Editing Foreign relations of Spain

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Politics of Spain}}
The '''foreign relations of Spain''' could be constructed upon the foreign relations of the [[Spanish Empire|Hispanic Crown]]. The personal union of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] that ensued with the joint rule of the [[Catholic Monarchs]] was followed by the annexation of the [[Kingdom of Granada]] and the [[Kingdom of Navarre]]. The crown also built a [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|large colonial empire in the Americas]] after the arrival of Columbus to the New World in 1492.

The Spanish Habsburg monarchs had large holdings across the European continent stemming from the inherited dominions of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] and from the Aragonese holdings in the Italian Peninsula. The Habsburg dynasty fought against the Protestant [[Reformation]] in the continent and achieved a dynastic unification of the realms of the Iberian Peninsula with their enthronement as Portuguese monarchs after 1580. The American colonies shipped bullion, but resources were spent in wars waged against France in Italy and elsewhere as well as in conflicts against the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] or revolts in the Spanish Netherlands, Portugal (lost after 1640) and [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]] (lost in 1640 and recovered after 1652). Mainland Spain was the main theatre of the [[War of Spanish Succession]] (1701–1714), after which the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon dynasty]] consolidated rule, while handing in holdings in Italy and the Netherlands. The successive Bourbon [[Pacte de Famille|Family Compacts]] underpinned a close alignment with the Kingdom of France throughout the 18th century. During the Napoleonic Wars, Mainland Spain was occupied by the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] (which installed a puppet ruler), and became after an 1808 uprising the main theatre of the [[Peninsular War]]. Nearly all its colonies fought for and won independence in the early 19th century. From then on it kept Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, otherwise lost in 1898 after the [[Spanish–American War]], and, in line with [[Scramble for Africa|far-reaching efforts by other European powers]], Spain began to sustain a colonial presence in the African continent, most notably in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea. It also [[Cochinchina campaign|intervened in Nguyễn Vietnam alongside France]] and involved in the affairs of former colony Santo Domingo, which briefly returned to Spanish control. In the wake of the creation of a Spanish protectorate in Northern Morocco, the early 20th century saw a [[Rif War|draining conflict against Riffian anti-colonial resistance]]. Spain stuck to a status of neutrality during [[World War I]].

The [[Spanish Civil War]] of 1936–1939 became a proxy war between the axis powers [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italy]] and the [[Soviet Union]] (which lost). The war ensued with the installment of a [[Francoist Spain|dictatorship under Francisco Franco]] lasting until 1975. In the aftermath of World War 2, the series of multilateral agreements and institutions configuring what it is known today as [[Western Europe]] were made apart from Francoist Spain.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/35203rei07001007.pdf|author-link=Ángel Viñas|last=Viñas|title=Soberanía nacional y pactos militares: El caso de España|first=Ángel|journal=Revista de Estudios Internacionales|year=1986|page=10}}</ref> The [[Pact of Madrid|1953 military agreements with the United States]] entailed the acceptance of unprecedented conditions vis-à-vis the (peacetime) military installment of a foreign power on Spanish soil.{{Sfn|Viñas|1986|p=12}} Spain joined the UN in 1955 and the IMF in 1958.{{Sfn|Viñas|1986|pp=10–11}} In the last rales of the dictator, the mismanaged decolonisation of [[Spanish Sahara]] ensued with the [[Green March|Moroccan invasion of the territory]] in 1975 and the [[Madrid Accords|purported partition of it between Morocco and Mauritania]], spawning a protracted conflict pitting the Sahrawi national liberation [[Polisario Front]] against Morocco and (briefly) Mauritania lasting to this day. Spain joined [[NATO]] (1982) and [[Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community|entered the European Communities]] (1986).

On a wide range of issues, Spain often prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political cooperation mechanisms. In addition to being represented via EU membership, Spain is a permanently invited guest to all [[G20]] summits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henley|first1=Peter H.|last2=Blokker|first2=Niels M.|title=The Group of 20: A Short Legal Anatomy |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2013/18.pdf |journal=Melbourne Journal of International Law |volume=14|pages=568|access-date=23 October 2018 |quote=Spain's peculiar but seemingly secure position within the G20 also appears to have facilitated their greater participation in the G20's work: Spain is the only outreach participant to have made policy commitments comparable to those of G20 members proper at summits since Seoul. Spain therefore appears to have become a de facto member of the G20. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517045501/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2013/18.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
In 218 BC the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] invaded the [[Iberian Peninsula]], which later became the Roman province of [[Hispania]]. The Romans introduced the [[Latin language]], the ancestor of both modern-day [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]. The Iberian peninsula remained under Roman rule for over 600 years, until the [[Decline of the Roman Empire|collapse of the Western Roman Empire]].

In the [[History of early modern Italy|Early modern period]], until the 18th century, [[southern Italy|southern]] and [[insular Italy]] came under Spanish control, having been previously a domain of the [[Crown of Aragon]].
[[File:Dominions House Habsburg abdication Charles V.jpg|thumb|275px|Dominions of the Habsburgs in 1556]]

===Charles V===
{{Main|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}
Charles V (1500–1558) inherited vast lands across Western Europe and the Americas, and expanded them by frequent wars.<ref>Geoffrey Parker, ''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-New-Life-Charles-V/dp/0300196520/  excerpt]</ref> Among other domains he was King of Spain from 1516, and Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519. As head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and a unified Spain with its southern Italian kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. His great enemy on land was France, on the Mediterranean Sea it was the Ottoman Empire, which at times was allied with France.  England and the Papacy were sometimes part of the coalition against him. Much of his attention focused on wars in Italy. At the [[Diet of Augsburg]] (1547) he secured recognition that the Netherlands belonged to the Hapsburg domain. However Charles was intensely Catholic and the northern Netherlands  was Protestant. He and his Spanish heirs fought for a century against Dutch independence; despite the enormous cost they failed.<ref>Karl Brandi, ''The Emperor Charles V: the growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire'' (1971) [https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesvg0000bran  online]</ref>

===Philip II, 1556–1598===
{{Main|Philip II of Spain#Foreign policy}}

===Philip III, 1598–1621===
{{Main|Philip III of Spain#Foreign policy}}

[[File:The Somerset House Conference 19 August 1604.jpg|thumb|The [[Somerset House]] Conference between English and Spanish diplomats that brought an end to the [[Anglo–Spanish War (1585)|Anglo–Spanish War]] (1585–1604).]]

Philip III has a poor reputation in terms of both domestic and foreign policy. He inherited two major conflicts from his father. The first of these, the long-running [[Eighty Years' War|Dutch revolt]], represented a serious challenge to Spanish power from the Protestant [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] in a crucial part of the [[Spanish Empire]]. The second, the [[Anglo–Spanish War (1585)|Anglo–Spanish War]] was a newer, and less critical conflict with Protestant England, marked by a Spanish failure to successfully bring its huge military resources to bear on the smaller English military.<ref>Patrick Williams, ''The Great Favourite: the Duke of Lerma and the court and government of Philip III of Spain, 1598–1621'' (Manchester UP, 2006).</ref>

Philip's own foreign policy can be divided into three phases. For the first nine years of his reign, he pursued a highly aggressive set of policies, aiming to deliver a 'great victory'.<ref>Williams, p. 125</ref>  His instructions to his most important advisor [[Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma|Duke Lerma]] to wage a war of "blood and iron" on his rebellious subjects in the Netherlands reflects this.<ref>Williams, p.10.</ref> After 1609, when it became evident that Spain was financially exhausted and Philip sought a truce with the Dutch, there followed a period of retrenchment; in the background, tensions continued to grow, however, and by 1618 the policies of Philip's 'proconsols' were increasingly at odds with de Lerma's policy from Madrid.<ref>Paul C. Allen, ''Philip III and the Pax Hispanica: The Failure of Grand Strategy'' (Yale UP: 2000)</ref>
[[File:Europe c. 1700.png|thumb|right|300px|Europe in 1701 at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession]]

===War of the Spanish Succession and after 1701–1759===
{{Main|War of the Spanish Succession|Philip V of Spain}}
The [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1701–1714) saw Spain in a nearly helpless position as multiple European powers battled for control over which of three rivals would be king.  At first most of the warfare took place outside of Spain. However, in 1704 Spain was invaded by the Germans (officially by the [[Holy Roman Empire]] including [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], as well as other minor German states), Great Britain, the [[Dutch Republic]], the [[Duchy of Savoy]] and Portugal. The invaders wanted to make the Habsburg candidate king instead of the incumbent [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] who the grandson of France's powerful king [[Louis XIV]] and candidate of the [[House of Bourbon]]. Spain had no real army, but it defense was a high priority for Louis XIV who sent in his French armies and after a devastating civil war eventually drove out the invaders from Spain.<ref>John Lynch, ''Bourbon Spain 1700–1808'' (1989) pp 22–77.</ref><ref>J.S. Bromley, ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 6: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688-1715/25'' (1979), pp 343–380, 410–445.</ref>

After years of warfare and changing coalitions, the final result was that Philip V remained king. In practice his wife [[Elisabeth Farnese]] ruled Spain from 1714 until 1746, and was more interested in Italy than Spain. Spain was not even invited to the peace treaties ([[Peace of Utrecht]]); they forbade any future possibility of unifying the French and Spanish crowns. Britain was the main winner; it blocked France from becoming too powerful. Britain acquired Minorca and Gibraltar from Spain, as well as the right to sell slaves to Spanish colonies. Britain also gained Newfoundland and Nova Scotia from France. Spain kept its American colonies but lost its European holdings in Italy and the Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium), mostly to Austria. Spain briefly regained some Italian holdings until the British sank its fleet in 1718. Elisabeth Farnese succeeded in recapturing Naples and Sicily. She put her son on the throne there. He abdicated in 1759 to return to Madrid as King [[Charles III of Spain]].<ref>Lynch, ''Bourbon Spain 1700–1808'' (1989) pp 110–113, 125, 131–133, 193–195, 247.</ref><ref>Henry Kamen, ''Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763'' (2004) pp. 442–454.</ref>

===American Revolutionary War: 1775–1783===
{{Main|Spain and the American Revolutionary War}}
Eager to gain revenge on the British for its defeat during the Seven Years' War, France offered support to rebel American colonists seeking independence from Britain during the [[American War of Independence]] and in 1778 entered the war on their side. They then urged Spain to do the same, hoping the combined force would be strong enough to overcome the British [[Royal Navy]] and be able to invade England. In 1779 Spain joined the war, hoping to take advantage of a substantially weakened Britain. Distrustful of republics, Spain did not officially recognize the new United States of America.<ref>Thomas E. Chávez, ''Spain and the Independence of the United States'' (U. New Mexico Press, 2002) pp 213–222.</ref>

A well-organised force under [[Bernardo de Galvez]] operating out of [[Spanish Louisiana]] launched repeated attacks on  British colonies in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. They were easy winners against weak British garrisons, and were planning an expedition against Jamaica when peace was declared in 1783.

Spain's highest priority was to recapture Gibraltar from Britain using the [[Great Siege of Gibraltar]].<ref>René Chartrand, ''Gibraltar 1779–83: The great siege'' (Osprey, 2006).</ref> Despite a prolonged besiegement, the British garrison there was able to hold out until relieved and it remained in British hands following the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]]. Unlike their French allies (for whom the war proved largely to be a disaster, financially and militarily) the Spanish made a number of territorial gains, recovering Florida and [[Menorca]].<ref>Chávez, ''Spain and the Independence of the United States'' (U. New Mexico Press, 2002) pp 198–212.</ref><ref>Richard B. Morris, ''The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence'' (1965).</ref>

=== 20th century ===
{{expand section|date=April 2022}}
A neutral country during [[World War I]], Spain was not invited to take part in the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|1919 Paris Peace Conference]], owing to the country's relative low profile in international affairs.<ref name="dalmau">{{Cite journal|year=2022|doi=10.1017/S0960777321000680|title=Catalans and Rifis during the Wilsonian Moment: The Quest for Self-Determination in the Post-Versailles World|journal=[[Contemporary European History]]|first=Pol|last=Dalmau|volume=32 |pages=131–145 |s2cid=247287848 |doi-access=free|hdl=10230/56201|hdl-access=free}}</ref> It was however invited to join the [[League of Nations]] as a non-permanent member and it formally did so on 14 August 1919.<ref name="dalmau" /> During the so-called [[Wilsonianism|Wilsonian moment]] in international relations, forces adversarial to the Spanish State such as the Rifis vying for international recognition of [[Republic of the Rif|their proto-republic]] and the Catalan separatist movement emboldened.<ref name="dalmau" />

== Regional relations ==

=== Latin America ===

==== The Ibero-American vision ====
Spain has maintained its special identification with its fellow Spanish-speaking countries. Its policy emphasizes the concept of an [[Ibero-American]] community, essentially the renewal of the historically liberal concept of "[[Hispanoamericanism|Hispano-Americanismo]]" (or Hispanic as it is often referred to in English), which has sought to link the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian peninsula]] to the [[Hispanic America|Spanish-speaking countries in Central and South America]] through language, commerce, history and culture. Spain has been an effective example of transition from dictatorship to democracy, as shown in the many trips that Spain's King and prime ministers have made to the region.<ref>Richard Youngs, "Spain, Latin America and Europe: the complex interaction of regionalism and cultural identification." ''Mediterranean Politics'' 5.2 (2000): 107–128.</ref>

==== Trends in diplomatic relations ====
Spain maintains economic and technical cooperation programs and cultural exchanges with Latin American countries, both bilaterally and within the EU. During [[José María Aznar]]'s government, Spanish relations worsened with countries like Mexico, Venezuela and Cuba, but were exceptionally good with others, like Colombia, the Dominican Republic and several [[Central America]]n republics. [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]]'s victory in the 2004 general elections changed this setting. Despite long-standing close linguistic, economic and cultural relations with most of Latin America, some aspects of Spanish foreign policy during this time, such as its support for the Iraq War, were not supported or widely favored.

=== Sub-Saharan Africa ===
Spain has gradually begun to broaden its contacts with [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. It has a particular interest in its former colony of [[Equatorial Guinea]], where it maintains a large [[aid]] program. More recently, it has sought closer relation with [[Senegal]], [[Mauritania]], [[Mali]] and others to find solutions for the issue of [[illegal immigration]] to the [[Canary Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-21 |title=Technical assistance to better regulate migratory flows from Senegal, Mauritania and Mali to Spain |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-migration/projects/WCMS_200987/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Middle East ===
In the Middle East, Spain is known as a broker between powers. In its relations with the [[Arab world]], Spain frequently supports Arab positions on Middle East issues. The Arab countries are a priority interest for Spain because of oil and gas imports and because several Arab nations have substantial investments in Spain.<ref>Richard Gillespie, "Spain and the Mediterranean: Southern sensitivity, European aspirations." ''Mediterranean Politics'' 1.2 (1996): 193–211.</ref>

=== Europe ===
Spain has been successful in managing its relations with its three immediate European neighbours, [[France]], [[Andorra]], and [[Portugal]]. The accession of Spain and Portugal to the EU in [[1986 enlargement of the European Communities|1986]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cvce.eu/en/education/unit-content/-/unit/02bb76df-d066-4c08-a58a-d4686a3e68ff/d4c04734-67dc-4e67-8168-1f996b10672f |title=Third enlargement: Spain and Portugal |date=8 August 2017 |website=cvce.eu |access-date=17 April 2021 |quote=On 1 January 1986, Spain and Portugal acceded to the European Economic Community, which thus became the 'Europe of the Twelve'.}}</ref> has helped ease some of their periodic trade frictions by putting these into an EU context. [[Franco-Spanish cooperation|Franco-Spanish]] bilateral cooperation has been enhanced by joint action against recurring violence by separatist [[Basque people|Basque]] group [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] since the 1960s.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Ties with the [[United Kingdom]] are generally good, although the question of [[Gibraltar]] remains a sensitive issue, especially since the UK vote on [[Brexit]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

=== Asia ===
Today, Spain is trying to expand its still narrow relations with [[East Asian]] nations,<ref>Política exterior española, un balance de futuro. José María Beneyto, 2011, p 425, ch 11 by [[Florentino Rodao]]</ref> with China, Japan and South Korea as its main points of interest in the region.  Thailand and Indonesia are Spain's main allies in the [[ASEAN]] region, having a considerable number of agreements and a very good relationship. In the recent years Spain has also been boosting its contacts, relations and investment in other Asian countries, most notably Vietnam and Malaysia. Relations with the Philippines are, despite a very long [[Spanish Colonization of the Philippines|colonial past]], considerably weaker than the ones Spain has with other countries in the area, dealing mostly with [[Cultural diplomacy|cultural aspects]] and humanitarian assistance programs.<ref>Ramón Pacheco Pardo, "Spain and Asia: harnessing trade, soft power and the EU in the Asia-Pacific Century." (ARI #61, 2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190225183708/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6676/006f41a78c159bc02caafb6b5fb518a5f0dc.pdf online].</ref>

== Disputes ==

=== Territorial disputes ===
Whilst the [[Status of Gibraltar|disputed on Gibraltar]] with Great Britain is the best known territorial dispute of Spain, the country also has disputes with Portugal and Morocco.

==== With Great Britain ====
{{Main|Status of Gibraltar}}Ever since it was [[Capture of Gibraltar|captured in 1704 by Anglo-Dutch forces]] during the War of the Spanish Succession, Gibraltar has been the subject of a dispute between Britain and Spain. Situated at the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula, overseeing the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] which connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea, the territory has great strategic importance. Today, Gibraltar is a [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] and houses an important base for the British Armed Forces.<ref>Gareth Stockey, and Chris Grocott, ''Gibraltar: A Modern History'' (U of Wales Press, 2012).</ref>
Then a Spanish town, it was conquered during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] on behalf of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Charles]], pretender to the Spanish throne.
The legal situation concerning Gibraltar was settled in 1713 by the [[Treaty of Utrecht]], in which Spain ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mgar.net/docs/utrech.htm|title=Tratado de Utrecht – Gibraltar (Spanish)|access-date=9 August 2008|publisher=mgar.net|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510153042/http://www.mgar.net/docs/utrech.htm|archive-date=10 May 2008}}</ref> stating that, should the British abandon this post, it would be offered to Spain first. Since the 1940s Spain has called for the return of Gibraltar. The overwhelming majority of [[Gibraltarians]] strongly oppose this, along with any proposal of shared sovereignty.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2400673.stm
|title = Q&A: Gibraltar's referendum
|work = BBC News
|date = 8 November 2002
|access-date = 19 February 2010
|url-status=live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070314053520/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2400673.stm
|archive-date = 14 March 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> UN resolutions call on the United Kingdom and Spain to reach an agreement over the status of Gibraltar.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/218/33/IMG/NR021833.pdf?OpenElement
|title = Resolution 2070: Question of Gibraltar
|date = 16 December 1965
|format = PDF
|publisher = United Nations
|access-date = 19 February 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503183726/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/218/33/IMG/NR021833.pdf?OpenElement
|archive-date = 3 May 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/005/34/IMG/NR000534.pdf?OpenElement
|title=Resolution 2231: Question of Gibraltar
|date=20 December 1966
|format=PDF
|publisher=United Nations
|access-date=19 February 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503183729/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/005/34/IMG/NR000534.pdf?OpenElement
|archive-date=3 May 2011
}}</ref>
[[File:Gibraltar 10000m.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view showing the [[Rock of Gibraltar]], the [[isthmus of Gibraltar]] and the [[Bay of Gibraltar]]]]
The Spanish claim makes a distinction between the [[Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain|isthmus]] that connects the Rock to the Spanish mainland on the one hand, and the Rock and city of Gibraltar on the other. While the Rock and city were ceded by the Treaty of Utrecht, Spain asserts that the "occupation of the isthmus is illegal and against the principles of [[International law|International Law]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Londres/es/MenuPpal/Gibraltar/Documents/000.001.002.003%20Título.%20Prefacio.Índice.%20Informe%20(27.02.08).doc|title=La cuestión de Gibraltar|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain|date=January 2008|access-date=3 January 2010|language=es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529192351/http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Londres/es/MenuPpal/Gibraltar/Documents/000.001.002.003%20T%C3%ADtulo.%20Prefacio.%C3%8Dndice.%20Informe%20%2827.02.08%29.doc|archive-date=29 May 2009 }}</ref> The United Kingdom relies on ''de facto'' arguments of possession by [[prescription (sovereignty transfer)|prescription]] in relation to the isthmus,<ref>{{cite book|title=Gibraltar: British or Spanish?|author=Gold, Peter |publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-34795-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9YH_fLPu1MC|page=4}}</ref> as there has been "continuous possession [of the isthmus] over a long period".<ref>{{cite web|author=UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|year=1999|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/OT13.pdf|title=Partnership for Progress and Prosperity: Britain and the Overseas Territories. Appendix 1: Profiles for Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands & Gibraltar|work=Partnership for Progress and Prosperity: Britain and the Overseas Territories|access-date=19 December 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213211855/http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/OT13.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2005}}</ref>

==== With Morocco ====
The strategic position of the Strait of Gibraltar has left a legacy of a number of sovereignty disputes.<ref>Alfonso Iglesias Amorín, "The Hispano-Moroccan Wars (1859–1927) and the (De) nationalization of the Spanish People." ''European History Quarterly'' 50.2 (2020): 290–310.</ref> These include the "five places of sovereignty" (''[[plazas de soberanía]]'') on and off the coast of Morocco: the coastal enclaves of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of [[Penon de Alhucemas|Peñon de Alhucemas]], [[Penon de Velez de la Gomera|Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera]], and [[Islas Chafarinas]]. Spain maintains sovereignty over Ceuta, Melilla, Peñon de Velez de la Gomera, Alhucemas and the Chafarinas Islands (captured following the Christian reconquest of Spain) based upon historical grounds, security reasons and on the basis of the UN principle of [[territorial integrity]]. Spain also maintains that the majority of residents are Spanish. Morocco claims these territories on the basis of the UN principles of [[Decolonization|decolonisation]], territorial integrity and that Spanish arguments for the recovery of Gibraltar substantiate Morocco's claim.<ref>Gerry O'Reilly, ''Ceuta and the Spanish sovereign territories: Spanish and Moroccan claims'' (Ibru, 1994).</ref>
Spain claims sovereignty over the [[Perejil Island]], a small, uninhabited rocky [[islet]] located in the South shore of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. The island lies {{convert|250|m|ft}} just off the coast of Morocco, {{convert|8|km|mi}} from [[Ceuta]] and {{convert|13.5|km|mi}} from mainland Spain. Its sovereignty is disputed between Spain and Morocco. It was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in 2002. The incident ended when both countries agreed to return to the status quo ante which existed prior to the Moroccan occupation of the island. The islet is now deserted and without any sign of sovereignty.

==== With Portugal ====
[[Olivenza]] ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) or Olivença ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is a town and seat of a municipality, on a disputed section of the border between Portugal and Spain, which is claimed ''de jure'' by both countries and administered ''de facto'' as part of the Spanish [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Extremadura]]. The population is 80% ethnic Portuguese and 30% of Portuguese language. Olivenza/Olivença was under continuous Portuguese sovereignty since 1297 until it was [[War of the Oranges|occupied by the Spanish in 1801]] and formally ceded by Portugal later that year by the [[Treaty of Badajoz (1801)|Treaty of Badajoz]]. Spain claims the ''de jure'' (legal) sovereignty over Olivenza/Olivença on the grounds that the Treaty of Badajoz still stands and has never been revoked. Thus, the border between the two countries in the region of Olivenza/Olivença should be as demarcated by that treaty. Portugal claims the ''de jure'' sovereignty over Olivenza/Olivença on the grounds that the Treaty of Badajoz was revoked by its own terms (the breach of any of its articles would lead to its cancellation) when Spain invaded Portugal in the [[Peninsular War]] of 1807.<ref>Miguel A. Melón Jiménez,  "The Spanish-Portuguese Frontier (1297–1926). Identity midway between dialogue and settlement of accounts." in ''European Border Regions in Comparison'' (Routledge, 2014). 31–50.</ref>

Portugal further bases its case on Article 105 of the [[Congress of Vienna|Treaty of Vienna]] of 1815, which Spain signed in 1817, that states that the winning countries are to "endeavour with the mightiest conciliatory effort to return Olivenza/Olivença to Portuguese authority". Thus, the border between the two countries in the region of Olivenza/Olivença should be as demarcated by the Treaty of Alcanizes of 1297. Spain interprets Article 105 as not being mandatory on demanding Spain to return Olivenza/Olivença to Portugal, thus not revoking the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal has never made a formal claim to the territory after the Treaty of Vienna, but has equally never directly acknowledged the Spanish sovereignty over Olivenza/Olivença.  Portugal continues to claim Olivenza/Olivença, asserting that under the [[Treaty of Vienna (1815)|Vienna Treaty]] of 1815, Spain recognized the Portuguese claims as "legitimate".

Another dispute surrounds the [[Savage Islands]], which Spain acknowledges to be part of [[Portugal]]. However, Spain claims that they are rocks rather than islands, and therefore Spain does not accept the Portuguese [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (200 nautical miles) generated by the islands, while acknowledging the ''Selvagens'' as possessing [[territorial waters]] (12 nautical miles). On 5 July 2013, Spain sent a letter to the UN expressing these views.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/prt44_09/esp_re_prt2013.pdf|title=Spain's letter to the UN|publisher=UN|date=September 2013|language=es|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525185334/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/prt44_09/esp_re_prt2013.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/spain-disputes-portugal-islands/29269 "Spain disputes Portugal islands"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908225016/http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/spain-disputes-portugal-islands/29269|date=8 September 2013 }} ''[[The Portugal News]]''. Retrieved 9 September 2013.</ref>

== Diplomatic relations ==
List of countries which Spain maintains diplomatic relations with: 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" |[[File:Diplomatic relations of Spain.svg|frameless|425x425px]]
|-
!#
!Country<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ficha de paises y territorios |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/es/Comunicacion/Paginas/Ficha.aspx |access-date=13 August 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
!Date
|-
|1
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|{{dts|5 October 1143}}<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Países |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|2
|{{flag|France}}
|{{dts|1486}}<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Schoell |first=Frédéric |title=Cours d'histoire des états européens: depuis le bouleversement de l'empire romain d'occident jusqu'en 1789, 35. |year=1833 |pages=337 |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|3
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{Dts|1505}}<ref name="britain">Hillgarth, J.N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vXTs8jJiuu8C&pg=PA17 ''The Mirror of Spain, 1500–1700: The Formation of a Myth''], University of Michigan Press, 2000, page 11</ref>{{failed verification|reason=The source does not state when Spain and the United Kingdom established diplomatic relations.|date=March 2025}}
|-
|4
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{dts|1 April 1516}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Paludan-Müller |first=Caspar |title=De Første konger af den Oldenborgske slaegt |year=1874 |pages=302–303 |language=da}}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|Holy See}}
|{{dts|March 1559}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nunciature to Spain |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dxxes.html |access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|5
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|{{dts|29 June 1578}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millán |first=José Martínez |title=Felipe II, 1527-1598 - Europa y la monarquía católica |publisher=Editorial Parteluz |year=1998 |volume=I |pages=633 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|6
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{dts|29 June 1649}}<ref>J. & P. Lefèvre, ''Inventaire des Archives de l'Ambassade d'Espagne à la Haye'' (1932; reprinted Brussels, 1991), p. 80.</ref>
|-
|7
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{Dts|20 February 1783}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=All Countries |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/all |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=Office of the Historian}}</ref>
|-
|8
|{{flag|Russia}}
|{{dts|20 July 1812}}<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Acuerdo de amistad y alianza entre Rusia y España (5 artículos) |url=https://spain.mid.ru/500-anos-de-amistad-entre-rusia-y-espana?TSPD_101_R0=08765fb817ab2000b9dc0930194ec97a8d4006911f25c14c914981396e520744ecdb8dd252adb8c408932537c5143000c2872026a6bc0424a0a84df67d7b2383767c2d35b1d93ca245457777c7b44d8ad3b1c9efa5a36aa30214e5c8b664e5a8 |access-date=28 August 2022 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|9
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|{{dts|6 June 1834}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moreira |first=Earle D. Macarthy |date=December 1977 |title=Espanha E Brasil - Problemas De Relacionamento |journal=Estudos Ibero-Americanos |language=es |volume=3 |issue=7}}</ref>
|-
|10
|{{flag|Greece}}
|{{dts|6 December 1835}}<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=Greece liberated |url=https://200years.mfa.gr/en/diplomatic-consular-relations-en/spain/ |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|11
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|{{dts|28 December 1836}}<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2016 |title=28 de diciembre de 1836, España reconoce oficialmente la independencia de México |url=https://www.gob.mx/sedena/documentos/28-de-diciembre-de-1836-espana-reconoce-oficialmente-la-independencia-de-mexico?state=published |access-date=18 August 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|12
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|{{dts|16 February 1840}}<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=Tratado de paz y amistad celebrado entre España y la República del Ecuador: en 16 de febrero de 1840 |year=1841 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|13
|{{flag|Iran}}
|{{dts|4 March 1842}}<ref name=":25">{{Cite book |title=Documentos internacionales del Reinado de Doña Isabel II desde 1842 a 1868 |year=1869 |pages=1 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|14
|{{flag|Chile}}
|{{dts|25 April 1844}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tratado entre la República de Chile i la de España |url=https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?i=400009 |access-date=24 March 2025 |website=bcn.cl |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|15
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|{{dts|30 March 1845}}<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |title=Handbook of Latin American Studies |publisher=[[University of Florida Press]] |year=1944 |volume=10 |pages=235}}</ref>
|-
|16
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|{{dts|21 July 1847}}
|-
|17
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|{{dts|10 May 1850}}<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Detalle de Instrumento Jurídico |url=https://www.rree.go.cr/?sec=exterior&cat=convenios&cont=610&instrumento=268 |access-date=18 August 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|18
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}
|{{dts|21 March 1851}}<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=TRATADO ENTRE NICARAGUA I ESPAÑA, FIRMADO EN MADRID EL 25 DE JULIO DE 1850, I RATIFICADO EN 21 DE MARZO DE 1851 |url=http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/($All)/B1FEDC7F91FB44C60625817E007AE3CC?OpenDocument |access-date=18 August 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|19
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{Date table sorting|18 February 1855}}<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Relaciones Diplomáticas |url=https://www.embajadadominicana.es/relaciones-con-espana/relaciones-diplomaticas |access-date=26 March 2022 |language=es |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630140539/https://www.embajadadominicana.es/relaciones-con-espana/relaciones-diplomaticas |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|20
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{dts|5 May 1856}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capi missione italiani in Spagna |url=https://ambmadrid.esteri.it/ambasciata_madrid/it/i_rapporti_bilaterali/capi-missione-italiani-in-spagna.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001019/https://ambmadrid.esteri.it/ambasciata_madrid/it/i_rapporti_bilaterali/capi-missione-italiani-in-spagna.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
|-
|21
|{{flag|Argentina}} 
|{{Dts|9 July 1859}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Las relaciones diplomáticas entre España y América |year=1992 |pages=122 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tratado de Reconocimiento, Paz y Amistad celebrado entre la Confederación Argentina y España en Madrid el 09/07/1859 |url=https://www.dipublico.org/109537/tratado-de-reconocimiento-paz-y-amistad-celebrado-entre-la-confederacion-argentina-y-espana-en-madrid-el-09-07-1859/ |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=dipublico.org |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|22
|{{flag|Guatemala}}
|{{dts|18 June 1864}}<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Listado de paises con relaciones diplomatica |url=https://www.minex.gob.gt/MDCE/MDCE_PAIS_RELACION_DIPLOMATICA/MDCE_PAIS_RELACION_DIPLOMATICAWebReport.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226042604/https://www.minex.gob.gt/MDCE/MDCE_PAIS_RELACION_DIPLOMATICA/MDCE_PAIS_RELACION_DIPLOMATICAWebReport.aspx |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=minex.gob.gt |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|23
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
|{{dts|24 June 1865}}<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=REGISTRO DE FECHAS DE ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RD |url=https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/rree/documents/338286/download |access-date=9 March 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|24
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{dts|12 November 1868}}<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=Spain and Japan commemorate 150th anniversary of diplomatic relations |url=https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2017/12/spain-and-japan-commemorate-150th-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations/ |access-date=13 August 2022}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
|25
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|{{dts|23 February 1870}}<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |title=ราชอาณาจักรสเปน |url=https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content/5d5bcc2115e39c306000a1cf?cate=5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006870 |access-date=13 August 2022 |language=th}}</ref>
|-
|26
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|{{Dts|19 July 1870}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uruguay y España |url=https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-relaciones-exteriores/embajada-republica-oriental-del-uruguay-espana/uruguay-espana#:~:text=Uruguay%20y%20Espa%C3%B1a%20comparten%20profundos,las%20distintas%20Comunidades%20Aut%C3%B3nomas%20espa%C3%B1olas. |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=Embajada de la República Oriental del Uruguay en España |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|27
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|{{dts|2 June 1876}}<ref name=":28">{{cite web |title=Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007 |url=https://www.gouv.mc/Action-Gouvernementale/Monaco-a-l-International/Publications/Rapports-de-Politique-Exterieure |accessdate=11 October 2020 |page=44 |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|28
|{{flag|Peru}}
|{{dts|15 November 1879}}<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2022 |title=Relación bilateral entre Perú y España |url=https://www.gob.pe/10595-embajada-del-peru-en-espana-relacion-bilateral-entre-peru-y-espana |access-date=18 August 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|29
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|{{dts|10 September 1880}}
|-
|30
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|{{dts|30 January 1881}}<ref name="Reino de España">{{Cite web |title=Reino de España |url=https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/internacional/politica/regiones/europa/espana |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|31
|{{flag|Romania}}
|{{dts|5 July 1881}}<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of Romania |url=https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|32
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|{{dts|9 February 1891}}<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=Relaciones diplomáticas y consulares entre España y Luxemburgo (1890–1930). Con motivo del centenario del primer nombramiento de un cónsul de Luxemburgo en Madrid |url=https://www.fehl.es/relaciones-diplomaticas-y-consulares-entre-espana-y-luxemburgo/ |access-date=18 August 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|33
|{{flag|Honduras}}
|{{dts|11 June 1896}}
|-
|34
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|{{dts|21 June 1902}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=Celebran Cuba y España aniversario 120 de relaciones diplomáticas |url=https://www.siempreconcuba.org/celebran-cuba-y-espana-aniversario-120-de-relaciones-diplomaticas/ |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=Siempre con Cuba |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|35
|{{flag|Panama}}
|{{dts|1904|5|10|format=dmy}}<ref name="date">{{cite web |title=RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ |url=http://www.mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131148/https://mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=30 November 2021 |page=195}}</ref>
|-
|36
|{{flag|Norway}}
|{{dts|26 November 1905}}<ref name=":31">{{cite web |date=27 April 1999 |title=Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=regjeringen.no |language=no}}</ref>
|-
|37
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|{{dts|5 August 1910}}<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878–2005) |url=http://filip-nikolov.com/files/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.doc |language=bg}}</ref>
|-
|38
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|{{dts|14 October 1916}}<ref name=":32">{{cite web |title=Španija |url=https://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/spoljna-politika/bilateralni-odnosi/117-bilateralni-odnosi/11563-spanija?lang=lat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204130641/https://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/spoljna-politika/bilateralni-odnosi/117-bilateralni-odnosi/11563-spanija?lang=lat |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite news |date=6 April 2017 |title=Hundredth anniversary of diplomatic relations between Serbia and Spain marked at the Archive of Serbia |work=Diplomatic Portal |url=https://diplomaticportal.bidd.org.rs/hundredth-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations-between-serbia-and-spain-marked-at-the-archive-of-serbia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224235341/https://diplomaticportal.bidd.org.rs/hundredth-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations-between-serbia-and-spain-marked-at-the-archive-of-serbia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|39
|{{flag|Finland}}
|{{dts|16 August 1918}}<ref name="ties">{{cite web |title=Countries and regions A–Z |url=http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330044440/http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=March 30, 2018 |access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|40
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{dts|19 June 1919}}<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |title=Relaciones bilaterales |url=https://www.mzv.cz/madrid/es/la_republica_checa_y_la_union_europea/index.html |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|41
|{{flag|Poland}}
|{{dts|17 September 1919}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Biliński |first1=Wojciech |year=2018 |title=UZNANIE MIĘDZYNARODOWE POLSKI AUSTANOWIENIE PRZEZ NIĄ STOSUNKÓW DYPLOMATYCZNYCH W1919 R. Page 18 (in Polish) |url=http://journals.ltn.lodz.pl/index.php/Studia-Prawno-Ekonomiczne/article/view/312/274 |journal=Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne |volume=108 |pages=11–40 |doi=10.26485/SPE/2018/108/1 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|42
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|{{dts|21 January 1921}}<ref name=":35">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=100 years of historic milestones in diplomatic relations with Belgium |url=https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2021/01/100-years-of-historic-milestones-in-diplomatic-relations-with-belgium/ |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|43
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|{{dts|9 May 1922}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha00unse_94/page/836/mode/1up |title=Almanach de Gotha: Corps diplomatique au Caire et consulats. |publisher=Gotha, Germany : Justus Perthes |year=1923 |pages=836 |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|44
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|{{dts|12 July 1924}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Núm. 630. |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1928/094/A00059-00059.pdf |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=boe.es |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|45
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{dts|27 September 1924}}
|-
|46
|{{flag|Austria}}
|{{dts|14 June 1925}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Protokolle des Ministerrates der Ersten Republik, 1918-1938: 2. Dezember 1935 bis 6. März 1936 |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Staatsdruckerei |year=2005 |pages=120 |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|47
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|{{dts|23 June 1935}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaspe |first=Alvaro |date=2011 |title=Leopold Kearney and Irish-Spanish diplomatic relations, 1935-1936 |url=https://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/2011/03/ireland-and-spain-1931-1933-divergent-republics/alvaro_jaspe/ |journal=Leopold Kearney and Irish-Spanish diplomatic relations, 1935-1936 |volume=6 |page=18}}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}
|{{dts|19 November 1938}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Béthencourt |first=Marcos Fernández |title=La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional |publisher=Editorial Sanz Y Torres |year=2019 |pages=296 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|48
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|{{dts|14 February 1939}}<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol |url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnuarioCIDOB/article/download/33281/85107/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |page=307 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|49
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{dts|27 September 1947}}<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |title=The Embassy |url=https://www.philembassymadrid.com/the-embassy |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|50
|{{flag|Syria}}
|{{dts|3 April 1948}}<ref>{{Cite book |first=Alberto J. |last=Lleonart y Amsélem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUAunKgbevYC&dq=Siria+y+Espana+establecimiento+relaciones+diplomaticas+3+Abril+1948&pg=PA378 |title=España y ONU. La Cuestión española. Tomo III (1948–49). Estudios introductivos y corpus documental, Volume 3 |publisher=CSIC Press |year=1985 |pages=378 | isbn=9788400060695 |language=es |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol |url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnuarioCIDOB/article/download/33281/85107/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |page=307 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|51
|{{flag|Lebanon}}
|{{dts|15 April 1949}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|52
|{{flag|Iceland}}
|{{dts|20 September 1949}}<ref name=":39">{{Cite web |title=Iceland – Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.government.is/ministries/ministry-for-foreign-affairs/protocol/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/ |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=Government of Iceland}}</ref>
|-
|53
|{{flag|Haiti}}
|{{dts|6 November 1949}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|54
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|{{dts|24 March 1950}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|55
|{{flag|Liberia}}
|{{dts|5 May 1950}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|56
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{dts|6 July 1950}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|57
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{dts|5 August 1950}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|58
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|{{dts|27 April 1951}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diario de acontecimientos mundiales del segundo trimestre de 1951 |url=https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/32536rpi006165.pdf |access-date=29 June 2023 |page=168 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|59
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|{{dts|18 May 1951}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|60
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{dts|17 September 1951}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|61
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{dts|17 July 1952}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|62
|{{flag|Germany}}
|{{dts|6 November 1952}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|63
|{{flag|Canada}}
|{{dts|21 February 1953}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925–2019 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|64
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|{{dts|10 July 1955}}
|-
|65
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|{{dts|26 June 1956}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|66
|{{flag|India}}
|{{dts|7 November 1956}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|67
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|{{dts|8 July 1957}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|68
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|{{dts|28 February 1958}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2018 |title=Congratulations Muhammad Hasannudin! His logo #Spain60nesia is the winner of the Logo Competition celebrating the 60th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations between Spain and Indonesia. |url=https://twitter.com/EmbEspIndonesia/status/968754507021733888 |website=España en Indonesia on X |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|69
|{{flag|Afghanistan|2013}}
|{{dts|28 October 1958}}<ref name=":41">{{Cite web |title=Documentos de Seguridad y Defensa 70 |url=https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/cuadernos/DocSeguridadyDefensa_70.pdf |access-date=13 August 2022 |page=22 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|70
|{{flag|Libya}}
|{{dts|14 January 1961}}
|-
|71
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|{{dts|10 February 1961}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|72
|{{flag|Mauritania}}
|{{dts|15 April 1961}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|73
|{{flag|Cameroon}}
|{{dts|10 November 1961}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|74
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|{{dts|18 December 1962}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|75
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{dts|20 February 1964}}
|-
|76
|{{flag|Gabon}}
|{{dts|25 February 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|77
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|{{dts|6 March 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|78
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{dts|20 March 1964}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations |url=http://www.mofa.gov.la/index.php/lo/2015-04-07-02-45-52/1950 |access-date=30 June 2021 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos |archive-date=2016-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601144934/http://www.mofa.gov.la/index.php/lo/2015-04-07-02-45-52/1950 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|79
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{dts|17 April 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|80
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
|{{dts|12 June 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|81
|{{flag|Mali}}
|{{dts|20 August 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|82
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|{{dts|3 November 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|83
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{dts|27 November 1964}}
|-
|84
|{{flag|Central African Republic}}
|{{dts|27 November 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|85
|{{flag|Guinea}}
|{{dts|10 February 1965}}
|-
|86
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|{{dts|3 March 1965}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|87
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{dts|May 1965}}
|-
|88
|{{flag|Gambia}}
|{{dts|14 August 1965}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|89
|{{flag|Togo}}
|{{dts|22 October 1965}}
|-
|90
|{{flag|Benin}}
|{{dts|25 March 1966}}
|-
|91
|{{flag|Madagascar}}
|{{dts|25 March 1966}}
|-
|92
|{{flag|Burundi}}
|{{dts|27 September 1966}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|93
|{{flag|Jamaica}}
|{{dts|21 December 1966}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|94
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|{{dts|23 February 1967}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|95
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|{{dts|11 March 1967}}<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Diplomatic relations |url=http://myanmarbsb.org/_site/diplomatic-relations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014192116/http://myanmarbsb.org/_site/diplomatic-relations/ |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|96
|{{flag|Kenya}}
|{{dts|27 April 1967}}
|-
|97
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|{{dts|12 May 1967}}
|-
|98
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|{{dts|15 June 1967}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|99
|{{flag|Rwanda}}
|{{dts|16 June 1967}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|100
|{{flag|Australia}}
|{{dts|26 October 1967}}
|-
|101
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|{{dts|10 November 1967}}
|-
|102
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|{{dts|22 December 1967}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|103
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{dts|26 April 1968}}
|-
|104
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|{{dts|14 May 1968}}
|-
|105
|{{flag|Somalia}}
|{{dts|31 May 1968}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|106
|{{flag|Malta}}
|{{dts|7 June 1968}}<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=7 June 1968 |title=Malta establishes diplomatic relations with Spain, Rumania and Yugoslavia |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/lavaleta/es/Comunicacion/Noticias/Documents/Establecimiento%20de%20relaciones%20diplomáticas.pdf |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|107
|{{flag|Yemen}}
|{{dts|24 September 1968}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|108
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|{{dts|12 October 1968}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/documents/fichaspais/guineaecuatorial_ficha%20pais.pdf |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=Oficina de informacion diplomatica Ficha Pais |page=5 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|109
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{dts|28 March 1969}}
|-
|110
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|{{dts|13 September 1969}}
|-
|111
|{{flag|Zambia}}
|{{dts|26 September 1969}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|112
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|{{dts|15 November 1971}}<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |title=Spain |url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US&Country=Kingdom%20of%20Spain |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|113
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{dts|12 May 1972}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|114
|{{flag|Malawi}}
|{{dts|27 October 1972}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|115
|{{flag|Oman}}
|{{dts|10 November 1972}}
|-
|116
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|{{dts|10 November 1972}}<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relationship |url=https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/Missions/Madrid/UAE-Relationships/Bilateral-Relationship |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|117
|{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
|{{dts|7 December 1972}}
|-
|118
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{dts|22 December 1972}}
|-
|119
|{{flag|China}}
|{{dts|9 March 1973}}<ref name=":45">{{Cite news |date=10 March 1973 |title=Spain Announces Establishment of Diplomatic Ties With Peking |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/10/archives/spain-announces-establishment-of-diplomatic-ties-with-peking.html |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|120
|{{flag|Chad}}
|{{dts|7 February 1975}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|121
|{{flag|Guinea Bissau}}
|{{dts|3 March 1975}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Boletâin oficial del estado: Gaceta de Madrid – Part 2 |publisher=1975 |year= |pages=3 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|122
|{{flag|Lesotho}}
|{{dts|3 May 1976}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/documents/fichaspais/lesotho_ficha%20pais.pdf|title=RELACIONES BILATERALES CON ESPAÑA|accessdate=8 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|123
|{{flag|Suriname}}
|{{dts|9 July 1976}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|124
|{{flag|Grenada}}
|{{dts|2 September 1976}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|125
|{{flag|Bahamas}}
|{{dts|1 December 1976}}
|-
|126
|{{flag|Fiji}}
|{{dts|10 December 1976}}<ref name=":17">{{cite web |title=Formal diplomatic relations list |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/images/FDR_LIST_version_of_6_June_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827171052/http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/images/FDR_LIST_version_of_6_June_2016.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|127
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|{{dts|3 May 1977}}
|-
|128
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{dts|23 May 1977}}
|-
|129
|{{flag|Mozambique}}
|{{dts|27 May 1977}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|130
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{dts|4 July 1977}}
|-
|131
|{{flag|Angola}}
|{{dts|19 October 1977}}
|-
|132
|{{flag|Cape Verde}}
|{{dts|21 December 1977}}
|-
|133
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|{{dts|28 August 1978}}
|-
|134
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|{{dts|3 November 1978}}
|-
|135
|{{flag|Eswatini}}
|{{dts|6 April 1979}}<ref name=":03" />
|-
|136
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|{{dts|30 May 1979}}
|-
|137
|{{flag|Djibouti}}
|{{dts|25 June 1979}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/fbis-report_prex-710fbis-weu-79-124/page/n7/mode/1up?q=Djibouti+diplomatic+relations |title=FBIS Daily Report—Western Europe |date=26 June 1979 |publisher=United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|138
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|{{dts|24 August 1979}}
|-
|139
|{{flag|Tonga}}
|{{dts|16 November 1979}}
|-
|140
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|{{dts|21 April 1980}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/fbis-report_prex-710fbis-weu-80-087/page/n28/mode/1up?q=establish+diplomatic+relations |title=FBIS Daily Report—Western Europe |publisher=United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service |year=1980 |pages=25 |access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|141
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}
|{{dts|8 August 1980}}
|-
|142
|{{flag|Barbados}}
|{{dts|29 September 1980}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|143
|{{flag|Dominica}}
|{{dts|29 September 1980}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|144
|{{flag|Samoa}}
|{{dts|5 November 1980}}<ref name=":18">{{cite web |title=Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa |url=http://www.mfat.gov.ws/embassies/countries-with-established-diplomatic-relations-with-samoa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214005624/https://www.mfat.gov.ws/embassies/countries-with-established-diplomatic-relations-with-samoa/ |archive-date=14 February 2020 |access-date=19 August 2018 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade – Samoa}}</ref>
|-
|145
|{{flag|Botswana}}
|{{dts|29 April 1981}}
|-
|146
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}
|{{dts|30 April 1981}}
|-
|147
|{{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|{{dts|26 February 1982}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Decreto 417/1982, de 26 de febrero, por el que se designa Embajador de España en Santo Tomé y Príncipe a don Manuel Piñeiro Souto, con residencia en Luanda. |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1982-5362 |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=Agencia Estatal Boletin Oficial del Estado |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|148
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{dts|1 March 1983}}
|-
|149
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|{{dts|June 1984}}
|-
|150
|{{flag|Israel}}
|{{dts|17 January 1986}}
|-
|151
|{{flag|Saint Lucia}}
|{{dts|2 May 1986}}
|-
|152
|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|{{dts|21 July 1986}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|153
|{{flag|Guyana}}
|{{dts|1 August 1986}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|154
|{{flag|Albania}}
|{{dts|12 September 1986}}
|-
|155
|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
|{{dts|19 March 1987}}
|-
|156
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|{{dts|27 June 1988}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|157
|{{flag|Belize}}
|{{dts|13 January 1989}}<ref name=":03"/>
|-
|158
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|{{dts|21 March 1990}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 1990 |title=Real Decreto 373/1990, de 16 de marzo, por el que se crea la Misión Diplomática Permanente de España en Namibia. |url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1990-6961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426224955/http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1990-6961 |archive-date=26 April 2018 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=Boletin Oficial del Estado |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|159
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|{{dts|10 September 1991}}
|-
|160
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|{{dts|7 October 1991}}
|-
|161
|{{flag|Latvia}}
|{{dts|9 October 1991}}<ref name=":46">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations |url=https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/establishment-and-renewal-of-diplomatic-relations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108224348/https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/establishment-and-renewal-of-diplomatic-relations |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=mfa.gov.lv}}</ref>
|-
|162
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}
|{{dts|17 December 1991}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Spain and ... |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?f1=series&as=1&sf=title&so=a&rm=&m1=p&p1=Diplomatic%20relations%20between%20Spain%20and%20...&ln=en |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|163
|{{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
|{{dts|9 January 1992}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 1992 |title=Akkreditierung von Botschaftern |url=https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/!image/000476564_1992/74/-/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[Liechtensteiner Volksblatt]] |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|164
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|{{dts|27 January 1992}}
|-
|165
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|{{dts|30 January 1992}}<ref name="Europe">{{cite web |title=European countries |url=https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720122956/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries |archive-date=20 July 2019 |accessdate=23 August 2019 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine}}</ref>
|-
|166
|{{flag|Moldova}}
|{{dts|31 January 1992}}
|-
|167
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{dts|11 February 1992}}
|-
|168
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|{{dts|11 February 1992}}
|-
|169
|{{flag|Belarus}}
|{{dts|13 February 1992}}
|-
|170
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|{{dts|9 March 1992}}
|-
|171
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|{{dts|18 March 1992}}
|-
|172
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|{{dts|19 March 1992}}
|-
|173
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|{{dts|25 March 1992}}<ref name=":47">{{Cite web |title=Priznanja samostojne Slovenije |url=https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije_.pdf |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=sl}}</ref>
|-
|174
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{dts|3 April 1992}}<ref name=":48">{{Cite web |title=Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения |url=https://mfa.gov.kg/kg/osnovnoe-menyu/vneshnyaya-politika/mezhdunarodnye-dogovory/spisok-stran-s-kotorymi-ustanovleny-dipotnosheniya/spisok-stran-s-kotorymi-kr-ustanovil-diplomaticheskie-otnosheniya |access-date=10 October 2021 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|175
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|{{dts|29 April 1992}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino |url=https://www.esteri.sm/pub2/EsteriSM/Relazioni-Internazionali/Rapporti-Bilaterali.html |access-date=15 December 2021 |language=it}}</ref>
|-
|176
|{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
|{{dts|11 May 1992}}
|-
|177
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|{{dts|9 July 1992}}
|-
|178
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}
|{{dts|4 August 1992}}<ref name=":49">{{cite web |title=Tajikistan diplomacy: The past and the present I |url=http://mfa.tj/files/kitobkhona/tajikistan_diplomacy_the_past_and_the_present_1/tajikistan_diplomacy_the_past_and_the_present_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305231414/http://mfa.tj/files/kitobkhona/tajikistan_diplomacy_the_past_and_the_present_1/tajikistan_diplomacy_the_past_and_the_present_en.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=29 December 2015 |page=166}}</ref>
|-
|179
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|{{dts|14 December 1992}}<ref name=":50">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa |url=https://mvp.gov.ba/vanjska_politika_bih/bilateralni_odnosi/datumi_priznanja_i_uspostave_diplomatskih_odnosa/?id=6 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}</ref>
|-
|180
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|{{dts|1 January 1993}}
|-
|181
|{{flag|Andorra}}
|{{dts|3 June 1993}}<ref name=":51">{{cite web |title=Diplomatic relations |url=https://www.exteriors.ad/en/101-continguts-angles/diplomatic-representations/diplomatic-relations |access-date=3 July 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra}}</ref>
|-
|182
|{{flag|Eritrea}}
|{{dts|5 October 1993}}
|-
|183
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}
|{{dts|28 July 1994}}
|-
|184
|{{flag|Tuvalu}}
|{{dts|4 May 1995}}
|-
|185
|{{flag|Palau}}
|{{dts|3 August 1995}}
|-
|186
|{{flag|Nauru}}
|{{dts|27 September 1995}}
|-
|—
|{{flag|Cook Islands}}
|{{dts|29 January 1998}}
|-
|187
|{{flag|North Korea}}
|{{dts|7 February 2001}}
|-
|188
|{{flag|Timor-Leste}}
|{{dts|20 May 2002}}
|-
|189
|{{flag|Montenegro}}
|{{dts|11 December 2006}}
|-
|190
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|{{dts|11 February 2011}}<ref name="list">{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/?page_id=8824 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan}}</ref>
|-
|191
|{{flag|Kiribati}}
|{{dts|24 September 2011}}<ref name=":1" />
|-
|192
|{{flag|South Sudan}}
|{{dts|7 October 2011}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2011 |title=Aprobado el intercambio de cartas para relaciones España-Sudán del Sur |language=es |url=https://www.lainformacion.com/espana/aprobado-el-intercambio-de-cartas-para-relaciones-espana-sudan-del-sur_xERpEe6ZGvcD1VD4YtuSs2/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814153024/https://www.lainformacion.com/espana/aprobado-el-intercambio-de-cartas-para-relaciones-espana-sudan-del-sur_xERpEe6ZGvcD1VD4YtuSs2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|State of Palestine}}
|{{dts|16 September 2024}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2024 |title=First Palestinian ambassador to Spain submits credentials |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2571614/middle-east |work=[[Arab News]] |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Bilateral relations==

===Africa===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;" | Date formal relations began
! style="width:50%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Algeria}}||{{dts|18 December 1962}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Algeria–Spain relations]]

* Algeria has an embassy in [[Madrid]] and consulates-general in [[Alicante]] and [[Barcelona]].
* Spain has an embassy in [[Algiers]] and a consulate-general in [[Oran]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Angola}}||{{dts|19 October 1977}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Angola–Spain relations]]

* Angola has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Luanda]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}||{{dts|27 November 1964}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Burkina Faso–Spain relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cameroon}}||{{dts|10 November 1961}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Cameroon–Spain relations]]

* Cameroon has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Yaoundé]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Chad}}||{{dts|7 February 1975}}<ref name=":03"/>||

* Chad is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Spain is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}||{{dts|12 June 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Ivory Coast–Spain relations]]

* Ivory Coast has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Abidjan]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}||{{dts|3 November 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Democratic Republic of the Congo–Spain relations]]

* DR Congo has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Kinshasa]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Egypt}}||{{dts|15 July 1950}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Egypt–Spain relations]]

* Egypt has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Cairo]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}||{{dts|27 September 1968}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Equatorial Guinea–Spain relations]]

* Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate in [[Las Palmas]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.guineamadrid.es/espagnol/ |title=Embassy of Equatorial Guinea in Spain (in French and Spanish) |access-date=2017-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229180853/http://www.guineamadrid.es/espagnol/ |archive-date=2016-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Malabo]] and a consulate-general in [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Malabo/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Equatorial Guinea (in Spanish) |access-date=2017-05-01 |archive-date=2017-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501084822/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/MALABO/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Spanish Equatoguineans]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}||{{dts|April 1951}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Ethiopia–Spain relations]]

* Ethiopia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Addis Ababa]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Gambia}}||{{dts|14 August 1965}}<ref name=":03"/>||

* Gambia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy office in [[Banjul]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Gabon }}||{{dts|25 February 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Gabon–Spain relations]]

* Gabon has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Libreville]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ghana }}||{{dts|10 November 1967}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Ghana–Spain relations]]

* Ghana has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Accra]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Guinea }}||{{dts|10 February 1965}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Guinea–Spain relations]]

* Guinea has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Conakry]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau }}||{{dts|1974}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Guinea-Bissau–Spain relations]]

* Guinea-Bissau has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Bissau]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Kenya}}||{{dts|27 April 1967}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Kenya–Spain relations]]

* Kenya has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Nairobi]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Liberia}}||{{dts|5 May 1950}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Liberia–Spain relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Libya }}||{{dts|14 January 1961}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Libya–Spain relations]]

* Libya has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Madagascar }}||{{dts|25 March 1966}}<ref name=":3" />||

* Madagascar is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Spain is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mali }}||{{dts|20 August 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Mali–Spain relations]]

* Mali has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Bamako]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mauritania}}||{{dts|15 April 1961}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Mauritania–Spain relations]]

* Mauritania has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in [[Las Palmas]].
* Spain has an embassy in [[Nouakchott]] and a consulate-general in [[Nouadhibou]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Morocco}}||{{dts|26 June 1956}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Morocco–Spain relations]]

Spain has several interests in Morocco. This is dictated by geographic proximity and long historical contacts, as well as by the two Spanish enclave cities of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] on the northern coast of Africa. While Spain's departure from its former colony of [[Western Sahara]] ended direct Spanish participation in Morocco, it maintains an interest in the peaceful resolution of the conflict brought about there by [[decolonization]]. These issues were highlighted by a crisis in 2002, when Spanish forces evicted a small contingent of Moroccans from a tiny islet off Morocco's coast following that nation's attempt to assert sovereignty over the Spanish island.
* Morocco has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in [[Algeciras]], [[Almería]], [[Barcelona]], [[Bilbao]], [[Las Palmas]], [[Seville]], [[Tarragona]] and [[Valencia]].
* Spain has an embassy in [[Rabat]] and consulates-general in [[Agadir]], [[Casablanca]], [[Nador]], [[Tanger]] and [[Tetuan]] and a consulate in [[Larache]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/rabat/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Rabat (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202003342/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Rabat/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Moroccans in Spain]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mozambique}}||{{dts|27 May 1977}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Mozambique–Spain relations]]

* Mozambique has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Maputo]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Namibia }}||{{dts|2 March 1990}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Namibia–Spain relations]]

* Namibia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Windhoek]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Niger }}||{{dts|May 1965}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Niger–Spain relations]]

* Niger is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Niamey]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Nigeria}}||{{dts|10 February 1961}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Nigeria–Spain relations]]

* Nigeria has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Abuja]] and a consulate-general in [[Lagos]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}||No diplomatic relations||See [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–Spain relations]]
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has a delegation office in Madrid<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.delsah.polisario.es/ |title=Sahrawi Delegation in Madrid (in Spanish) |access-date=2019-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128033624/http://delsah.polisario.es/ |archive-date=2018-11-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and a delegation office in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saharacatalunya.org/Quisom/delegacio1.htm |title=Sahrawi Delegation in Barcelona (in Spanish) |access-date=2017-05-11 |archive-date=2018-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329063550/http://www.saharacatalunya.org/Quisom/delegacio1.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Senegal}}||{{dts|3 March 1965}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Senegal–Spain relations]]

* Senegal has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Dakar]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|South Africa}}||{{dts|18 May 1951}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[South Africa–Spain relations]]

* South Africa has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Pretoria]] and a consulate-general in [[Cape Town]]. 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Sudan}}||{{dts|20 February 1964}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Spain–Sudan relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Khartoum]].
* Sudan has an embassy in Madrid.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Tanzania }}||{{dts|23 February 1967}}<ref name=":03"/>||

* Spain has an embassy in [[Dar es Salaam]].
* Tanzania is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Tunisia}}||{{dts|8 July 1957}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Spain–Tunisia relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Tunis]].
* Tunisia has an embassy in Madrid. 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Zambia }}||{{dts|26 September 1969}}<ref name=":03"/>||
* Spain has no embassy in Zambia, but has an honorary consulate in [[Lusaka]], and is accredited to the country from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Zambia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.

|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Zimbabwe }}||{{dts|21 April 1981}}<ref name=":03"/>||

* Spain has an embassy in [[Harare]].
* Zimbabwe is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
|}

===Americas===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Date formal relations began
! style="width:50%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}||{{dts|27 June 1988}}<ref name=":03"/>||

* Antigua and Barbuda has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda from its embassy in Kingston, Jamaica.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Argentina}}||{{dts|21 September 1863}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Argentina–Spain relations]]

* Argentina has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in [[Barcelona]] and [[Vigo]] and consulates in [[Cadiz]], [[Palma, Majorca|Palma de Mallorca]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eespa.mrecic.gov.ar/ |title=Embassy of Argentina in Madrid (in English and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Buenos Aires]] and consulates-general in [[Bahía Blanca]], [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] and in [[Rosario]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.embajadaenargentina.es/ |title=Embassy of Spain in Buenos Aires (in Spanish) |access-date=2012-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804160330/http://www.embajadaenargentina.es/ |archive-date=2012-08-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [http://www.exteriores.gob.es/documents/fichaspais/argentina_ficha%20pais.pdf Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs on bilateral and trade relations between Spain and Argentina (in Spanish)]
* ''See also'': [[Spanish Argentine]] and [[Argentines in Spain]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bahamas}}||{{dts|1 December 1976}}<ref name=":3" />
|See [[Bahamas–Spain relations]] 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Barbados}}||{{dts|29 September 1980}}<ref name=":03"/>||

* Barbados is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Spain is accredited to Barbados from its embassy in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belize}}||{{dts|13 January 1989}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Belize–Spain relations]]

* Belize is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Spain is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala City, Guatemala.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bolivia}}||{{dts|21 July 1847}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Bolivia–Spain relations]]

A diplomatic crisis with [[Bolivia]] in 2005 due to a misunderstanding was quickly resolved by Zapatero and Spain became the first European country visited by [[Evo Morales]] on January 4, 2006. However, there remain problems surrounding the exploitation of oil and gas fields in the country by Spanish corporations like [[Repsol]].

Bolivian President [[Evo Morales]] met King Juan Carlos and held talks with Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero during a visit to Spain in September 2009 with the intention of resolving issues concerning the [[Bolivian gas conflict|nationalisation of the Bolivian energy sector]]. The move has the potential to hurt some Spanish companies however relations were said to be "positive" between the Bolivian state and Spanish private sector energy companies. Evo Morales said that Bolivia is ready to accept outside investment in its energy and natural resource industries as long as foreign firms do not act as owners and that Bolivia is "looking for investment, be it from private or state sector. We want partners, not owners of our natural resources."

It was suggested that Bolivia would also negotiate with Spanish companies to produce car parts and lithium batteries in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/09/2009914223014746611.html|title=Breaking News, World News and Video from al Jazeera}}</ref>
* Bolivia has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in [[Barcelona]] and consulates in [[Bilbao]], [[Murcia]], [[Seville]] and [[Valencia]] and vice-consulates in [[Granada]] and [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.embajadadebolivia.es/ |title=Embassy of Bolivia in Madrid (in Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[La Paz]] and a consulate-general in [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/lapaz/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in La Paz (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-06 |archive-date=2020-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812130459/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/LaPaz/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|--valign="top"
|{{flag|Brazil}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Brazil–Spain relations]]

* Brazil has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madri.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/ |title=Embassy of Brazil in Spain (in Portuguese and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Brasília]] and consulates-general in [[Porto Alegre]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] and [[São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/brasilia/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx#4 |title=Embassy of Spain in Brazil (in Portuguese and Spanish) |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-date=2017-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621205933/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Brasilia/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx#4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Brazilians of Spanish descent]] and [[Spanish immigration to Brazil]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Canada}}||{{dts|21 February 1953}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925–2019 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>||See [[Canada–Spain relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in Madrid and consulates in [[Barcelona]] and [[Málaga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/spain-espagne/contact-contactez.aspx?lang=eng |title=Embassy of Canada in Madrid|date=30 August 2021 }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Ottawa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Ottawa/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Ottawa |access-date=2014-11-14 |archive-date=2016-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621173230/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Ottawa/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and consulates-general in [[Montreal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/Montreal/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Consulate-General of Spain in Montreal |access-date=2016-06-26 |archive-date=2016-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627074729/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/consulados/montreal/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Toronto]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/Toronto/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Consulate-General of Spain in Toronto |access-date=2016-06-26 |archive-date=2016-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627073439/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/TORONTO/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Spanish Canadian]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Chile}}||{{dts|12 June 1883}}<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |title=Chile-Espana: tratados de Paz y Amistad : firmados, el primero en Madrid, el 25 de abril de 1844, y el segundo en Lima, el 12 de junio de 1883 |year=1930 |language=es}}</ref>||See [[Chile–Spain relations]]

*Chile has an embassy in Madrid<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chileabroad.gov.cl/espana/ |title=Embassy of Chile in Madrid (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031043556/http://chileabroad.gov.cl/espana/ |archive-date=2013-10-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and a consulate-general in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chileabroad.gov.cl/barcelona/en/ |title=Consulate-General of Chile in Barcelona (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219132955/http://chileabroad.gov.cl/barcelona/en/ |archive-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Spain has an embassy in [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/SantiagodeChile/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Santiago (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-04 |archive-date=2019-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123181245/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/SantiagodeChile/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Both nations are members of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].
*''See also'': [[Spanish Chilean]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Colombia}}||{{dts|30 January 1881}}<ref name="Reino de España"/>||See [[Colombia–Spain relations]]

* Colombia has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in [[Barcelona]] and [[Seville]] and consulates in [[Bilbao]], [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], [[Palma, Majorca|Palma de Mallorca]] and [[Valencia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mre.cancilleria.gov.co/wps/portal/embajada_espana/ |title=Embassy of Colombia in Madrid (in Spanish) |access-date=2012-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811155434/http://mre.cancilleria.gov.co/wps/portal/embajada_espana |archive-date=2013-08-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Spain has an embassy in [[Bogotá]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/bogota/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Bogotá |access-date=2021-05-05 |archive-date=2021-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507161721/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Bogota/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Colombians in Spain]] and [[Spanish Colombian]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}||{{dts|10 May 1850}}<ref name=":9" />||See [[Costa Rica–Spain relations]]

* Costa Rica has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.embajadacostarica.es/ |title=Embassy of Costa Rica in Spain}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/SanJosedeCostaRica/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Costa Rica |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309170335/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/SanJosedeCostaRica/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Spanish Costa Rican]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cuba}}||{{dts|1902}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Cuba–Spain relations]]
* Cuba has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in [[Barcelona]], [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], [[Santiago de Compostela]] and [[Seville]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/es/espana |title=Embassy of Cuba in Madrid (in Spanish) |access-date=2017-08-11 |archive-date=2018-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915230323/http://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/es/espana |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Havana]].<ref>[http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/LaHabana/es/home/Paginas/home_emblahabana.aspx Embassy of Spain in Havana (in Spanish)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320124330/http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/LaHabana/es/home/Paginas/home_emblahabana.aspx |date=2013-03-20}}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Spanish immigration to Cuba]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}||{{Date table sorting|18 February 1855}}<ref name=":11" />||See [[Dominican Republic–Spain relations]]

* Dominican Republic has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in [[Barcelona]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and consulates in [[Seville]] and [[Valencia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.embajadadominicana.es |title=Embassy of the Dominican Republic in Madrid (in Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Santo Domingo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/santodomingo/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Santo Domingo (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225053445/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/santodomingo/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ecuador}}||{{dts|16 February 1840}}<ref name=":7" />||See [[Ecuador–Spain relations]]

* Ecuador has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in [[Alicante]], [[Barcelona]], [[Málaga]], [[Murcia]], [[Palma, Majorca|Palma de Mallorca]] and [[Valencia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://espana.embajada.gob.ec/ |title=Embassy of Ecuador in Madrid (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-06 |archive-date=2014-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106171431/http://espana.embajada.gob.ec/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Quito]] and a consulate-general in [[Guayaquil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/quito/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Quito (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-06 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206014415/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/QUITO/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are members of the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].
*''See also'': [[Ecuadorians in Spain]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|El Salvador }}||{{dts|24 June 1865}}<ref name=":14" />||See [[El Salvador–Spain relations]]

* El Salvador has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona and Seville.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://embajadaespana.rree.gob.sv/ |title=Embassy of El Salvador in Madrid (in Spanish) |access-date=2013-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218031345/http://embajadaespana.rree.gob.sv/ |archive-date=2013-02-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[San Salvador]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/sansalvador/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in San Salvador in (in Spanish) |access-date=2017-05-25 |archive-date=2018-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027233637/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/SANSALVADOR/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Guatemala}}||{{dts|18 June 1864}}<ref name=":13" />||See [[Guatemala–Spain relations]]

* Guatemala has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://embajadaguatemala.es/ |title=Embassy of Guatemala in Spain (in Spanish) |access-date=2017-07-30 |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123195828/https://embajadaguatemala.es/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Guatemala City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/guatemala/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Guatemala (in Spanish) |access-date=2017-07-30 |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124220402/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/GUATEMALA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also: [[Spaniards in Guatemala]]''
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Haiti}}||{{dts|6 November 1949}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Haiti–Spain relations]]

* Haiti has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Port-au-Prince]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/puertoprincipe/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Haiti |access-date=2017-08-11 |archive-date=2020-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731025005/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/PuertoPrincipe/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Honduras}}||{{dts|11 June 1896}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Honduras–Spain relations]]

* Honduras has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.embahonduras.es/ |title=Embassy of Honduras in Madrid (in Spanish) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030528144304/http://www.embahonduras.es/ |archive-date=28 May 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Tegucigalpa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/tegucigalpa/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Managua (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2020-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113022203/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Tegucigalpa/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Jamaica}}||{{dts|21 December 1966}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Jamaica–Spain relations]]

* Jamaica is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mexico}}||{{dts|28 December 1836}}<ref name=":6" />||See [[Mexico–Spain relations]]

* Mexico has an embassy in Madrid<ref>{{cite web |url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/espana/ |title=Embassy of Mexico in Madrid (in Spanish)}}</ref> and a consulate in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/barcelona/ |title=Consulate of Mexico in Barcelona (in Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Mexico City]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/mexico/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Mexico City (in Spanish) |access-date=2016-06-23 |archive-date=2020-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624040032/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Mexico/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and consulates-general in [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/Guadalajara/es/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Consulate-General of Spain in Guadalajara (in Spanish) |access-date=2016-06-23 |archive-date=2016-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701083040/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/Guadalajara/es/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in [[Monterrey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/MONTERREY/es/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Consulate-General of Spain in Monterrey (in Spanish) |access-date=2016-06-23 |archive-date=2016-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528221856/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/MONTERREY/es/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are members of the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]] and the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].
* During the [[Spanish Civil War]], Mexican volunteers joined the Republican side to fight [[Francisco Franco]]. Though the Republicans had lost the war, this helped improve the relationship between the two countries. Also, many Spanish immigrants immigrated to [[Mexico]] to escape the Spanish Civil War.
* [http://www.sre.gob.mx/images/stories/docnormateca/manexte/embajadas/MOEMEspana.pdf Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs on bilateral relations between Mexico and Spain (in Spanish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024414/http://sre.gob.mx/images/stories/docnormateca/manexte/embajadas/MOEMEspana.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}
* [http://www.exteriores.gob.es/documents/fichaspais/mexico_ficha%20pais.pdf Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs on bilateral and trade relations between Spain and Mexico (in Spanish)]
* ''See also'': [[Spanish immigration to Mexico]] and [[Mexicans in Spain]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}||{{dts|21 March 1851}}<ref name=":10" />||See [[Nicaragua–Spain relations]]

* Nicaragua has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Managua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/managua/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Managua (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202003546/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Managua/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Panama}}||{{dts|1904|5|10|format=dmy}}<ref name="date" />||See [[Panama–Spain relations]]

* Panama has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in [[A Coruña]], [[Barcelona]], [[Las Palmas]] and [[Valencia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://espana.panamaemb.gob.pa |title=Embassy of Panama in Madrid (in Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Panama City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/panama/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141130085320/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/panama/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 30, 2014 |title=Embassy of Spain in Panama City (in Spanish) }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Paraguay}}||{{dts|10 September 1880}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Paraguay–Spain relations]]

* Paraguay has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in [[Barcelona]] and a consulate in [[Málaga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.embajadadelparaguay.es |title=Embassy of Paraguay in Madrid (in Spanish only)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.consulparbcn.es/ |title=Consulate-General of Paraguay in Barcelona (in Spanish) |access-date=2019-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206212559/http://www.consulparbcn.es/ |archive-date=2017-02-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consuladodeparaguaymalaga.com/ |title=Consulate-General of Paraguay in Málaga (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-13 |archive-date=2014-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018102058/http://consuladodeparaguaymalaga.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Asunción]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Asuncion/es/home/Paginas/home_asuncion.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Asunción (in Spanish) |access-date=2009-07-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804103714/http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Asuncion/es/home/Paginas/home_asuncion.aspx |archive-date=2012-08-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Latin Union]], of the [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]], and of the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106171918/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Paraguay.pdf Spanish Ministry of Foreign about the relation with Paraguay (in Spanish)]
*''See also'': [[Paraguayans in Spain]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Peru}}||{{dts|15 November 1879}}<ref name=":15" />||See [[Peru–Spain relations]]

* Peru has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in [[Barcelona]], [[Bilbao]], [[Seville]] and [[Valencia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.embajadaperu.es |title=Embassy of Peru in Madrid}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Lima]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/lima/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx#2 |title=Embassy of Spain in Lima |access-date=2017-02-23 |archive-date=2018-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208005219/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/lima/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx#2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]]
*''See also'': [[Spanish Peruvian]] and [[Peruvians to Spain]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}||{{dts|15 June 1967}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Spain–Trinidad and Tobago relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Port of Spain]].
* Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
|--valign="top"
|{{flag|United States}}||{{Dts|20 February 1783}}<ref name=":4" />||See [[Spain–United States relations]]

Under the government of José María Aznar, Spain developed exceptionally good relations with the US, in great part due to the personal empathy between Aznar and George W. Bush. Following Zapatero's decision to withdraw Spanish troops from [[Iraq]] immediately after the 2004 general elections, relations predictably soured, although important commercial links remained intact. When elected, [[Barack Obama|President Barack Obama]] expressed his wish to enhance cooperation between both countries, especially in policies like the [[Renewable energy in Spain|Green Energy]] plan from Zapatero,<ref name="PlanEnergias">{{cite web |url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/06/renewable-energy-in-spain-details-on-the-governments-new-fit-regulation |title=Renewable Energy in Spain: Details on the Government's New FIT Regulation |access-date=2009-06-14 |archive-date=2012-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927052109/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/06/renewable-energy-in-spain-details-on-the-governments-new-fit-regulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> introducing the [[AVE]] (the Spanish High Speed Train) in United States <ref name="AVE Spain">{{cite web |url=http://www.us.spainbusiness.com/icex/cda/controller/pageInv/0,2958,35868_594951_1026487_4224024,00.html |title=Obama's Transportation Secretary Impressed by Spain's AVE |access-date=2009-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716113902/http://www.us.spainbusiness.com/icex/cda/controller/pageInv/0,2958,35868_594951_1026487_4224024,00.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and aiding US by receiving in Spanish prisons [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Prison]] detainees <ref name="Guantánamo">{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/spain-offers-to-help-obama-in-closing-guantanamo_100145479.html |title=Spain offers to help Obama in closing Guantanamo |access-date=2009-06-14 |archive-date=2012-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407005044/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/spain-offers-to-help-obama-in-closing-guantanamo_100145479.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* Spain has an embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]] and consulates-general in [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Houston]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Miami]], [[New York City|New York]], [[San Francisco]] and in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Washington/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Emabassy of Spain in Washington, DC (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-14 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202002536/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Washington/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* United States has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in [[Barcelona]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://madrid.usembassy.gov/ |title=Embassy of the United States in Madrid (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015231654/http://madrid.usembassy.gov/ |archive-date=2014-10-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and also mission in [[Las Palmas]], [[Canary Islands]].
*''See also'': [[Spanish American]]
|--valign="top"
|{{flag|Uruguay }}||{{Date table sorting|9 October 1841}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=Tratados y convenios internacionales: Suscritos por el Uruguay en el período mayo de 1830 a diciembre de 1870 |publisher=República Oriental del Uruguay, Cámara de Senadores |year=1993 |pages=505 |language=es}}</ref>||See [[Spain–Uruguay relations]]

* Uruguay has an embassy in Madrid<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrree.gub.uy/frontend/page?1,inicio,embajadas,O,es,0, |title=Embassy of Uruguay in Madrid (in Spanish) |access-date=2017-06-01 |archive-date=2018-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903071901/http://www.mrree.gub.uy/frontend/page?1,inicio,embajadas,O,es,0, |url-status=dead }}</ref> and consulates-general in [[Barcelona]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consuladouy-bcn.es |title=Consulate-General of Uruguay in Barcelona (in Spanish)}}</ref> [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conurucanarias.es |title=Consulate-General of Uruguay in Las Palmas (in Spanish)}}</ref> [[Santiago de Compostela]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uruguaygalicia.org |title=Consulate-General of Uruguay in Santiago de Compostela (in Spanish)}}</ref> and [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]].
* Spain has an embassy in [[Montevideo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Montevideo/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Montevideo (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-04 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717054454/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/montevideo/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Latin Union]], of the [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]], and of the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172442/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Uruguay.pdf   Spanish Ministry of Foreign on bilateral relations with Uruguay (in Spanish)]
*''See also'': [[Spanish Uruguayan]] and [[Uruguayans in Spain]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Venezuela}}||{{dts|30 March 1845}}<ref name=":52" />||See [[Spain–Venezuela relations]]

*Venezuela has an embassy in Madrid<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.embajadadevenezuela.es |title=Embassy of Venezuela in Madrid (in Spanish)}}</ref> and consulates-general in [[Barcelona]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consulvenbarcelona.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020222121109/http://www.consulvenbarcelona.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 22, 2002 |title=Consulate-General of Venezuela in Barcelona (in Spanish)}}</ref> [[Bilbao]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consulvenbilbao.org |title=Consulate-General of Venezuela in Bilbao (in Spanish)}}</ref>[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://consuladodevenezuela.es/ |title=Consulate-General of Venezuela in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-04 |archive-date=2014-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715114959/http://consuladodevenezuela.es/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Vigo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consulvenevigo.es |title=Consulate-General of Venezuela in Vigo (in Spanish)}}</ref>
*Spain has an embassy in [[Caracas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/caracas/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Caracas (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-04 |archive-date=2021-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005019/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/caracas/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Spanish Venezuelan]] and [[Venezuelans in Spain]].
|}

===Asia===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;" | Date formal relations began
! style="width:50%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}||{{dts|28 October 1958}}<ref name=":41" />||See [[Afghanistan–Spain relations]]

* Afghanistan has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain closed its embassy in Kabul in August 2021.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Armenia}}||{{dts|27 January 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Armenia–Spain relations]]

* Armenia has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spain.mfa.am/es/ |title=Embassy of Armenia in Madrid (in Armenian, English and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in [[Moscow]], Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in [[Yerevan]].
* There are around 42,000 people of [[Armenian diaspora|Armenian descent]] living in Spain, especially in [[Valencia]] and Barcelona.
*''See also'': [[Armenians in Spain]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120312024911/https://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Armenia.pdf Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperations about the relation with Armenia (in Spanish only)]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}||{{dts|11 February 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Azerbaijan–Spain relations]]

* Azerbaijan has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy office in [[Baku]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bahrain}}||{{dts|15 November 1971}}<ref name=":43" />||
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}||{{dts|12 May 1972}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Bangladesh–Spain relations]] 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bhutan}}||{{dts|11 February 2011}}<ref name="list" />
|See [[Bhutan–Spain relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|China}}||{{dts|9 March 1973}}<ref name=":45" />||See [[China–Spain relations]]

* China has an embassy in Madrid, and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Beijing]] and consulates-general in [[Guangzhou]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Shanghai]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|East Timor}}||{{dts|20 May 2002}}<ref name=":3" />||

* East Timor is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
* Spain is accredited to East Timor from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Georgia}}||{{dts|9 July 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Georgia–Spain relations]]

* Georgia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey. 
* Both countries are full members of the [[Council of Europe]]. 
* Georgia is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Georgia to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|India}}||{{dts|7 November 1956}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[India–Spain relations]]

* India has an embassy in Madrid<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.embassyindia.es/home |title=Indian Embassy in Madrid |access-date=2015-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074055/http://www.embassyindia.es/home |archive-date=2015-05-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and two honorary consulate generals in Barcelona and [[Las Palmas]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.embassyindia.es/about-the-embassy/consulates-in-spain |title=Honorary Consulate Generals of India in Spain |access-date=2015-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074058/http://www.embassyindia.es/about-the-embassy/consulates-in-spain |archive-date=2015-05-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and a consulate-general in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/nuevadelhi/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Spanish Embassy in India |access-date=2015-05-14 |archive-date=2015-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517042858/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/nuevadelhi/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Indonesia}}||{{dts|February 1958}}<ref name=":40">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2015 |title=La proyección actual de España en Indonesia: imagen y relaciones políticas |url=https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/dt2-2015-gilperez-proyeccion-actual-de-espana-en-indonesia-imagen-y-relaciones-politicas.pdf |access-date=13 August 2022 |page=14 |language=es}}</ref>||See [[Indonesia–Spain relations]]

* Indonesia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Jakarta]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Iran}}||{{dts|4 March 1842}}<ref name=":25" />||See [[Iran–Spain relations]]

* Iran has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Tehran]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Iraq}}||{{dts|5 August 1950}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Iraq–Spain relations]]

* Iraq has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Baghdad]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Israel}}||{{dts|17 January 1986}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Israel–Spain relations]]

* Israel has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://embassies.gov.il/madrid/Pages/default.aspx |title=Embassy of Israel in Madrid (in Hebrew and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Tel Aviv]] and a consulate-general in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/telaviv/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Tel Aviv (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-14 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202003128/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/TELAVIV/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106165728/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Israel.pdf  Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Israel (in Spanish)] 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Japan }}||{{dts|12 November 1868}}<ref name=":26" />||See [[Japan–Spain relations]]

* Japan has an embassy in Madrid, a consulate-general in [[Barcelona]] and a consulate in [[Las Palmas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.es.emb-japan.go.jp/ |title=Embassy of Japan in Madrid |access-date=2018-03-28 |archive-date=2018-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409223251/http://www.es.emb-japan.go.jp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/TOKIO/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Tokyo |access-date=2018-03-28 |archive-date=2018-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329062533/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/TOKIO/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Jordan}}||{{dts|6 July 1950}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Jordan–Spain relations]]

* Jordan has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Amman]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Kazakhstan }}||{{dts|11 February 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Kazakhstan–Spain relations]]

* Kazakhstan has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kazesp.org/ |title=Embassy of Kazakhstan in Madrid |access-date=2018-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912190315/http://www.kazesp.org/ |archive-date=2018-09-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Astana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/astana/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Astana |access-date=2018-01-09 |archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429233612/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/ASTANA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Kuwait}}||{{dts|17 April 1964}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Kuwait–Spain relations]]

* Kuwait has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Kuwait City]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}||{{dts|3 April 1992}}<ref name=":48" />||
* Spain is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
* Kyrgyzstan does not have an accreditation to Spain.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Lebanon}}||{{dts|15 April 1949}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Lebanon–Spain relations]]

* Lebanon has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Beirut]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Malaysia}}||{{dts|12 May 1967}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Malaysia–Spain relations]]

* Malaysia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Kuala Lumpur]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mongolia}}||{{dts|4 July 1977}}<ref name=":3" />||

* Mongolia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Spain is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|North Korea}}||{{dts|7 February 2001}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[North Korea–Spain relations]]

* North Korea closed its embassy in Madrid in November 2023.<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231102-dire-economy-prompts-mass-north-korean-embassy-closures Dire economy promotes mass North Korean embassy closures]</ref>
* Spain is accredited to North Korea from its embassy in Beijing, China.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Pakistan}}||{{dts|17 September 1951}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Pakistan–Spain relations]]

Pakistan and Spain enjoy extremely cordial and friendly ties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daily.pk/spain-and-pakistan-enjoy-cordial-relations-6135/ |title=Spain and Pakistan enjoy cordial relations {{pipe}} Pakistan Daily |access-date=2011-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308043249/http://www.daily.pk/spain-and-pakistan-enjoy-cordial-relations-6135/ |archive-date=2012-03-08}}</ref> Relations were established in the late 1950s. Pakistanis form the largest Asian immigrant community in Spain. 
* Pakistan has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Islamabad]] and honorary consulates in [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Philippines}}||{{dts|27 September 1947}}<ref name=":38" />||See [[Philippines–Spain relations]]

Philippine President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] concluded her second state visit in Spain in July 2006, bringing back millions of dollars of Spanish investments, particularly in Tourism and Information Technology. The Spanish king, [[Juan Carlos I]], also reiterated in Mrs. Arroyo's visit, his support for her project in the Philippines to re-establish Spanish as an official language in the country. He and his wife, Queen Sofia attended the 1998 centennial celebrations in Manila, commemorating 100 years of independence from Spain. The mediation of King Juan Carlos I is said to have produced the pardon and liberation of two Filipina domestic workers sentenced to death in Kuwait and the UAE. 
* Philippines has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philippineembassymadrid.es/ |title=Embassy of the Philippines in Madrid (in Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Manila/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Manila (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-14 |archive-date=2020-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105141357/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/MANILA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Qatar}}||{{dts|22 December 1972}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Qatar–Spain relations]]

* Qatar has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Doha]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}||{{dts|17 July 1952}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Saudi Arabia–Spain relations]]

* Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in [[Málaga]].
* Spain has an embassy in [[Riyadh]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|South Korea}}||{{dts|24 March 1950}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[South Korea–Spain relations]]

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Kingdom of Spain began on 7 March 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/europe/countries/20070823/1_24610.jsp?menu=m_30_40 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea |access-date=2017-06-11 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224082813/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/europe/countries/20070823/1_24610.jsp?menu=m_30_40 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

*With the normalization of diplomatic relations with the Republic of South Korea on 7 March 1950 Spain completed the process of universalizing its diplomatic relations.
*First Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Cho Tae-yong]] met with his Spanish counterpart Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Ignacio Ybáñez Rubio in Madrid on June 1 for the tenth Republic of Korea-Spain high-level policy consultation. In the meeting, the two sides discussed ways to step up bilateral cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/press/pressreleases/index.jsp?menu=m_10_20&sp=%2Fwebmodule%2Fhtsboard%2Ftemplate%2Fread%2Fengreadboard.jsp%3FtypeID%3D12%26boardid%3D302%26seqno%3D315297 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Press Releases |access-date=2021-12-31 |archive-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206164157/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/press/pressreleases/index.jsp?menu=m_10_20&sp=%2Fwebmodule%2Fhtsboard%2Ftemplate%2Fread%2Fengreadboard.jsp%3FtypeID%3D12%26boardid%3D302%26seqno%3D315297 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 
*Both countries signed a [[working holiday visa]] program agreement in 2017-12-18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whic.mofa.go.kr/board.do?menuNo=100&boardConfigNo=35&boardNo=10851&action=view|title=외교부 워킹홀리데이 인포센터{{pipe}}Notice{{pipe}}Korea and Spain signed Working Holiday Agreement}}</ref> 
*South Korea has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://esp.mofa.go.kr/worldlanguage/europe/esp/main/index.jsp |title=Embassy of South Korea in Madrid (in Korean and Spanish) |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716170229/http://esp.mofa.go.kr/worldlanguage/europe/esp/main/index.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Spain has an embassy in [[Seoul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/seul/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Seoul (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-date=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817013635/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/seul/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/es/PoliticaExteriorCooperacion/AsiaPacifico/Paginas/Asia-Oriental.aspx Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with South Korea (in Spanish only)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121073902/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/es/PoliticaExteriorCooperacion/AsiaPacifico/Paginas/Asia-Oriental.aspx |date=2019-11-21 }}
*[http://www.mofa.go.kr/search/search.jsp?searchData=%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8 South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Spain (in Korean only)]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Taiwan}}||No diplomatic relations||See [[Spain–Taiwan relations]]

* Spain has a [[Spanish Chamber of Commerce|Chamber of Commerce]] in [[Taipei]].
* Taiwan has a [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Spain|Taipei Economic and Cultural Office]] in Madrid.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}||{{dts|4 August 1992}}<ref name=":49" />||

* Spain is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
* Tajikistan is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Geneva, Switzerland.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Thailand}}||{{dts|23 February 1870}}<ref name=":27" />||See [[Spain–Thailand relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Bangkok]].
* Thailand has an embassy in Madrid.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Turkey }}||{{dts|27 September 1924}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Spain–Turkey relations]]
* Spain has an embassy in [[Ankara]] and a consulate-general in [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/ankara/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Ankara (in Spanish and Turkish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201232729/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/ANKARA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Turkey has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madrid.be.mfa.gov.tr |title=Embassy of Turkey in Madrid (in Spanish and Turkish)}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Council of Europe]], of [[NATO]] and the [[Union for the Mediterranean]]. 
* Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]] and Turkey is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|candidate]]. Spain supports Turkey's accession negotiations to the EU, although negotiations have now been suspended.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626075025/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-spain.en.mfa Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain] 
*''See also'': [[Turks in Spain]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}||{{dts|10 November 1972}}<ref name=":44" />||See [[Spain–United Arab Emirates relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Abu Dhabi]].
* United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Madrid.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}||{{dts|18 March 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Spain–Uzbekistan relations]]

* Spain is accredited to Uzbekistan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
* Uzbekistan has an embassy in Madrid.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Vietnam}}||{{dts|23 May 1977}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Spain–Vietnam relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Hanoi]].
* Vietnam has an embassy in Madrid.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Yemen}}||{{dts|24 September 1968}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Spain–Yemen relations]]
|}

===Europe===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Date formal relations began
! style="width:50%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Albania}}||{{dts|12 September 1986}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Albania–Spain relations]]

* Albania has an embassy in [[Madrid]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambasadat.gov.al/spain/en |title=Embassy of Albania in Madrid (in English and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Tirana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/tirana/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Tirana (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202001423/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Tirana/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]]. 
* Albania is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Albania to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Andorra}}||{{dts|3 June 1993}}<ref name=":51" />||See [[Andorra–Spain relations]]

* Andorra has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mae.ad/es/embajadas-de-andorra/embajada-andorra-espana |title=Embassy of Andorra in Madrid (in Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Andorra la Vella]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/andorra/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Andorra la Vella (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207021141/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Andorra/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Austria}}||{{dts|28 March 1956}}<ref name=":03"/>
|See [[Austria–Spain relations]]

* Austria has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Vienna]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[Council of Europe]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belarus}}||{{dts|13 February 1992}}<ref name=":3" />
|See [[Belarus–Spain relations]]
* Belarus has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111003123658/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Belarus.pdf  Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation about relations with Belarus (in Spanish only)]
* [https://diplomaticmonitor.org/c2c/ES-BY Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation: Spanish representations in Belarus]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belgium}}||{{dts|21 January 1921}}<ref name=":35" />
|See [[Belgium–Spain relations]]
* Belgium has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Brussels]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina }}||{{dts|14 December 1992}}<ref name=":50" />||See [[Bosnia and Herzegovina–Spain relations]]

* Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Sarajevo]]. 
* Bosnia and Herzegovina is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||{{dts|5 August 1910}}<ref name=":12" />||See also [[Bulgaria–Spain relations]]

* Relations were severed in 1946 and were restored in 1970 at the level of consular office and trade mission.
* Since January 27, 1970, the diplomatic relations were elevated to embassy-level.
* Bulgaria has an embassy in Madrid and an honorary consulate in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.bg/embassies/spain/setlang/en |title=Embassy of Bulgaria in Madrid (in Bulgarian, English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205100706/http://www.mfa.bg/embassies/spain/setlang/en |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Sofia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/sofia/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Sofia (in Bulgarian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202002026/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Sofia/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105234216/http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Paises/ArbolPaises/Bulgaria/Monografia/Documents/Bulgaria.pdf  Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria (in Spanish)]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Croatia}}||{{dts|9 March 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Croatia–Spain relations]]

* Croatia has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://es.mvep.hr/es/ |title=Embassy of Croatia in Madrid (in Croatian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205081722/http://es.mvep.hr/es/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Zagreb]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/zagreb/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Zagreb (in Croatian, English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202002311/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Zagreb/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [http://www.mvpei.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV//templates/_frt_bilateralni_odnosi_po_drzavama_en.asp?id=174 Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031620/http://www.mvpei.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV//templates/_frt_bilateralni_odnosi_po_drzavama_en.asp?id=174 |date=2011-07-19}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100705022547/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Croacia.pdf Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Croatia (in Spanish only)]
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cyprus}}||{{dts|22 December 1967}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Cyprus–Spain relations]]

* Cyprus has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Nicosia]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], the [[Council of Europe]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]]. 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}||{{dts|19 June 1919}}<ref name=":34" />||See [[Czech Republic–Spain relations]]

* Czech Republic has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Prague]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Denmark}}||{{dts|1 April 1516}}<ref name=":0" />||See [[Denmark–Spain relations]]

* Denmark has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spanien.um.dk/es.aspx |title=Embassy of Denmark in Madrid (in Danish and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204180524/http://spanien.um.dk/es.aspx |archive-date=2014-12-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Copenhagen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/copenhague/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Copenhagen (in Danish, English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2018-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926010614/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/COPENHAGUE/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Estonia}}||{{dts|10 September 1991}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Estonia–Spain relations]]

* Estonia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Tallinn]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Finland }}||{{dts|16 August 1918}}<ref name="ties" />||See [[Finland–Spain relations]]

* Finland has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Helsinki]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]]. 
* Spain fully supported Finland's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 4 April 2023.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|France}}||{{dts|1486}}<ref name=":20" />||See [[France–Spain relations]]

* France has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, [[Bilbao]] and [[Seville]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ambafrance-es.org/| title=Embassy of France in Madrid (in French and Spanish)| access-date=2014-11-29| archive-date=2014-11-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129150727/http://www.ambafrance-es.org/| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Paris]] and consulates-general in [[Bayonne]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Lyon]], [[Montpellier]], [[Marseille]], [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]], [[Perpignan]], [[Strasbourg]] and [[Toulouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/paris/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Paris (in French and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201235653/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Paris/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Spaniards in France]]
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Germany}}||{{dts|6 November 1952}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Germany–Spain relations]]

* Germany has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona and [[Seville]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spanien.diplo.de/Vertretung/spanien/es/Startseite.html |title=Embassy of Germany in Madrid (in German and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416200901/http://www.spanien.diplo.de/Vertretung/spanien/es/Startseite.html |archive-date=2016-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Berlin]] and consulates-general in [[Düsseldorf]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Hamburg]], [[Hanover]], [[Munich]] and [[Stuttgart]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/berlin/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| title=Embassy of Spain in Berlin (in German and Spanish)| access-date=2014-11-29| archive-date=2016-04-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410070629/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Berlin/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Spaniards in Germany]]
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Greece }}||{{dts|6 December 1835}}<ref name=":24" />||See [[Greece–Spain relations]]

Both countries maintain enhanced cooperation on the serious problem of illegal migration, which they have in common. The need for effective confrontation of the illegal migration pressures on both states in the Mediterranean basin have led to close cooperation both bilaterally and within the framework of the European Union.
* Greece has an embassy in Madrid and 9 honorary consulates in [[Barcelona]], [[Bilbao]], [[Huelva]], [[La Coruña]], [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], [[Málaga]], [[Palma de Mallorca]], [[Seville]] and [[Valencia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/spain/ |title=Embassy of Greece in Madrid (in Greek and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Athens]] and an honorary consulate in [[Thessaloniki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/atenas/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Athens (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202002931/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Atenas/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], [[NATO]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Holy See}}||{{DECADE|1400}}<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See |url=https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>||See [[Holy See–Spain relations]]

* The Holy See has a [[nunciature]] in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy to the Holy See based in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/SANTASEDE/es/Embajada/Paginas/HorariosLocalizacionContacto.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain to the Holy See (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120191324/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/SANTASEDE/es/Embajada/Paginas/HorariosLocalizacionContacto.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Hungary}}||{{dts|December 1944}}<ref name=":37">{{Cite news |date=10 February 2017 |title=Hungría y España conmemoran 40 años de restablecimiento de relaciones |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20170210/414220095739/hungria-y-espana-conmemoran-40-anos-de-restablecimiento-de-relaciones.html |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=es}}</ref>||See [[Hungary–Spain relations]]

* Hungary has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://madrid.mfa.gov.hu/esp |title=Embassy of Hungary in Madrid (in Hungarian and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Budapest]].<ref>[http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/budapest/es/Paginas/inicio.aspxEmbassy of Spain in Budapest (in English and Spanish)]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> 
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Iceland}}||{{dts|20 September 1949}}<ref name=":39" />||See [[Iceland–Spain relations]]

* Iceland is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Spain is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in [[Reykjavík]]. 
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ireland}}||{{dts|September 1935}}<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Ireland and Spain |url=https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/spain/about-us/the-embassys-history/ |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>||See [[Ireland–Spain relations]]

* Ireland has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/Spain/ |title=Embassy of Ireland in Madrid (in English and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/dublin/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Dublin (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202003117/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Dublin/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[Council of Europe]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Italy}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Italy–Spain relations]]

Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy and Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations. In the [[History of early modern Italy|Early modern period]], [[southern Italy|southern]] and [[insular Italy]] came under Spanish control, having been previously a domain of the [[Crown of Aragon]]. This extended period of foreign domination left marked influences in the modern [[Neapolitan language|southern Italian dialects]]. During the [[Spanish Civil War]], the [[Corpo Truppe Volontarie|Corps of Volunteer Troops]], a fascist expeditionary force from Italy, supported the Nationalist forces led by [[Francisco Franco]]. It's estimated that around 75,000 Italians fought in the war.
* Italy has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambmadrid.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Madrid |title=Embassy of Italy in Madrid (in Italian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203090046/http://www.ambmadrid.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Madrid/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Rome]] and consulates-general in [[Genoa]], [[Milan]] and [[Naples]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/roma/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Rome (in Italian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201185715/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/ROMA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], [[NATO]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Latvia}}||{{dts|9 October 1991}}<ref name=":46" />||See [[Latvia–Spain relations]]

* Latvia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Riga]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Lithuania}}||{{dts|7 October 1991}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Lithuania–Spain relations]]

* Lithuania has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Vilnius]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}||{{dts|9 February 1891}}<ref name=":30" />||See [[Luxembourg–Spain relations]]

* Luxembourg has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Luxembourg City]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Malta}}||{{dts|7 June 1968}}<ref name=":42" />
|See [[Malta–Spain relations]]
* Malta has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>[https://diplomaticmonitor.org/c2c/MT-ES Malta in Spain] </ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Valletta]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/LAVALETA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| title=Embassy of Spain in Valletta (in Spanish)| access-date=2014-11-29| archive-date=2014-12-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202003333/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/lavaleta/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], the [[Council of Europe]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Moldova}}||{{dts|31 January 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Moldova–Spain relations]]

* Moldova has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spania.mfa.md/ |title=Embassy of Moldova in Madrid (in Moldovan) |access-date=2021-01-21 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923002130/https://www.spania.mfa.md/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. 
* Both countries are full members of the [[Council of Europe]]. 
* Moldova is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Moldova to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
* In 2008, the Spanish government indicated that 12,582 Moldovan citizens were legally working there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://extranjeros.mtas.es/es/InformacionEstadistica/Informes/Extranjeros31Diciembre2008/Tabla_11/index.html |title=Extranjeros con tarjeta de residencia en vigor incluidos en el Régimen General según nacionalidad y tipo de autorización de residencia. 31-12-2008 |access-date=2009-06-01 |publisher=Secretaría de Estado de Inmigración y Emigración}}</ref> Spain is a significant investor in Moldova through [[Unión Fenosa]] which owns three of Moldova's five energy distribution companies.<ref name=uk>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/moldova?profile=all |title=Moldova |access-date=2009-06-01 |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526025449/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/moldova/?profile=all |archive-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Monaco}}||{{dts|2 June 1876}}<ref name=":28" />||See [[Monaco–Spain relations]]

* Monaco has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Montenegro}}||{{dts|11 December 2006}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Montenegro–Spain relations]] 
* Montenegro has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia. 
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]]. 
* Spain supports [[Accession of Montenegro to the European Union|Montenegro's EU membership]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Netherlands}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Netherlands–Spain relations]]

* Netherlands has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[The Hague]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}||{{dts|28 July 1994}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[North Macedonia–Spain relations]]

* North Macedonia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Skopje]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]]. 
* North Macedonia is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Norway}}||{{dts|26 November 1905}}<ref name=":31" />||See [[Norway–Spain relations]]

* Norway has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Oslo]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Poland}}||{{dts|17 September 1919}}<ref name=":2" />||See [[Poland–Spain relations]]

* Poland has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Warsaw]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Portugal}}||{{dts|5 October 1143}}<ref name=":19" />||See [[Portugal–Spain relations]]
Portugal's copy of the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] (1494) divided the New World between Portugal and Castile. During the 15th century, Portugal built increasingly large fleets of ships and began to explore the world beyond Europe, sending explorers to Africa and Asia. Castile followed suit decades later. Following the first Spanish voyage of [[Christopher Columbus]] to the Caribbean in 1492, both states began acquiring territory in the New World. As a result of the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], Portugal acquired its most potentially important colony, [[colony of Brazil|Brazil]] (much of the [[South America]]n continent), as well as a number of possessions in Africa and Asia, while Castile took the rest of South America and much of the North American continent as well as a number of possessions in Africa, Oceanía and Asia as the important colony of the [[Philippines]]. This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands claimed for Castile by Columbus on his first voyage. Although the Treaty of Tordesillas attempted to clarify their empires, many subsequent treaties were needed to establish the modern boundaries of Brazil and the 1529 [[Treaty of Zaragoza]] was needed to demarcate their Asian possessions.

[[Henry, King of Portugal|Henry of Portugal]], reigned until his death (31 January 1580). He lacked heirs and his death triggered a [[1580 Portuguese succession crisis|succession crisis]], where the main claimants to the throne were [[Philip II of Spain]] and [[Anthony, Prior of Crato]]. After the Spanish victory in the [[War of Portuguese Succession]] Philip of Spain was crowned king of Portugal in 1581, beginning a personal union between the two nations known as the [[Iberian Union]] generating a decline of the Portuguese Empire during the period of Union. The Iberian Union lasted for almost sixty years until 1640, when the [[Portuguese Restoration War]] was initiated against Spain and Portugal reestablished the Portuguese dynasty under the [[House of Bragança|Bragança]].

Relations between Portugal and Spain are also good. They cooperate in the fight against drug trafficking and tackling forest fires (common in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in summers), for example. These close relations are facilitated by similar governments: the government of conservative Spanish PM [[José María Aznar]] coincided with the government of also conservative [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]] in Portugal; today, both [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] of Spain and [[José Sócrates]] of Portugal are [[socialist]]s.

Portugal also holds claim to the disputed territory of [[Olivenza|Olivença]] in the Portuguese-Spanish border.
* Portugal has an embassy in Madrid, consulates-general in [[Barcelona]] and [[Seville]], and a vice-consulate in [[Vigo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.madrid.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt/es/ |title=Embassy of Portugal in Madrid |access-date=2020-03-08 |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028032014/https://www.madrid.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt/es/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Lisbon]] and a consulate-general in [[Porto]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Lisboa/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Lisbon |access-date=2020-03-08 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506131333/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/LISBOA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], [[NATO]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Romania}}||{{dts|5 July 1881}}<ref name=":29" />||See [[Romania–Spain relations]]

* Romania has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, [[Bilbao]] and [[Seville]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madrid.mae.ro/es |title=Embassy of Romania in Madrid (in Romanian and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Bucharest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/bucarest/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Bucharest (in English, Romanian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018161918/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Bucarest/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], of the [[NATO]] and of the [[Latin Union]].
* There are around 730,000 people of [[Romanian diaspora|Romanian descent]] living in Spain.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Russia}}||{{dts|20 July 1812}}<ref name=":23" />||See [[Russia–Spain relations]]

Spain and the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] first exchanged [[Envoy (title)|envoy]]s in the 1520s; regular embassies were established in 1722. [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-Spanish relations, once terminated after the [[Spanish Civil War]], were gradually reestablished since 1963 and fully established in 1977. Trade between two countries amounts to two billion [[Euro]]s (2008); in March 2009 two countries signed an energy agreement providing national energy companies access to other party's domestic markets.
* Russia has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spain.mid.ru/es_ES/ |title=Embassy of Russia in Madrid (in Russian and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an [[Embassy of Spain in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and a consulate-general in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/moscu/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Moscow (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2013-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806222940/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/MOSCU/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Russians in Spain]] 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Serbia}}||{{dts|14 October 1916}}<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":33" />||See [[Serbia–Spain relations]]

* In light of the [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|February 2008 unilateral declaration of independence]] by the [[Kosovo]] authorities, Spain has become a staunch supporter of Serbia's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and relations have thrived in recent years as a result.
* Serbia has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>[http://www.embajada-serbia.es/  Embassy of Serbia in Madrid (in Serbian and Spanish)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119133439/http://www.embajada-serbia.es/ |date=2014-11-19}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/belgrado/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| title=Embassy of Spain in Belgrade (in Serbian and Spanish only)| access-date=2014-11-29| archive-date=2021-11-12| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112011526/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/belgrado/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Serbia is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Serbia to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
* [http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Spain/index_e.html    Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814073945/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Spain/index_e.html |date=2009-08-14}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524111650/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Serbia.pdf  Spanish Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Serbia (in Spanish only)]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Slovakia}}||{{dts|1 January 1993}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Slovakia–Spain relations]]

* Slovakia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Bratislava]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Slovenia}}||{{dts|25 March 1992}}<ref name=":47" />||See [[Slovenia–Spain relations]]

* Slovenia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Ljubljana]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Sweden}}||{{dts|1651}}<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |title=Tratado de diplomática ó Estado de relaciones de las potencias de Europa entre si y con los demás pueblos del globo |year=1835 |pages=74 |language=es}}</ref>||See [[Spain–Sweden relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Stockholm]].
* Sweden has an embassy in Madrid.
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], the [[NATO]] and of the [[Council of Europe]]. 
* Spain fully supported Sweden's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 7 March 2024.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Switzerland}}||{{dts|14 February 1939}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Spain–Switzerland relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Bern]].
* Switzerland has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ukraine}}||{{dts|30 January 1992}}<ref name="Europe" />
|See [[Spain–Ukraine relations]]
* Spain recognized Ukraine's independence in 1991.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/kiev/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Kyiv (in Spanish and Ukrainian) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202004105/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Kiev/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Ukraine has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in [[Barcelona]] and a consulate in [[Málaga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spain.mfa.gov.ua/es |title=Embassy of Ukraine in Madrid (in Spanish and Ukrainian)}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Council of Europe]]. Since 1991, many [[Ukrainians]] have emigrated to Spain to work. 
* Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]] and Ukraine is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Ukraine to the European Union|candidate]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111003123754/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Ucrania.pdf Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ukraine (in Spanish only)]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|| 1505 ||See [[Spain–United Kingdom relations]]
Spain established [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom|diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom]] in 1505.<ref name="britain"/>{{failed verification|reason=The source does not state when Spain and the United Kingdom established diplomatic relations.|date=March 2025}} 
*Spain maintains an [[Embassy of Spain, London|embassy]] in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Diplomat Magazine|date=8 May 2017|url=https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/europe/spain/|title=Spain|website=Diplomat Magazine|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311224509/https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/europe/spain/|archive-date=11 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The United Kingdom is accredited to Spain through its [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Madrid|embassy]] in Madrid, a consulate general Barcelona, and consulates in Alicante, [[Ibiza]], Las Palmas, Malaga, Palma de Mallorca, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-madrid|title=British Embassy Madrid|website=[[gov.uk|GOV.UK]]|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420140738/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-madrid|archive-date=20 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

Both countries share common membership of the [[Council of Europe]], the [[European Court of Human Rights]], the [[International Criminal Court]], [[NATO]], the [[OECD]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[World Trade Organization]]. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.<ref>{{Cite web|author=[[HM Revenue and Customs]]|date=24 May 2006|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spain-tax-treaties|title=Spain: tax treaties|website=GOV.UK|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=6 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306092722/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spain-tax-treaties|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Oceania===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;" | Date formal relations began
! style="width:50%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Australia}}||{{dts|26 October 1967}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Australia–Spain relations]]

* Australia has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>[https://diplomaticmonitor.org/c2c/AU-ES Australia in Spain]</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Canberra]] and consulates-general in [[Melbourne]] and [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/canberra/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Australia |access-date=2018-02-17 |archive-date=2018-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082630/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/canberra/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}||{{dts|11 May 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||
The FS of Micronesia were once part of the [[Spanish East Indies]].
* The FS of Micronesia do not have an accreditation to Spain.
* Spain is accredited to the FS of Micronesia from its embassy in Manila, Philippines.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Fiji}}||{{dts|10 December 1976}}<ref name=":17" />||

* Fiji is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Spain is accredited to Fiji from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Kiribati}}||{{dts|24 September 2011}}<ref name=":1" />||
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}||{{dts|17 December 1991}}<ref name=":1" />||See [[Marshall Islands–Spain relations]]
The Marshall Islands were once part of the Spanish East Indies.
* Marshall Islands do not have an accreditation to Spain.
* Spain is accredited to the Marshall Islands from its embassy in Manila, Philippines.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|New Zealand}}||{{dts|28 March 1969}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[New Zealand–Spain relations]]

* New Zealand has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/europe/spain/new-zealand-embassy/ |title=Embassy of New Zealand in Madrid}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Wellington]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Wellington/en/Pages/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Wellington |access-date=2016-06-23 |archive-date=2016-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701090058/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Wellington/en/Pages/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Palau}}||{{dts|3 August 1995}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Palau–Spain relations]]
Palau was once part of the Spanish East Indies.
* Palau does not have an accreditation to Spain.
* Spain is accredited to Palau from its embassy in Manila, Philippines.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}||{{dts|28 August 1978}}<ref name=":3" />||

* Papua New Guinea is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Spain is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Samoa}}||{{dts|5 November 1980}}<ref name=":18" />||

* Samoa is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Spain is accredited to Samoa from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}||{{dts|8 August 1980}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Solomon Islands–Spain relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Tonga}}||{{dts|16 November 1979}}<ref name=":3" />||

* Spain is accredited to Tonga from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.
* Tonga does not have an accreditation to Spain.
|}

==See also==
* [[History of Spain]]
** [[Peninsular War]] (1807–1814), Napoleon versus Great Britain 
** [[Spanish American wars of independence]]
** [[History of Spain (1808–1874)]]
** [[Spain during World War I]]
** [[Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community]]
* [[France–Spain relations]]
** [[History of French foreign relations]]
** [[History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Spain–United States relations]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Spain]]
** [[List of diplomatic missions in Madrid]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Spain]]
* [[Spanish Institute for Foreign Trade]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Aznar, José María. ''Eight Years as Prime Minister: A Personal Vision of Spain 1996–2004'' (Barcelona: Planeta, 2005).
* Basora, Adrian A. "US-Spain relations from the perspective of 2009." ''CIDOB International yearbook'' (2009): 90–95. [https://www.cidob.org/ca/layout/set/print/content/download/15738/116449/file/114_basora_eng.pdf online]
* Chari, Raj S., and Paul M. Heywood. "Institutions, European Integration, and the Policy Process in Contemporary Spain." in ''Democracy and Institutional Development'' (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2008) pp.&nbsp;178–202.
* Closa, Carlos, and Paul M. Heywood, eds. ''Spain and the European Union'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
* Esteban, Mario. "Spain's Relations with China: Friends but not Partners." ''Chinese Political Science Review'' 1.2 (2016): 373–386 [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41111-016-0019-x.pdf online].
* Garcia Cantalapiedra, David, and Ramon Pacheco Pardo, ''Contemporary Spanish Foreign Policy'' (Routledge, 2014). [http://www.tandfebooks.com/isbn/9781315756790 text]
* {{cite journal
 | last=Gillespie
 | first=Richard
 | date=April 2007
 | title=Spanish foreign policy: party alternatives or the pursuit of consensus?
 | journal=Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans
 | volume=9
 | issue=1
 | pages=29–45
 | doi=10.1080/14613190701216995
 | s2cid=154250864
}}
* Gold, Peter. "Sovereignty negotiations and Gibraltar's military facilities: How two "red-line" issues became three". ''Diplomacy and Statecraft'' 15.2 (2004): 375-384. Covers 2001 to 2003.
* Heywood, Paul M. "Desperately seeking influence: Spain and the war in Iraq." ''European Political science'' 3.1 (2003): 35–40.
* {{cite journal
 | last=Iglesias-Cavicchioli
 | first=Manuel
 | date=Summer–Fall 2007
 | title=A Period of Turbulent Change: Spanish-US Relations Since 2002
 | journal=[[Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations]]
 | volume=8
 | issue=2
 | pages=113–129
 | url=http://blogs.shu.edu/projects/diplomacy/archives/Iglesias.pdf
 | access-date=2009-10-26
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630211321/http://blogs.shu.edu/projects/diplomacy/archives/Iglesias.pdf
 | archive-date=2010-06-30
 | url-status=dead
}}
* Woodworth, Paddy. "Spain Changes Course: Aznar's Legacy, Zapatero's Prospects." ''World Policy Journal'' (Summer 2004): 8–26.

===Historical===
* Black, Jeremy. '' The Rise of the European Powers, 1679–1793'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/European-Powers-1679-1793-Hodder-Publication/dp/0713165375/  excerpt and text search], 220pp
* Byrnes, Mark. "Unfinished business: The United States and Franco's Spain, 1944–47." ''Diplomacy and Statecraft'' 11.1 (2000): 129–162.
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[[Category:Foreign relations of Spain| ]]