Editing Francis Hopkinson

{{Short description|American Founding Father and jurist (1737–1791)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = 
| name                = Francis Hopkinson
| honorific-suffix    = 
| image               = Francis Hopkinson, 1785 - Robert Edge Pine.jpg
| alt                 = 
| caption             = A 1785 portrait of Hopkinson by [[Robert Edge Pine]]
| office              = Judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania]]
| term_start          = September 26, 1789
| term_end            = May 9, 1791
| nominator           = 
| appointer           = [[List of federal judges appointed by George Washington|George Washington]]
| predecessor         = ''Seat established by 1 Stat. 73''
| successor           = [[William Lewis (judge)|William Lewis]]
| pronunciation       = 
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1737|10|02}} <!--Only Gregorian dates are permitted in these templates, per their documentation.-->
| birth_place         = [[Philadelphia]],<br />[[Province of Pennsylvania]],<br />[[British America]]
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1791|05|09|1737|10|02}}
| death_place         = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_cause         = sudden seizure 
| resting_place       = [[Christ Church Burial Ground]]<br />[[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship         = 
| nationality         = 
| party               = 
| otherparty          = 
| height              = 
| spouse              = 
| partner             = 
| relations           = 
| children            = [[Joseph Hopkinson]]
| parents             = 
| mother              = 
| father              = [[Thomas Hopkinson]]
| relatives           = [[James Johnson (Bishop of Worcester)|James Johnson]]
| residence           = 
| education           = [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]], [[Master of Arts|A.M.]])
| alma_mater          = 
| occupation          = 
| profession          = 
| known_for           = 
| salary              = 
| net_worth           = 
| cabinet             = 
| committees          = 
| portfolio           = 
| awards              = [[Magellanic Premium]] (1790)
| signature           = Francis Hopkinson signature.png
| signature_alt       = 
| website             = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes-->
| footnotes           = 
}}
'''Francis Hopkinson''' (October 2,<ref group=Note>Hopkinson was born on September 21, 1737, according to the then-used [[Julian calendar]] (old style). In 1752, however, [[Great Britain]] and all its colonies adopted the [[Gregorian calendar]] (new style) which moved Hopkinson's birthday 11 days forward to October 2, 1737. See George E. Hastings, ''The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson''. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1926), p. 43.</ref> 1737 – May 9, 1791) was an American [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father]], lawyer, jurist, author, and composer.<ref name=Bernstein2009>{{cite book |last=Bernstein |first=Richard B. |author-link=Richard B. Bernstein |title=The Founding Fathers Reconsidered |chapter=Appendix: The Founding Fathers, A Partial List |pages=176–180|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0199832576 |location=New York |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/foundingfathersr0000bern/page/176/mode/2up}}</ref> He designed Continental paper money and two early versions of flags, [[flag of the United States|one for the United States]] and [[Flag of the United States Navy|one for the United States Navy]].<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Leepson, Marc |author2=DeMille, Nelson | title=Flag: An American Biography | date= May 30, 2006| publisher=St. Martin's Griffin | isbn=978-0-312-32309-7 | page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Williams | first1=Earl P. Jr. |title=Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags? |journal=NAVA News |date=October 2012 |issue=216 |pages=7–9 |url=https://www.flagguys.com/pdf/NAVANews_2012_no216.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083443/http://www.flagguys.com/pdf/NAVANews_2012_no216.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was a signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in July 1776 as a delegate from [[New Jersey]].<ref name=Bernstein2009 />

Hopkinson served in various roles in the early United States government including as a member of the [[Second Continental Congress]] and as a member of the Navy Board. He became the first federal judge of the Eastern District Court of Pennsylvania on September 30, 1789.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hastings |first1=George E. |title=The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson |date=1926 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=325}}</ref>

==Education and early career==
Born on October 2, 1737 ([[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]]), September 21, 1737 ([[Julian calendar|Julian]]) in [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=FJC>{{FJC Bio|1093|nid=1382396|name=Francis Hopkinson<!--(1737–1791)-->}}</ref><ref name=CB>{{CongBio|H000783|inline=yes}}</ref> Hopkinson received an [[Bachelor of Arts|Artium Baccalaureus]] degree in 1757 from the College of Philadelphia (now the [[University of Pennsylvania]]) and an [[Master of Arts|Artium Magister]] degree in 1760 from the same institution.<ref name=FJC/> He was the first native American composer of a secular song in 1759.<ref name=CB/> He was secretary of a commission of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania which made a treaty between the province and certain Indian tribes in 1761.<ref name=CB/> He entered private practice in Philadelphia from 1761 to 1766. He was collector of customs in [[Salem, New Jersey|Salem]], [[Province of New Jersey]] in 1763.<ref name=FJC/>

Hopkinson spent from May 1766 to August 1767 in England in hopes of becoming commissioner of customs for North America.<ref name=Hastings>{{cite book|last1=Hastings|first1=George|title=The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson|date=1926|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}}</ref>{{rp|133}} Although unsuccessful, he spent time with the future Prime Minister [[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]], Hopkinson's cousin [[James Johnson (bishop of Worcester)|James Johnson]], and the painter [[Benjamin West]].<ref name=Hastings/> Upon his return to Philadelphia in 1768, he sold varieties of fabric and port wine.<ref>Hastings, pp. 157 and 158.</ref>

In 1768, Hopkinson was elected to the revived [[American Philosophical Society]] and served as its curator from 1776 to 1782.<ref>Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein, Jr. ''Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society.'' 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, I: 27—28, 30, 335, 415, II: 9, 24–32, 26, 193, 195, 277, 308, 406, III: 58, 78, 79, 160, 190, 308, 464.</ref> He was collector of customs for [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]], [[Delaware Colony]] from 1772 to 1773. He resumed private practice in Bordentown, New Jersey from 1773 to 1774. He was a member of the [[New Jersey Provincial Council]] from 1774 to 1776.<ref name="FJC" /> He was a member of the Executive Council of New Jersey in 1775.<ref name="CB" /> He was admitted to practice before the bar of the [[Supreme Court of New Jersey]] on May 8, 1775, and was elected an associate justice of that court in 1776 but declined the office.<ref name="CB" />

==Second Continental Congress and judicial service==
In 1776, Hopkinson served as a delegate to the [[Second Continental Congress]] ([[Continental Congress]]) from June 21 through November 18.<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|212}}<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|218}} He was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, representing New Jersey.<ref name="CB" /> He was the Chairman of the Navy Board in Philadelphia from November 18, 1776, to mid-August 1778.<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|218}}<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|234}} He was treasurer for the Continental Loan Office in Philadelphia from 1778 to 1781. He was judge of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania from 1779 to 1789.<ref name="FJC" />

While sitting on the court, in December 1780 Hopkinson was [[Impeachment in the United States|impeached]] on allegations of accepting payment from litigants, accepting bribes in exchange for appointments, and trading in false certificates. After an [[impeachment trial]], he was acquitted and remained in office.<ref name="MNstatelawlibrary1">{{cite web |title=Minnesota State Law Library: Trial Collection Bibliography, part 4 |url=http://www.lawlibrary.state.mn.us/ar2000/trialbib4.html |website=www.lawlibrary.state.mn.us |publisher=Minnesota State Law Library |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040223002715/http://www.lawlibrary.state.mn.us/ar2000/trialbib4.html |archive-date=February 23, 2004 |date=23 February 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hopkinson book">{{cite book  |title=The Pennsylvania State Trials: Containing the Impeachment, Trial, and Acquittal of Francis Hopkinson, and John Nicholson, Esquires. The Former Being Judge of the Court of Admiralty, and the Latter, the Comptroller-general of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |date=1794 |publisher=Francis Bailey |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=mXg0AQAAMAAJ&rdid=book-mXg0AQAAMAAJ&rdot=1 |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en}} |pages=22-24; 56-62</ref> He was a member of the Pennsylvania Convention which ratified the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]].<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|chapter VI}}{{rp|325}}<ref name="CB" />

Hopkinson was nominated by President [[George Washington]] on September 24, 1789, to the [[United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania]], to a new seat authorized by {{USStat|1|73}}. He was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on September 26, 1789, and received his commission the same day.<ref name="FJC" />

==Cultural contributions==

Hopkinson wrote popular airs and political satires (''jeux d'esprit'') in the form of poems and pamphlets. Some were widely circulated and powerfully assisted in arousing and fostering the spirit of political independence that issued in the [[American Revolution]]. His principal writings are ''A Pretty Story . . .'' (1774), a satire about [[George III|King George]]; ''The Prophecy'' (1776); and ''The Political Catechism'' (1777).<ref name="Moulton">{{cite book|title=The Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors: 1785–1824|editor=Charles Wells Moulton|editor-link=Charles Wells Moulton|publisher=The Moulton Publishing Company|location=Buffalo, NY|year=1902|pages=[https://archive.org/details/libraryliterary00unkngoog/page/n138 131]|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryliterary00unkngoog}}</ref> Other notable essays are "Typographical Method of conducting a Quarrel", "Essay on White Washing", and "Modern Learning".

Hopkinson began to play the [[harpsichord]] at age seventeen and, during the 1750s, hand-copied arias, songs, and instrumental pieces by many European composers. He is credited as being the first American-born composer to commit a composition to paper with his 1759 composition "My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free". By the 1760s, was playing with professional musicians in concerts.

Some of his more notable songs include "The Treaty", "[[The Battle of the Kegs]]", and "The New Roof, a song for Federal Mechanics". He also played organ at Philadelphia's [[Christ Church, Philadelphia|Christ Church]] and composed or edited a number of hymns and psalms including: "A Collection of Psalm Tunes with a few Anthems and Hymns Some of them Entirely New, for the Use of the United Churches of Christ Church and St. Peter's Church in Philadelphia" (1763), "A psalm of thanksgiving, Adapted to the Solemnity of Easter: To be performed on Sunday, the 30th of March, 1766, at Christ Church, Philadelphia" (1766), and "The Psalms of David, with the Ten Commandments, Creed, Lord's Prayer, &c. in Metre" (1767). In the 1780s, Hopkinson modified a [[glass harmonica]] to be played with a keyboard and invented the '''Bellarmonic''', an instrument that utilized the tones of metal balls.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200035713/default.html Francis Hopkinson biography at the Library of Congress Performing Arts Digital Library]; accessed September 30, 2015.</ref>

At his alma mater, University of Pennsylvania, one of the buildings in the Fisher-Hassenfeld College House is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fh.house.upenn.edu/hopkinson|title=Hopkinson {{!}} Fisher College House|website=fh.house.upenn.edu|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>

==Great Seal of the United States==
In 1776. Hopkinson designed the Great Seal of New Jersey with assistance from [[Pierre Eugene du Simitiere]] in 1776.<ref>Hastings, p. 217.</ref> He was thus chosen as a consultant to design the [[Great Seal of the United States]].<ref name=Patterson>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEagleAndTheShield/The%20Eagle%20and%20the%20Shield#page/n81|title=The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States|last1=Patterson|first1=Richard Sharpe|last2=Dougall|first2=Richardson|publisher= Washington : Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.|date=1978|orig-year=1976 i.e. 1978|series=Department and Foreign Service series; 161 Department of State publication; 8900|lccn=78602518|oclc=4268298|page=32}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc01845))|title=Journals of the Continental Congress --FRIDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1780|website=memory.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>Buescher, John. [http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/23852 "All Wrapped up in the Flag"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923065711/http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/23852 |date=September 23, 2011 }}, [http://www.teachinghistory.org Teachinghistory.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205612/https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24484 |date=September 26, 2018 }}, accessed August 21, 2011.</ref> Fourteen men worked on the Great Seal of the United States, including two other consultants – Simitiere (first Great Seal committee) and [[William Barton (heraldist)|William Barton]] (third committee).<ref name="Williams2">{{cite journal|last1=Williams |first1=Earl P. Jr.|title=A Civil Servant Designed Our National Banner: The Unsung Legacy of Francis Hopkinson|journal=The New Constellation (Newsletter of the National Flag Foundation)|date=June 14, 1996|volume=Special Edition #7|page=8}}</ref>  The seal was finalized on June 20, 1782.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEagleAndTheShield/The+Eagle+and+the+Shield#page/n127|title=The eagle and the shield : a history of the great seal of the United States|website=archive.org|year=1978 }}</ref>

In the current rendition of the Great Seal of the United States, the 13 stars (constellation) representing the 13 original states have five points. They are arranged in the shape of a larger star with six points. The constellation comprising 13 smaller stars symbolizes the national motto, "E pluribus unum." Originally, the design had individual stars with six points, but this was changed in 1841 when a new die was cast. This seal is now impressed upon the reverse of the [[United States one-dollar bill]]. The reverse of the seal, designed by Barton, contains an unfinished pyramid below a radiant eye. The unfinished pyramid was an image used by Hopkinson when he designed the Continental $50 currency bill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Continental_$50_note_1778.jpg|title=wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Continental_$50_note_1778}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coins.nd.edu/ColCurrency/CurrencyText/CC-09-26-78.html|title=Continental Currency: September 26, 1778|website=coins.nd.edu}}</ref><ref>Patterson and Dougall, p. 68</ref>

==United States Flag==
[[File:Hopkinson Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Francis Hopkinson's flag for the U.S., an interpretation, with 13 six-pointed stars arranged in five rows<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Williams | first1=Earl P. Jr. |title=Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags? |journal=NAVA News |date=October 2012 |issue=216 |pages=7–9 |url=https://www.flagguys.com/pdf/NAVANews_2012_no216.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083443/http://www.flagguys.com/pdf/NAVANews_2012_no216.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Hopkinson Flag of the United States Navy.svg|thumb|Hopkinson Flag for the U.S. Navy, an interpretation<ref>Williams (2012), p.7.</ref>]]
On June 14, 1777,  the Second Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes as the first official national flag of the newly independent United States (later celebrated as [[Flag Day (United States)|Flag Day]]). The resolution creating the flag came from the Continental Marine Committee. Hopkinson became a member of the committee in 1776. At the time of the flag's adoption, he was the chairman of the Navy Board, which was under the Marine Committee. Today, that office has been transferred to the [[United States Secretary of the Navy]].<ref name=Zall>{{cite book|last1=Zall|first1=Paul M.|title=Comical Spirit of Seventy-Six: The Humor of Francis Hopkinson|date=1976|publisher=Huntington Library|location=San Marino, California|page=10}}</ref>

Hopkinson is recognized as a designer of the [[Flag of the United States]], and the journals of the [[Continental Congress]] support this.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Furlong|first1=William Rea|last2=McCandless|first2=Byron|title=So Proudly We Hail|url=https://archive.org/details/soproudlywehail00furl|url-access=registration|date=1981|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|page=[https://archive.org/details/soproudlywehail00furl/page/101 101]}}</ref> On May 25, 1780, Hopkinson wrote a letter to the Continental Board of Admiralty mentioning several patriotic designs he had completed during the previous three years.<ref>Hastings, p. 240.</ref> One was his Board of Admiralty seal, which contained a shield of seven red and six white stripes on a blue field. Others included the [[Symbols of the United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury Board seal]], "7 devices for the Continental Currency," and "the Flag of the United States of America."<ref>Leepson, p. 33</ref> Hopkinson noted that he had not asked for any compensation for the designs but was seeking a reward: "a Quarter Cask of the public Wine." The board sent that letter on to Congress.

Hopkinson submitted another bill on June 24 for his "drawings and devices." In this second letter, Hopkinson did not mention designing the flag of the United States.  Instead, the first item listed was "the great Naval Flag of the United States" along with the other contributions.<ref name="Williams 2012, pp. 7–9.">Williams (2012), pp. 7–9.</ref> This flag with its red outer stripes was designed to show up well on ships at sea.<ref name="Williams 2012, pp. 7–9."/> A parallel flag for the national flag was most likely intended by Hopkinson with white outer stripes<ref name="Williams 2012, pp. 7–9."/> as on the Great Seal of the United States and on the [[Bennington flag]], which commemorated 50th anniversary of the founding of the United States in 1826.<ref name=Joint>{{cite book|last1=Joint Committee on Printing|first1=U.S. Congress|title=Our Flag|date=2007|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-16-076598-8|edition=Rev. ed.109th Congress, 2nd Session}}</ref> Ironically, the Navy flag was preferred as the national flag.

For the various designs, Hopkinson asked for cash in the amount of £2,700.  Auditor General James Milligan commissioned an evaluation of the request for payment.  The report from the commissioner of the Chamber of Accounts said that the bill was reasonable and ought to be paid. Congress asked for an itemized bill for payment in cash. Hopkinson requested £9 for the naval flag.  A committee investigated Hopkinson's charges that his payment was being delayed for arbitrary reasons.  The Treasury Board turned down the request in an October 27, 1780, report to Congress. The Board cited several reasons for its action, including the fact that Hopkinson "was not the only person consulted on those exhibitions of Fancy [that were incidental to the Board (among them, the U.S. flag, the Navy flag, the Admiralty seal, and the Great Seal with a reverse)<ref>Hastings (1926), p. 241-242.</ref>], and therefore cannot claim the sole merit of them and not entitled in this respect to the full sum charged."<ref>Williams (1988), p. 47.</ref> The reference to the work of others is most probably a reference to his work on the Great Seal.<ref name="Williams1">{{cite journal|last1=Williams |first1=Earl P. Jr.|title=The 'Fancy Work' of Francis Hopkinson: Did He Design the Stars and Stripes?|journal=Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives|date=Spring 1988|volume=20|issue=1|page=48}}</ref> Therefore, he would not be eligible to be paid for the Great Seal.<ref name="auto" /> Furthermore, the Great Seal project was still a work in progress. No known committee of the Continental Congress was documented with the assignment to design the national flag or naval flag.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Canby|first1=George|last2=Balderston|first2=Lloyd|title=The Evolution of the American Flag|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionameric01baldgoog|date=1909|publisher=Ferris & Leach|location=Philadelphia|page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionameric01baldgoog/page/n61 48]}}</ref> Hence, there was no evidence of collaboration with others on Hopkinson's flag design.

There is no known sketch of a Hopkinson flag—either U.S. or naval—in existence today.<ref name="Williams 2012, p. 7">Williams (2012), p. 7.</ref> However, he incorporated elements of the two flags he designed in his rough sketches of the Great Seal of the United States and his design for the Admiralty Board Seal.<ref name="Williams 2012, pp. 7–9."/> The rough sketch of his second Great Seal proposal has 7 white stripes and 6 red stripes.<ref>Patterson and Dougall, p. 37.</ref> The impression of Hopkinson's Admiralty Board Seal<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moeller|first1=Henry W., Ph.D.|title=Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms|journal=NAVA News|date=January 2002|issue=173|page=fn. 41 & 42}}</ref> has a chevron with 7 red stripes and 6 white stripes. The Great Seal reflects Hopkinson's design for a governmental flag, and the Admiralty Board Seal reflects Hopkinson's design for a naval flag. Both flags were intended to have 13 stripes. Because the original stars used in the Great Seal had six points, Hopkinson's U.S. flag might also have intended the use of 6-pointed stars.<ref>Williams (2012), p. 8.</ref> This is bolstered by his original sketch for the Great Seal that featured a U.S. flag with six-pointed asterisks for stars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEagleAndTheShield/The+Eagle+and+the+Shield#page/n81|title=The eagle and the shield : a history of the great seal of the United States|website=archive.org|year=1978 }}</ref> The stripe arrangement would have been consistent with other flags of the period that had seven stripes below the canton, or blue area with stars. For example, two of the earliest known examples of Stars and Stripes flags were painted by a Dutch artist who witnessed the arrival of Navy Lieutenant John Paul Jones' squadron in Texel, The Netherlands, in 1779. The two flags have seven stripes below the canton.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Furlong |first1=William Rea |last2=McCandless |first2=Byron |title=So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag |date=1961 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington |pages=130}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hopkinson was the son of [[Thomas Hopkinson]]<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|30}} and Mary Johnson Hopkinson.<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|16 and 448}} He married Ann Borden on September 1, 1768.<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|164}} They had five children.<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|449 and 450}} He was the father of [[Joseph Hopkinson]], who was a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] and also became a federal judge.<ref name="CB" /> Hopkinson's sister Mary (1742–1785) was married to Dr. [[John Morgan (physician)|John Morgan]], second chief physician and director general of the [[Continental Army]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=John Woolf |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t1xd1gm95&seq=7&q1=Hopkinson |title=Colonial Families of Philadelphia |publisher=Lewis Publishing Company |year=1911 |volume=II |pages=1191 |access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref> According to Pennsylvania tax records and a Philadelphia census, Hopkinson owned at least two slaves.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pennandslaveryproject.org/exhibits/show/campus/currentcampus/quaddorm# |title=Quadrangle Dormitories: Hopkinson Dorm |website=pennandslaveryproject.org |publisher=Penn and Slavery Project, University of Pennsylvania |access-date=June 16, 2024}}</ref>

==Death==
On May 9, 1791, Hopkinson died in Philadelphia<ref name="FJC" /> of a sudden [[Apoplexy|apoplectic seizure]].<ref name="Hastings" />{{rp|449}} He was interred in [[Christ Church Burial Ground]] in Philadelphia.<ref name="CB" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[Francis Hopkinson House]], [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Burlington County, New Jersey|listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Burlington County, New Jersey]]
* [[Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence]]

===Bibliography===
====Books====
* ''The Miscellaneous Essays and Occasional Writings of Francis Hopkinson, Esq'' Printed by T. Dobson, 1792. Available via Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=3MIiAAAAMAAJ Volume I], [https://books.google.com/books?id=aMMiAAAAMAAJ Volume II], [https://books.google.com/books?id=1MMiAAAAMAAJ Volume III]
* ''Judgments in the Admiralty of Pennsylvania in four suits'' Printed at T. Dobson and T. Lang, 1789. [https://archive.org/details/judgmentsinadmi00admigoog Available via Internet Archive]

====Essays====
* ''A Pretty Story Written in the Year of Our Lord 1774''. Printed by John Dunlap, 1774. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e2lKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA183 Available via Google Books]
* "Dissertation IV," in ''Four Dissertations, on the Reciprocal Advantages of a Perpetual Union between Great-Britain and Her American Colonies''. Printed by William & Thomas Bradford, 1766. [https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2554033R-bk#page/142/mode/2up Available via the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Digital Collections]

===Musical compositions===
* ''Collection of Plain Tunes with a Few from Anthems and Hymns''. Printed by Benjamin Carr, 1763.
* ''Temple of Minerva''. (The First American Opera)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Hopkinson__Francis.html|title=Pennsylvania Center for the Book on Hopkinson and his writings}}</ref> Printed by Benjamin Carr, 1781.
* ''Seven Songs for the Harpsichord or Forte Piano''. Printed by T. Dobson, 1788.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colonialdancing.org/Easmes/Biblio/B000974.htm|title=Seven Songs for the Harpsichord or Forte Piano|publisher=Early American Secular Music and its European Sources, 1589–1839|access-date=May 5, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725185308/http://colonialdancing.org/Easmes/Biblio/B000974.htm|archive-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref>
** No. 3: "Beneath a weeping willow's shade"{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Note==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [http://opac.hsp.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?SC=Author&SA=Hopkinson%2C%20Francis%2C%201737-1791.&PID=NxrY3HeUGwBoHtTw5bq3dEI1aI&BROWSE=1&HC=21&SID=11 Francis Hopkinson holdings at]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Online Public Access Catalog.
* {{Cite book | author1=Mastai, Bolesław | author2=Mastai, Marie-Louise d'Otrange | title=The Stars and the Stripes; the American flag as art and as history from the birth of the Republic to the present | year=1973 | publisher=New York, Knopf, 1973. | isbn=0-394-47217-9 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/starsstripesamer0000mast }}
* {{Cite book | last=Znamierowski | first=Alfred | author-link=Alfred Znamierowski | title=The World Encyclopedia of Flags | year=2001 | publisher=Hermes House | isbn=1-84309-042-2 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi0000znam }}
{{CongBio|H000783}}
* {{FJC Bio|1093|nid=1382396|name=Francis Hopkinson<!--(1737–1791)-->}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026012452/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/hopkinson_fra.html University of Penn. Archives on Hopkinson]
* The [http://www.hsp.org/files/findingaid1978hopkinson.pdf Hopkinson Family Papers], including correspondence, documents and printed materials, are available for research use at the [[Historical Society of Pennsylvania]].
* [http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Hopkinson__Francis.html Pennsylvania Center for the Book on Hopkinson and his writings]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200035713/default.html Library of Congress on Hopkinson]
* [https://archive.org/details/heraldsamerican03marbgoog Francis Hopkinson: Jurist, Wit, and Dilettante] Marble, Annie Russell. ''Heralds of American Literature: A Group of Patriot Writers of the Revolutionary and National Periods.'' 1907, University of Chicago Press, hosted by [[Google Book Search]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070711214348/http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/hopkinsonflagstamp.htm image] of stamp with Hopkinson's flag, stars in a circle, from the University of Georgia
* [http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/FirstAmericansong.htm First American Song by Francis Hopkinson]
* {{IMSLP|id=Hopkinson, Francis}}
* [https://archive.org/details/AnAccountOfTheGrandFederalProcession.PerformedAtPhiladelphiaOnFriday "AN ACCOUNT OF THE GRAND FEDERAL PROCESSION. PERFORMED AT PHILADELPHIA ON FRIDAY THE 4TH OF JULY 1788" by Francis Hopkinson] – Hopkinson's review of a Philadelphia [[Fourth of July]] parade of 1788; celebrating the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
* {{Librivox author |id=11391}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=Seat established by 1 Stat. 73}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania]]}}|years=1789–1791}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Lewis (judge)|William Lewis]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{USDecOfIndSig|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hopkinson, Francis}}
[[Category:1737 births]]
[[Category:1791 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the New Jersey Provincial Council]]
[[Category:Continental Congressmen from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Flags of the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Flag designers]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
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[[Category:American slave owners]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
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[[Category:United States federal judges appointed by George Washington]]
[[Category:18th-century American musicians]]
[[Category:18th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:Burials at Christ Church, Philadelphia]]
[[Category:People from Bordentown, New Jersey]]
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[[Category:Neurological disease deaths in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Deaths from epilepsy]]
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[[Category:American lawyers with disabilities]]
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[[Category:18th-century American composers]]
[[Category:18th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:People from colonial Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Founding Fathers of the United States]]
[[Category:United States judges impeached by state or territorial governments]]
[[Category:American musicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]