Hungarian capital, Pressburg (today's [[Bratislava]]).

When the [[War of the Polish Succession]] broke out in 1733, [[Kingdom of France|France]] used it as an opportunity to seize Lorraine, since France's chief minister, [[Cardinal Fleury]], was concerned that, as a Habsburg possession, it would bring Austrian power too close to France.

A preliminary peace was concluded in October 1735 and ratified in the [[Treaty of Vienna (1738)|Treaty of Vienna]] in November 1738. Under its terms, [[Stanisław I]], the father-in-law of King [[Louis XV]] and the losing claimant to the Polish throne, received Lorraine, while Francis, in compensation for his loss, was made heir to the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], which he would inherit in 1737.

In March 1736, the Emperor persuaded Francis, his future son-in-law, to secretly exchange Lorraine for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. France had demanded that Maria Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral Duchy of Lorraine to accommodate the deposed King of Poland. The Emperor considered other possibilities (such as marrying her to the future [[Charles III of Spain]]) before announcing the engagement of the couple. If something were to go wrong, Francis would become governor of the [[Austrian Netherlands]].

[[Elisabeth of Parma]] had also wanted the Grand Duchy of Tuscany for her son [[Charles III of Spain]]; [[Gian Gastone de' Medici]] was childless and was related to Elisabeth via her great-grandmother [[Margherita de' Medici]]. As a result, Elisabeth's sons could claim by right of being a descendant of Margherita.

Although fighting stopped after the preliminary peace, the final peace settlement had to wait until the death of Gian Gastone in 1737, to allow the territorial exchanges provided for by the peace settlement to go into effect.

On 31 January 1736, Francis agreed to marry Maria Theresa. He hesitated three times (and laid down the feather before signing). Especially his mother [[Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans]] and his brother [[Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine]] were against the loss of Lorraine. On 1 February, Maria Theresa sent Francis a letter: she would withdraw from her future reign, when a male successor for her father appeared.

==Marriage==
[[File:Maria Theresia im Kreise ihrer Familie.jpg|thumb|Francis I and his family (by [[Martin van Meytens]])]]

Francis and Maria Theresa married on 12 February 1736 in the [[Augustinian Church, Vienna]]. The wedding was held on 14 February 1736. The (secret) treaty between the Emperor and Francis was signed on 4 May 1736. On 5 January 1737, instruments of cession were signed at [[Pontremoli]] between Spain and the Empire, with Spain ceding [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza|Parma, Piacenza]] and Tuscany to the Holy Roman Empire and the Empire recognizing [[Charles III of Spain|Don Carlos of Spain]] as King of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]].<ref>Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W. N., ''Eighteenth-Century Spain 1700–1788: A Political, Diplomatic and Institutional History''. Palgrave Macmillan UK.  London, 1979.  {{ISBN|978-1-349-01805-5}}</ref> On 10 January, the Spanish troops began their withdrawal from Tuscany, and were replaced by 6,000 Austrians.<ref>Hale, Florence and the Medici, Orion books, p 192. London, 1977, {{ISBN|1-84212-456-0}}.</ref> On 24 January 1737 Francis received Tuscany from his father-in-law.<ref>Maria Theresia und ihre Zeit. Exhibition from 13 May till October 1980 in Vienna, Schloss Schönbrunn, p. 28, see also pp. 37, 38, 41, 47, 52, 53 for the other details described here.</ref> Until then, Maria Theresa was Duchess of Lorraine.

[[Gian Gastone de' Medici]], who died on 9 July 1737, was the second cousin of Francis (Gian Gastone and Francis' father Leopold were both great-grandchildren of [[Francis II, Duke of Lorraine]]), who also had [[House of Medici|Medici]] blood through his maternal great-great-grandmother [[Marie de' Medici]], [[List of French consorts|Queen consort of France and Navarre]]. In June 1737 Francis went to Hungary again to fight against the Turks. In October 1738 he was back in Vienna. On 17 December 1738 the couple travelled south, accompanied by his brother Charles to visit Florence for three months. They arrived on 20 January 1739.

In 1744 Francis' brother Charles married a younger sister of Maria Theresa, [[Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1718–1744)|Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria]]. In 1744 Charles became governor of the Austrian Netherlands, a post he held until his death in 1780.

==Reign==
[[File:Kaiserbild Naturhistorisches Museum cropped.jpg|thumb|left|The emperor with his natural science advisors. From left to right: [[Gerard van Swieten]], Johann Ritter von Baillou, Valentin Jamerai Duval (numismatist) and Abbé Johann Marcy]]
In the [[Treaty of Füssen]], Maria Theresa secured his [[1745 imperial election|election as Emperor]], which took place on 13 September 1745, and his [[Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor|coronation as emperor]] took place at the [[Imperial Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew]] in [[Frankfurt am Main]] on 4 October 1745.<ref>{{NDB|5|358||Franz I.|[[Heinrich Benedikt]]|118692925}}</ref> Francis succeeded [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VII]], and Maria Theresa made him [[coregency|co-regent]] of her hereditary dominions.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Francis was well content to leave the wielding of power to his able wife. He had a natural fund of good sense and brilliant business capacity and was a useful assistant to Maria Theresa in the laborious task of governing the complicated Austrian dominions, but he was not active in politics or diplomacy.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} However, his wife left him in charge of the financial affairs, which he managed well until his death.<ref>Jean-Paul Bled, ''Maria-Theresa''</ref> Heavily indebted and on the verge of bankruptcy at the end of the [[Seven Years' War]], the [[Habsburg monarchy]] was in a better financial condition than France or [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in the 1780s.{{fact|date=November 2024}} He also took a great interest in the natural sciences.

Francis was a serial adulterer; many of his affairs well-known and indiscreet, notably one with [[Maria Wilhelmina von Neipperg|Princess Maria Wilhelmina of Auersperg]], who was thirty years his junior. This particular affair was remarked upon in the letters and journals of visitors to the court and in those of his children.<ref>Farquhar, Michael (2001). ''A Treasure of Royal Scandals'', p. 89. Penguin Books, New York. {{ISBN|0-7394-2025-9}}.</ref>

He died suddenly in his carriage while returning from the opera at [[Innsbruck]] on 18 August 1765.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}  He is buried in tomb number 55 in the [[Imperial Crypt]] in Vienna.

Maria Theresa and Francis I had sixteen children, amongst them the last pre-revolutionary queen consort of France, their youngest daughter, [[Marie Antoinette]] (1755–1793). Francis was succeeded as Emperor by his eldest son, [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], and as Grand Duke of Tuscany by his younger son, [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Peter Leopold (later Emperor Leopold II)]]. Maria Theresa retained the government of her dominions until her own death in 1780.

==Issue==
{| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor=cccccc
!No.!!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|1|| [[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1737–1740)|Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria]] || 5 February 1737 || 7 June 1740 || died in childhood, no issue.
|-
|2|| [[Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738–1789)|Archduchess Maria Anna]] || 6 October 1738 || 19 November 1789 || died unmarried, no issue.
|-
|3|| [[Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (1740–1741)|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]] || 12 January 1740 || 25 January 1741 || died in childhood likely from smallpox, no issue.
|-
|4|| [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II]]|| 13 March 1741  || 20 February 1790 || married 1) Princess [[Isabella Maria of Parma]] (1741–1763), married 2) Princess [[Maria Josepha of Bavaria|Marie Josephe of Bavaria]] (1739–1767) – second cousin, had issue from his first marriage (two daughters, who died young).
|-
|5|| [[Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen|Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria]] ||  13 May 1742 || 24 June 1798 || married [[Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen]] (1738–1822), her second cousin, had issue (one stillborn daughter).
|-
|6|| [[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)|Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria]]  || 13 August 1743 ||  22 September 1808 || died unmarried, no issue.
|-
|7|| [[Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1745–1761)|Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria]] ||  1 February 1745 ||  18 January 1761 || died of [[smallpox]], no issue.
|-
|8|| [[Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma|Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria]] ||  26 February 1746 ||  18 June 1804 ||  married [[Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma]] (1751–1802), had issue.
|-
|9|| [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II]]  ||  5 May 1747 ||  1 March 1792 || married Infanta [[Maria Luisa of Spain]] (1745–1792), had issue. [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]] from 1765 (abdicated 1790), [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1790, [[Archduke of Austria]], [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Bohemia]] from 1790.
|-
|10|| [[Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (stillborn 1748)|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]] ||  17 September 1748  ||  17 September 1748  ||  died during birth.
|-
|11|| [[Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria]]  ||  4 February 1750 ||  23 December 1762   || died of smallpox, no issue.
|-
|12|| [[Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria]]  || 19 March 1751  || 15 October 1767  || died of smallpox, no issue.
|-
|13|| [[Maria Carolina of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]] || 13 August 1752 || 7 September 1814|| married King [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily]] (1751–1825); had issue.
|-
|14|| [[Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este|Archduke Ferdinand of Austria]] || 1 June 1754 || 24 December 1806  ||married [[Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa]], heiress of Breisgau and of [[Modena]], had issue ([[Austria-Este]]). Duke of Breisgau from 1803.
|-
|15|| [[Marie Antoinette|Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria]] || 2 November 1755 || 16 October 1793 || married [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI of France and Navarre]] (1754–1793) and became Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Navarre; had issue (two sons and two daughters).
|-
|16|| [[Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria|Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria]]|| 8 December 1756 ||  27 July 1801 || [[Archbishop-Elector of Cologne]], 1784.
|}
[[File:10 paoli 1747 - FRANCIS II.jpg|thumb|center|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 10 paoli [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] - Francis, 1747]]
[[File:1 conventionsthaler Francis I - 1765.png|thumb|center|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 1 conventionsthaler [[Augsburg|Augsburg Free City]] - Francis I, 1765]]

==Coat of Arms==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|185px]]<br /> Coat of arms
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg|130px]]<br /> Coat of arms (Shield variant)
| [[File:Ornamented Coat of Arms of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|250px]]<br /> Coat of arms (Shield variant with supporters)
|}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81 |title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans |publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel |year=1768 |location=Bourdeaux |page=81 |language=fr |trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living}}</ref>
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor'''
| 2 = 2. [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine]]
| 3 = 3. [[Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans]]
| 4 = 4. [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine]]
| 5 = 5. [[Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland|Eleonore of Austria]]
| 6 = 6. [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]]
| 7 = 7. [[Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine|Elizabeth Charlotte of Simmern]]
| 8 = 8. [[Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine]]
| 9 = 9. [[Claude Françoise of Lorraine]]
| 10 = 10. [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| 11 = 11. [[Eleonora Gonzaga (1630–1686)|Eleonora Gonzaga]]
| 12 = 12. [[Louis XIII of France]]
| 13 = 13. [[Anne of Austria]]
| 14 = 14. [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine]]
| 15 = 15. [[Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel|Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Franz Joseph Toussaint]]
* [[Kings of Germany family tree]]
* [[List of people with the most children]]
* [[Francis Stephen Award]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|1=20em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite ADB|7|278|285|Franz I. (Kaiser)|[[Alfred Ritter von Arneth]]|ADB:Franz I. (Kaiser)}}
* {{NDB|5|358||Franz I.|[[Heinrich Benedikt]]|118692925}}
* {{BLKÖ|Habsburg, Franz I. Stephan|6|205|208}}
* {{Cite book|first=Renate|last=Zedinger|title=Franz Stephan von Lothringen (1708–1765). Monarch, Manager, Mäzen|publisher=Böhlau|location=Vienna|year=2008|edition=1st|isbn=978-3-205-78109-7|language=de}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* Tomáš Kleisner – Jan Boublík, [https://www.academia.edu/2539470/Coins_and_Medals_of_the_Emperor_Francis_Stephen_of_Lorraine Coins and Medals of the Emperor Francis Stephen of Lorraine] Prague 2011 {{ISBN|978-80-7036-316-4}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Francis I. (emperor)|display=Francis I.|volume=10|page=933}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[House of Lorraine]]|8 December|1708|18 August|1765}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Gian Gastone de' Medici]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Duke of Tuscany]]|years=1737–1765}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]]}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine|Leopold]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Lorraine]]|years=1729–1737}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Stanislaus I of Poland|Stanisław I]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Teschen]]|years=1729–1765}}
{{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VII]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of German monarchs|King in Germany]]|years=1745–1764}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Holy Roman Emperor]]|years=1745–1765}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]|as=sole ruler}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Archduke of Austria]]<br>Ruler of the [[Austrian Netherlands]]|years=21 November 1740–1765|regent1=[[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]|as=sole ruler}}
{{s-end}}

{{Holy Roman Emperors}}
{{German monarchs}}
{{Grand Dukes of Tuscany}}
{{Rulers of Austria}}

{{Authority control}}

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