Editing François d'Aguilon

{{Short description|Belgian Jesuit mathematician, physicist and architect (1567–1617)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Aguilon, François d' – Opticorum libri, 1613 – BEIC 1321020.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|''Opticorum libri sex'', 1613]]
'''François d'Aguilon''' ({{IPA|fr|fʁɑ̃swa daɡilɔ̃}}; also d'Aguillon or in Latin '''Franciscus Aguilonius''') (4 January 1567 – 20 March 1617) was a [[Jesuit]], [[mathematician]], [[physicist]], and [[architect]] from the [[Spanish Netherlands]].

D'Aguilon was born in [[Brussels]]; his father was a secretary to [[Philip II of Spain]].<ref name="neetens"/> He became a Jesuit in [[Tournai]] in 1586.<ref name="bosmans"/> In 1598 he moved to [[Antwerp]], where he helped plan the construction of the [[Saint Carolus Borromeus church]].<ref name="neetens"/> In 1611, he started a special school of [[mathematics]] in Antwerp, fulfilling a dream of [[Christopher Clavius]] for a Jesuit mathematical school; in 1616, he was joined there by [[Grégoire de Saint-Vincent]].<ref>{{citation
 | last = Smolarski | first = Dennis C.
 | doi = 10.2307/3219160
 | issue = 4
 | journal = Mathematics Magazine
 | mr = 2074191
 | pages = 256–262
 | title = Teaching mathematics in the seventeenth and twenty-first centuries
 | volume = 75
 | year = 2002| jstor = 3219160
 | url = https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/math_compsci/43
 }}.</ref> The notable geometers educated at this school included [[Jean-Charles della Faille]],<ref name="meskens">{{citation|title=The Jesuit mathematics school in Antwerp in the early seventeenth century|journal=The Seventeenth Century|volume=12|issue=1|year=1997|first=A.|last=Meskens|pages=11–22|doi=10.1080/0268117X.1997.10555421|quote=In the few years the school was based in Antwerp it brought forth a first rate mathematician like Jan-Karel della Faille. ... Another important pupil of the school of mathematics was Theodore Moretus (1602–1667), son of Petrus and Henriette Plantin.}}</ref> [[André Tacquet]],<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Tacquet|title=Andrea Tacquet}}</ref> and [[Theodorus Moretus]].<ref name="meskens"/>

[[File:RubensAguilonStereographic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Illustration by [[Rubens]] for ''Opticorum Libri Sex'' demonstrating how the projection is computed.]]

His book, ''Opticorum Libri Sex philosophis juxta ac mathematicis utiles,'' or ''Six Books of Optics,'' is useful for philosophers and mathematicians. It was published by [[Balthasar I Moretus]] in Antwerp in 1613 and illustrated by the famous painter [[Peter Paul Rubens]].<ref>{{citation|title=Rubens and Aguilonius: New Points of Contact|jstor= 3049891|first=Julius S.|last=Held|authorlink=Julius S. Held|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=61|issue=2|year=1979|pages=257–264|doi= 10.1080/00043079.1979.10787660}}.</ref> It included one of the first studies of [[binocular vision]].<ref name="neetens">{{citation|title=Franciscus Aguilonius (1567–1617)|first=A.|last=Neetens|journal= Neuro-Ophthalmology|volume=18|issue=1|year=1997|pages=vii–xiii|doi=10.3109/01658109709044672}}.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Theories of binocular vision after Aguilón|journal=Strabismus|first=August, S. J.|last=Ziggelaar|year=2012|volume=20|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.3109/09273972.2012.735524|pmid=23211145|s2cid=27056157}}.</ref> It also gave the names we now use to [[stereographic projection]] and [[orthographic projection]], although the projections themselves were likely known to [[Hipparchus]].<ref>{{citation|title=Differential Geometry|volume=11|series=Toronto University Mathematical Expositions|first=Erwin|last=Kreyszig|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=1991|isbn=9780486667218|page=205|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7yxgFaQKNAC&pg=PA205}}.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry: With Their Applications to Heights and Distances Projections of the Sphere, Dialling, Astronomy, the Solution of Equations, and Geodesic Operations|last=Olinthus|first=Gregory|publisher=Baldwin Cradock & Joy|year=1816|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3sAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA121}}.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Innovation and Experience in the Early Baroque in the Southern Netherlands: The Case of the Jesuit Church in Antwerp|volume=6|series=Architectura moderna : architectural exchanges in Europe, 16th – 17th centuries|first=Piet|last=Lombaerde|publisher=Brepols Pub|year=2008|isbn=9782503523880|page=66}}.</ref> This book inspired the works of [[Girard Desargues|Desargues]]<ref>{{citation|title=The mastery of nature: aspects of art, science and humanism in the Renaissance (review)|first=David|last=Ormerod|journal=Parergon|volume=13|issue=1|year=1995|pages=170–171|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/parergon/v013/13.1.ormerod.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114230416/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/parergon/v013/13.1.ormerod.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-14 |url-status=live|quote=It required the combined brilliance of geometricians as diverse as Alberti, Leonardo, Dürer, De Caus, Aguilon, and Accolti to lay the groundwork, and the genius of Gerard Desargues to accomplish.|doi=10.1353/pgn.1995.0033|s2cid=145745735}}</ref> and [[Christiaan Huygens]].<ref>{{citation|title=The impact of the ''Opticorum Libri Sex''|journal=Strabismus|year=2012|volume=20|issue=3|pages=133–138|doi=10.3109/09273972.2012.709577|first=August, S. J.|last=Ziggelaar|pmid=22906385}}.</ref>

He died in [[Antwerp]], aged 50.<ref name="bosmans">{{citation|title=Deux lettres inédites de Grégoire de Saint-Vincent publiées avec des notes bibliographiques sur les œuvres de Grégoire de Saint-Vincent et les manuscrits de della Faille|first=Henri, S. J.|last=Bosmans|pages=23–40|journal=Annales de la Société scientifique de Bruxelles|volume=26|year=1902|language=French}}. Footnote&nbsp;41, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3XgWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA38 p.&nbsp;38].</ref>

== Six Books of Optics ==
Francois d'Aguilon's ''Six Books of Optics'' concerns [[geometrical optics]], which at the time in the Jesuit school was a subcategory of geometry. He taught [[logic]], [[syntax]], and [[theology]] while being charged with organizing the teaching of geometry and science which would be useful for geography, navigation, architecture and the military arts in Belgium. His superiors wanted him to synthesize the work of Euclid, Alhazen, Vitello, Roger Bacon and others.<ref name="faculty.fairfield.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/aguilon.htm|title=François de Aguilon, S.J.}}</ref> Although he died before completing the book, it still consists of six in-depth books, called ''Opticorum Libri Sex.''<ref name="ReferenceA">Bangert, William A History of the Society of Jesus. St. Louis: St. Louis Institute, 1972</ref>

=== Perception and the horopter ===
D'Aguilon extensively studied [[stereographic projection]], which he wanted to use a means to aid architects, [[Cosmography|cosmographers]], navigators and artists. For centuries, artists and architects had sought formal laws of projection to place objects on a screen. Aguilon's ''Opticorum libri sex'' successfully treated projections and the errors in perception. D'Aguillon adopted [[Alhazen|Alhazen's]] theory that only light rays orthogonal to the cornea and lens surface are clearly registered.<ref>Gillispie, Charles. C. ed., Dictionary of Scientific biography. 16 vols. New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1970</ref> Aguilon was the first to use the term [[horopter]], which is the line drawn through the [[Focus (optics)|focal point]] of both eyes and parallel to the line between the eyes. In other words, it describes how only objects on the horopter are seen in their true location. He then built an instrument to measure the spacing of double images in the horopter as he saw fit.

D'Aguilon expanded on the horopter by saying in his book: {{Blockquote|If objects fall upon different rays it can happen that things at different distances can be seen at equal angles. If point C be directly opposite the eyes, A and B, with a circle drawn through the three points, A, B, and C.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> By theorem 21 of [[Euclid|Euclid's]] Third book, any other point D on its circumference which lies closer to the observer than C, will subend an angle ADB which will equal angle ACB. Therefore, objects at C and at D are judged equally far from the eye.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> But this is false, because point C is farther away than D. Therefore a judgment of distance is false when based on the angles between converged axes, quod erat probandum.}}

At first glance, it seems that Aguillon discovered the geometrical horopter more than 200 years before Prevost and Vieth and Muller.<ref name="faculty.fairfield.edu"/> The horopter was then used by architect [[Girard Desargues]], who in 1639 published a remarkable treatise on the conic sections, emphasizing the idea of projection.

=== Similarity to other theorists ===
In Aguilon's book there are elements of perspectivities as well as the stereographic projections of [[Ptolemy]] and [[Hipparchus]]. Unaware that [[Johannes Kepler]] had already published optical theories years before him, Aguilon decided to share his insights on geometric optics. At the age of 20, the Dutch poet Constantijn Huygens read Aguilon's and was enthralled by it. He later said that it was the best book he had ever read in geometrical optics, and he thought that Aguilon should be compared to [[Plato]], [[Eudoxus of Cnidus|Eudoxus]] and [[Archimedes]]. In fact the title of Constantijn Huygens' first publication imitated Aguilon's title (omitting letters p and c): Otiorum Libri Sex (1625).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Accompanying art ===
In Aguilon's book the beginning of each section had works of the Flemish Baroque painter, Peter Paul Rubens. The frontispiece at the beginning of the book shows an eagle, referring to Aguilon's name and a variety of optical and geometrical images. On either side of the title stands Mercury holding the head of Argus with a hundred eyes, and Minerva holding a shield reflecting the head of Medusa. Then, at the beginning of each of six sections are Rubens' drawings describing Aguilon's experiments, one of which is the first known picture of a photometer<ref name="faculty.fairfield.edu"/> This is one of six experiments drawn by Rubens and shows how intensity of light varies with the square of distance from the source. The experiment was later taken up by Mersenne and another Jesuit, Claude de Chales, and eventually led to Bouguer's more famous photometer. It is evident, from the detail that he put into his drawings, how enthused Rubens was about the subject matter, perspective geometry and optical rules.

==See also==
*[[List of Catholic clergy scientists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation
  | last = Morère
  | first = J. E.
  | contribution = Aguilon, François d'
  | title = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
  | volume = 1
  | page = 81 
  | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
  | location = New York
  | year = 1970
  | isbn = 0-684-10114-9
}}.
* {{citation|title=François de Aguilón S. J, 1567-1617: Scientist and Architect|volume=44|series=Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I.|first=August|last=Ziggelaar|publisher=[[Jesuit Historical Institute]]|year=1983|isbn=9788870413441}}.

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Aguillon, François D'}}
*[http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/aguilon.htm François De Aguilon, S.J. (1546 to 1617) And his Six books on Optics], Joseph MacDonnell, S.J., Fairfield University
* BEIC digital library: [https://archive.today/20130901180049/http://131.175.183.1:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=1321020&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL2&pds_handle= François d'Aguilon, ''Opticorum libri'', Antwerpen, Jan Moretus widow & sons, 1613.]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Aguilon, Francois D}}
[[Category:1567 births]]
[[Category:1617 deaths]]
[[Category:Mathematicians from the Spanish Netherlands]]
[[Category:Scientists from Antwerp]]
[[Category:Jesuits from the Spanish Netherlands]]
[[Category:Color scientists]]
[[Category:University of Douai alumni]]
[[Category:Jesuit scientists]]