Editing Fountain pen

{{short description|Writing implement with nib and internal ink reservoir}}
[[File:Fountain pen writing (literacy).jpg|thumb|Close-up of traditional fountain pen with an [[iridium|iridium-tipped]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dart |first=Phil |date=June 2020 |title=All about IPG fountain pen nibs - they are not all what you might think |url=https://www.beaufortink.co.uk/blog/all-about-ipg-fountain-pen-nibs-they-are-not-all-what-you-might-think |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.beaufortink.co.uk}} 'Iridium-tipped' is now used as a generic term to refer to any tipped nib regardless of the material used. The majority of nibs now called 'iridium-tipped' contain little, if any, actual iridium.</ref> stainless steel nib]]
[[File:Lamy Nexx M, Lamy Vista, Gama Supreme.png|thumb|Modern, [[Demonstrator pen|demonstrator]], and traditional fountain pens]]
[[File:Different fountain pens.jpg|thumb|Various contemporary and vintage fountain pens (left to right):{{bulleted list|[[Pilot Justus 95]]|[[Pelikan Souverän M1000]]|[[Montblanc Meisterstück 149]]|[[Pilot Heritage 912]]|[[Parker Duofold Centennial]]|[[Sheaffer Snorkel Admiral]]|[[Lamy Dialog 3]]|[[Welty]]|[[Parker Sonnet]]|[[Conway Stewart 55]]|[[Waterman Thorobred]]|[[Mabie Todd Swan 3220]]}}]]

A '''fountain pen''' is a [[writing instrument]] that uses a metal [[nib (pen)|nib]] to apply [[Fountain pen ink|water-based ink]], or special pigment ink—suitable for fountain pens—to paper. It is distinguished from earlier [[dip pen]]s by using an internal reservoir to hold ink, eliminating the need to repeatedly dip the pen in an [[inkwell]] during use. The [[pen]] draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib and deposits the ink on paper via a combination of gravity and [[capillary action]]. Filling the reservoir with ink may be achieved manually, via the use of an [[eyedropper]] or [[syringe]], or via an internal filling mechanism that creates suction (for example, through a piston mechanism) or a [[vacuum]] to transfer ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens employ removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==History==

===Early prototypes of reservoir pens===
According to [[Qadi al-Nu'man]] al-Tamimi ({{died in|974}}) in his ''Kitab al-Majalis wa 'l-musayarat'', the [[Fatimid]] [[caliph]] [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah]] in [[History of Arab Egypt|Arab Egypt]] demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir, allowing it to be held upside-down without leaking.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Journal of Semitic Studies]]|volume=26|issue=1|year=1981|pages=229–234|title=A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth|quote= ...not more than a few days passed before the craftsman, to whom the construction of this contrivance had been described, brought in the pen, fashioned from gold. He then filled it with ink and wrote with it, and it really did write. The pen released a little more ink than was necessary. Hence al-Mu'izz ordered that it should be adjusted slightly, and he did this. He brought forward the pen and behold, it turned out to be a pen which can be turned upside down in the hand and tipped from side to side, and no trace of ink appears from it. When a secretary takes up the pen and writes with it, he is able to write in the most elegant script that could possibly be desired; then, when he lifts the pen off the sheet of writing material, it holds in the ink. I observed that it was a wonderful piece of work, the like of which I had never imagined I would ever see.|doi=10.1093/jss/26.2.229}}</ref>

There is compelling evidence that a working fountain pen was constructed and used during the [[Renaissance]] by artist and inventor [[Leonardo da Vinci]]. Leonardo's journals contain drawings with cross-sections of what appears to be a reservoir pen that works by both gravity and capillary action. Historians also took note of the fact that the handwriting in the inventor's surviving journals is of a consistent contrast throughout, rather than exhibiting the characteristic fading pattern typical of a quill pen caused by expending and re-dipping. While no physical item survives, several working models were reconstructed in 2011 by artist Amerigo Bombara that have since been put on display in museums dedicated to Leonardo.<ref name="tusc_Lape">{{cite news | title = La penna di Leonardo alla sala regia | website = Tusciaweb.eu | date = September 7, 2011 | access-date = 2016-11-09 | url = http://www.tusciaweb.eu/2011/09/la-penna-di-leonardo-alla-sala-regia/ | language = it | archive-date = 2013-08-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801103126/http://www.tusciaweb.eu/2011/09/la-penna-di-leonardo-alla-sala-regia/ | url-status = live }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2023}}

[[File:Patent fountain pen.png|left|thumb|An early fountain pen patent awarded by the French Government to the [[Romanians|Romanian]] inventor [[Petrache Poenaru]] on 25 May 1827]]

[[Image:US68445.png|left|thumb|M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received {{US Patent|68445}} in 1867 for an ink chamber and delivery system in the handle of the fountain pen]]

===European reservoir models===
[[Image:Schwenter - Deliciae physico-mathematicae oder Mathemat. und philosophische Erquickstunden, 1636 - 4696404.tif|thumb|''Deliciae physico-mathematicae'', 1636]]
The fountain pen was available in Europe in the 17th century and is shown by contemporary references. In ''Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae'' (a 1636 magazine), [[Germans|German]] inventor [[Daniel Schwenter]] described a pen made from two [[quill]]s. One quill served as a reservoir for [[ink]] inside the other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill with [[cork (material)|cork]]. Ink was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point.<ref>Schwenter, Daniel, ''Deliciae physico-mathematicae'' … (Nürnberg, (Germany): Jeremias Dümler, 1636), vol. 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wINSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA519 pp. 519–520]  ''"Die III Auffgab. Ein schön Secret, eine Feder zu zurichten, welche Dinten hält, und so viel lässet als man bedürfftig."'' (The third exercise. A nice secret: to prepare a pen which holds ink and lets [flow] as much as one requires. [with illustration])</ref> In 1663 [[Samuel Pepys]] referred to a metal pen "to carry ink".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pepys|first1=Samuel|title=Diary entries from August 1663 (Pepys' Diary)|date=August 1663|publisher=Samuel Pepys|url=http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=19 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019052127/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/|url-status=live}}</ref> Noted Maryland historian Hester Dorsey Richardson (1862–1933) documented a reference to "three silver fountain pens, worth 15 shillings" in England during the reign of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], c. 1649–1685.<ref name="Hester Dorsey Richardson 1913, pp. 216-217">{{Cite book|first=Hester Dorsey|last= Richardson|chapter=Chapter XLVII: The Fountain Pen in the Time of Charles II |title=Side-lights on Maryland History, with Sketches of Early Maryland Families|publisher=Williams & Wilkins Co.|location= Baltimore, Md.|year=1913|pages= 216–17|isbn=0-8063-1468-0}}</ref> By the early 18th century such pens were already commonly known as "fountain pens".<ref>Matthew Henry, ''Commentary on the Whole Bible'', Zechariah iv. 2 (1710), describing a type of self-replenishing oil lamp: "Without any further Care they [i.e. the lamps] received Oil as fast as they wasted it, ('as in those which we call Fountain Inkhorns, or Fountain Pens')".</ref> Hester Dorsey Richardson also found a 1734 notation made by Robert Morris the elder in the ledger of the expenses of [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris the younger]], who was at the time in [[Philadelphia]], for "one fountain pen".<ref name="Hester Dorsey Richardson 1913, pp. 216-217"/> Perhaps the best-known reference, however, is that of [[Nicholas Bion]] (1652–1733), whose illustrated description of a "plume sans fin" was published in 1709 in his treatise published in English in 1723 as "The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments". The earliest datable pen of the form described by Bion is inscribed 1702, while other examples bear French hallmarks as late as the early 19th century.

===First patents===
Progress in developing a reliable pen was slow until the mid-19th century because of an imperfect understanding of the role that air pressure plays in the operation of pens. Furthermore, most inks were highly corrosive and full of sedimentary inclusions. The first English patent for a fountain pen was issued in May 1809 to Frederick Fölsch, with a patent covering (among other things) an improved fountain pen feed issued to Joseph Bramah in September 1809.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} John Scheffer's patent of 1819 was the first design to see commercial success, with a number of surviving examples of his "Penographic" known. Another noteworthy pioneer design was John Jacob Parker's, patented in 1832 – a self-filler with a screw-operated piston.<ref name="Vintage Pens Website">{{cite web|title=Who Invented The Fountain Pen?|url=http://www.vintagepens.com/FAQhistory/who_invented_fountain_pen.shtml|website=Vintage Pens|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111232738/https://www.vintagepens.com/FAQhistory/who_invented_fountain_pen.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Romania]]n inventor [[Petrache Poenaru]] received a French [[patent]] on May 25, 1827, for the invention of a fountain pen with a barrel made from a large swan quill.<ref name="Best Fountain Pen">{{cite web|title=Who Invented The Fountain Pen?|url=https://www.bestfountainpen.com/who-invented-the-fountain-pen|publisher=Best Fountain Pen|access-date=27 July 2016|date=2015-01-05|archive-date=2016-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007031251/https://www.bestfountainpen.com/who-invented-the-fountain-pen/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Mass-manufactured nibs===
In 1828, [[Josiah Mason]] improved a cheap and efficient slip-in [[Nib (pen)|nib]] in [[Birmingham]], England, which could be added to a fountain pen and in 1830, with the invention of a new machine, [[Joseph Gillott|William Joseph Gillott]], William Mitchell, and James Stephen Perry devised a way to mass manufacture robust, cheap steel [[pen nib]]s ([[Perry & Co.]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Perry and Co|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Perry_and_Co|website=Grace's Guide|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703134218/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Perry_and_Co|url-status=live}}</ref> This boosted the [[Birmingham pen trade]] and by the 1850s, more than half the steel-nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham. Thousands of skilled craftsmen were employed in the industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birmingham Heritage|url=http://www.birminghamheritage.org.uk/pentrade.html|website=www.birminghamheritage.org.uk|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210215601/http://www.birminghamheritage.org.uk/pentrade.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected, enabling the city's factories to mass-produce their pens cheaply and efficiently. These were sold worldwide to many who previously could not afford to write, thus encouraging the development of education and literacy.<ref>{{cite journal |date=22 February 1851 |title=The Manufacture of Steel Pens in Birmingham |journal=[[The Illustrated London News]] |volume=18 |issue=471}}</ref>

===New patents and inventions===
In 1848, American inventor Azel Storrs Lyman patented a pen with "a combined holder and nib".<ref>''The Times'' (London, England), 15 September 1885, p. 6: Obituary</ref> In 1849 Scottish inventor [[Robert William Thomson]] invented the refillable fountain pen.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Engineer - Late, great engineers: Robert William Thomson - of aerial wheels and fountain pens |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/in-depth/late-great-engineers-robert-william-thomson-of-aerial-wheels-and-fountain-pens/ |website=The Engineer |language=en |date=18 January 2023}}</ref> From the 1850s, there was a steadily accelerating stream of fountain pen [[patent]]s and pens in production. However, it was only after three key inventions were in place that the fountain pen became a widely popular writing instrument. Those were the [[iridium]]-tipped [[gold]] nib, [[Ebonite|hard rubber]], and free-flowing ink.<ref name="Best Fountain Pen" />

[[Image:SafetyDemoRJJ PD.jpg|thumb|Waterman 42 Safety Pen, with variation in materials (both red and black hard vulcanized rubbers or [[ebonite]]) and retracting nibs]]
[[Image:Duofold.jpg|thumb|60px|[[The Parker Pen Company|Parker]] [[Duofold]], c. 1924]]

The first fountain pens making use of all these key ingredients appeared in the 1850s. In the 1870s Duncan MacKinnon, a Canadian living in New York City, and [[A. T. Cross Company|Alonzo T. Cross]] of Providence, Rhode Island, created stylographic pens with a hollow, tubular nib and a wire acting as a valve.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stylographic Pens|url=http://www.vintagepens.com/stylos.shtml|website=Vintage Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812093737/http://www.vintagepens.com/stylos.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ|title=Scientific American, "Fountain Pens"|date=1878-08-10|publisher=Munn & Company|pages=80|language=en}}</ref> Stylographic pens are now used mostly for drafting and technical drawing but were very popular in the decade beginning in 1875. In the 1880s the era of the [[mass production|mass-produced]] fountain pen finally began. The dominant American producers in this pioneer era were [[Waterman pens|Waterman]], of [[New York City]], and Wirt, based in [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania]]. Waterman soon outstripped Wirt, along with many companies that sprang up to fill the new and growing fountain pen market. Waterman remained the market leader until the early 1920s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Significant Pens of the Twentieth Century|url=http://www.richardspens.com/ref/misc/significant.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820183604/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/misc/significant.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

At this time, fountain pens were almost all filled by unscrewing a portion of the hollow barrel or holder and inserting the ink by means of a dropper – a slow and messy procedure. Pens also tended to leak inside their caps and at the joint where the barrel opened for filling.<ref name="dropper">{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Filling System Histories: Here's Mud in Your Eye(dropper)|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/ed.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820160516/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/ed.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Now that the materials' problems had been overcome and the flow of ink while writing had been regulated, the next problems to be solved were the creation of a simple, convenient self-filler and the problem of leakage. Self-fillers began to gain in popularity around the turn of the century; the most successful of these was probably the Conklin crescent-filler, followed by A. A. Waterman's twist-filler.<ref>{{cite web|title=Filling Instructions: Twist-Fillers|url=http://www.vintagepens.com/filling_instructions_twist-fillers.shtml|website=Vintage Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727232826/http://www.vintagepens.com/filling_instructions_twist-fillers.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Crescent Filler|url=http://www.hisnibs.com/crescent.htm|website=His Nibs|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810181614/http://www.hisnibs.com/crescent.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The tipping point, however, was the runaway success of Walter A. Sheaffer's lever-filler, introduced in 1912,<ref name="Binder Lever">{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Filling System Histories: Lever Look Back|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/lever.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820154219/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/lever.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> paralleled by Parker's roughly contemporary button-filler.

===Pen leakage===
Meanwhile, many inventors turned their attention to the problem of leakage.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Fillers: Wring It Out!|url=http://www.richardspens.com/ref/fillers/twist.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929062831/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/fillers/twist.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the earliest solutions to this problem came in the form of a "safety" pen with a retractable point that allowed the ink reservoir to be corked like a bottle. Horton, Moore, and Caw's were the earliest makers of such pens, all starting in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Safety Pens|url=http://www.vintagepens.com/safety_pens.shtml|website=Vintage Pens|access-date=2016-07-26|archive-date=2016-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812133147/http://www.vintagepens.com/safety_pens.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1898, [[George Safford Parker]] released the [[Parker Jointless]], so named because its barrel was single-piece with no section joint to leak and stain the writer's fingers. The nib and feed assembly fit into the barrel's end like a cork stopper.<ref>{{cite web|title=Middle-Joint, End-Joint & 'Jointless' Eyedroppers|url=https://www.vintagepens.com/middle-joint_eyedroppers.shtml|website=www.vintagepens.com|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307205609/https://www.vintagepens.com/middle-joint_eyedroppers.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:"Waterman's ideal fountain pen" 1908 ad - from, The World almanac and encyclopedia (IA worldalmanacency1908newy) (page 20 crop).jpg|thumb|"Waterman's ideal fountain pen" 1908 ad]]
In 1908, Waterman began marketing a popular safety pen of its own.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waterman Safeties|url=http://www.vintagepens.com/Waterman_safeties.shtml|website=Vintage Pens|access-date=2016-07-26|archive-date=2016-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812103350/http://www.vintagepens.com/Waterman_safeties.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> For pens with non-retractable nibs, the adoption of screw-on caps with inner caps that sealed around the nib by bearing against the front of the section effectively solved the leakage problem (such pens were also marketed as "safety pens", as with the Parker Jack-Knife Safety and the Swan Safety Screw-Cap).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Design Features: Safety Pens|url=http://www.richardspens.com/ref/design/safeties.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812184515/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/design/safeties.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Mabie Todd Swan Safety Screw Cap Eyedropper Filler|url=https://goodwriterspens.com/2011/05/07/the-mabie-todd-swan-safety-screw-cap-eyedropper-filler/|website=Good Writers' Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|date=7 May 2011|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816212438/https://goodwriterspens.com/2011/05/07/the-mabie-todd-swan-safety-screw-cap-eyedropper-filler/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Further innovation===
[[File:Mabie Todd SWAN 172-52.jpg|thumb|Lever filler pen made of celluloid by Mabie Todd & Co. New York (1927)]]

In Europe, the German office supplies company Gunther Wagner, founded in 1838, introduced their [[Pelikan]] in 1929, the first modern screw piston-filling fountain pen.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Propas|first1=Rick|title=The PENguin – Pelikan, Parker and Other High Quality Fountain Pens|url=http://www.thepenguinpen.com/pelikan/pelikan_history.jsp|website=The PENguin|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726185620/http://www.thepenguinpen.com/pelikan/pelikan_history.jsp|archive-date=2016-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was based upon the acquisition of patents for solid-ink fountain pens from the [[Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co.|factory]] of [[Slavoljub Penkala]] from [[Croatia]] (patented 1907, in mass production since 1911), and the patent of the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] Theodor Kovacs for the modern piston filler by 1925.<ref>{{cite web|title=1929–1950 – The piston filling mechanism – Pelikan|url=http://www.pelikan.com/pulse/Pulsar/en_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699./the-piston-filling-mechanism|website=Pelikan|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828191709/http://www.pelikan.com/pulse/Pulsar/en_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699./the-piston-filling-mechanism|url-status=live}}</ref>

The decades that followed saw many technological innovations in the manufacture of fountain pens. [[Celluloid]] gradually replaced hard [[rubber]], which enabled production in a much wider range of colors and designs.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nishimura|first1=David|title=What is celluloid, and why is it not the same as cellulose nitrate/nitrocellulose?|url=https://www.vintagepens.com/FAQmfr/celluloid.shtml|website=Vintage Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812112154/http://www.vintagepens.com/FAQmfr/celluloid.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, manufacturers experimented with new filling systems. The inter-war period saw the introduction of some of the most notable models, such as the [[The Parker Pen Company|Parker]] [[Duofold]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Parker Pens Penography: DUOFOLD|url=http://parkerpens.net/duofold.html|website=Parker Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807185120/http://www.parkerpens.net/duofold.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Parker Vacumatic|Vacumatic]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=The Parker Vacumatic|url=http://www.richardspens.com/ref/profiles/vac.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=22 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722230429/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/profiles/vac.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Sheaffer's Lifetime Balance series,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Sheaffer's Balance|url=http://www.richardspens.com/ref/profiles/balance.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711154923/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/profiles/balance.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Pelikan 100.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dating a Pelikan|url=https://thepelikansperch.com/database/dating-a-pelikan/|website=The Pelikan's Perch|access-date=27 July 2016|date=25 August 2014|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818002747/https://thepelikansperch.com/database/dating-a-pelikan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the 1940s and 1950s, fountain pens retained their dominance: early [[ballpoint pen]]s were expensive, were prone to leaks and had irregular inkflow, while the fountain pen continued to benefit from the combination of mass production and craftsmanship. (Bíró's patent, and other early patents on ball-point pens often used the term "ball-point fountain pen," because at the time the ball-point pen was considered a type of fountain pen; that is, a pen that held ink in an enclosed reservoir.)<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the pen|url=http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/history.html|website=Rick Conner|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503114401/http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
This period saw the launch of innovative models such as the [[Parker 51]], the [[Aurora (pen manufacturer)|Aurora]] 88, the Sheaffer Snorkel, and the Eversharp Skyline, while the [[Esterbrook]] J series of lever-fill models with interchangeable steel nibs offered inexpensive reliability to the masses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sheaffer Snorkel 1952–1959|url=http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferSnorkel.htm|website=Pen Hero|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809215347/http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferSnorkel.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=J Series Pens|url=http://www.esterbrook.net/j.shtml|website=Esterbrook|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=29 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729045845/http://www.esterbrook.net/j.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Popular usage===
[[File:Lamy 2000 fountain pen, EF semi hooded nib.jpg|thumb|[[Lamy]] 2000 piston filler made of polycarbonate and stainless steel, launched in 1966 and still in production]]

By the 1960s, refinements in ballpoint pen production gradually ensured its dominance over the fountain pen for casual use.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pens – Overview|url=http://www.collectorsweekly.com/pens/overview|website=Collectors Weekly|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727003603/http://www.collectorsweekly.com/pens/overview|url-status=live}}</ref> Although cartridge-filler fountain pens are still in common use in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, India, and the United Kingdom, and are widely used by young students in most private schools in England, at least one private school in Scotland,  and public elementary schools in Germany,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pidd |first1=Helen |title=German teachers campaign to simplify handwriting in schools |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/29/germany-teachers-handwriting-schools-schreibschrift |website=Guardian |date=29 June 2011 |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130111433/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/29/germany-teachers-handwriting-schools-schreibschrift |url-status=live }}</ref> a few modern manufacturers (especially [[Conway Stewart]], [[Montblanc (company)|Montblanc]], [[Graf von Faber-Castell]], and [[Visconti (company)|Visconti]]) now depict the fountain pen as a collectible item or a [[status symbol]], rather than an everyday writing tool.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Buying Fountain Pens, Splurging (a Little) Is Totally Worth It|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/09/fountain-pen-hi-low/|access-date=27 July 2016|magazine=Wired|publisher=Condé Nast|date=September 2014|archive-date=20 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720211839/http://www.wired.com/2014/09/fountain-pen-hi-low|url-status=live}}</ref> However, fountain pens continue to have a growing following among many who view them as superior writing instruments due to their relative smoothness and versatility. Retailers continue to sell fountain pens and inks for casual and calligraphic use. During the 2010s, fountain pens have made a resurgence, with some retailers, such as [[Goulet pens|Goulet Pens]], saying it is because of renewed consumer interest in analog products.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cacciola |first=Scott |date=1 March 2024 |title=Intrigue, Ink and Drama Grip the Fountain Pen Community |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/01/style/lamy-dark-lilac-ink.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240923151825/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/01/style/lamy-dark-lilac-ink.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=31 Oct 2024 |work=The New York Times |quote=the regal fountain pen... has enjoyed a modest resurgence in recent years.}}</ref> This has led to a new wave of casual use fountain pens and custom ink manufacturers, who utilize online stores to easily sell fountain pens to a wider audience.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18071830|title=Why are fountain pen sales rising?|last=Brocklehurst|first=Steven|date=2012-05-22|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-08-24|language=en-GB|archive-date=2017-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824051703/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18071830|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Feed==
The feed of a fountain pen is the component that connects the nib of the pen with its ink reservoir.<ref name="explain">{{cite web|title=How Fountain Pens Work|url=http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-fountain-pens-work.html|website=Explain That Stuff|date=21 January 2011|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425172219/https://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-fountain-pens-work.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It not only allows the ink to flow to the nib (in what is often described as a "controlled leak") but also regulates the amount of air flowing backwards up to the reservoir to replace this lost ink.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Feeds: Revolution, Evolution, and Devolution|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/feeds/evolution.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820172457/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/feeds/evolution.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The feed uses a series of narrow channels or "fissures" that run down its lower edge. As ink flows down these fissures, air is simultaneously allowed to flow upwards into the reservoir in an even exchange of volumes. The feed allows ink to flow when the pen is being put to paper but ensures ink does not flow when the pen is not in use. The feed makes use of capillary action; this is noticeable when a pen is refilled with a brightly coloured ink. The ink is taken up and into the feed by way of capillary action (and is often visible in clear demonstrator pens), but is not dispensed onto the paper until the nib makes contact.<ref name="explain" />

How the feed is shaped may determine the wetness and flow of a particular pen. For this reason, feed material alone and its surface roughness may have a significant effect on the way two pens of the same nib size write.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gilmour|first1=Jono|title=Fountain Pen Guide Series, Session 1: Nibs, Feeds, and How They Come Together|url=http://www.pentorium.com/2012/08/25/fountain-pen-guide-series-session-1-nibs-feeds-and-how-they-come-together/|website=Pentorium|date=25 August 2012|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=2 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802030948/http://www.pentorium.com/2012/08/25/fountain-pen-guide-series-session-1-nibs-feeds-and-how-they-come-together/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fountainpendesign.wordpress.com/the-feed/fountain-pen-feed-design-test-criteria/feeds-made-of-plastic/|title=Feeds made of Plastic|date=26 July 2016|website=Fountain Pen Design|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731192436/https://fountainpendesign.wordpress.com/the-feed/fountain-pen-feed-design-test-criteria/feeds-made-of-plastic/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pen feeds are crucial to preventing ink from dripping or leaking. Feeds often feature finned structures intended for buffering fountain pen ink. Buffering is the capacity to catch and temporarily hold an overflow of ink, caused by conditions other than writing. When a fountain pen nib receives such an overflow it will result in ink blobbing or dripping also known as burping. A pen with a misconfigured feed might fail to deposit any ink whatsoever.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Conner|first1=Rick|title=Construction of a fountain pen|url=http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/construction.html|website=Rick Conner|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812205955/http://www.rickconner.net/penspotters/construction.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Fiber feeds ===
Some fountain pens use a fiber wick underneath the nib. They often have a plastic part that looks like a feed that is only used to hold the fiber wick in place and does not assist with ink flow. The mechanism of action is like a felt pen, just with a fountain pen nib on top of it. The fiber feeds offer plenty of ink flow and can stay wet for extended periods. Cleaning fiber feed pens can require longer soaking in water.

==Nibs==
[[File:Visconti-detail-1.JPG|thumb|Detail of a Visconti stainless steel nib and feed with a finned ink buffering structure at its rear half]]
[[File:Tip of filler.jpg|right|thumb|Tip of a fountain pen nib]]

The modern fountain pen [[Nib (pen)|nib]] is a direct descendant of the iridium-tipped gold dip pen nibs of the 19th century. The earliest attempts at adding a hard and long-wearing tipping material to a gold nib utilized materials such as ruby.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book |first1=P. |last1=Mathur |first2=K. |last2=Mathur |first3=S. |last3=Mathur |title=Developments and Changes in Science Based Technologies |isbn=978-1-4828-1398-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mCEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |access-date=27 July 2016|date=2014-03-06 |publisher=Partridge }}</ref> A more successful approach exploited the discovery of the [[platinum group]] of metals, including [[ruthenium]], [[osmium]], and [[iridium]]. From the mid-1830s gold [[dip pen]] nibs tipped with iridium were produced in rapidly increasing quantities, first in England and soon thereafter in the United States.<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/> The first mass-produced fountain pens used gold nibs sourced from established makers of gold dip pen nibs, some of the most prominent being Mabie Todd, Fairchild, and Aikin Lambert. 
Today, nibs are usually made of [[stainless steel]] or [[gold]], with the most popular gold alloys being [[Carat (purity)|14 carat (58⅓%)]] and 18 carat (75%).<ref name="www.richardspens.com materials" /> [[Titanium]] is a less common metal used for making nibs. Gold is considered the optimum metal for its flexibility and its resistance to [[Galvanic series|corrosion]], although gold's corrosion resistance is less of an issue than in the past because of better stainless steel alloys and less corrosive inks.<ref name="www.richardspens.com materials">{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=To the Point: Nib Materials|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/materials.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820151729/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/materials.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Palladium]] alloys have been used occasionally in the past, usually as a money-saving alternative to white gold. As long as palladium remains more valuable than gold, however, it is unlikely to see much use for nib manufacture.

===Nib plating===
Further gold plating provides favorable [[Wetting|wettability]], which is the ability of a solid surface to reduce the [[surface tension]] of a liquid in contact with it such that it spreads over the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penheaven.co.uk/blog/steel-vs-gold-fountain-pen-nibs/|title=Steel vs. Gold Fountain Pen Nibs|website=Pen Heaven|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124043551/https://www.penheaven.co.uk/blog/steel-vs-gold-fountain-pen-nibs/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Nib tipping===
[[File:Pilot Parallel 2.4.jpg|thumb|The Pilot Parallel, an example of a type of an italic nib used in fountain pens, often used to create art and calligraphy. This pen has two flat plates that meet in the center in place of a traditional nib.]]

Gold and most steel and titanium nibs are tipped with a hard, wear-resistant alloy that typically includes metals from the platinum group. These metals share qualities of extreme hardness and corrosion resistance. The tipping material is often called "iridium", but few if any nib manufacturers have used tipping alloys containing iridium since the mid-1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nibs.com/article4.html|title=Where's the Iridium?|website=The Nibster|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801132835/http://www.nibs.com/article4.html|archive-date=1 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The metals osmium, [[rhenium]], ruthenium, and [[tungsten]] are used instead, generally as an alloy, produced as tiny pellets which are welded onto the nib's tip prior to cutting the nib slit and grinding the tip into its final shape.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nibs.com/article5.html|journal=The PENnant|volume=XIII|issue=2|date=1999|title=How can we talk about Iridium?|author=Mottishaw, J.|access-date=2016-12-05|archive-date=2016-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205042055/http://www.nibs.com/article5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Untipped steel and titanium points will wear more rapidly due to abrasion by the paper.<ref name="www.richardspens.com materials"/>

===Capillary action===
The nib usually has a tapering or parallel slit cut down its centre, to convey the ink down the nib by [[capillary action]], as well as a "breather hole" of varying shape.<ref name="Binder Nibs I"/> The breather hole's intended function is to allow air exchange with the ink reservoir through the channels of the feed, though some modern authorities believe this is a misconception and such venting is unnecessary. Some fountain pens come without a breather hole such as the Camlin Trinity, Monami Olika, Pelikan Pelikano, and Platinum Preppy. The breather hole's other main function is to provide an endpoint to the nib slit and an indexing point for slit cutting. The breather hole also acts as a [[Stress concentration#Prevention|stress relieving point]], preventing the nib from cracking longitudinally from the end of the slit as a result of repeated flexing during use.<ref name="explain" />

The nib narrows to a point where the ink is transferred to the paper. Extremely broad [[Western calligraphy|calligraphy]] pens may have several slits in the nib to increase ink flow and help distribute it evenly across the point, but such designs are more commonly found on dip pens. Nibs divided into three 'tines' are commonly known as music nibs. This is because their line, which can be varied from broad to fine, is suited for writing musical scores.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=To the Point: Making Music with a Pen|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/music.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514013226/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/music.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Types of nibs===
Although the most common nibs end in a round point of various sizes (extra fine, fine, medium, broad), various other nib shapes are available. Examples of this are double broad, music, oblique, reverse oblique, stub, italic, and 360-degree nibs.<ref name="Binder Nibs I">{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Nibs I: The Basics|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/nibs/primer.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=18 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718094031/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/nibs/primer.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Broader nibs are used for less precise emphasis, with the benefit of a greater level of ink shading, a property wherein ink pools in parts of a stroke to cause variations in color or sheen &ndash; where dyes in ink crystallize on a page instead of absorbing into the paper, which leads to a different color being seen on less absorbent paper due to thin film interference. Finer nibs (e.g. extra fine and fine) may be used for intricate corrections and alterations, at the expense of shading and sheen. Oblique, reverse oblique, stub, and italic nibs may be used for [[calligraphy|calligraphic]] purposes or for general handwritten compositions. The line width of a particular nib may vary based on its country of origin; Japanese nibs are often thinner in general.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=Personalizing a Fountain Pen: Nib, Filling Systems and Maintenance |url=https://www.jcccw.org/nikkei-news/2023/2/22/personalizing-a-fountain-pen-nib-filling-systems-and-maintenance#:~:text=As%20a%20general%20rule,%20Japanese,fine%20or%20medium%20fine%20nib. |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Japanese Cultural & Community Center of Washington Seattle |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Nib flexibility===
[[Flex nibs|Flexibility]] is a function of several factors. One is the nib material's resilience; another is its thickness. Finally there is the nib's shape, with longer tines offering more flexibility than short tines, while greater curvature increases stiffness.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grading Flex Nibs|url=http://www.vintagepen.net/grading-flex-nibs.html|website=VintagePen|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427121120/http://www.vintagepen.net/grading-flex-nibs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Contrary to common belief, material alone does not determine a nib's flexibility. Gold alloys of greater purity (18K, or 750/1000 gold) will on average be softer and less springy than alloys of lower purity (14K, or 585/1000 gold), but whatever the alloy its resilience can be altered considerably in manufacture by means of controlled work-hardening.<ref name="www.richardspens.com materials" />

[[Image:Swan nib.jpg|thumb|Mabie Todd Swan flexible 14k nib]]

Fountain pens dating from the first half of the 20th century are more likely to have flexible nibs, suited to the favored handwriting styles of the period (e.g. [[Copperplate script]] and [[Spencerian script]]). By the 1940s, writing preferences had shifted towards stiffer nibs that could withstand the greater pressure required for writing through [[carbon paper]] to create duplicate documents.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Rethinking The Value of Steel Nibs|url=http://www.richardspens.com/xf/2011/05.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426190014/http://www.richardspens.com/xf/2011/05.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Furthermore, competition between the major pen brands such as Parker and Waterman, and the introduction of lifetime guarantees, meant that flexible nibs could no longer be supported profitably. In countries where this rivalry was not present to the same degree, such as the UK and Germany, flexible nibs are more common.<ref name="gentleman">{{cite web|title=Fountain Pen Guide|url=https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/fountain-pen-guide/|website=Gentleman's Gazette|date=8 May 2015|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015410/https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/fountain-pen-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nowadays, stiff nibs are the norm as people exchange between fountain pens and other writing modes. These more closely emulate the ballpoint pens most modern writers are experienced with. Despite being rigid and firm, the idea that steel nibs write "horribly" is a misconception.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=To the Point: Steal the Steel|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=xf/2011/05.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820172945/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=xf/2011/05.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> More flexible nibs can be easily damaged if excessive pressure is applied to them. Ideally, a fountain pen's nib glides across the paper using the ink as a lubricant, and writing requires no pressure.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Good quality nibs that have been used appropriately are long lasting, often lasting longer than the lifetime of the original owner. Many vintage pens with decades-old nibs can still be used today.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Collect and Buy Vintage Fountain Pens|url=http://www.artofmanliness.com/2015/11/19/writing-with-history-how-to-collect-and-buy-vintage-fountain-pens/|website=The Art of Manliness|access-date=27 July 2016|date=19 November 2015|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312064300/https://www.artofmanliness.com/2015/11/19/writing-with-history-how-to-collect-and-buy-vintage-fountain-pens/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Image:Hero329nibsgal1.JPG|thumb|Hooded nib of a [[The Shanghai Hero Pen Company|Hero]] pen]]
[[Image:Parker 50 (falcon) nib.jpg|thumb|The Integral Nib of a Parker 50 (Falcon)]]

===Different nib styles===
Other styles of fountain pen nibs include hooded (e.g. [[Parker 51]], Parker 61,<ref>{{cite web |title=Parker 61 |url=https://parkerpens.net/parker61.html |website=ParkerPens.net |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730165204/https://parkerpens.net/parker61.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 2007 Parker 100,<ref>{{cite web |title=Parker 100 |url=https://parkerpens.net/parker100.html |website=ParkerPens.net |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027074540/https://parkerpens.net/parker100.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Lamy 2000,<ref>{{cite web |title=Lamy 2000 Fountain Pen |url=https://unsharpen.com/pen/lamy-2000-fountain-pen/ |website=Unsharpen.com |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731141819/https://unsharpen.com/pen/lamy-2000-fountain-pen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Hero 329),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=To the Point: Nibz 'n the Hood|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/hood.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820174817/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/ttp/hood.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Purpose of a Hooded Nib?|date=11 October 2017|url=https://blog.gouletpens.com/2017/10/what-is-purpose-of-hooded-nib/|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125071628/https://blog.gouletpens.com/2017/10/what-is-purpose-of-hooded-nib/|url-status=live}}</ref> inlaid (e.g. Sheaffer Targa or Sheaffer P.F.M) or integral Nib (Parker T-1, Falcon, and Pilot Myu 701), .<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Design Features: Integral Nibs|url=http://www.richardspens.com/ref/design/integral_nibs.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820155146/http://www.richardspens.com/ref/design/integral_nibs.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Users are often cautioned not to lend or borrow fountain pens as the nib "wears in" at an angle unique to each individual person.<ref name="gentleman" /> A different user is likely to find that a worn-in nib does not write satisfactorily in their hand and, furthermore, creates a second wear surface, ruining the nib for the original user. This, however, is not a point of concern in pens with modern, durable tipping material, as these pens take many years to develop any significant wear.<ref name="gentleman" />

==Filling mechanisms==
[[File:Fountain pens and converters.jpg|thumb|Left to Right: Gama Supreme eyedropper, [[Jinhao]] 159, and X750 using international standard converters or ink cartridges and Lamy Studio stainless and Nexx M using proprietary Lamy converters or ink cartridges]]
[[Image:Hero332inkfillerenl1.JPG|thumb|A squeeze filler by Hero]]

===Eyedropper filler===
The reservoirs of the earliest fountain pens were mostly filled by [[Pasteur pipette|eyedropper]] ("dropper" was the term used at the time). This could be messy, spurring development of so-called "self-filling" pens equipped with internal filling mechanisms.<ref name="dropper" /> Though self-fillers had largely displaced dropper-fillers by the 1920s, they never went out of production, and there has been a revival of interest in recent years. For some, the simplicity, reliability, and large ink capacity of the dropper-filler provide ample compensation for its inconveniences.<ref name="dropper" />

After the eyedropper-filler era came the first generation of mass-produced self-fillers, almost all using a rubber sac to hold the ink. The sac was compressed and then released by various mechanisms to fill the pen.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Filling System Histories: Capillary Pens – the Perfect Filler?|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/capillary.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=7 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001448/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/capillary.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Self-filling designs===
The Conklin crescent filler, introduced c. 1901, was one of the first mass-produced self-filling pen designs. The crescent-filling system employs an arch-shaped crescent attached to a rigid metal pressure bar, with the crescent portion protruding from the pen through a slot and the pressure bar inside the barrel. A second component, a C-shaped hard rubber lock ring, is located between the crescent and the barrel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conklin Crescent Fillers|url=http://www.vintagepens.com/Conklin_crescent_fillers.shtml|website=Vintage Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812093309/http://www.vintagepens.com/Conklin_crescent_fillers.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In normal use the ring blocks the crescent from being depressed. To fill the pen, the ring is turned until the gap in the ring is aligned with the crescent, allowing the crescent to be depressed, thus compressing the sac.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conklin – Crescent Filler Collection|url=http://www.conklinpens.com/crescent_filler_collection_page.html|website=Conklin Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715121244/http://www.conklinpens.com/crescent_filler_collection_page.html|archive-date=15 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many other variations on the basic sac and pressure bar mechanism were introduced in the first decades of the 20th century, such as the coin-filler (with a slot on the barrel, allowing the pressure bar to be depressed by use of a coin), the matchstick-filler (with a round hole, for a matchstick) and the blow-filler (with a hole at the end of the barrel, through which one blew to compress the sac).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Piston filling innovation===
In 1908 Walter A. Sheaffer received a patent for an improved lever-filling pen. Introduced in 1912, Sheaffer's pens sold in rapidly increasing numbers and by 1920 Sheaffer had become one of the largest fountain pen makers in the United States.

Parker introduced the button filler, which had a button hidden beneath a blind cap on the end of the barrel; when pressed, it acted on a pressure bar inside to depress the ink sac.<ref name="Binder Lever"/>

One of the most complex filling mechanisms was introduced in 1952 with the Sheaffer Snorkel. The Snorkel had an axial tube below the nib that could be extended, allowing the pen to be filled from a bottle without needing to immerse the nib or to wipe it off after filling.<ref name="snorkel">{{cite web|title=Sheaffer Snorkel 1952–1959|url=http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferSnorkel.htm|website=Pen Hero|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809215347/http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferSnorkel.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> With the advent of the modern plastic ink cartridge in the early 1950s most of these filling systems were phased out.

Screw-mechanism piston-fillers were made as early as the 1820s, but the mechanism's modern popularity begins with the original [[Pelikan]] of 1929, based upon a patent that was initially licensed to a Croatian company Moster-Penkala by inventor Theodore Kovacs.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Patent That Launched A Fountain Pen Empire |url=https://thepelikansperch.com/2020/10/02/pelikan-piston-patent-de457462/ |website=thepelikanperch |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref> The basic idea is simple and intuitive: turn a knob at the end of the pen and a screw mechanism draws a piston up the barrel, sucking in ink. Pens with this mechanism remain very popular today. Some of the earlier models had to dedicate as much as half of the pen length to the mechanism.<ref>{{cite web|title=1929–1950 – The piston filling mechanism|url=http://www.pelikan.com/pulse/Pulsar/en_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699./the-piston-filling-mechanism|website=Pelikan|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828191709/http://www.pelikan.com/pulse/Pulsar/en_US.CMS.displayCMS.93699./the-piston-filling-mechanism|url-status=live}}</ref>
The advent of telescoping pistons has improved this; the Touchdown Filler was introduced by [[Sheaffer]] in 1949. It was advertised as an "Exclusive Pneumatic Down-stroke Filler."<ref>{{cite web|title=PenHero.com – PenGallery – Sheaffer Touchdown Filling System|url=http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferTouchdownGuide.htm|website=Pen Hero|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813193804/http://www.penhero.com/PenGallery/Sheaffer/SheafferTouchdownGuide.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

To fill it, a knob at the end of the barrel is unscrewed and the attached plunger is drawn out to its full length. The nib is immersed in ink, the plunger is pushed in, compressing and then releasing the ink sac by means of air pressure. The nib is kept in the ink for approximately 10 seconds to allow the reservoir to fill. This mechanism is very closely modeled after a similar pneumatic filler introduced by Chilton over a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=How to Restore the Touchdown Filling System|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/repair/touchdown.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=7 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001530/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/repair/touchdown.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Modern filling mechanisms===
[[File:Schmidt K5 fountain pen converter + 2.5 mm 316 Stainless Steel bearing ball.jpg|thumb|Schmidt K5 piston-style standard international size fountain pen converter, containing a user inserted 2.5 mm diameter Marine grade 316 stainless steel bearing ball]]

A [[capillary action|capillary]] filling system was introduced by [[Parker Pen Company|Parker]] in the Parker 61 in 1956.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Match|first=Richard|date=September 1956|title=Things you never knew about your pen|journal=[[Popular Science Monthly]]|location=New York|volume=169|issue=3|page=278|quote=it drinks its fill automatically, by a reverse application of our old friend capillary action}}</ref> There were no moving parts: the ink reservoir within the barrel was open at the upper end, but contained a tightly rolled length of slotted, flexible plastic. To fill, the barrel was unscrewed, the exposed open end of the reservoir was placed in ink and the interstices of the plastic sheet and slots initiated [[capillary action]], drawing up and retaining the ink. The outside of the reservoir was coated with [[Teflon]], a repellent compound that released excess ink as it was withdrawn. Ink was transferred through a further capillary tube to the nib. No method of flushing the device was offered, and because of problems from clogging with dried and hardened ink, production was eventually stopped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rickconner.net/penoply/park.06.html|title=Parker 61|last=Conner|first=Rick|date=2005-01-20|work=PRick Conner|access-date=2008-08-08|archive-date=2008-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011155054/http://www.rickconner.net/penoply/park.06.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Around the year 2000, Pelikan introduced a filling system involving a valve in the blind end of the pen, which mates with a specially designed ink bottle.<ref name="richardspens.com">{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Design Features: What Were They Thinking?|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/design/what_thinking.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820164747/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/design/what_thinking.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Thus docked, ink is then squeezed into the pen barrel (which, lacking any mechanism other than the valve itself, has nearly the capacity of an eyedropper-fill pen of the same size). This system had been implemented only in their "Level" line, which was discontinued in 2006.<ref name="richardspens.com"/>

Most pens today use either a piston filler, squeeze-bar filler or cartridge.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Filling Systems: Overview of How They Work and How to Fill Them|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/fillers.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728213527/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/fillers/fillers.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many pens are also compatible with a ''converter'', which has the same fitting as the pen's cartridge and has a filling mechanism and a reservoir attached to it.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> This enables a pen to fill either from cartridges or from a bottle of ink. The most common type of converters are piston-style, but many other varieties may be found today. Piston-style converters generally have a transparent round tubular ink reservoir. Fountain pen inks feature differing [[surface tension]]s that can cause an ink to [[adhesion|adhere]] or "stick" against the inside of the reservoir. Common solutions for this problem are adding a small (rust-proof) ink agitating object like a [[SAE 316L stainless steel|316L]] or [[SAE 904L stainless steel|904L]] stainless steel or [[zirconium dioxide]] [[bearing ball]], [[Spring (device)|spring]] or hollow tube in the tubular reservoir to mechanically promote free movement of the contained ink and ink/air exchange during writing. Adding a very small amount of [[surfactant]] such as [[Triton X-100]] used in Kodak Photo-Flo 200 wetting agent to the ink will chemically promote free movement of the contained ink and ink/air exchange during writing. However, ink might react adversely to adding a surfactant.

Vacuum fillers, such as those used by [[Pilot (pen company)|Pilot]] in the Custom 823, utilize air pressure to fill the ink chamber. In this case, while the nib is submerged in ink, a plunger is pushed down the empty chamber to create a vacuum in the space behind it. The end of the chamber has a section wider than the rest, and when the plunger passes this point, the difference in air pressure in the area behind the plunger and the area ahead of it is suddenly evened out and ink rushes in behind the plunger to fill the chamber.

Converters are also available in several different types such as piston, plunger, squeeze and push button in rare cases.

==Cartridges==
The first commercially successful ink cartridge system for fountain pens was patented in 1890 by the Eagle Pencil Company, using glass cartridges. In the 1920s the John Hancock pen featured cartridges made from thin copper tubing. From the 1930s on, Waterman sold pens in France that used glass cartridges. Cartridge-filling pens only became truly popular in the 1950s, however, with the advent of plastic cartridges. The first was the Italian LUS Atomica in 1952, but it was the Waterman C/F in 1953 that brought cartridge filling to the attention of the international market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vintagepens.com/early_cartridge_pens.shtm |title=Early Cartridge Pens |website=Vintage Pens |access-date=20 May 2014 |author=Nishimura, David }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 
Modern plastic cartridges can contain small ridges on the inside to promote free movement of the contained ink and ink/air exchange during writing. Often cartridges are closed with a small ball that gets pressed into the cartridge during insertion into the pen. This ball also aids free movement of the contained ink.

===Standard international===
[[File:International Ink Cartridge Short.svg|thumb|Dimensions of short International Ink Cartridge]]
Most European fountain pen brands (for example [[Conway Stewart]], [[Caran d'Ache (company)|Caran d'Ache]], [[Faber-Castell]], Michel Perchin, S.T. Dupont, [[Montegrappa]], Stipula, [[Pelikan]], [[Montblanc (company)|Montblanc]], Europen, Sigma, Delta, Italix, and [[Rotring]]) and some pen brands of other continents (for example Acura, Bexley, Esterbrook, Retro51, [[Tombow]], and Platinum (with adaptor)) use so called "international cartridges" (AKA "European cartridges" or "standard cartridges" or "universal cartridges"), in short (38&nbsp;mm in length, about 0.75 [[Litre|ml]] of capacity) or long (72&nbsp;mm, 1.50 ml) sizes, or both. It is to some extent a standard, so the international cartridges of any manufacturer can be used in most fountain pens that accept international cartridges.<ref name="goulet video">{{cite web|last1=Goulet|first1=Brian|title=Who Invented Standard International Cartridges? – Q&A Slices|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x571al6Y9D4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/x571al6Y9D4| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|website=YouTube (Goulet Pens)|publisher=Goulet Pens|access-date=27 July 2016|date=30 June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Also, converters that are meant to replace international cartridges can be used in most fountain pens that accept international cartridges. Some very compact fountain pens (for example Waterman Ici et La and Monteverde Diva) accept only short international cartridges.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fountain Pen Converters|url=http://www.nibs.com/fountain-pen-converters.htm|website=Nibs|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715074547/http://www.nibs.com/fountain-pen-converters.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Converters can not be used in them (except for so-called mini-converters by Monteverde). Some pens (such as the modern Waterman models) have intentional fittings which prevent the usage of short cartridges. Such pens can only take a proprietary cartridge from the same manufacturer, in this case the long Waterman cartridges.<ref>{{cite web|title=Which Ink Cartridges Can Be Used With Which Fountain Pens?|url=http://www.nibs.com/FAQInkCartridges.htm|website=Nibs|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728165358/http://www.nibs.com/FAQInkCartridges.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Proprietary offerings===
[[File:Fountain pen ink cartridges.jpg|thumb|Proprietary cartridges (left to right): Pilot, Parker, Lamy, short standard international (made by Kaweco)]]
Many fountain pen manufacturers have developed their own proprietary cartridges, for example [[The Parker Pen Company|Parker]], [[Lamy]], [[Sheaffer]], [[A. T. Cross Company|Cross]], [[Sailor (pen company)|Sailor]], Platinum, Platignum, [[Waterman pens|Waterman]], and [[Namiki]]. Fountain pens from [[Aurora (pen manufacturer)|Aurora]], [[The Shanghai Hero Pen Company|Hero]], Duke, and Uranus accept the same cartridges and converters that Parker uses and vice versa ([[Lamy]] cartridges, though not officially, are known to interchange with Parker cartridges also). Cartridges of Aurora are slightly different from cartridges by Parker.<ref name="nibs cartridges">{{cite web|title=Fountain Pen Ink Cartridges|url=http://www.nibs.com/fountain-pen-ink-cartridges.htm|website=Nibs|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=24 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724060403/http://www.nibs.com/fountain-pen-ink-cartridges.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Corresponding converters to be used instead of such proprietary cartridges are usually made by the same company that made the fountain pen itself. Some very compact fountain pens accept only proprietary cartridges made by the same company that made that pen, such as Sheaffer Agio Compact and Sheaffer Prelude Compact. It is not possible to use a converter in them at all. In such pens the only practical way to use another brand of ink is to fill empty cartridges with bottled ink using a [[syringe]].<ref name="nibs cartridges" />

Standard international cartridges are closed by a small ball, held inside the ink exit hole by glue or by a very thin layer of plastic. When the cartridge is pressed into the pen, a small pin pushes in the ball, which falls inside the cartridge. The Parker and Lamy cartridges do not have such a ball. They are closed by a piece of plastic, which is broken by a sharp pin when inserted in the pen.<ref name="goulet video" />

===Concerns and alternatives===
Pen manufacturers that produce proprietary cartridges (which in almost all cases are the more expensive ones like the ones mentioned above) tend to discourage the use of cheaper<ref name="www.richardspens.com inks"/> internationally standardised short/long cartridges or adaptations thereof due to their variance in ink quality in the cartridges which may not offer as much performance, or be of lesser quality than the pen's ink cartridge that has been designed specifically for the pen itself. Due to potential additive deficits such as glycerides or uneven pigmentation, cheaper ink may also skip or produce uneven colour on the page and "feather" (spread out of the originally written line) more on thinner grades of paper (e.g. 75 gsm).<ref name="www.richardspens.com inks"/>

While cartridges are more convenient to refill than bottle filling, converter and bottle filling systems are still sold. Non-cartridge filling systems tend to be slightly more economical in the long run since ink is generally less expensive in bottles than in cartridges. Advocates of bottle-based filling systems also cite less waste of plastic for the environment, a wider selection of inks, easier cleaning of pens (as drawing the ink in through the nib helps dissolve old ink), and the ability to check and refill inks at any time.<ref name="gold spot" />

==Inks==
[[File:Green Ink Bottle - 02.jpg|thumb|A bottle of turquoise ink]]

{{Main|Fountain pen ink}}
[[Ink]]s intended for use with fountain pens are water-based. These inks are commonly available in bottles. Plastic cartridges came into use in the 1950s, but bottled inks are still the mainstay for many fountain pen enthusiasts. Bottled inks usually cost less than an equivalent amount in cartridges and afford a wider variety of colours and properties.<ref name="pen fountain">{{cite web|url=http://penfountain.wordpress.com/2010/09/11/fountain-pen-inks-arent-all-the-same/|title=Fountain pen inks aren't all the same|access-date=2011-02-20|year=2010|website=Penfountain|archive-date=2011-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227115314/http://penfountain.wordpress.com/2010/09/11/fountain-pen-inks-arent-all-the-same/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Fountain pens are not as tightly coupled with their inks as [[ballpoint pen|ballpoints]] or [[gel pen]]s are, yet some care must be taken when selecting their inks. Contemporary fountain pen inks are almost exclusively [[dye]]-based because [[pigment]] particles usually clog the narrow passages.<ref name="pen fountain" /><ref name="gold spot">{{cite web|url=https://goldspotpens.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/cartridge-vs-converter.html|title=Cartridge vs. converter|access-date=2016-07-27|year=2010|website=Goldspot Pens|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817085543/https://goldspotpens.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/cartridge-vs-converter.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Traditional [[iron gall ink]]s intended for dip pens are not suitable for fountain pens as they will corrode the pen (a phenomenon known as flash corrosion) and destroy the functionality of the fountain pen.<ref name="www.richardspens.com inks">{{cite web|last1=Binder|first1=Richard|title=Inks: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly|url=http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/care/inks.htm|website=Richard Binder's Pens|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727070339/http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/care/inks.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Instead, modern surrogate iron gall formulas are offered for fountain pens. These modern iron gall inks contain a small amount of ferro gallic compounds that are gentler for the inside of a fountain pen, but can still be corrosive if left in the pen for a long period.<ref name="www.richardspens.com inks" /> To avoid corrosion on delicate metal parts and ink clogging, a more thorough than usual cleaning regime – which requires the ink to be flushed out regularly with water – is sometimes advised by manufacturers or resellers.<ref name="maintenance">{{cite web|url=http://www.nibs.com/PenMaintenance.htm|title=Pen maintenance|access-date=2016-07-27|website=Nibs|archive-date=2016-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808175217/http://www.nibs.com/PenMaintenance.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some pigmented inks do exist for fountain pens, such as "Carbon Black" and "Chou Kuro" made by the brand Platinum as well as Rohrer & Klingner and De Atramentis inks from Germany, but these are uncommon. Normal [[India ink]] cannot be used in fountain pens because it contains [[shellac]] as a binder which would very quickly clog such pens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.covingtoninnovations.com/pens/|first=Michael A.|last=Covington|website=A Few Notes About Fountain Pens|title=A Few Notes About Fountain Pens|access-date=2011-02-20|archive-date=2010-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122054439/http://covingtoninnovations.com/pens/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Inks ideally should be fairly free-flowing, free of sediment, and non-corrosive, though this generally excludes permanence and prevents large-scale commercial use of some colored dyes. Proper care and selection of ink will prevent most problems.<ref name="www.richardspens.com inks"/>

==Today==
[[Image:Pelikano.jpg|thumb|left|A 1970s model metal and plastic fountain pen]]
[[File:Pilot Varsity.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The [[Pilot (pen company)|Pilot]] Varsity, an inexpensive disposable fountain pen]]
[[File:NoodlerPistonFillFountainPen.jpg|thumb|A modern celluloid fountain pen fitted with a vintage nib]]

While no longer the primary writing instrument in modern times, fountain pens are used for important official works such as signing valuable documents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seal the Deal: The Mightest Fountain Pens |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/msolomon/2015/06/17/best-luxury-fountain-pens-2015/ |work=[[Forbes]] |date=17 June 2015 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504160440/https://www.forbes.com/sites/msolomon/2015/06/17/best-luxury-fountain-pens-2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, fountain pens are often treated as [[luxury good]]s and sometimes as [[status symbol]]s. Fountain pens may serve as an everyday writing instrument, much like the common [[ballpoint pen]].<ref name="gentleman" /> Good quality steel and gold pens are available inexpensively today, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[China]], and there are "disposable" fountain pens such as the [[Pilot (pen company)#Fountain pens|Pilot Varsity]]. In France and Germany, in particular, the use of fountain pens is widespread, since in many European countries children still begin to learn writing with this kind of writing device. To avoid mistakes, special ink can be used that can be made invisible by applying an [[ink eraser]].

Fountain pens can serve various artistic purposes such as expressive [[penmanship]] and [[calligraphy]], pen and ink artwork, and professional art and design. Many users also favor the perceived elegance, personalization, and sentimentality associated with fountain pens,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/12/24/to-be-sorted/find-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose |title=Find out why a fountain pen 'personalizes' your prose |author=Yoko Hani |date=24 December 2006 |work=Japan Times |quote=the key word I was left with was 'personal' – not only because a fountain pen will over time change to suit your writing style, but because – unlike a typewriter or a keyboard – it will reflect your moods and feelings in the actual form of your writing |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405152838/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/12/24/to-be-sorted/find-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose |url-status=live }}</ref> which computers and ballpoint pens seem to lack,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/12/24/to-be-sorted/find-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose |title=Find out why a fountain pen 'personalizes' your prose |author=Yoko Hani |date=24 December 2006 |work=Japan Times |quote=the unique feature of fountain pens that differentiates them from workaday ballpoints – let alone pencils. Also, ballpoints are in their best condition when they are brand new, whereas fountain pens get better the more you use them, Toshifumi Iijima, another of the museum's staff explained. |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405152838/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/12/24/to-be-sorted/find-out-why-a-fountain-pen-personalizes-your-prose |url-status=live }}</ref> and often state that once they start using fountain pens, ballpoints become awkward to use due to the extra motor effort needed and lack of expressiveness. For ergonomics, fountain pens may relieve physiological stress from writing; alternatives such as the ballpoint pen can induce more pain and damage to those with arthritis. Some also believe they could improve academic performance.

In some countries, fountain pens are usual in lower school grades, believed to teach children better control over writing as many common mistakes of people not used to handwriting (like too much pressure or incorrect hold) feel unnatural or are almost impossible when using traditional pen tips.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goulet Pens Blog: The 7 Biggest Fountain Pen Mistakes|url=http://blog.gouletpens.com/2016/02/the-7-biggest-fountain-pen-mistakes.html|website=blog.gouletpens.com|access-date=26 July 2016|date=2016-02-23|archive-date=2017-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001111522/http://blog.gouletpens.com/2016/02/the-7-biggest-fountain-pen-mistakes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Modern-ftn-pen-cursive.jpg|thumb|A modern fountain pen, writing in [[cursive]] script]]

Fountain pens are a popular collectable. Fancier pens have been made of [[precious metal]]s and sometimes even inlaid with [[Gemstone|jewels]]. Some are decorated with lacquer, including Japanese [[maki-e]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Penna Magazine – Namiki Maki-e Guide|url=http://www.pennamagazine.com/en/vintage_pens/namiki-maki-e-buyers-guide-_28|website=Pen Magazine|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030130746/http://www.pennamagazine.com/en/vintage_pens/namiki-maki-e-buyers-guide-_28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Avid communities of pen enthusiasts collect and use [[antique]] and modern pens and also collect and exchange information about old and modern inks, ink bottles, and [[inkwell]]s. Collectors may decide to use the antiques in addition to showcasing them in closed spaces such as glass displays.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Morrison|first1=Lennox|title=The fascination with fountain pens|website=BBC|date=10 December 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20141204-a-fascination-with-fountain-pens|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914164635/http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20141204-a-fascination-with-fountain-pens|url-status=live}}</ref>

News outlets report that rather than declining, fountain pen sales have been steadily rising over the last decade.<ref name="Why are fountain pen sales rising">{{cite news|last1=Brocklehurst|first1=Steven|title=Why are fountain pen sales rising?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18071830|access-date=26 July 2016|work=BBC News Magazine|date=22 May 2012|archive-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616175549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18071830|url-status=live}}</ref> There is a clear resurgence in the appeal and culture of the fountain pen, whether for purposes of collection, enjoyment or as a "lifestyle item".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Canham|first1=Jacqui|title=Write way to earn a profit: Fountain pens are gaining popularity as|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/money/spend-save/write-way-to-earn-a-profit-fountain-pens-are-gaining-popularity-as-accessories-and-investments-5334080.html|access-date=26 July 2016|work=The Independent|date=20 July 2007|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819231423/http://www.independent.co.uk/money/spend-save/write-way-to-earn-a-profit-fountain-pens-are-gaining-popularity-as-accessories-and-investments-5334080.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many agree that the "personal touch" of a fountain pen has led to such a resurgence with modern consumers looking for an alternative in a world of digital products and services.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hall|first1=James|title=Fountain pen sales double|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9283229/Fountain-pen-sales-double.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9283229/Fountain-pen-sales-double.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2016|work=The Telegraph|date=23 May 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[Amazon.com|Amazon]] reported "sales so far this year [2012] have doubled compared with the same period in 2011. They are four times higher than 2010."<ref name="Why are fountain pen sales rising"/> The popularity of fountain pens continues to show growth. The market-research firm Euromonitor reported that fountain pen retail sales were up 2.1% in 2016 from a year earlier, reaching $1.046&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-fountain-pen-sales-20170206-story.html|title=Fountain pen sales are surging, despite flat luxury global sales|first=Troy|last=Patterson|website=Chicago Tribune|date=6 February 2017|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070257/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-fountain-pen-sales-20170206-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Demonstrator pen]]
* [[Fountain pen inks]]
* [[Inkwell]]
* [[IAMPETH]]
* [[:Category: Fountain pen and ink manufacturers]]
* [[List of pen types, brands and companies]]
* [[List of terms about pen and ink]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|last= Finlay|first= Michael |year=1990|title=Western Writing Implements in the Age of the Quill Pen|location= Wheteral|publisher= Plains Books| isbn =1-872477-00-3}}
*{{Cite book|last1= Fischler|first1= George |last2= Schneider|first2=Stuart |year=1992|title=Fountain Pens and Pencils|location=New York|publisher= Shiffer Publishing|isbn= 0-88740-346-8}}
*{{Cite book|last= Lambrou|first= Andreas |year=2003|title=Fountain Pens of the World|location=New York|publisher= Philip Wilson Publisher| isbn =0-302-00668-0}}
*{{Cite book|last= Park|first= JongJin |year=2013|title=Fountain Pens|location=Seoul|publisher= LBIG Media Publishing| isbn =978-89-94819-09-9}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Fountain Pens of the World|isbn=978-0-85667-615-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyReAAAACAAJ&q=fountain+pen|last1=Lambrou|first1=Andreas|year=2005|publisher=Wilson }}
* {{cite book|title=Fountain Pens Past and Present|isbn=978-1-57432-385-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzWeWMdXL2YC&q=fountain+pen|last1=Erano|first1=Paul|year=2004|publisher=Collector Books }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fountain pens}}
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/fountainpens/ Reddit Fountain Pens]
* [https://www.williampenn.net/writing/writing-instruments/fountain-pens.html Branded Fountain Pens Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731232105/https://www.williampenn.net/writing/writing-instruments/fountain-pens.html |date=2020-07-31 }}
* [https://www.fountainpennetwork.com/forum/ The Fountain Pen Network]

{{Fountain pen manufacturers}}
{{Pen manufacturers}}
{{Pens}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fountain Pen}}
[[Category:Arab inventions]]
[[Category:Egyptian inventions]]
[[Category:Fountain pen and ink manufacturers]]
[[Category:Pens]]
[[Category:Writing implements]]