Editing Fragaria

{{short description|Genus of strawberry plants}}
{{about|the plant genus|the most commonly cultivated strawberry|Strawberry}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| oldest_fossil = Miocene
| image = 103 Fragaria vesca L.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Fragaria vesca]]'' illustration from ''Atlas des plantes de France'' 1891, by A. Masclef
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Fragaria
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 20+ species; see text
}}

'''''Fragaria''''' ({{IPAc-en|f|r|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɛər|i|.|ə}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995: 606–07</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[rose]] family, [[Rosaceae]], commonly known as '''strawberries''' for their edible [[fruit]]s. There are more than 20 described [[species]] and many [[Hybrid plant|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the [[strawberry|garden strawberry]], a hybrid known as ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''<!--N.B. Editors please keep multiplication sign outside quote marks, otherwise it appears italicised on certain browsers-->. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.

==Description==
Strawberries are not [[Berry (botany)|berries in the botanical sense]].<ref name=Esau>Esau, K. 1977. ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York.</ref> The fleshy and edible part of the "fruit" is a [[receptacle (botany)|receptacle]], and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are [[achene]]s and therefore the true botanical fruits.<ref name=Esau/><ref>E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia: [http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Fragaria%20virginiana ''Fragaria virginiana''].</ref>

==Etymology==
The genus name {{lang|la|{{linktext|Fragaria}}}} derives from {{lang|la|{{linktext|fragum}}}} ("[[strawberry]]") and {{lang|la|{{linktext|-aria}}}}, a suffix used to create feminine nouns and [[plant name]]s. The Latin name is thought in turn to derive from a [[Proto-Indo-European language]] root meaning "[[berry]]", either ''*dʰreh₂ǵ-'' or ''*sróh₂gs''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=De Vaan |first1=Michiel |title=Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004167971 |page=239}}</ref> The genus name is sometimes [[folk etymology|mistakenly derived]] from {{lang|la|{{linktext|fragro}}}} ("to be fragrant, to reek").{{cn|date=January 2024}}

The English word is found in [[Old English language|Old English]] as ''streawberige''.<ref>''Ðeós wyrt ðe man fraga and óðrum naman streáwbergean nemneþ'': Anglo-Saxon Leechdom</ref> It is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a [[mulch]] in cultivating the plants, though it has been suggested that the word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the runners that "strew" or "stray away" from the base of the plants. ''Streaw'' in Old English means 'straw', but also ''streawian'' means 'to strew', from the same root.<ref>[https://bosworthtoller.com/29134 Bosworth and Toller]: [[An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary]]</ref> David Mikkelson argues that "the word 'strawberry' has been part of the English language for at least a thousand years, well before strawberries were cultivated as garden or farm edibles."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/notthink/strawberry.asp |title=Etymology of Strawberry |website=Snopes.com |date=5 October 2003 |access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{aut|Darrow, G.M.}} (1966). [http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm ''The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826020754/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm |date=2013-08-26 }} 3. Early History of the Strawberry: 16</ref>

==Classification==
There are more than 20 different ''Fragaria'' species worldwide. A number of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx?Fragaria |title=Species records in the database (for the query: '''genus''' = ''Fragaria'') |publisher=U.S. National Plant Germplasm System |access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref> One key to the classification of strawberry species is that they vary in the number of [[chromosome]]s. They all have seven basic ''types'' of chromosomes, but exhibit different [[polyploidy]]. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total), but others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries.<ref>Darrow, George M. ''The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology''. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. [http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm online text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826020754/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm |date=2013-08-26 }}</ref>

The oldest fossils confidently classifiable as ''Fragaria'' are from the [[Miocene]] of Poland. Fossilised ''Fragaria'' achenes are also known from the [[Pliocene]] of China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Yong-Jiang |last2=Zhu |first2=Hai |last3=Momohara |first3=Arata |last4=Jia |first4=Lin-Bo |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhe-Kun |date=March 2019 |title=Fruit fossils of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) from the late Pliocene of northwestern Yunnan, Southwest China |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=180–189 |doi=10.1111/jse.12443 |s2cid=89751967 |issn=1674-4918|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019JSyEv..57..180H }}</ref>

===Diploid species===
[[Image:Fragaria daltoniana.jpg|thumb|''[[Fragaria daltoniana]]'', a species from the Himalayas]]
[[Image:Fragaria vesca 2.jpg|thumb|Woodland strawberry (''[[Fragaria vesca]]''), a Northern Hemisphere species]]
[[Image:Fragarianilgerrensis.jpg|thumb|Flower of ''[[Fragaria nilgerrensis]]'', an Asian species]]
[[File:Sosnovka Bekovo 2014 Wild Strawberries.jpg|thumb|Wild strawberries (''[[Fragaria viridis]]'') from [[Sosnovka, Bekovsky District, Penza Oblast|Sosnovka]], Penza Oblast, Russia]]
[[File:Fragaria viridis fruit - Keila.jpg|thumb|''[[Fragaria viridis]]'' fruit photographed in [[Keila]], [[Estonia]]]]

* [[Fragaria × bifera|''Fragaria'' × ''bifera'']] <small>Duchesne</small> - ''F. vesca'' × ''F. viridis'' (Europe)
*''[[Fragaria bucharica]]'' <small>[[Agnia Losina-Losinskaja|Losinsk.]]</small> (China)
*''[[Fragaria chinensis]]'' <small>Losinsk</small> (China)
*''[[Fragaria daltoniana]]'' <small>J.Gay</small> (Himalayas)
* ''[[Fragaria emeiensis]]'' Jia J. Lei (China)
*''[[Fragaria gracilis]]'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (China)
*''[[Fragaria hayatae]]'' <small>Makino</small> (Taiwan)
*''[[Fragaria iinumae]]'' <small>Makino</small> (East Russia, Japan)
*''[[Fragaria mandshurica]]'' <small>Staudt</small> (China)
*''[[Fragaria nilgerrensis]]'' <small>Schlecht. ex J.Gay</small> ([[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]])
*''[[Fragaria nipponica]]'' <small>[[Tomitaro Makino|Makino]]</small> (Korea, Japan)
*''[[Fragaria nubicola]]'' <small>[[John Lindley|Lindl.]] ex [[Charles Carmichael Lacaita|Lacaita]]</small> ([[Himalayas]])
*''[[Fragaria pentaphylla]]'' <small> Losinsk.</small> (China)
*''[[Fragaria vesca]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> - woodland strawberry ([[Northern Hemisphere]])
*''[[Fragaria viridis]]'' <small>[[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne|Duchesne]]</small> (Europe, Central Asia)
===Tetraploid species===

* ''[[Fragaria corymbosa]]'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (northern China)
* [[Fragaria × intermedia|''Fragaria'' × ''intermedia'']] <small>(Bach) Beck</small> (Europe)

*''[[Fragaria moupinensis]]'' <small>Cardot</small> (China)
*''[[Fragaria orientalis]]'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (Eastern Asia, Eastern Siberia)
*''[[Fragaria tibetica]]'' Staudt & Dickoré (China)

===Pentaploid hybrids===
*[[Fragaria × bringhurstii|''Fragaria'' × ''bringhurstii'']] <small>Staudt</small> ([[Pacific coast#North America|coast]] of California)

===Hexaploid species===
*''[[Fragaria moschata]]'' <small>[[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne|Duchesne]]</small> - musk strawberry (Europe)

===Octoploid species and hybrids===
*[[Fragaria × ananassa|''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa'']] <small>[[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne|Duchesne]] ex Rozier</small> - garden strawberry, pineapple strawberry
*''[[Fragaria chiloensis]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Mill.</small> - beach strawberry (Western [[Americas]])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis''
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''patagonica'' ([[Argentina]], [[Chile]])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''lucida'' <small>(E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt</small> ([[Pacific coast#North America|coast]] of [[British Columbia]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[California]])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''pacifica'' <small>Staudt</small> (coast of [[Alaska]], British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''sandwicensis'' <small>([[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]) Staudt</small> - ''{{okina}}ōhelo papa'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
*''[[Fragaria virginiana]]'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]]</small> - Virginia strawberry ([[North America]])

===Decaploid species and hybrids===
*''[[Fragaria cascadensis]]'' <small>K.E. Hummer</small> (Cascade Mountains in [[Oregon]])<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Hummer |author-first=K.E. |date=2012 |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=276470 |title=A new species of Fragaria (Roseaceae) from Oregon |journal=Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |access-date=2012-06-10}}</ref>
*''[[Fragaria iturupensis]]'' <small>Staudt</small> - Iturup strawberry ([[Iturup]], [[Kuril Islands]])
*[[Fragaria × Comarum hybrids|''Fragaria'' × ''Comarum'' hybrids]]
*''[[Fragaria × vescana]]''

=== Polyploidy unknown ===

* ''[[Fragaria tayulinensis]]'' <small>S.S.Ying</small> (Taiwan)

===Uncategorized hybrids===
*'Lipstick' (''Fragaria'' × ''Comarum'' hybrid), red-flowered runnering ornamental, sparse small globular fruits.
*''[[Fragaria vesca]]'' and certain other diploid species can be hybridized and produce fertile offspring (although ''[[Fragaria nilgerrensis]]'' appears less compatible).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/130/3/418.full.pdf |title=Interspecific Hybridization of Fragaria vesca subspecies with F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis |first1=R.H. |last1=Bors |first2=J.A. |last2=Sullivan |date=2005 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=418–423|doi=10.21273/JASHS.130.3.418 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[[Fragaria moschata]]'' can hybridize with diploid species such as ''[[Fragaria viridis]]'' and ''[[Fragaria nubicola]]'' but producing a lower proportion of viable seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/31/4/610.2 |title=Production of Interspecific Hybrids between Hexaploid Fragaria moschata and the diploid species F. nubicola and F. viridis. |first1=Robert H. |last1=Bors |first2=J. Alan |last2=Sullivan |date=August 1996 |journal=HortScience|volume=31|issue=4|pages=610|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.31.4.610b |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[[Fragaria moschata]]'' can hybridize with [[Strawberry|''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa'']].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Karp |first=David |date=July 2006 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/berried-treasure-120534521 |title=Berried Treasure |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine }}</ref>

==Ecology==
A number of species of [[butterfly|butterflies]] and [[moth]]s feed on strawberry plants.{{facts|date=June 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Accessory fruit]]
* [[Mock strawberry]] (''Duchesnea''/''Potentilla'' ''indica'') and [[barren strawberry]] (''Potentilla sterilis'', ''Waldsteinia fragarioides'') are closely related species in other genera which resemble ''Fragaria''.
* [[Strawberry tree (disambiguation)]] is a name for several trees that are unrelated to strawberry.
* [[The breeding of strawberries]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Hogan, Sean (chief consultant) (2003), ''Flora: A Gardener's Encyclopedia'', Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. {{ISBN|0-88192-538-1}}.

==External links==
*[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx?Fragaria Species records in the database (for the query: '''genus''' = ''Fragaria'')] from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System website

{{fragaria}}

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[[Category:Fragaria| ]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Stoloniferous plants]]
[[Category:Rosaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]