Editing Fra Bartolomeo

{{Short description|Italian Renaissance painter (1472–1517)}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Fra Bartolomeo
| image = File:Fra bartolomeo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = {{lower|0.15em|Presumed portrait of Fra Bartolomeo}}
| birth_name = Baccio della Porta
| birth_date = 28 March 1472
| birth_place = [[Savignano di Prato]], [[Tuscany]]
| death_date = 31 October 1517 (aged 45)
| death_place = [[Florence]]
}}

[[File:Fra bartolomeo 02 Vision of St Bernard with Sts Benedict and John the Evangelist.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|''[[Apparition of the Virgin to St Bernard (Fra Bartolomeo)|Apparition of the Virgin to St Bernard]]'' (1504–1507), [[Uffizi]]]]
'''Fra Bartolomeo''' or '''Bartolommeo''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Dominican Order|OP]]}} ({{IPAc-en|uk|ˌ|b|ɑːr|t|ɒ|l|ə|ˈ|m|eɪ|oʊ}}, {{IPAc-en|us|-|t|oʊ|l|-}}, {{IPA|it|bartolo(m)ˈmɛːo|lang}}; 28 March 1472&nbsp;– 31 October 1517), also known as '''Bartolommeo di Pagholo''',{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=451}} '''Bartolommeo di San Marco''',{{sfn|Baynes|1878|p=194}} '''Bartolomeo di Paolo di Jacopo del Fattorino''', and his original nickname '''Baccio della Porta''',{{sfn|Baynes|1878|p=194}} was an [[Italian Renaissance painter]] of religious subjects. He spent all his career in [[Florence]] until his mid-forties, when he travelled to work in various cities, as far south as Rome. He trained with [[Cosimo Rosselli]] and in the 1490s fell under the influence of [[Girolamo Savonarola|Savonarola]], which led him to become a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friar]] in 1500, renouncing painting for several years. Typically his paintings are of static groups of figures in subjects such as the Virgin and Child with Saints.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11814265|title=Oxford illustrated encyclopedia|date=1985–1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Judge, Harry George., Toyne, Anthony.|isbn=0-19-869129-7|location=Oxford [England]|pages=37|oclc=11814265}}</ref>

He was instructed to resume painting for the benefit of his order in 1504, and then developed an idealized [[High Renaissance]] style, seen in his ''Vision of St Bernard'' of that year, now in poor condition but whose "figures and drapery move with a seraphic grace that must have struck the young [[Raphael]] with the force of revelation".{{sfn|Hartt|1987|p=477}} He remained friends with Raphael, and each influenced the other.

His portrait of Savonarola remains the best known image of the reformer. Fra Bartolomeo painted both in oils and fresco, and some of his drawings are pure landscape sketches that are the earliest of this type from any Italian artist.

{{anchor|Biography|History}}

==Life==
[[Image:Bartolommeo, Fra ~ The Holy Family with the Infant St John in a Landscape.jpg|thumb|right|''Holy Family with the Infant St John'']]
He was born in [[Savignano di Prato]], [[Tuscany]]. He received the nickname of Baccio della Porta ("Baccio of the Gate"), for his house was near the Gate of San Pier Gattolini.{{refn|group=n|"Baccio" is an [[Italian diminutive]] for "[[Bartolommeo (name)|Bartolommeo]]".}}

Starting from 1483 or 1484, by recommendation of [[Benedetto da Maiano]], he apprenticed in the workshop of [[Cosimo Rosselli]]. In 1490 or 1491 he began a collaboration with [[Mariotto Albertinelli]]. In the late 1490s, Baccio was drawn to the teachings of [[Girolamo Savonarola|Fra Girolamo Savonarola]], who denounced what he viewed as vain and corrupt contemporary art. Savonarola argued for art serving as a direct visual illustration of the [[Bible]] to educate those unable to read the book. From 1498 is his famous portrait of Savonarola, now in the [[Museo Nazionale di San Marco]] in Florence. The following year he was commissioned a fresco of the ''Universal Judgement'' for the [[Ospedale di Santa Maria Nuova]], completed by Albertinelli and [[Giuliano Bugiardini]] when Baccio became a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friar]] on 26 July 1500. The following year he entered the convent of San Marco.

He renounced painting for several years, not resuming until 1504 when he became the head of the monastery workshop in obedience to his superior. In that year he began a ''Vision of St. Bernard'' for Bernardo Bianco's family chapel in the [[Badia Fiorentina]], finished in 1507. Soon thereafter, [[Raphael]] visited Florence and befriended the friar. Bartolomeo learned perspective from the younger artist, while Raphael added skills in coloring and handling of drapery, which was noticeable in the works he produced after their meeting. With Raphael, he remained on the friendliest terms, and when he departed from Rome, left in his hands two unfinished pictures which Raphael completed.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=451}}

At the beginning of 1508, Bartolomeo moved to [[Venice]] to paint a ''Holy Father, St. Mary Magdalene and St. Catherine of Siena'' for the Dominicans of [[San Pietro Martire, Murano|San Pietro Martire]] in [[Murano]], influenced somewhat by Venetian colorism. As the Dominicans did not pay for the work, he took it back to [[Lucca]], where it can be seen now. Also in Lucca, in October 1509, he painted with Albertinelli an altarpiece of the ''Madonna and Child with Saints'' for the [[Cathedral of Lucca|local cathedral]]. On 26 November 1510 [[Pier Soderini]] commissioned him an altarpiece for the Sala del Consiglio of Florence, now in the Museum of San Marco. Two years later he finished another altarpiece  for the [[Besançon Cathedral|cathedral]] of [[Besançon]].

In 1513, he went to Rome, where he painted a ''Peter and Paul'', now in the [[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], while from the following years are the ''[[Mark the Evangelist|St. Mark Evangelist]]'' of [[Palazzo Pitti]] in Florence and the frescoes in the Dominican convent of Pian di Mugnone, a [[frazione]] of [[Fiesole]], just outside Florence. After a promised ''Feast of Venus'' for Duke [[Alfonso I d'Este]] of [[Ferrara]], of which only drawings remain, his last work is a fresco of ''[[Noli me tangere]]'' also in Pian di Mugnone.
[[File:Fra bartolomeo 03 Christ with the Four Evangelists.jpg|thumbnail|Fra Bartolomeo: ''Christ with the [[Four Evangelists]]'']]

He died in Florence in 1517.

==Works==
===Style===
[[File:Grablegung Christi (1516) - Fra Bartolomeo (Palazzo Pitti, Florence).jpg|thumb|''Pietà'' (1516). [[Palazzo Pitti]], Florence.]]
[[File:Fra Bartolomeo - The Adoration of the Christ Child (detail) - WGA01358.jpg|thumb|''The Adoration of the Christ Child'' (detail)]]
Initially, his works showed the influence of Rosselli's assistant, [[Piero di Cosimo]], and those of [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] and [[Filippino Lippi]]. After his hiatus from 1500 to 1503, he seemed to change vision, taking from Raphael the representation of light and its effects over moving shapes.

Fra Bartolomeo's figures are generally small and draped. These qualities were alleged against him as defects, and to prove that his style was not the result of want of power, he painted the magnificent figure of the ''St Mark Evangelist'' (ranked as his masterpiece), and the undraped figure of [[Saint Sebastian]]. It is alleged that the latter was felt to be so strongly expressive of suffering and agony, that it was found necessary to remove it from the place where it had been exhibited in the chapel of a convent.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=451}}

Fra Bartolomeo's compositions are remarkable for skill in the massing of light and shade, richness and delicacy of colouring, and for the admirable drapery of the figures, Bartolomeo having been the first to introduce and use the lay-figure with joints.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=451}}

Among his pupils were Cecchino del Frate, Benedetto Ciamfanini, Gabriel Rustici, [[Ridolfo Ghirlandaio]] (the son of [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]]), and [[Fra Paolo Pistolese]].<ref>Vasari, ''Vite, Terza Parte''.</ref>

===Pieces==
*''Pugliese Tabernacle,'' (c. 1497–1499), [[Uffizi]], Florence
*''Assumption of Mary'' (1508) - Oil on canvas, Kaiser – Friedrich – Museum, [[Berlin]] (destroyed in 1945)
*''Madonna in Glory with Saints'' (1512, with [[Mariotto Albertinelli|Albertinelli]]) - Oil on canvas, [[Besançon Cathedral|Cathedral]] of [[Besançon]]
*''Holy Conversation'' (1512) - Oil on canvas, 
*''Christ Supported by Two Angels'' (c. 1514) - Oil on canvas, [[Casa Vasari, Arezzo]]
*''St. Sebastian'' (1515) - Oil on canvas, Alaffre Collection, [[Pézenas]], [[France]]

<gallery class="center" widths="154px" perrow="4" caption="Religious works" heights="154px">
image:Fra' Bartolomeo della Porta, Tabernacolo del Pugliese, c. 1497-99, Uffizi.jpg|''Tabernacolo del Pugliese'' (c. 1497–1499), [[Uffizi]], Florence
Image:Bartolommeo, Fra ~ Annunciation, 1500, oil tempera on wood, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.jpg|''Annunciation,'' outer panels of the tabernacle in [[grisaille]]
Image:Fra Bartolomeo 007.jpg|''[[Presentation of Christ in the Temple (Fra Bartolomeo)|Scene with Christ in the Temple]]'' (1516), [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna
Image:Fra Bartolomeo 004.jpg|''Madonna in Glory with Saints'', 1512, with [[Mariotto Albertinelli|Albertinelli]], [[Besançon Cathedral]] 
File:Fra bartolomeo, dio padre lucca.jpg|''God the Father with Sts [[Catherine of Siena]] and Mary Magdalene'', [[National Museum of Villa Guinigi]]
File:Fra bartolomeo, cristo cornato di spine.jpg|''Christ Crowned with Thorns''
File:Fra bartolomeo, giobbe.jpg|''[[Job (biblical figure)|Job]]''
</gallery>
<gallery class="center" widths="133px" perrow="4" heights="168px" caption="Portraits, details">
File:Girolamo Savonarola.jpg|''[[Girolamo Savonarola]]''
File:Thomas Aquinas by Fra Bartolommeo.jpg|''[[Thomas Aquinas]]''
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Baccio della Porta |volume=3  |page=194 }}
* {{citation |last=Hartt |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick Hartt |title=History of Italian Renaissance Art |edition=2nd |year=1987 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0500235104}}
* {{citation |last=Vaughan |first=William |title=Encyclopedia of Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc. |year=2000 | isbn=0-19-521572-9 }}.

'''Attribution:'''
* {{EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Bartolommeo di Pagholo, Fra |volume=3 |page=124 }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.artist-biography.info/artist/fra_bartolommeo/ Biography from Artist-Biography.info]
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/97318 Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Drawings and Prints]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes material on Fra Bartolomeo (see index)

{{Fra Bartolomeo}}
{{High Renaissance}}
{{Portal bar|Painting|Visual arts}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bartolomeo, Fra}}
[[Category:1472 births]]
[[Category:1517 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Prato]]
[[Category:15th-century Italian painters]]
[[Category:Italian male painters]]
[[Category:16th-century Italian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Tuscany]]
[[Category:Italian Renaissance painters]]
[[Category:Italian Dominicans]]
[[Category:Catholic painters]]
[[Category:Dominican Order in Florence]]
[[Category:Friars of San Marco, Florence]]