Editing Foreign relations of Russia

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{{Politics of Russia|expanded=Foreign}}
The '''foreign relations of the Russian Federation''' is the policy arm of the [[Russian government|government]] of [[Russia]] which guides its interactions with other nations, their citizens, and foreign organizations. This article covers the foreign policy of the [[Russian Federation]] since the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] in late 1991. At present, Russia has no diplomatic relations with Ukraine due to its [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|ongoing invasion of Ukraine]]. Other than Ukraine, Russia also has no diplomatic relations with [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Bhutan]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]] or [[Solomon Islands]].

Kremlin's foreign policy debates show a conflict between three rival schools: [[Atlanticism|Atlanticists]], seeking a closer relationship with the [[United States]] and the [[Western World]] in general; [[Imperialism|Imperialists]], seeking a recovery of the semi-hegemonic status lost during the previous decade; and [[Slavophilia|Neo-Slavophiles]], promoting the isolation of Russia within its own cultural sphere. While Atlanticism was the dominant ideology during the first years of the new Russian Federation, under [[Andrei Kozyrev]], it came under attack for its failure to defend Russian pre-eminence in the former [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. The promotion of [[Yevgeny Primakov]] to Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1996 marked the beginning of a more nationalistic approach to foreign policy.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ambrosio | first = Thomas | author-link = Thomas Ambrosio | title = Challenging America's Global Preeminence: Russia's Quest for Multipolarity | publisher = Routledge | date = 2005 | isbn = 0-7546-4289-5}}</ref>{{rp|33–69}}

Another major trend has been [[Eurasianism]], a school of thought that emerged during the early 20th century. Eurasianists assert that Russia is composed of [[Slavs|Slavic]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Asia]]tic cultures and equates [[Liberalism]] with [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] [[imperialism]]. One of the earliest ideologues of Eurasianism was the Russian historian [[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]], who denounced the [[Europhile|Europhilic]] [[Czar Peter I]] and advocated Russian embracal of the Asiatic "legacy of [[Chinggis Khan]]" to establish a [[Trans-continental country|trans-continental]] Eurasian state. Following the [[collapse of Soviet Union]], Eurasianism gained public ascendency through the writings of philosopher [[Aleksandr Dugin]] and has become the official ideological policy under the government of [[Vladimir Putin]].{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Steve |date=23 March 2022 |title=Eurasianism as the deep history of Russia's discontent |journal=Educational Philosophy and Theory |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=863–866 |doi=10.1080/00131857.2022.2054330 |s2cid=249047326 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Burbank |first=Jane |date=22 March 2022 |title=The Grand Theory Driving Putin to War |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/22/opinion/russia-ukraine-putin-eurasianism.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403065027/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/22/opinion/russia-ukraine-putin-eurasianism.html |archive-date=3 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laurelle |first=Marlene |title=Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8018-9073-4 |location=Baltimore, Maryland 21211 |translator-last=Gabowitsch |translator-first=Mischa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixon Klump |first=Sarah |title=Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire |date=7 July 2011 |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russian-eurasianism-ideology-empire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329154643/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russian-eurasianism-ideology-empire |archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>}}

[[Vladimir Putin|Vladimir Putin's]] presidency lasted from January 2000 to May 2008, and again from May 2012 to the present. Under Putin, Russia has engaged in several notable conflicts, including against the neighboring country of [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Ukraine]]. He recognized the independence of DNR and Lugansk within that country. Relations with the United States in particular have sharply deteriorated between 2001 and 2022, with the Kremlin blaming United States involvement in the Middle East and countries bordering with the Russian Federation. Relations with the [[European Union]] became hostile after Russia's [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 annexation of Crimea]] from Ukraine.

On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|an invasion of Ukraine]], prompting the imposition of substantial [[international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|economic and political sanctions]] by the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan and other countries. The Russian government now has a specified "[[Unfriendly Countries List]]" which indicates those countries with which relations are now strained (or non-existent). Despite deteriorating relations with the [[Western world]] since the invasion of Ukraine, Russia still maintains support and strong relations with some countries, such as [[China]],<ref name="KyivPost">{{Cite web |last=Chiu |first=Leo |date=2023-10-23 |title=Who are Russia's Allies? A List of Countries Supporting the Kremlin's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/13208 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Kyiv Post |language=en}}</ref> [[Belarus]], [[Vietnam]] (during a recent meeting with Vladimir Putin),<ref name="KyivPost" /> [[Iran]],<ref name="KyivPost" /> [[Cuba]],<ref name="KyivPost" /> [[Venezuela]],<ref name="KyivPost" /> [[Nicaragua]],<ref name="KyivPost" /> [[North Korea]],<ref name="KyivPost" /> [[Myanmar]],<ref name="KyivPost" /> [[Eritrea]],<ref name="KyivPost" /> [[Mali]],<ref name="KyivPost" /> [[Zimbabwe]],<ref name="RussiaAfricaSummit">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-02 |title=Russia-Africa summit fails to deliver concrete results |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/08/russia-africa-summit-fails-deliver-concrete-results |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref> [[Central African Republic]],<ref name="RussiaAfricaSummit" /> [[Burkina Faso]],<ref>Bl/mw. "Eritrean, Burkina Faso Leaders Align with Russia, Deny Putin's Terrorist War." TVP World - Poland and World Breaking, Daily &amp; Top News, Telewizja Polska S.A, 29 July 2023, https://tvpworld.com/71644604/eritrean-burkina-faso-leaders-align-with-russia-deny-putins-terrorist-war {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729225316/https://tvpworld.com/71644604/eritrean-burkina-faso-leaders-align-with-russia-deny-putins-terrorist-war |date=29 July 2023}}.</ref> [[Palestine]], [[Syria]], [[Burundi]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chimpreports.com/russias-putin-plans-trip-to-burundi-equatorial-guinea/ | title=Russia's Putin Plans Trip to Burundi, Equatorial Guinea | date=9 January 2024}}</ref> [[Iraq]], [[Libya]] and [[Niger]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-16/russia-and-niger-agree-to-develop-military-ties-moscow-says Russia and Niger Agree to Develop Military Ties, Moscow Says]</ref> Russia also has strong support from the [[Houthis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=President Al-Mashat congratulates Russian President Vladimir Putin on his election victory |url=https://www.saba.ye/en/news3314245.htm |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.saba.ye |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319044224/https://www.saba.ye/en/news3314245.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Russia also maintains positive relations with countries that have been described as "Russia-leaning" according to [[The Economist]]. These countries include [[Algeria]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/02/central-asian-countries-now-have-two-big-worries-about-russia/ | title=Central Asian countries now have two big worries about Russia | first=Jennifer | last=Brick Murtazashvili | date=2 March 2022 | newspaper=The Washington Post | accessdate=27 January 2024}}</ref> [[Afghanistan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia's Growing Ties With Afghanistan Are More Symbolism Than Substance|first=Ruslan|last=Suleymanov|date=19 September 2023|website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2023/09/russias-growing-ties-with-afghanistan-are-more-symbolism-than-substance?lang=en|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> [[Laos]], [[Pakistan]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]], and [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=Who are Russia's supporters? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/03/31/who-are-russias-supporters |access-date=2024-07-10 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803100708/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/03/31/who-are-russias-supporters |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Russia also maintains positive relations with countries considered neutral on the world stage such as [[Brazil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Lula envia carta a Putin cumprimentando pela vitória |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/blogs/raquel-landim/politica/lula-envia-carta-a-putin-cumprimentando-pela-vitoria/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=[[CNN Brasil]] |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321221107/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/blogs/raquel-landim/politica/lula-envia-carta-a-putin-cumprimentando-pela-vitoria/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Honduras]], [[India]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Vietnam]]. With countries traditionally considered Western aligned, Russia maintains positive relations with [[Hungary]],<ref name="msn.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/senior-russian-official-in-talks-on-black-sea-grain-deal-that-would-exclude-ukraine/ar-AA1fwzCq | title=MSN | website=[[MSN]]}}</ref> [[Slovakia]],<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz0rn85v5kjo | title=BBC | website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Serbia]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/08/03/serbia-kosovo-russia-eu-tensions/ | title=Serbia is Playing with Matches Again | date=28 February 2024}}</ref>  [[Azerbaijan]], [[Turkey]],<ref name="msn.com" /> [[Bahrain]],<ref name="Arabia">{{cite news |last1=Farhat |first1=Beatrice |title=Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, others shower Russia's Putin with congratulatory messages |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/03/iran-saudi-arabia-uae-others-shower-russias-putin-congratulatory-messages |access-date=18 March 2024 |agency=Al-Monitor |date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213622/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/03/iran-saudi-arabia-uae-others-shower-russias-putin-congratulatory-messages |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kuwait]],<ref name="Arabia" /> [[Qatar]],<ref name="msn.com" /> [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/egypt/2023/03/24/egypt-russia-relations-reach-new-heights-in-ukraine-war-aftermath/ | title=Egypt-Russia relations reach new heights in Ukraine war aftermath | date=24 March 2023}}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">{{cite web|title=What's Driving Russia's Opportunistic Inroads With Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arabs|website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/10/whats-driving-russias-opportunistic-inroads-with-saudi-arabia-and-the-gulf-arabs?lang=en|date=5 October 2022|last1=Weiss|first1=Andrew S.|last2=Alexander-Greene|first2=Jasmine|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> [[Oman]],<ref name="Arabia" /> [[Jordan]], [[Morocco]], [[Armenia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace" />

== History ==
===Foreign policy of the Russian Empire===
{{main|Foreign policy of the Russian Empire}}

===Foreign relations of the Soviet Union===
{{main|Foreign relations of the Soviet Union}}

=== Foreign policy of the Russian Federation ===
{{main|Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin}}
In international affairs, Putin had made increasingly critical public statements regarding the [[foreign policy of the United States]] and other Western countries. In February 2007, at the annual [[Munich Security Conference|Munich Conference on Security Policy]], he criticized what he called the United States' monopolistic dominance in global relations, and claimed that the United States displayed an "almost unconstrained hyper use of force in international relations". He said the result of it is that "no one feels safe! Because no one can feel that [[international law]] is like a stone wall that will protect them. Of course such a policy stimulates an arms race."<ref name="Munich">43rd [[Munich Conference on Security Policy]]. [http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/02/10/0138_type82912type82914type82917type84779_118123.shtml Putin's speech in English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052149/http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/02/10/0138_type82912type82914type82917type84779_118123.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 10 February 2007.</ref><ref>Liquid Courage, ''The American''. By Charlie Szrom and Thomas Brugato. [http://www.american.com/archive/2008/february-02-08/liquid-courage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026181906/http://american.com/archive/2008/february-02-08/liquid-courage/|date=26 October 2010}}, 22 February 2008. See also Brugato, Thomas. (2008). Drunk On Oil: Russian Foreign Policy 2000–2007. Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, 21(2). Retrieved from: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/26d7t54f</ref>[[File:Putin in Switzerland 2021 10.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Vladimir Putin meeting with [[President of the United States|American president]] [[Joe Biden]], 2021.]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Benyamin Netanyahu (2016-04-21) 01.jpg|thumb|180px|Meeting with [[Prime Minister of Israel|Israeli prime minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], 2016.]]

Putin proposed initiatives such as establishing international centers for the [[Enriched uranium|enrichment of uranium]] and prevention of deploying [[Militarisation of space|weapons in outer space]].<ref name="Munich" /> In a January 2007 interview, Putin stated that Russia is in favor of a democratic multipolar world, and of strengthening the system of international law.<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/01/18/0726_type82916_117121.shtml Interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052123/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/01/18/0726_type82916_117121.shtml |date=4 May 2008}} for Indian Television Channel Doordarshan and Press Trust of India News Agency, 18 January 2007.</ref>

==== 2000-2006 ====
Putin is often characterized as an [[Autocracy|autocrat]] by the Western media and politicians.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21853-2004Sep14.html ''Stand Up to Putin.'' by Robert Kagan] [[The Washington Post]] 15 September 2004</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/13/opinion/mcfaul.php |title=The myth of Putin's success |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123102209/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/13/opinion/mcfaul.php|archive-date=23 January 2009}}</ref> His relationship with former U.S. President [[George W. Bush]], former and current Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], former Venezuelan President [[Hugo Chávez]], former German [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor]] [[Gerhard Schröder]], former French President [[Jacques Chirac]], and former Italian Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] are reported to be personally friendly. Putin's relationship with Germany's former Chancellor, [[Angela Merkel]], is reported to be "cooler" and "more business-like" than his partnership with Gerhard Schröder, who accepted a job with a Russian-led consortium after leaving office.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4618860.stm Merkel cools Berlin Moscow ties] BBC News 16 January 2006</ref>

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During the [[Iraq disarmament crisis]] in 2002–2003, Putin opposed Washington's move to invade [[Iraq]], without the benefit of a [[United Nations Security Council]] resolution explicitly authorizing the use of military force. After the official end of the war was announced, U.S. president [[George W. Bush]] asked the United Nations to lift sanctions on Iraq. Putin supported lifting of the sanctions in due course, arguing that the UN commission first be given a chance to complete its work on the search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
During the [[2004 Ukrainian presidential election]], Putin twice visited Ukraine before the election to show his support for Ukrainian Prime Minister [[Viktor Yanukovych]], who was widely seen as a pro-Kremlin candidate, and he congratulated him on his anticipated victory before the official election results had been in.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-04-08 |title=Putin Congratulates Yanukovych On Presidential 'Victory' |language=en |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1056008.html |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McFaul |first=Michael |date=13 December 2004 |title=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2004/12/putin-gambles-big-and-loses?lang=en}}</ref> Putin's personal support for Yanukovych was criticized as unwarranted interference in the affairs of a sovereign state (''See also [[Orange Revolution|The Orange revolution]]''). Crises also developed in Russia's relations with [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Moldova]], both former Soviet republics accusing Moscow of supporting separatist entities in their territories.

In 2005, Putin and former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder negotiated the construction of a [[Nord Stream 1|major gas pipeline over the Baltic]] exclusively between Russia and Germany. Schröder also attended Putin's 53rd birthday celebration in Saint Petersburg the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schröder to Visit Russia for Putin's Birthday – DW – 10/04/2005 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/schr%C3%B6der-to-visit-russia-for-putins-birthday/a-1729703 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

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The end of 2006 brought strained relations between Russia and Britain, in the wake of the death of [[Alexander Litvinenko|a former FSB officer]] in London by poisoning. On 20 July 2007, UK [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] expelled "four Russian envoys over Putin's refusal to extradite ex-KGB agent [[Andrei Lugovoi]], wanted in the UK for the murder of fellow former spy [[Alexander Litvinenko]] in London."<ref name="expul">{{cite news|title=Brown Defends Russian Expulsions, Decries Killings|author=Gonzalo Vina and Sebastian Alison|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601102&sid=ajvS9NfMW2EE&refer=uk|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=20 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035325/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601102&sid=ajvS9NfMW2EE&refer=uk|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> The Russian constitution prohibits the extradition of Russian nationals to third countries. British Foreign Secretary [[David Miliband]] said that "this situation is not unique, and other countries have amended their constitutions, for example, to give effect to the European Arrest Warrant".<ref>[http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029391629&a=KArticle&aid=1183544695364 David Miliband's oral statement to the Commons on the Litvinenko case], 16 July 2007</ref>

When Litvinenko was dying from radiation poisoning, he accused Putin of directing the assassination, in a statement which was released shortly after his death by his friend [[Alexander Goldfarb (biologist)|Alex Goldfarb]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6180262.stm |title=In full: Litvinenko statement |work=BBC News |date=24 November 2006}}</ref> Critics have doubted that Litvinenko is the true author of the released statement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.izvestia.ru/investigation/article3098756/?print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517123057/http://www.izvestia.ru/investigation/article3098756/?print |url-status=dead |title=В смерти Литвиненко виновен советский "Луноход"?|archive-date=17 May 2011|website=iz.ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.townhall.com/Columnists/PatrickJBuchanan/2006/11/27/is_putin_being_set_u |title=Conservative Columnists with Political News Commentary, Analysis |publisher=Townhall.com |access-date=18 July 2015}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> When asked about the Litvinenko accusations, Putin said that a statement released posthumously of its author "naturally deserves no comment".<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2006/11/24/2355_type82914type82915_114506.shtml Joint Press Conference after Russia-EU Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305001248/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2006/11/24/2355_type82914type82915_114506.shtml |date=5 March 2008}}, Helsinki, Finland, 24 November 2006</ref>

The expulsions were seen as "the biggest rift since the countries expelled each other's diplomats in 1996 after a spying dispute."<ref name="expul" /> In response to the situation, Putin stated "I think we will overcome this mini-crisis. Russian-British relations will develop normally. On both the Russian side and the British side, we are interested in the development of those relations."<ref name="expul" /> Despite this, British Ambassador [[Tony Brenton]] was told by the Russian Foreign Ministry that UK diplomats would be given 10 days before they were expelled in response. The Russian government also announced that it would suspend issuing visas to UK officials, and froze cooperation on counterterrorism, in response to Britain suspending contacts with their Federal Security Service.<ref name="expul" />

Alexander Shokhin, president of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, warned that British investors in Russia will "face greater scrutiny from tax and regulatory authorities. [And] They could also lose out in government tenders".<ref name="expul" /> Some see the crisis as originating with Britain's decision to grant Putin's former patron, Russian billionaire [[Boris Berezovsky (businessman)|Boris Berezovsky]], political asylum in 2003.<ref name="expul" /> Earlier in 2007, Berezovsky had called for the overthrow of Putin.<ref name="expul" />

==== 2007-2009 ====

[[File:Vladimir Putin and Raúl Castro (2015-09-28) 02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Meeting with [[Raúl Castro]] from [[Cuba]].]]
Putin took an active personal part in promoting the [[Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate]] signed 17 May 2007, which restored relations between the Moscow-based [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and [[ROCOR|Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia]] after the 80-year [[schism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/world/4815010.html|date=17 May 2007|title=Russian Orthodox Church ends 80-year split|author=David Holley|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

The [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), seen in Moscow as its traditional sphere of influence, became one of Putin's foreign policy priorities, as the EU and [[NATO]] have grown to encompass much of Central Europe and, more recently, the [[Baltic states]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In his annual address to the Federal Assembly on 26 April 2007, Putin announced plans to declare a moratorium on the observance of the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]] by Russia until all NATO members ratified it and started observing its provisions, as Russia had been doing on a unilateral basis.<ref name="annual_address_cfe" /> Putin argues that as new NATO members have not even signed the treaty so far, an imbalance in the presence of NATO and Russian armed forces in Europe creates a real threat, and an unpredictable situation for Russia.<ref name="annual_address_cfe">[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/04/26/1209_type70029type82912_125670.shtml Annual Address to the Federal Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052130/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/04/26/1209_type70029type82912_125670.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 26 April 2007, Kremlin, Moscow</ref> NATO members said they would refuse to ratify the treaty, until Russia complied with its 1999 commitments made in Istanbul, whereby Russia should remove troops and military equipment from [[Moldova]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Russian Foreign Minister, [[Sergey Lavrov]], was quoted as saying in response that "Russia has long since fulfilled all its Istanbul obligations relevant to CFE".<ref>[http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news156321 Lavrov Announced Conditions of Resuming CFE Observance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405032637/http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news156321 |date=5 April 2008}}, 3 December 2007, Izvestia.ru</ref>
The Russo-Ukrainian War, also known as the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, has been ongoing since 2014 when Russia annexed Crimea and supported separatist movements in eastern Ukraine. The conflict has claimed thousands of lives and displaced millions of people in the region. Despite several attempts at peace negotiations, the fighting continues to escalate, with both sides accusing each other of violating ceasefires and committing human rights abuses. Russia, under the leadership of President Vladimir Putin, continues to be a major player on the world stage with significant influence in international affairs. Putin, who has been in power since 1999, has maintained a strong grip on power through a combination of authoritarian measures and strategic foreign policy decisions. However, internal challenges such as economic stagnation, corruption, and political repression have raised questions about the long-term stability of the country.

Economically, Russia has faced significant challenges in recent years, with [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|international sanctions]] imposed in response to its [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] in 2014 contributing to a decline in foreign investment and economic growth. The country's heavy reliance on oil and gas exports has made it vulnerable to fluctuations in global energy prices, leading to economic instability. Inflation, rising poverty levels, and a shrinking middle class have further exacerbated the country's economic woes, raising concerns about the government's ability to address these pressing issues.

Politically, Russia has faced criticism for its crackdown on political dissent and civil liberties. Opposition figures, journalists, and human rights activists have been targeted for their criticism of the government, leading to a climate of fear and censorship. The government's control over the media and its manipulation of elections have raised concerns about the lack of political pluralism and democracy in the country. The poisoning of opposition leader Alexei Navalny in 2020 has further drawn attention to the government's use of violence and intimidation against its critics.

Internationally, Russia has sought to assert its influence in various regions, including Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. The country's military intervention in Syria in 2015 played a crucial role in bolstering the Assad regime and shaping the outcome of the conflict. Russia's annexation of Crimea and support for separatist movements in eastern Ukraine have sparked tensions with the West, leading to a breakdown in relations with the United States and the European Union. The country's close ties with other authoritarian regimes, such as Belarus and Venezuela, have further isolated Russia from the international community.

Despite these challenges, Russia continues to maintain a strong military presence and a significant nuclear arsenal, positioning itself as a key player in global security affairs. The country's military modernization efforts and investment in advanced weaponry have raised concerns about a new arms race with the United States and NATO. Russia's involvement in cyber warfare and disinformation campaigns has also highlighted the country's willingness to use non-traditional methods to achieve its strategic objectives.

In recent years, Russia has faced increasing pressure from civil society groups and grassroots movements advocating for political change and social reform. Protests against government corruption, environmental degradation, and human rights abuses have highlighted the growing discontent among the Russian population. The government's response to these protests, including arrests and crackdowns, has further fueled tensions between the state and society.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also had a significant impact on Russia, with the country struggling to contain the spread of the virus and manage its economic fallout. Despite being one of the first countries to roll out a COVID-19 vaccine, Russia has faced criticism for its handling of the crisis, including allegations of underreporting cases and deaths. The pandemic has further strained the country's healthcare system and exposed underlying inequalities in Russian society.

Looking ahead, the future of Russia remains uncertain, with questions about the country's political direction, economic stability, and international relations looming large. The upcoming parliamentary elections in 2021 and the presidential elections in 2024 will be crucial in shaping the country's trajectory and determining its place in the global order. As Russia grapples with multiple challenges at home and abroad, the need for meaningful reforms and a more inclusive political system has become increasingly urgent. The country's ability to address these pressing issues will determine its long-term viability and influence on the world stage.
The conflict has not only had a devastating impact on the people of Ukraine but has also strained relations between Russia and the West. The annexation of Crimea by Russia led to sanctions being imposed by the United States and the European Union, further complicating the situation. The conflict has heightened tensions between Russia and NATO, with the alliance increasing its military presence in Eastern Europe in response to Russian aggression.

The future of the Russo-Ukrainian War remains uncertain, with the possibility of a peaceful resolution seeming increasingly unlikely. The ongoing conflict has left a deep scar on the region and has had far-reaching consequences for international relations. As the fighting continues, the humanitarian situation in Ukraine worsens, with civilians bearing the brunt of the violence. It is imperative for the international community to work towards finding a diplomatic solution to end the conflict and bring much-needed peace to the region.
Russia suspended its participation in the CFE on 11 December 2007.<ref>{{cite news | title = Russia walks away from CFE arms treaty | agency = [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] via [[Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] | date = 12 December 2007 | url = http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/search_index.php?page=detail_news&news_id=19828 | access-date = 13 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111120175744/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/search_index.php?page=detail_news&news_id=19828 | archive-date = 20 November 2011 | url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Russia Suspends Participation In CFE Treaty | publisher=[[Radio Liberty]] | date= 12 December 2007 | url = http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/12/b1d3648d-7728-4fbb-8c52-0d2d2ee65453.html | access-date =13 December 2007}}</ref> On 12 December 2007, the United States officially stated that it "deeply regretted the Russian Federation's decision to 'suspend' implementation of its obligations under the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)." State Department spokesman [[Sean McCormack]], in a written statement, added that "Russia's conventional forces are the largest on the European continent, and its unilateral action damages this successful arms control regime."<ref>{{cite news | title = US 'deeply regrets' Russia's 'wrong' decision on CFE | agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] | date= 12 December 2007 | url = http://www.spacewar.com/reports/US_deeply_regrets_Russias_wrong_decision_on_CFE_999.html | access-date =13 December 2007}}</ref> NATO's primary concern arising from Russia's suspension is that Moscow could now accelerate its military presence in the [[North Caucasus|Northern Caucasus]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Putin poised to freeze arms pact as assertiveness grows | newspaper=[[Financial Times]] | date= 12 December 2007 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bf64d30e-a855-11dc-9485-0000779fd2ac.html | access-date =13 December 2007}}</ref>
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The months following Putin's [[Munich]] speech<ref name="Munich" /> were marked by tension, and a surge in rhetoric on both sides of the Atlantic. As a result, Vladimir Putin stated at the anniversary of the Victory Day, "these threats are not becoming fewer, but are only transforming and changing their appearance. These new threats, just as under the Third Reich, show the same contempt for human life, and the same aspiration to establish an exclusive dictate over the world."<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/05/09/1432_type82912type127286_127675.shtml Speech at the Military Parade Celebrating the 62nd Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305001549/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/05/09/1432_type82912type127286_127675.shtml |date=5 March 2008}}, Red Square, Moscow, 9 May 2007</ref> This was interpreted by some Russian and Western commentators as comparing the U.S. to [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607162323/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fopinion%2F2007%2F06%2F05%2Fdo0502.xml Putin is playing a dangerous game] By [[Anne Applebaum]], 5 June 2007</ref>

On the eve of the 2007 33rd Summit of the G8 in [[Heiligendamm]], American journalist [[Anne Applebaum]], who is married to a Polish politician, wrote that "Whether by waging [[Cyberattacks on Estonia 2007|cyberwarfare on Estonia]], threatening the gas supplies of Lithuania, or boycotting [[2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines|Georgian wine]] and Polish meat, he [Putin] has, over the past few years, made it clear that he intends to reassert Russian influence in the former communist states of Europe, whether those states want Russian influence or not. At the same time, he has also made it clear that he no longer sees Western nations as mere benign trading partners, but rather as [[Cold War]]-style threats."<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Normandy format (2019-10-09) 03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Meeting with European leaders, 2019]]
British academic [[Norman Stone]] in his article "No wonder they like Putin" compared Putin to General [[Charles de Gaulle]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20100525073652/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2994651.ece No wonder they like Putin.] by [[Norman Stone]] [[The Times]] 4 December 2007.</ref> Adi Ignatius argues that "Putin... is not a [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]. There are no mass purges in Russia today, no broad climate of terror. But Putin is reconstituting a strong state, and anyone who stands in his way will pay for it".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071221162201/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1690757_1690766-6,00.html Person of the Year 2007: A Tsar Is Born] by Adi Ignatius, Retrieved on 19 December 2007, Time.com</ref> Both Russian and American officials always denied the idea of a [[new Cold War]]. So, the US Secretary of Defense [[Robert Gates]] said yet on the Munich Conference: "We all face many common problems and challenges that must be addressed in partnership with other countries, including Russia.... One Cold War was quite enough."<ref>[http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1123 Speech of Robert M. Gates], Munich Conference on Security Policy, Germany, 11 February 2007. U.S. Department of Defense</ref> Vladimir Putin said prior to 33rd G8 Summit, on 4 June 2007: "we do not want confrontation; we want to engage in dialogue. However, we want a dialogue that acknowledges the equality of both parties' interests."<ref name="Int_G8_2007">{{cite news|title=Interview with Newspaper Journalists from G8 Member Countries|author=the Internet Department of the Presidential Press and Information Office|url=http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/06/04/2149_type82916_132716.shtml|publisher=The Presidential Press and Information Office|date=4 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052139/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/06/04/2149_type82916_132716.shtml|archive-date=4 May 2008}}</ref>

Putin publicly opposed to a [[United States national missile defense|U.S. missile shield]] in Europe, presented President [[George W. Bush]] with a counterproposal on 7 June 2007 of sharing the use of the Soviet-era radar system in [[Azerbaijan]], rather than building a new system in [[Poland]] and the [[Czech Republic]]. Putin expressed readiness to modernize the [[Qabala|Gabala]] radar station, which has been in operation since 1986. Putin proposed it would not be necessary to place interceptor missiles in Poland then, but interceptors could be placed in NATO member [[Turkey]] or [[Iraq]]. Putin suggested equal involvement of interested European countries in the project.<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/06/08/2251_type82914type82915_133552.shtml Press Conference following the end of the G8 Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052143/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/06/08/2251_type82914type82915_133552.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 8 June 2007</ref>

In a 4 June 2007 interview with journalists of G8 countries, when answering the question of whether Russian nuclear forces may be focused on European targets in case "the United States continues building a strategic shield in Poland and the Czech Republic", Putin admitted that "if part of the United States' nuclear capability is situated in Europe and that our military experts consider that they represent a potential threat then we will have to take appropriate retaliatory steps. What steps? Of course we must have new targets in Europe."<ref name="Int_G8_2007" /><ref>Doug Sanders, [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070602.wputin01/BNStory/International/home "Putin threatens to target Europe with missiles"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231091845/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070602.wputin01/BNStory/International/home |date=31 December 2008}}, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 2 June 2007</ref>

[[File:CSTO_and_SCO.png|thumb|[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] and [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]] members]]
Following the 2007 Peace Mission military exercises jointly conducted by the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO) member states, Putin announced on 17 August 2007, that the resumption on a permanent basis of long-distance patrol flights of Russia's strategic bombers that were suspended in 1992.<ref name="heavy-fighters-statement">[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/08/17/2033_type82915_141812.shtml Press Statement following the Peace Mission 2007 Counterterrorism Exercises and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531070445/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/08/17/2033_type82915_141812.shtml |date=31 May 2008}}, 17 August 2007, Chelyabinsk Region</ref> The announcement made during the SCO summit in the light of joint Russian-Chinese military exercises, first-ever in history to be held on Russian territory,<ref name="km-sco-joint-exercises">[http://student.km.ru/view.asp?id=4BD4CBA669F042EAB8331FB653FC38FE&idrubr=5D21D4E03EB74A98AAA30F8F45C5E31E SCO Scares NATO] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210143912/http://student.km.ru/view.asp?id=4BD4CBA669F042EAB8331FB653FC38FE&idrubr=5D21D4E03EB74A98AAA30F8F45C5E31E |date=10 February 2012}}, 8 August 2007, KM.ru</ref> makes some believe that Putin is inclined to set up an anti-[[NATO]] bloc, or the Asian version of [[OPEC]].<ref>[http://www.chas-daily.com/win/2007/08/20/v_034.html?r=3 Russia Over Three Oceans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208041825/http://www.chas-daily.com/win/2007/08/20/v_034.html?r=3 |date=8 February 2012}}, 20 August 2007, "Chas", Latvia</ref>

When presented with the suggestion that "Western observers are already likening the SCO to a military organisation that would stand in opposition to NATO", Putin answered that "this kind of comparison is inappropriate in both form and substance".<ref name="heavy-fighters-statement" /> Russian Chief of the General Staff [[Yury Baluyevsky]] was quoted as saying that "there should be no talk of creating a military or political alliance or union of any kind, because this would contradict the founding principles of SCO".<ref name="km-sco-joint-exercises" />

The resumption of long-distance flights of Russia's strategic bombers was followed by the announcement by Russian Defense Minister [[Anatoly Serdyukov]] during his meeting with Putin on 5 December 2007, that 11 ships, including the aircraft carrier [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|''Kuznetsov'']], would take part in the first major navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet times.<ref>[http://president.kremlin.ru/appears/2007/12/05/1940_type63378_153373.shtml Beginning of Meeting with Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608051601/http://president.kremlin.ru/appears/2007/12/05/1940_type63378_153373.shtml |date=8 June 2008}}, 5 December 2007, Kremlin.ru</ref> The sortie was to be backed up by 47 aircraft, including strategic bombers.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0518563620071205 Guy Faulconbridge. ''Russian navy to start sorties in Mediterranean''] [[Reuters]] 5 December 2007.</ref> According to Serdyukov, this is an effort to resume regular Russian naval patrols on the world's oceans, the view that is also supported by Russian media.<ref>[http://www.vz.ru/news/2007/12/5/129713.html Российский флот возобновил присутствие в Мировом океане] ''Russia's Navy Has Resumed Presence in World Ocean''] Vzglyad.ru (Russian) 5 December 2007.</ref> The military analyst from ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' [[Pavel Felgenhauer]] believes that the accident-prone ''[[Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier|Kuznetsov]]'' is scarcely seaworthy, and is more of a menace to her crew than any putative enemy.<ref>[http://novayagazeta.ru/data/2007/95/17.html Павел Фельгенгауэр. ''Семь честных слов под килем''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520014436/http://novayagazeta.ru/data/2007/95/17.html |date=20 May 2008}} [[Novaya gazeta|''Novaya Gazeta'']] No. 95 13 December 2007.</ref>

In September 2007, Putin visited Indonesia, and in doing so, became the first Russian leader to visit the country in more than 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brtsis.com/rrubb.htm |title=Russia Courts Indonesia |access-date=28 January 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221225316/http://www.brtsis.com/rrubb.htm |archive-date=21 February 2008}}</ref> In the same month, Putin also attended the [[APEC]] meeting held in Sydney, Australia, where he met with Australian Prime Minister [[John Howard]], and signed a uranium trade deal. This was the first visit of a Russian president to Australia.

On 16 October 2007, Putin visited [[Tehran]], Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit,<ref name="rbc-iran-tehran">[http://top.rbc.ru/politics/16/10/2007/122607.shtml Putin: Iran Has Right to Develop Peaceful Nuclear Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406094726/http://top.rbc.ru/politics/16/10/2007/122607.shtml |date=6 April 2008}}, 16 October 2007, Rbc.ru</ref> where he met with Iranian leader [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]].<ref>[http://president.kremlin.ru/text/news/2007/10/148432.shtml Putin Positive on Second Caspian Summit Results, Meets With Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052206/http://president.kremlin.ru/text/news/2007/10/148432.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 16 October 2007, Kremlin.ru</ref> Other participants were leaders of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and [[Turkmenistan]].<ref>[http://president.kremlin.ru/events/chron/2007/10/148247.shtml Visit to Iran. Second Caspian Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052159/http://president.kremlin.ru/events/chron/2007/10/148247.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 15–16 October 2007, Kremlin.ru</ref> This is the first visit of a leader from the Kremlin to Iran, since [[Joseph Stalin]]'s participation in the [[Tehran Conference]] in 1943.<ref>[http://www.inosmi.ru/translation/237237.html Vladimir Putin defies assassination threats to make historic visit to Tehran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120090706/http://www.inosmi.ru/translation/237237.html |date=20 January 2008}}, 16 October 2007, The Times (In Russian)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080726124113/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2666142.ece Vladimir Putin defies assassination threats to make historic visit to Tehran], 16 October 2007, The Times (In English)</ref> At a press conference after the summit, Putin stated that "all our (Caspian) states have the right to develop their peaceful nuclear programmes without any restrictions".<ref>[http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/10/16/2020_type82914type82915_148460.shtml Answer to a Question at the Joint Press Conference Following the Second Caspian Summit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052153/http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/10/16/2020_type82914type82915_148460.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 16 October 2007, Tehran, Kremlin.ru</ref> During the summit, it was also agreed that its participants, under no circumstances, would let any third-party state use their territory as a base for aggression or military action against any other participant.<ref name="rbc-iran-tehran" />

On 26 October 2007, at a press conference following the 20th Russia-EU Summit in [[Portugal]], Putin proposed to create a Russian-European Institute for Freedom and Democracy, headquartered either in Brussels, or in one of the European capitals, and added that "we are ready to supply funds for financing it, just as Europe covers the costs of projects in Russia".<ref>[http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/10/26/1918_type82914type82915_149706.shtml Press Statement and Answers to Questions following the 20th Russia-European Union Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209192850/http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/10/26/1918_type82914type82915_149706.shtml |date=9 February 2008}}, 26 October 2007, Mafra, Portugal, Kremlin.ru</ref> This newly proposed institution is expected to monitor human rights violations in Europe, and contribute to development of European democracy.<ref>[http://www.izvestia.ru/politic/article3109784/ Russia Will Finance European Democracy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131140037/http://www.izvestia.ru/politic/article3109784/ |date=31 January 2008}}, 29 October 2007, Izvestia.ru</ref>

Russian President Vladimir Putin and ex-U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] failed to resolve their differences over U.S. plans for the planned missile defense system based in [[Poland]] and the [[Czech Republic]], on their meeting in the Russian [[Black Sea]] resort of [[Sochi]] on 6 April 2008. Putin made clear that he did not agree with the decision to establish sites in the Eastern European countries, but said they had agreed a "strategic framework" to guide future U.S.-Russian relations, in which Russia and the U.S. said they recognized that the era in which each had considered the other to be a "strategic threat or enemy" was over.<ref name=":2">{{cite news | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/06/bush.putin/index.html | title = Bush, Putin disagree on missile defense | access-date =6 April 2008 |date= 1 April 2008 | publisher=CNN |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080408050408/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/06/bush.putin/index.html |archive-date = 8 April 2008}}</ref>

Putin expressed cautious optimism that the two sides could find a way to cooperate over missile defense, and described his eight-year relationship as Russian president with Bush as "mostly positive". The summit was the final meeting between Bush and Putin as presidents and follows both leaders' attendance at last the [[NATO]] summit in [[Romania]] 2 April 2008 – 4 April 2008. That summit also highlighted differences between Washington and Moscow, over U.S.-backed proposals to extend the military alliance to include the former Soviet republics of [[Ukraine]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Russia opposes the proposed expansion, fearing it will reduce its own influence over its neighbours.<ref name=":2" />

[[Fareed Zakaria]] suggests that the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 South Ossetia War]] turned out to be a diplomatic disaster for Russia. He suggests that it was a major strategic blunder, turning neighboring nations such as Ukraine to embrace the United States and other Western nations more.<ref>Zakaria, Fareed, [http://www.newsweek.com/2008/08/29/this-isn-t-the-return-of-history.html "This Isn't the Return of History"]}</ref> [[George Friedman]], founder and CEO of private intelligence agency [[Stratfor]], takes an opposite view; arguing that both the war and Russian foreign policy have been successful in expanding Russia's influence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Friedman |first=George |date=25 September 2008 |title=Georgia and the Balance of Power |journal=The New York Review of Books |volume=55 |issue=14 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21772 |access-date=13 September 2008}}</ref>

====2010-2016====

The mid-2010s marked a dramatic downturn in Russian relations with the West, with some even considering it the start of a new Cold War.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018-10-29 |title=Russia, the United States, and the New Cold War {{!}} Journal of Military and Strategic Studies |journal=Journal of Military and Strategic Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |url=https://jmss.org/article/view/57874 |language=en-US |last1=Harasymiw |first1=Bohdan }}</ref> The United States and Russia back opposing sides in the [[Syrian civil war|Syrian Civil War]], and Washington regarded Moscow as obstructionist regarding its support for the [[Bashar al-Assad]] government.<ref>Patrick W. Quirk, "Russia–Syria Internal Threat Alliance (2010–2016)". in Quirk, ''Great Powers, Weak States, and Insurgency'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017). 179–213.</ref>

In 2013, for the first time since 1960, the United States cancelled a summit with Russia, after the latter granted asylum to [[Edward Snowden]].<ref>Cynthia Nolan, "The Edward Snowden Case and the Morality of Secrecy". ''Catholic Social Science Review'' 22 (2017): 291–310.</ref>

The greatest increase in tensions, however, came during the Ukraine crisis that began in 2014, which saw the [[Crimea]]n peninsula [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] by Russia.<ref>Michał. Natorski, "The EU and crisis in Ukraine: policy continuity in Times of Disorder?". in by Dimitris Bouris and Tobias Schumacher, eds. ''The Revised European Neighbourhood Policy'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017). 177–196.</ref>  Russia also inflamed [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|a separatist uprising]] in the [[Donbas]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mackinnon |first=Amy |date=2023-02-12 |title=The Other Ukraine War |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/12/the-other-ukraine-war-crimea-invasion-2014-putin/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> The United States responded to these events by putting forth sanctions against Russia, and most European countries followed suit, worrying about Russian interference in the affairs of central and Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite speech |last= Lyall Grant |first= Mark |title= Russia cannot be granted impunity to disregard international law and the UN Charter |event= UN Security Council meeting on Ukraine |date= March 1, 2014 |location= UN New York, New York, USA |publisher= United Kingdom Government |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/russia-cannot-be-granted-impunity-to-disregard-international-law-and-the-un-charter |access-date= June 20, 2024 |language= English}}</ref>

October 2015 saw Russia, after years of supporting the Syrian government indirectly, directly intervene in the conflict, turning the tide in favor of the Assad regime. Russia's relations with Turkey, already strained over its support for the Assad regime, deteriorated further during this period, especially after the Turkish Air Force [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|shot down]] a Russian jet fighter on 24 November 2015. In 2015, Russia also formed the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] with [[Armenia]], Kazakhstan, and [[Belarus]].
[[File:Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states Summit gets underway in Samarkand 02.jpg|thumb|250px|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]], Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and other leaders at the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|Shanghai Cooperation Organization]] summit in Uzbekistan on 16 September 2022]]
The Russian government disapproves the [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion of NATO into Eastern Europe]], claiming that Western leaders promised that NATO would not expand beyond its 1990s borders.<ref>Tracey German, "NATO and the enlargement debate: enhancing Euro-Atlantic security or inciting confrontation?". ''International Affairs'' 93.2 (2017): 291–308.</ref>

==== 2017-2022 ====
{{see also|Russia–United States relations|Sino-Russian relations since 1991|Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin|Foreign relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|right|280px|{{legend2|#3F48CC}} Russia<br /> {{legend2|#AA0000}} Countries on Russia's "[[Unfriendly Countries List]]". Countries and territories on the list imposed [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions on Russia]] following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia outlines plan for 'unfriendly' investors to sell up at half-price |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-outlines-plan-unfriendly-investors-sell-up-half-price-2022-12-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]

For decades, the dispute between Japan and Russia over the ownership of the [[Kuril Islands]] has hindered closer cooperation between the two countries. However, since 2017, high level talks involving Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]] have been ongoing in an attempt to resolve the situation.<ref>James D. J. Brown, "Japan's foreign relations with Russia". in James D. J. Brown and Jeff Kingston, eds. ''Japan's Foreign Relations in Asia'' (2018): 248–261.</ref>

Russia's power on the international stage depends in large part on its revenue from fossil fuel exports. If the world completes a transition to renewable energy, and international demand for Russian [[raw material]]s resources is dramatically reduced, so may Russia's international power be. Although Russian oil and gas exports receive more attention, the country is also one of the world's three largest coal exporters and this industry is important for some Russian towns and provinces.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Loginova |first2=Julia |date=2023-08-01 |title=The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia? |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=102 |pages=103150 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 |issn=2214-6296|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ERSS..10203150O}}</ref> Russia is ranked 148 out of 156 countries in the index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses after [[energy transition]] (GeGaLo).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Overland|first1=Indra|last2=Bazilian|first2=Morgan|last3=Ilimbek Uulu|first3=Talgat|last4=Vakulchuk|first4=Roman|last5=Westphal|first5=Kirsten|date=2019|title=The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition|journal=Energy Strategy Reviews|language=en|volume=26|pages=100406|doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019EneSR..2600406O |hdl=11250/2634876|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Russia lacks strong alliances.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gärtner |first=Heinz |url= |title=China and Eurasian powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |pages=xxiii |chapter=Great Power Conflict |oclc=1353290533}}</ref> The [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] is an attempt to develop a successor alliance to the [[Warsaw Pact]] but it is comparatively weak.<ref name=":3" /> Russia participates in the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]], but the SCO is a multilateral cooperation group rather than an alliance and China plays the leading role in the organization.<ref name=":3" />

====2022-present====
When [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022]], its foreign policy underwent significant change after the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|UN resolution of 2 March 2022]] deploring [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]] and demanded a full withdrawal of [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]], supported by 141 countries and over 600 Russian diplomats being declared [[Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|''persona non grata'']] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian spying in Europe dealt 'significant blow' since Ukraine war, MI5 chief says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/16/uk/mi5-chief-russia-spying-iran-china-threats-intl/index.html |date=16 November 2022}}</ref>

Russia attempted to solidify its alliances in Africa, Asia and South America. Historically, the former [[Soviet Union]] and later the [[Russian Federation]] had good relations with modern states in those regions, being on the side of oppressed populations, such as during [[Apartheid]] in [[South Africa]], and opposing imperialism worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ADDO |date=2025-02-18 |title=Challenging the West: Russian anti-imperialism narratives in Nigeria |url=https://disinfo.africa/challenging-the-west-russian-anti-imperialism-narratives-in-nigeria-dc8bfb7cc52d |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Later in 2022, many African and South American States abstained to vote against Russia in the [[UN security council]] for its military involvements in Ukraine. Russia's influence in Africa and South America is expanding, particularly in the areas of [[mining]] and [[Security company|security services]]. Most African and South American countries have a keen interest in cheap fossil energy, and have no sanctions in place against Russian entities.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/ugandan-leader-extols-africa-russia-friendship-during-visit-by-lavrov "Uganda's Museveni extols Africa-Russia ties during Lavrov visit"]. ''aljazeera''. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.rbth.com/international/2013/12/06/mandela_and_the_soviet_union_the_struggle_against_apartheid_32329.html "Mandela and the Soviet Union: The struggle against apartheid"] ''rbth.com''. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</ref>

In 2023, Russia unveiled a [[Eurasianism|Eurasianist]], [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]] foreign policy strategy in a document titled "''The Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation''" approved by [[Vladimir Putin]]. The document defines Russia as a "unique country-civilization and a vast [[Eurasia]]n and Euro-Pacific power" that seeks to create a "Greater Eurasian Partnership" by pursuing close relations with China, India, countries of the [[Islamic world|Islamic World]] and rest of the [[Global South]] ([[Latin America]] and [[Southern Africa]]). The policy identifies [[United States]] and other [[Anglo saxon countries|Anglo-Saxon countries]] as "the main inspirer, organizer and executor of the aggressive [[Anti-Russian sentiment|anti-Russian]] policy of the collective West" and seeks the end of [[American hegemony|American dominance]] in the international scene. The document also adopts a [[Neo-Sovietism|neo-Soviet]] posture, positioning Russia as the successor state of USSR and calls for spreading "accurate information" about the "decisive contribution of the Soviet Union" in shaping the [[Post WWII|post-WWII]] [[international order]] and the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2023 |title=Russia adopts new anti-West foreign policy strategy |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-adopts-new-anti-west-foreign-policy-strategy/a-65198660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415103330/https://www.dw.com/en/russia-adopts-new-anti-west-foreign-policy-strategy/a-65198660 |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould-Davies |first=Nigel |date=6 April 2023 |title=Russia's new foreign-policy concept: the impact of war |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/04/russia-new-foreign-policy-concept-the-impact-of-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502170222/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/04/russia-new-foreign-policy-concept-the-impact-of-war/ |archive-date=2 May 2023 |website=IISS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=The Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation |url=https://russiaeu.ru/en/news/concept-foreign-policy-russian-federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410161817/https://russiaeu.ru/en/news/concept-foreign-policy-russian-federation |archive-date=10 April 2023 |website=Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the European Union}}</ref>

In 2024, Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso reached an agreement with Russia to obtain telecom and surveillance satellites, aiming to strengthen border security and improve communications. These West African nations, facing ongoing Islamist insurgencies, sought Russian support after tensions with Western allies. This move came shortly after an Islamist militants attack on an airport in Mali, highlighting the region's unstable security situation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia in satellite deal with West African military governments |date=25 September 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2k0p6w034o |website=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925124358/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2k0p6w034o |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>

== Diplomatic relations ==
List of countries which Russia maintains diplomatic relations with:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" |[[File:Diplomatic_relations_of_Russia.svg|frameless|425x425px]]
|-
!#
!Country
!Date<ref>{{Cite book |title=Soviet Foreign Policy: 1945-1980 |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1981 |pages=642–681}}</ref>
|-
|1
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{dts|8 November 1493}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lind |first=John |title=Den dansk-russiske traktat 1302 |url=https://tidsskrift.dk/historisktidsskrift/article/download/53754/71960?inline=1 |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=da}}</ref>
|-
|2
|{{flag|Iran}}
|{{dts|1521}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leandro |first1=Francisco José B. S. |title=The Geopolitics of Iran |last2=Branco |first2=Carlos |last3=Caba-Maria |first3=Flavius |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2021 |pages=25}}</ref>
|-
|3
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{DTS|24 August 1553}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2016 |title=День в истории: 24 августа 1553 года. Установлены дипломатические отношения между Россией и Англией |url=https://sputnikipogrom.com/calendar/58891/24-august-1553/ |access-date=26 January 2025 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|4
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{dts|1613}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=The history of relations between Russia and the Netherlands goes back centuries to when they launched economic cooperation |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/MIDRussia/posts/-the-history-of-relations-between-russia-and-the-netherlands-goes-back-centuries/2600911013341657/ |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|5
|{{flag|France}}
|{{Dts|November 1615}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=L'incident diplomatique (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle) |publisher=Editions Pedone |year=2010 |pages=323 |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|6
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|{{DTS|15 March 1722}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1927 |title=Herman Cedercreutz |encyclopedia=[[Svenskt biografiskt lexikon]] |publisher=[[National Archives of Sweden]] |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=16550 |access-date=2023-09-04 |last=Naumann |first=Erik |volume=7 |page=779 |language=sv}}</ref>
|-
|7
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|{{dts|24 October 1779}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Países |work=Portal Diplomático |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|8
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{Dts|14 July 1809}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Countries |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/all |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=Office of the Historian}}</ref>
|-
|9
|{{flag|Spain}}
|{{dts|20 July 1812}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acuerdo de amistad y alianza entre Rusia y España (5 artículos) |url=https://spain.mid.ru/500-anos-de-amistad-entre-rusia-y-espana?TSPD_101_R0=08765fb817ab2000b9dc0930194ec97a8d4006911f25c14c914981396e520744ecdb8dd252adb8c408932537c5143000c2872026a6bc0424a0a84df67d7b2383767c2d35b1d93ca245457777c7b44d8ad3b1c9efa5a36aa30214e5c8b664e5a8 |access-date=28 August 2022 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|10
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|{{DTS|6 March 1814}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2014 |title=ВОЗРОЖДАЯ МИЛОСЕРДИЕ – МИЛОСЕРДИЕМ ВОЗРОДИМСЯ |language=ru |url=http://kuvznama.ru/vozrozhdaya-miloserdie-miloserdiem-vozrodimsya-2.html |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|11
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|{{DTS|3 October 1828}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=190 years of Brazil-Russia diplomatic relations – October 3, 2018 |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/190-years-of-brazil-russia-diplomatic-relations-october-3-2018 |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|12
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|{{dts|23 February 1838}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilateral cooperation |url=https://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-cooperation |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia}}</ref>
|-
|13
|{{flag|Greece}}
|{{dts|5 September 1838}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=РОССИЙСКО-ГРЕЧЕСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ |language=ru |url=https://www.mid.ru/print-country/?id=18852&lang-aside=en&position=aside&COUNTRY_CODE=gr&TSPD_101_R0=08765fb817ab20004fac1980f17a4572ba735a8711ed3e0f7f6920763c6358ba611ae044623e6f9608b29654351430001d5e4fc257edfabe20092b0931b0c2ac41790759a7ea3b6b9c0e3796e48e81ae41ca5328e7084e3de86470aec349312c |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|14
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|{{dts|11 April 1853}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Королевство Бельгия: Двусторонние отношения |url=https://www.mid.ru/ru/maps/be/?FILTER-SECTION=115&COUNTRY_CODE=be |access-date=14 April 2025 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|15
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{Date table sorting|7 February 1855}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Treaties and Conventions concluded between Empire of Japan and Foreign Nations, together with Regulations and Communications 1854-1874 |publisher=Nisshu-sha Printing Office |year=1874 |editor-last=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Japan |location=Tokyo |pages=table of contents}}</ref>
|-
|16
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|{{Date table sorting|9 September 1857}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2017 |title=Inauguración de la muestra "160 años de Relaciones Diplomáticas Uruguay-Rusia" |url=https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-relaciones-exteriores/comunicacion/noticias/inauguracion-de-la-muestra-160-anos-de-relaciones-diplomaticas-uruguay-rusia |access-date=18 May 2022 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|17
|{{flag|Romania}}
|{{dts|24 October 1878}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of Romania |url=https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|18
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|{{dts|7 July 1879}}<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005) |url=http://filip-nikolov.com/files/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.doc |language=bg}}</ref>
|-
|19
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|{{dts|11 December 1890}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=México y Rusia: 130 años de relaciones diplomáticas |url=https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/598621/Libro_CD05-Mex-Rus-especial__2_.pdf |access-date=9 July 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|20
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|{{DTS|7 March 1891}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Célébration du 130e anniversaire de l'établissement des relations diplomatiques entre le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et la Fédération de Russie |url=https://moscou.mae.lu/en/actualites/2021/celebration-du-130e-anniversaire-de-l-etablissement-des-relations-diplomatiques-entre-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg-et-la-federation-de-russie.html |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=Embassy of Luxembourg in Moscow |date=3 October 2021 |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|21
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|{{dts|3 July 1897}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=ความสัมพันธ์ทวิภาคี |url=https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content-category/5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006870 |access-date=5 July 2023 |language=th}}</ref>
|-
|22
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|{{Dts|9 August 1898}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2013 |title=Press release on the exchange of greetings between the foreign ministers of Russia and Bolivia on the 125th anniversary of bilateral relations |url=https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1900097/ |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|23
|{{flag|Panama}}
|{{dts|1903|11|21|format=dmy}}<ref>{{cite web |title=RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ |url=http://www.mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131148/https://mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=30 November 2021 |page=195}}</ref>
|-
|24
|{{flag|Norway}}
|{{Dts|7 November 1905}}<ref>{{cite web |date=27 April 1999 |title=Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=regjeringen.no |language=no}}</ref>
|-
|25
|{{flag|Afghanistan|2013}}
|{{DTS|27 May 1919}}
|-
|26
|{{flag|Finland}}
|{{dts|1920|12|31|format=dmy}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2010 |title=Stubb and Lavrov celebrate the 90th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Finland and Russia |url=https://um.fi/current-affairs/-/asset_publisher/gc654PySnjTX/content/stubb-ja-lavrov-muistivat-suomen-ja-venajan-diplomaattisuhteiden-90-vuotispaivaa |access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|27
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{dts|7 February 1921}}
|-
|28
|{{flag|Poland}}
|{{dts|7 April 1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Политический диалог |url=https://gdansk.mid.ru/politiceskij-dialog |access-date=23 July 2023 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|29
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{dts|5 November 1921}}
|-
|30
|{{flag|Austria}}
|{{dts|25 February 1924}}
|-
|31
|{{flag|Albania}}
|{{dts|4 July 1924}}
|-
|32
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{dts|8 November 1924}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://diad.mfa.gov.tr/diad/yillik/yillik-1959.pdf |title=Hariciye Vekâleti Yıllığı 1959 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye |page=189 |language=tr}}</ref>
|-
|33
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{dts|16 February 1926}}
|-
|34
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|{{dts|4 February 1934}}
|-
|35
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{dts|9 June 1934}}
|-
|36
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|{{DTS|25 June 1935}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europa |url=https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/internacional/politica/regiones/europa |access-date=29 June 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|37
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{DTS|16 May 1941}}
|-
|38
|{{flag|Canada}}
|{{dts|12 June 1942}}
|-
|39
|{{flag|Australia}}
|{{dts|10 October 1942}}
|-
|40
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|{{dts|21 April 1943}}
|-
|41
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|{{dts|26 August 1943}}<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1562917036682100736 |user=mfa_russia |title=🇷🇺🇪🇬 On August 26, 1943, the USSR established diplomatic relations with Egypt. In the spirit of historically friendly relations we are looking forward to further strengthening #RussiaEgypt ties in all spheres, based on mutual respect and multi-faceted cooperation ☝️ |author=MFA Russia |date=August 25, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|42
|{{flag|Iceland}}
|{{dts|4 October 1943}}
|-
|43
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{dts|13 April 1944}}
|-
|44
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|{{dts|8 May 1944}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2014 |title=Costa Rica y Rusia celebran 70 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas |url=https://www.rree.go.cr/index.php?sec=servicios&cat=prensa&cont=593&id=1764 |access-date=10 March 2025 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|45
|{{flag|Syria}}
|{{dts|21 July 1944}}
|-
|46
|{{flag|Lebanon}}
|{{dts|31 July 1944}}
|-
|47
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{Dts|14 March 1945}}
|-
|48
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|{{Dts|14 March 1945}}
|-
|49
|{{flag|Guatemala}}
|{{Dts|19 April 1945}}
|-
|50
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|{{DTS|6 June 1946}}
|-
|51
|{{flag|India}}
|{{dts|14 April 1947}}
|-
|52
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|{{dts|18 February 1948}}
|-
|53
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{dts|1 May 1948}}
|-
|54
|{{flag|Israel}}
|{{dts|15 May 1948}}
|-
|55
|{{flag|North Korea}}
|{{dts|12 October 1948}}
|-
|56
|{{flag|China}}
|{{dts|2 October 1949}}
|-
|57
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{dts|30 January 1950}}
|-
|58
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|{{dts|3 February 1950}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=On the Occasion of the 60th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Indonesia |url=https://www.mid.ru/en/maps/id/1600019/ |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)]] |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|59
|{{flag|Germany}}
|{{dts|13 September 1955}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russische Föderation: Steckbrief |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/russischefoederation-node/steckbrief-201534 |website=Auswärtiges Amt |access-date=6 March 2025 |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|60
|{{flag|Libya}}
|{{dts|25 September 1955}}
|-
|61
|{{flag|Yemen}}
|{{dts|31 October 1955}}
|-
|62
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{dts|3 January 1956}}
|-
|63
|{{flag|Liberia}}
|{{dts|11 January 1956}}
|-
|64
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|{{dts|11 July 1956}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Tunisie-Russie: 65 ans de coopération soutenue |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/32307-tunisie-russie-65-ans-de-cooperation-soutenue |access-date=24 March 2025 |website=leaders.com.tn |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|65
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|{{dts|20 July 1956}}
|-
|66
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|{{dts|6 November 1956}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA |url=https://www.mfaic.gov.kh/page/2021-02-10-LIST-OF-MEMBER-STATES-OF-THE-UNITED-NATIONS--193--HAVING-DIPLOMATIC-RELATIONS-WITH-CAMBOIDA |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=mfaic.gov.kh}}</ref>
|-
|67
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|{{dts|19 February 1957}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations |url=https://mfa.gov.lk/dpl-relations/ |access-date=10 July 2022 |language= |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321072720/https://mfa.gov.lk/dpl-relations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|68
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|{{dts|15 January 1958}}
|-
|69
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|{{dts|29 August 1958}}
|-
|70
|{{flag|Guinea}}
|{{dts|3 October 1958}}
|-
|71
|{{flag|Togo}}
|{{dts|1 May 1960}}
|-
|72
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|{{dts|8 May 1960}}
|-
|73
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|{{dts|29 June 1960}}
|-
|74
|{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
|{{dts|7 July 1960}}
|-
|75
|{{flag|Somalia}}
|{{dts|30 September 1960}}
|-
|76
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{dts|7 October 1960}}
|-
|77
|{{flag|Mali}}
|{{dts|8 October 1960}}
|-
|78
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|{{dts|18 November 1960}}
|-
|79
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|{{dts|25 November 1960}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Strengthening bilateral relations between Nigeria and Russia |url=https://authorityngr.com/2022/08/23/strengthening-bilateral-relations-between-nigeria-and-russia/ |website=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]] |access-date=11 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|80
|{{flag|Central African Republic}}
|{{dts|15 December 1960}}
|-
|81
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|{{dts|26 April 1961}}
|-
|82
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|{{dts|10 December 1961}}
|-
|83
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|{{dts|19 March 1962}}
|-
|84
|{{flag|Benin}}
|{{DTS|4 June 1962}}
|-
|85
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|{{dts|14 June 1962}}
|-
|86
|{{flag|Burundi}}
|{{dts|1 October 1962}}
|-
|87
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|{{dts|11 October 1962}}
|-
|88
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{dts|11 March 1963}}
|-
|89
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{dts|20 August 1963}}
|-
|90
|{{flag|Rwanda}}
|{{dts|17 October 1963}}
|-
|91
|{{flag|Kenya}}
|{{dts|14 December 1963}}
|-
|92
|{{flag|Cameroon}}
|{{dts|18 February 1964}}
|-
|93
|{{flag|Mauritania}}
|{{dts|12 July 1964}}
|-
|94
|{{flag|Zambia}}
|{{dts|2 October 1964}}
|-
|95
|{{flag|Chad}}
|{{dts|24 November 1964}}
|-
|96
|{{flag|Gambia}}
|{{dts|17 July 1965}}
|-
|97
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|{{dts|21 September 1966}}
|-
|98
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
|{{dts|23 January 1967}}
|-
|99
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{dts|18 February 1967}}
|-
|100
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|{{dts|3 April 1967}}
|-
|101
|{{flag|Malta}}
|{{dts|26 July 1967}}
|-
|102
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|{{dts|17 March 1968}}
|-
|103
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{dts|1 June 1968}}
|-
|104
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|{{dts|7 December 1968}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=Today marks 55 years since the diplomatic relations between our country and EquatorialGuinea were established |url=https://x.com/mfa_russia/status/1732742494838804567?s=20 |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=MFA Russia}}</ref>
|-
|105
|{{flag|Peru}}
|{{dts|1 February 1969}}
|-
|106
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|{{dts|12 November 1969}}
|-
|107
|{{flag|Botswana}}
|{{dts|17 March 1970}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Quarterly |publisher=Indian Centre for Africa |year=1970 |volume=10 |pages=37}}</ref>
|-
|108
|{{flag|Guyana}}
|{{DTS|17 December 1970}}
|-
|109
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|{{DTS|8 December 1971}}
|-
|110
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{DTS|25 January 1972}}
|-
|111
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{DTS|17 February 1972}}
|-
|112
|{{flag|Madagascar}}
|{{DTS|29 September 1972}}
|-
|113
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|{{DTS|29 September 1973}}
|-
|114
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
|{{DTS|30 September 1973}}
|-
|115
|{{flag|Gabon}}
|{{DTS|15 October 1973}}
|-
|116
|{{flag|Fiji}}
|{{DTS|30 January 1974}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Formal diplomatic relations list |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/images/FDR_LIST_version_of_6_June_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827171052/http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/images/FDR_LIST_version_of_6_June_2016.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|117
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|{{DTS|6 June 1974}}
|-
|118
|{{flag|Jamaica}}
|{{DTS|12 March 1975}}
|-
|119
|{{flag|Mozambique}}
|{{DTS|28 June 1975}}
|-
|120
|{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|{{DTS|9 August 1975}}
|-
|121
|{{flag|Tonga}}
|{{DTS|14 October 1975}}
|-
|122
|{{flag|Cape Verde}}
|{{DTS|25 November 1975}}
|-
|123
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{DTS|6 January 1976}}
|-
|124
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|{{DTS|19 May 1976}}
|-
|125
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{DTS|2 June 1976}}
|-
|126
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|{{DTS|30 June 1976}}
|-
|127
|{{flag|Angola}}
|{{Date table sorting|8 October 1976}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Relações Diplomáticas |url=https://mirex.gov.ao/PortalMIREX/#!/politica-externa/relacoes-diplomaticas |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=mirex.gov.ao |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|128
|{{flag|Suriname}}
|{{dts|2 November 1976}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten |url=http://www.gov.sr/media/12102008/lijst-van-diplomatieke-betrekkingen-en-visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416134520/http://www.gov.sr/media/12102008/lijst-van-diplomatieke-betrekkingen-en-visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=gov.sr |language=nl}}</ref>
|-
|129
|{{flag|Samoa}}
|{{DTS|2 July 1977}}
|-
|130
|{{flag|Djibouti}}
|{{DTS|3 April 1978}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2020 |title=On April 3, 1978, diplomatic relations between the USSR and Djibouti were established |url=https://x.com/mfa_russia/status/1246074035181506563 |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=MFA Russia}}</ref>
|-
|131
|{{flag|Grenada}}
|{{dts|7 September 1979}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ginsburgs |first=George |title=A Calendar of Soviet Treaties: 1974-1980 |publisher=BRILL |year=1987 |pages=323}}</ref>
|-
|132
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}
|{{dts|13 September 1979}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paszyn |first=D. |title=The Soviet Attitude to Political and Social Change in Central America, 1979–90: Case-Studies on Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala |publisher=Springer |year=2000 |pages=27}}</ref>
|-
|133
|{{flag|Lesotho}}
|{{DTS|1 February 1980}}
|-
|134
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|{{dts|20 February 1981}}<ref name=":12" />
|-
|135
|{{flag|Oman}}
|{{DTS|26 September 1985}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://fm.gov.om/moscow/ |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, Moscow, Russian Federation}}</ref>
|-
|136
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}
|{{Dts|30 June 1986}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mastny |first=Vojtech |title=Soviet-east European Survey, 1986-1987 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2019 |isbn= |location= |pages=}}</ref>
|-
|137
|{{Flag|Nauru}}
|{{Date table sorting|30 December 1987}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Problems of Communism |publisher=Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration |year=1988 |pages=68}}</ref>
|-
|138
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{dts|1 August 1988}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian-Qatar relationship (Brief summary) |url=https://qatar.mid.ru/en/russia_qatar/bilateral_relations/russian_qatari_relationship_brief_summary/ |accessdate=20 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|139
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|{{DTS|5 January 1990}}<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Política Bilateral |url=https://www.rree.go.cr/?sec=exterior&cat=politica |access-date=6 July 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|State of Palestine}}
|{{dts|10 January 1990}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vestnik |publisher=USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs |year=1990 |pages=9}}</ref>
|-
|140
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|{{Date table sorting|21 March 1990}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Mushelenga |first=Samuel Abraham Peyavali |date=2008 |title=Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/2703/dissertation_mushelenga_%20s.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |pages=254–259}}</ref>
|-
|141
|{{flag|Kiribati}}
|{{dts|5 September 1990}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today Russia and Kiribati celebrate 27th Anniversary of diplomatic relations (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia) |url=https://twitter.com/mfa_russia/status/904980678839848960?s=20 |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|142
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|{{dts|29 September 1990}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505195337/https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|143
|{{flag|Honduras}}
|{{DTS|30 September 1990}}<ref name=":22" />
|-
|144
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|{{DTS|30 September 1990}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries & Regions |url=https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/list.do |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|145
|{{flag|Belize}}
|{{DTS|25 June 1991}}<ref name=":22" />
|-
|146
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|{{DTS|1 October 1991}}<ref name=":22" />
|-
|147
|{{flag|Latvia}}
|{{dts|4 October 1991}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2021 |title=Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/dates-establishment-and-renewal-diplomatic-relations |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=mfa.gov.lv}}</ref>
|-
|148
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|{{dts|4 October 1991}}<ref>{{cite web |title=List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations |url=https://jp.mfa.lt/default/en/list-of-countries-with-which-lithuania-has-established-diplomatic-relations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110123939/https://jp.mfa.lt/default/en/list-of-countries-with-which-lithuania-has-established-diplomatic-relations |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=}}</ref>
|-
|149
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|{{dts|24 October 1991}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia |url=https://www.vm.ee/rahvusvaheline-suhtlus-uleilmne-eestlus/suhted-teiste-riikidega/diplomaatiliste-suhete |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=et}}</ref>
|-
|150
|{{flag|Chile}}
|{{Date table sorting|26 December 1991}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=RELACIONES DIPLOMATICAS DE CHILE CON LOS PAISES DE LA CUENCA DEL PACIFICO |url=https://archivospublicos.uahurtado.cl/uploads/r/archivo-institucional-universidad-alberto-hurtado/1/1/9/119a982db9b66f569a5d546b86f31a59dcb53b2815c3e28f774ad8bab7704d3c/31-2-12.pdf |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=es |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127123104/https://archivospublicos.uahurtado.cl/uploads/r/archivo-institucional-universidad-alberto-hurtado/1/1/9/119a982db9b66f569a5d546b86f31a59dcb53b2815c3e28f774ad8bab7704d3c/31-2-12.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-style="background:#D3D3D3"
|—
|{{flag|Ukraine}} (severed)
|{{dts|14 February 1992}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Протокол про встановлення дипломатичних відносин між Україною і Російською Федерацією |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/643_015 |website=zakon.rada.gov.ua |accessdate=23 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|151
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|{{dts|28 February 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically) |url=https://www.dirco.gov.za/bilateral-relations/ |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|152
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{Date table sorting|20 March 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения |url=https://mfa.gov.kg/kg/osnovnoe-menyu/vneshnyaya-politika/mezhdunarodnye-dogovory/spisok-stran-s-kotorymi-ustanovleny-dipotnosheniya/spisok-stran-s-kotorymi-kr-ustanovil-diplomaticheskie-otnosheniya |access-date=10 October 2021 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|153
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|{{Date table sorting|20 March 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS |url=https://mfa.uz/en/pages/strani-kotoriye-uzbekistan-ustanovil-diplomaticheskiye-otnosheniya |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719154253/https://mfa.uz/en/pages/strani-kotoriye-uzbekistan-ustanovil-diplomaticheskiye-otnosheniya |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|154
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|{{DTS|4 April 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/bilateral-relations/ |access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|155
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{dts|4 April 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign policy - bilateral relations |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/category/bilateral-relations |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|156
|{{flag|Moldova}}
|{{dts|6 April 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-afghanistan |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=MFA Moldova |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624002439/https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-afghanistan |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|157
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}
|{{dts|8 April 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS |url=https://mfa.tj/uploads/main/2022/12/12-12-2022-11-21.pdf |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|158
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|{{dts|8 April 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tm/en/articles/55?breadcrumbs=no |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508101911/https://www.mfa.gov.tm/en/articles/55?breadcrumbs=no |archive-date=8 May 2019 |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|159
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|{{Dts|14 May 1992}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2009 |title=Primer embajador ruso llega esta mañana al país |language=es |url=http://archivo.abc.com.py/2009-03-07/articulos/501744/primer-embajador-ruso-llega-esta-manana-al-pais |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229140526/http://archivo.abc.com.py/2009-03-07/articulos/501744/primer-embajador-ruso-llega-esta-manana-al-pais |archive-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
|160
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|{{dts|25 May 1992}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia}}</ref>
|-
|161
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|{{dts|25 May 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Đogić |first=Mojca Pristavec |date=September 2016 |title=Priznanja samostojne Slovenije |url=https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije_.pdf |access-date=11 July 2023 |language=sl}}</ref>
|-
|162
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
|{{Date table sorting|3 June 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=REGISTRO DE FECHAS DE ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RD |url=https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/rree/documents/338286/download |access-date=9 March 2022 |language=es |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228020506/https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/rree/documents/338286/download |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|163
|{{flag|Belarus}}
|{{dts|25 June 1992}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2017 |title=Tight, fruitful Belarus-Russia relations praised |url=https://www.belarus.by/en/government/events/tight-fruitful-belarus-russia-relations-praised_i_72028.html |url-status=dead |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729120808/https://www.belarus.by/en/government/events/tight-fruitful-belarus-russia-relations-praised_i_72028.html |archive-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>
|-style="background:#D3D3D3"
|—
|{{flag|Georgia}} (severed)
|{{dts|1 July 1992}}<ref name="mfa.gov.ge">{{cite web|title=Relations between Georgia and Russia|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=351&lang_id=ENG|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia)]]|access-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153559/http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=351&lang_id=ENG|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|164
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}
|{{DTS|6 August 1992}}<ref name=":22" />
|-
|165
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|{{Date table sorting|22 October 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан |url=http://mfa.kz/ru/content-view/spisok-stran-ustanovivshikh-diplomaticheskie-otnosheniya-s-rk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220233503/http://mfa.kz/ru/content-view/spisok-stran-ustanovivshikh-diplomaticheskie-otnosheniya-s-rk |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=30 April 2022 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|166
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|{{Dts|1 January 1993}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Štáty a teritóriá |url=https://www.mzv.sk/staty |access-date=26 May 2023 |language=sk}}</ref>
|-
|167
|{{flag|Barbados}}
|{{DTS|29 January 1993}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diplomatic Relations Between Russian Federation and Barbados as of 29 Jan. 1993 (UN Digital Library)| date=29 January 1993 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1627606?ln=en | last1=Federation | first1=Russian}}</ref>
|-
|168
|{{flag|Eritrea}}
|{{DTS|24 May 1993}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Following a referendum on May 24, 1993, Eritrea was officially proclaimed to be an independent state, and on the same day the Russian Federation and the State of Eritrea established diplomatic relations |url=https://twitter.com/mfa_russia/status/1265015178602700808 |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=MFA Russia}}</ref>
|-
|169
|{{flag|Malawi}}
|{{DTS|2 November 1993}}<ref name=":22" />
|-
|170
|{{Flag|San Marino}}
|{{Dts|30 September 1993}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino |url=https://www.esteri.sm/pub2/EsteriSM/Relazioni-Internazionali/Rapporti-Bilaterali.html |access-date=15 December 2021 |language=it}}</ref>
|-
|171
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}
|{{Date table sorting|31 December 1993}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=310 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930040551/http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=310 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia}}</ref>
|-
|172
|{{flag|Liechtenstein}}
|{{dts|30 January 1994}}<ref name=":33" />
|-
|173
|{{flag|Dominica}}
|{{DTS|19 May 1995}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vladimir Vinokurov is Russia's New Ambassador to Dominica |url=http://news.gov.dm/news/3977-vladimir-vinokurov-is-russia-s-new-ambassador-to-dominica |access-date=20 August 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820221920/http://news.gov.dm/news/3977-vladimir-vinokurov-is-russia-s-new-ambassador-to-dominica |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|174
|{{flag|Andorra}}
|{{dts|13 June 1995}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Diplomatic relations |url=https://www.exteriors.ad/en/101-continguts-angles/diplomatic-representations/diplomatic-relations |access-date=3 July 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra}}</ref>
|-
|175
|{{flag|Haiti}}
|{{DTS|2 June 1996}}<ref name=":22" />
|-
|176
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|{{Date table sorting|26 December 1996}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa |url=https://mvp.gov.ba/vanjska_politika_bih/bilateralni_odnosi/datumi_priznanja_i_uspostave_diplomatskih_odnosa/?id=6 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina |language=bs}}</ref>
|-style="background:#D3D3D3"
|—
|{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}} (severed)
|{{Date table sorting|9 March 1999}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fsmgov.org/diprel.html|title= Countries With Which the Federated States of Micronesia Has Established Diplomatic Relations}}</ref>
|-
|177
|{{flag|Eswatini}}
|{{Date table sorting|19 October 1999}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Свазиленд / Участие в международных организациях, основные внешнеполитические контрагенты и партнёры, отношения с Россией |url=http://www.hyno.ru/tom4/1485.html |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|178
|{{flag|Timor-Leste}}
|{{DTS|20 May 2002}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=15 years ago Russia and East Timor established diplomatic relations |url=https://twitter.com/mfa_russia/status/865927398512099328 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227214116/https://twitter.com/mfa_russia/status/865927398512099328 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|179
|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|{{Date table sorting|17 September 2002}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia – St.Vincent and the Grenadines |url=https://guyana.mid.ru/en_gb/rossia-sent-vinsent-i-grenadiny/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826171436/https://guyana.mid.ru/en_gb/rossia-sent-vinsent-i-grenadiny/ |archive-date=26 August 2020 |access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|180
|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
|{{Date table sorting|22 September 2003}}<ref name=":02" />
|-
|181
|{{flag|Bahamas}}
|{{DTS|14 January 2004}}<ref name=":22" />
|-
|182
|{{flag|Saint Lucia}}
|{{DTS|19 April 2004}}<ref name=":22" />
|-
|183
|{{flag|Montenegro}}
|{{dts|2006|6|26|format=dmy}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa |url=https://mvp.gov.me/rubrike/bilateralni-odnosi/Tabela-priznanja-i-uspostavljanja-diplomatskih-odn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213235103/https://mvp.gov.me/rubrike/bilateralni-odnosi/Tabela-priznanja-i-uspostavljanja-diplomatskih-odn |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2021 |publisher=Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration}}</ref>
|-
|184
|{{flag|Palau}}
|{{DTS|28 November 2006}}<ref name=":22" />
|-
|185
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|{{dts|31 May 2007}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007 |url=https://www.gouv.mc/Action-Gouvernementale/Monaco-a-l-International/Publications/Rapports-de-Politique-Exterieure |accessdate=11 October 2020 |page=44 |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|Abkhazia}}
|{{DTS|9 September 2008}}<ref name="komma&so">{{cite news |last=Solovyev |first=Vladimir |date=10 September 2008 |title=Freshly Recognized |publisher=[[Kommersant]] |url=http://www.kommersant.com/p1023629/r_538/South_Ossetia_Abkhazia_recognition/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913101916/http://www.kommersant.com/p1023629/r_538/South_Ossetia_Abkhazia_recognition/ |archive-date=2008-09-13}}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|South Ossetia}}
|{{DTS|9 September 2008}}<ref name="komma&so" />
|-
|—
|{{flag|Holy See}}
|{{dts|9 December 2009}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations of the Holy See |url=https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|186
|{{flag|South Sudan}}
|{{dts|22 August 2011}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2012 |title=Meeting of Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia M. L. Bogdanov with Ambassador of South Sudan to Moscow Shol Deng Alak |url=https://mid.ru/en/maps/ss/1594105/?TSPD_101_R0=08765fb817ab20009058f525849ba5fb748cde3f397e941770007c97a1aeb7d8062a98093b3d3729085c2d3b171430001687429fc779f7524b23d31c89575d4a1e50251ac95b968229c9eab0c47bb8ccd9081738ff7992378eef921049febe3b |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|187
|{{flag|Tuvalu}}
|{{Date table sorting|25 October 2011}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2011 |title=Russia Forges Ties With Tuvalu After Abkhaz, Ossetia Recognition |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-09-25/russia-forges-ties-with-tuvalu-after-abkhaz-ossetia-recognition#xj4y7vzkg |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Bilateral relations ==

=== Africa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Algeria}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Algeria–Russia relations]]
* Russia has an [[Embassy of Russia in Algiers|Embassy in Algiers]] and a consulate in [[Annaba]].
* Algeria has an [[Embassy of Algeria in Moscow|Embassy in Moscow]].
Diplomatic relations between Algeria and the Soviet Union were established for the first time on 23 March 1962. The Soviet Union and Algeria engaged in cordial bilateral relations, due to their shared anti-colonial sentiments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mousli |first=Malek |date=2019-12-15 |title=Algerian-Russian Cooperation: True Strategic Partnership? |url=https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-2-284-292 |journal=Vestnik RUDN. International Relations |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=284–292 |doi=10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-2-284-292 |issn=2313-0679}}</ref> From 1962 to 1989, the Soviet Union supplied more than $11 billion in arms to Algeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katz |first=Mark N. |date=2007-11-27 |title=R<scp>ussia and</scp> A<scp>lgeria</scp>: P<scp>artners or</scp> C<scp>ompetitors</scp>? |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2007.00330.x |journal=Middle East Policy |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=152–157 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4967.2007.00330.x |issn=1061-1924}}</ref>

Russia currently enjoys very warm relations with Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Mixed Balance Sheet: Russia's Uneven Influence in the Maghreb |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/russias-uneven-influence-maghreb?lang=en |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref> The two countries signed a Strategic Partnership Declaration in 2001 aimed at strengthening military, economic, and political ties. Russia is still Algeria's largest supplier of arms, and the two countries have conducted multiple joint military exercises. The two countries also engage in bilateral investment, with frequent cooperation in the sectors of hydrocarbons and agriculture.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Algeria-Russia Ties: Beyond Military Cooperation? |url=https://mecouncil.org/publication/algerian-russian-relations-military-cooperation/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Middle East Council on Global Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref>  When Algerian President [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] visited Russia in 2023, the two countries signed an Enhanced Strategic Partnership which further expanded avenues for cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=The President of Russia and the President of Algeria made statements for the press |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71437 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=President of Russia |language=en}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Angola}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Angola–Russia relations]] or [[Angola–Soviet Union relations]]
Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Luanda]]. Angola has an [[Embassy of Angola in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and an honorary consulate in [[Saint Petersburg]]. Angola and the precursor to Russia, the Soviet Union, established relations upon Angola's independence.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Benin}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Benin–Russia relations]]
Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Cotonou]], and Benin has an embassy in Moscow.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.mid.ru/ns-rafr.nsf/strana?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=3#3 Benin–Russia relations at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Botswana}}||<!--Date started-->6 March 1970||See [[Botswana–Russia relations]]

Botswana and the [[Soviet Union]] initiated diplomatic relations on 6 March 1970. Despite its pro-Western orientation, Botswana [[Botswana at the 1980 Summer Olympics|participated]] in the [[1980 Summer Olympics]]. The present-day relations between the two countries are described as friendly and long standing. In March, the two countries also celebrated the 35th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations. According to the minister of Foreign Affairs, Russia was one of the first countries to establish full diplomatic relations with Botswana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html |title=WE MUST EXPLOIT RUSSIA'S POTENTIAL |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202131955/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Botswana are stipulated by the Trade Agreement of 1987 and the Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation of 1988. The Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Botswana signed the Agreement on Cultural, Scientific and Educational Cooperation in September 1999. Russia and Botswana have had fruitful cooperation in a variety of fields, particularly in human resource development. And Russia is still offering more scholarship in key sectors such as health, which is currently experiencing a critical shortage of manpower. Botswana also is one of the countries where Russian citizens do not require a visa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html |title=Botswana-Russia relations |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329052738/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html |archive-date=29 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Russia has an embassy in Gaborone, while Botswana covers Russia from its embassy in [[Stockholm]] ([[Sweden]]) and an honorary consulate in [[Moscow]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}||<!--Date started-->18 February 1967||See [[Burkina Faso – Russia relations]]
Diplomatic relations between Burkina Faso and the Soviet Union were established for the first time on 18 February 1967. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Burkina Faso recognized Russia as the USSR's successor. However financial reasons has shut the embassies between the two nations. In 1992, the embassy of the Russian Federation in [[Ouagadougou]] was closed, and in 1996, the embassy of Burkina Faso in Moscow was closed. While, after Ibrahim Traore rise in power, due Russia-Africa Summit 2023, Russia decided to reopen their embassy in [[Ouagadougou]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Burundi}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Burundi–Russia relations]]
Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Bujumbura]]. Burundi has an embassy in [[Moscow]]. Relations improved when Burundian relations with the west deteriorated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/28/how-the-west-lost-burundi/ |title=How the West Lost Burundi – Foreign Policy |publisher=Foreignpolicy.com |date=28 August 2015 |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref> In recent years, Russia and Burundi consistently remains similar visions and collaboration in international arena, including UN framework.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cameroon}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Cameroon–Russia relations]]
Russia has an embassy in Yaoundé, and Cameroon has an embassy in Moscow. While, relations between two countries remains strong and deepen with high level trust.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cape Verde}}||<!--Date started-->||
Russia is represented in Cape-Verde by its embassy in [[Praia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capeverde.mid.ru/ |title=Главная страница |publisher=Capeverde.mid.ru |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012441/http://www.capeverde.mid.ru/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/en/maps/cv/?currentpage=main-country |title=Cabo Verde - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation |publisher=Mid.ru |date=9 December 2014 |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Central African Republic}}||<!--Date started-->|| See [[Central African Republic–Russia relations]]
In March 2018, Russia agreed to provide free military aid to the Central African Republic, sending small arms, ammunition, and 175 instructors to train the [[Central African Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Russian News Agency TASS]] |quote="At the request of the Central African Republic's president, Russia decided to provide the country with free military aid," he said. According to him, with the consent of the United Nations Security Council committee, the Russian Defense Ministry handed a batch of small arms and ammunition to the armed forces of the Central African Republic and sent five military and 170 civilian instructors to train the country's military servicemen. |url=http://tass.com/defense/995674 |date=22 March 2018 |title=Russia provides free military aid to Central African Republic — Foreign Ministry}}</ref> The advisers are believed to be members of the [[Wagner Group]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/russian-mercenaries-wagner-africa/568435/ |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |quote=Then, in March 2018, the Kremlin issued a statement that 170 "civilian advisors" (widely understood to mean Wagner forces) had arrived in the CAR to train government forces. At the end of July, another 500 alleged Wagner fighters appeared on the Sudan-CAR border. |title=Russia's Favorite Mercenaries |date=27 August 2018 |first=Neil |last=Hauer}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Egypt}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1943|08|26}}||See [[Egypt–Russia relations]]

* Egypt has an [[Embassy of Egypt in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].
* Russia has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in [[Alexandria]].
Egypt enjoyed as the most important allies in many sphere, and major trade partners for Russia in recent years.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Eswatini}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Eswatini–Russia relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}||1943-4-21
| See [[Ethiopia–Russia relations]]
* Russia currently has an [[embassy]] in [[Addis Ababa]].
* Ethiopia has an [[Embassy of Ethiopia in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]]. The Ethiopian ambassador to Russia is also accredited to [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Uzbekistan]].
* The history of this relationship has its origins in the 19th century. Russia supplied the mountain guns the Ethiopian army used in the [[Battle of Adwa]].
* More recently, the [[Soviet Union]] was a major source of military and economic aid under the [[Derg]] and during the [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]].
* See also [[Alexander Bulatovich]]
* Relations are somewhat unsure owing to Russia's close ties with Ethiopia's neighboring rival, [[Sudan]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Eritrea}}||1943-4-21
| See [[Eritrea–Russia relations]]
* Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Asmara]].
* Eritrea has an embassy in [[Moscow]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Gambia}}||<!--Date started-->1965-07-17||See [[Gambia–Russia relations]]
Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1965. Diplomatic relations were later established once again after the breakup of the [[Soviet Union]]. The Gambia has an embassy in [[Moscow]]. Russia is represented in the Gambia through its embassy in [[Dakar]] ([[Senegal]]).
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ghana}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Ghana–Russia relations]]
Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Accra]], and Ghana has an [[Embassy of Ghana in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Guinea-Bissau–Russia relations]]
Guinea-Bissau has an [[embassy of Guinea-Bissau in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]], and Russia has an embassy in Bissau.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Ivory Coast–Russia relations]]
Russia works on [[United Nations|UN]] missions to help the people of Ivory Coast. The help is sometimes done from the Russian embassy in Abidjan, but is also done from the embassy in [[Accra, Ghana]]. From these point of view, Russia regarded the outcome of the extraordinary summit held in [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], of the Economic Community for West African States.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Kenya}}||<!--Start Date--> ||See [[Kenya–Russia relations]]
* Russia has an embassy in [[Nairobi]].
* Kenya has an embassy in Moscow.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Liberia}}||<!--Start Date--> ||
Liberia and Russia renewed bilateral relations in March 2010 and cited a recent exploration of mine by a Russian company as a sign of future trade relations.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201003180524.html Russia And Italy Renew Ties With Liberia] Government of Liberia, 17 March 2010</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Libya}}||<!--Start Date--> ||{{main|Libya–Russia relations}}
[[Russia]] sharply criticised the [[NATO]]-led [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military intervention]] in the Libyan civil war, though it chose not to use its veto power on the [[United Nations Security Council]] to block it. On 27 May 2011, [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Dmitri Medvedev]] said that although [[Moscow]] opposed the military operations, it believed Gaddafi should leave power.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-27/world/libya.war_1_moammar-gadhafi-nato-led-european-leaders?_s=PM:WORLD|agency=CNN|access-date=21 September 2011|date=27 May 2011|title=In diplomatic shift, Russia calls for Gadhafi to step down|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723163254/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-27/world/libya.war_1_moammar-gadhafi-nato-led-european-leaders?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-date=23 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In early June 2011, Russian envoy [[Mikhail Margelov]] was received in [[Benghazi]], the ''de facto'' headquarters of the Libyan opposition. Margelov's stated objective was to broker a truce between [[anti-Gaddafi forces]] and the Gaddafi-led government.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 June 2011|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-russia-idUSTRE7564E620110607|title=Russian envoy visits Benghazi for Libya mediation|access-date=21 September 2011|archive-date=26 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126020659/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/07/us-libya-russia-idUSTRE7564E620110607|url-status=live}}</ref> He recognized the council as Libya's sole legitimate representative, which it did on 1 September 2011.<ref>{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Gutterman|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-russia-idUSTRE7800WS20110901|work=Reuters|title=Russia recognises Libya's Transitional Council|date=1 September 2011|access-date=21 September 2011|archive-date=27 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327043921/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/01/us-libya-russia-idUSTRE7800WS20110901|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Madagascar}}|| ||See [[Madagascar–Russia relations]]
The establishment of diplomatic relations between Madagascar and the [[Soviet Union]] started on 29 September 1972.

During the [[2009 Malagasy political crisis]], Russia's [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Foreign Minister]] [[Sergey Lavrov]] stated that Russia is "concerned by the increased frequency of attempts on the African continent to resort to non-constitutional methods of solving internal political problems." He went on to say that, in addition to increasing economic and social problems, the use of force is of concern and runs counter to democratic principles, whilst affirming Russia's support of the African Union's position.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/60b7aec8a2dafcaac325757c0060d251?OpenDocument |title= Transcript of Remarks and Response to Media Questions by Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov at Joint Press Conference Following Talks with Ojo Maduekwe, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nigeria, Moscow, March 17, 2009|date=17 March 2009|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia]] |access-date=18 March 2009}}</ref>
* Madagascar has an embassy in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambamadagascar.ru/|title=Посольство Мадагаскара в РФ - Обращение Посла МАДАГАСКАРА в РФ|website=Ambamadagascar.ru|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808111333/http://www.ambamadagascar.ru/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in Antananarivo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madagascar.mid.ru/|title=Главная - Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации|website=Madagasxar.mid.ru|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430003539/http://www.madagascar.mid.ru/|archive-date=30 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mali}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Mali–Russia relations]]
Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Bamako]], and Mali has an [[Embassy of Mali in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].

Since [[Assimi Goïta]] took power via military coup in 2021, the Malian government has sought closer ties with Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Mali: Avoiding the Trap of Isolation {{!}} Crisis Group |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/mali/b185-mali-eviter-le-piege-de-lisolement |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}</ref> The Russian government has provided economic and military support to Mali via arms transfers and trade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-06 |title=M-DIME {{!}} Russian Military Influence In Mali |url=https://oe.tradoc.army.mil/product/m-dime-russian-military-influence-in-mali/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite denial from the Malian government, there is also overwhelming evidence supporting [[Wagner Group]] operations in Mali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Palmer |first1=Alexander |last2=Jr |first2=Joseph S. Bermudez |last3=Jun |first3=Jennifer |date=2024-12-10 |title=Base Development in Mali Indicates Continued Russian Involvement |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/base-development-mali-indicates-continued-russian-involvement |language=en}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mauritania}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Mauritania–Russia relations]]
Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Nouakchott]], and Mauritania has an [[Embassy of Mauritania in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mauritius}}||<!--Date started-->17 March 1968||See [[Mauritius–Russia relations]]
The [[Soviet Union]] and Mauritius established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1968.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ginsburgs |first1=George |last2=Slusser |first2=Robert M. |title=A calendar of Soviet treaties, 1958–1973 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=1981 |isbn=90-286-0609-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3X4nnE7eKjEC |page=846 |access-date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Russia has an embassy in [[Port Louis]], and Mauritius has an embassy in Moscow, which was opened in July 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid.ru/ns-rafr.nsf/89414576079db559432569d8002421fc/2d1c6bcdbe47bb48c3257147004706b5?OpenDocument |title=Российско-маврикийские отношения |date=16 February 2009 |work=[[Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=20 July 2009}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Morocco}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Morocco–Russia relations]]
Russia has an embassy in [[Rabat]], and a consular office in [[Casablanca]]. Morocco is represented in Russia by its embassy to [[Moscow]]. President [[Vladimir Putin]] had paid a visit to Morocco in September 2006 in order to boost economic and military ties between Russia and Morocco.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mozambique}}||<!--Date started-->25 June 1975||See [[Mozambique–Russia relations]]
Mozambique-Russia relations date back to the 1960s, when Russia began to support the struggle of Mozambique's Marxist-oriented [[FRELIMO]] party against [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonialism]].  Most leaders of the [[FRELIMO]] were trained in Moscow.  Diplomatic relations were formally established on 25 June 1975, soon after [[History of Mozambique#Independence|Mozambique gained its independence]] from [[Portugal]]. In June 2007, both Russia and Mozambique signed an agreement on economic cooperation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.russianspy.org/2007/06/01/russia-to-develop-economic-cooperation-with-mozambique/ |title=Russia to Develop Economic Cooperation with Mozambique |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803063837/http://www.russianspy.org/2007/06/01/russia-to-develop-economic-cooperation-with-mozambique/ |archive-date=3 August 2007}}</ref> Russia has an embassy in Maputo while Mozambique has an embassy in [[Moscow]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Namibia}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Namibia–Russia relations]]
Namibia has an embassy to Russia in Moscow and Russia has an embassy to Namibia in Windhoek. Relations between Namibia and Russia were considered "excellent" in 2006 by then-Namibian Minister of Education [[Nangolo Mbumba]], while Russia expressed a desire for even stronger relations, particularly in the economic field. Also in 2006, the Namibia-Russia Intergovernmental Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation was officially opened during a visit by Russian Natural Resources Minister [[Yuri Trutnev]] to [[Windhoek]]. During said visit, the Minister said Russia was interested in investing in oil, hydro-electric power and tourism.<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200607/28/eng20060728_287595.html Russia urges more trade with mineral-rich Namibia] People's Daily, 28 July 2006</ref> In 2007, Russian Prime Minister [[Mikhail Fradkov]] held discussions with Namibian Deputy Prime Minister [[Nahas Angula]] and President [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] in regards to the possibility of developing Namibia's significant uranium deposits with an aim towards creating a nuclear power plant in the country.<ref>[https://archive.today/20110711003232/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2085428 Russia, Namibia in nuke talks] Fin24.com, 18 March 2007</ref> In 2008, Trutnev returned to Namibia, this time to [[Swakopmund]], to meet at the third annual Intergovernmental Commission. Top foreign ministry official [[Marco Hausiku]] and his deputy [[Lempy Lucas]] represented Namibia in discussions with Trutnev.<ref>[http://www.namibian.com.na/2008/November/marketplace/083FB873A5.html Russian minist in trade talks with Nam] The Namibian, 28 November 2008 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Nigeria}}||<!--Date started-->25 November 1960||See [[Nigeria–Russia relations]]
* Nigeria has an [[Embassy of Nigeria in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].
* Russia has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Senegal}}||<!--Date started-->14 June 1962||See [[Russia–Senegal relations]]
Russia has an embassy in Dakar and Senegal has an embassy in Moscow. The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Senegal on 14 June 1962.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Seychelles}}||<!--Date started-->1976-06-30||See [[Russia–Seychelles relations]]
[[Diplomatic relations]] between Seychelles and the [[Soviet Union]] were established on 30 June 1976, a day after the island nation gained its independence from the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ginsburgs|first=George|title=A calendar of Soviet treaties, 1974-1980|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=1987|page=163|chapter=1976|isbn=90-247-3628-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyu2DzyfNoC&pg=PA163|access-date=27 May 2009}}</ref> [[Diplomatic missions of Russia|Russia has an embassy]] in [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/zu_r.nsf/e0f3cd1a55ff248dc32571e7003f460b/21216b84f02e86d4c32565e8003604cc?OpenDocument|script-title=ru:Посольство в Виктории|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia]]|access-date=27 May 2009|language=ru}}</ref> Seychelles is represented in Russia through its embassy in [[Paris]] ([[France]]) and an honorary consulate in [[Saint Petersburg]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|South Africa}} ||1942||See [[Russia–South Africa relations]]
* Russia has an embassy in [[Pretoria]] and a consulate-general in [[Cape Town]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russianembassy.org.za/ |title=Russian embassy in Pretoria |publisher=Russianembassy.org.za |access-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321171228/http://www.russianembassy.org.za/ |archive-date=21 March 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* South Africa has an embassy in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saembassy.ru/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201004918/http://www.saembassy.ru/index.php|url-status=dead|title=South African embassy in Moscow|archive-date=1 December 2007}}</ref>
* South African Department of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/bilateral/russia.html|title=Department of International Relations and Cooperation - South Africa|website=www.dfa.gov.za}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|South Sudan}} ||<!--Date started-->{{dts|22 August 2011}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/7414 |title=Президент России |date=10 April 2010 |publisher=Kremlin.ru |access-date=10 April 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100415211422/http://kremlin.ru/acts/7414| archive-date= 15 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Россия, США и Китай признали Республику Южный Судан|url=http://www.rg.ru/2011/07/09/priznanie-anons.html|date=9 July 2011|newspaper=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90777/90853/7579602.html |title=Russia establishes diplomatic relations with South Sudan |website=People's Daily Online |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>||See [[Russia–South Sudan relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Sudan}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Sudan relations]]
Russia has an embassy in [[Khartoum]] and Sudan has an embassy in [[Moscow]].

For decades, [[Russia]] and [[Sudan]] have maintained a strong economic and politically strategic partnership. Due to solidarity with both the [[United States]] and with the [[Soviet Union]] and with the allies of the two nations, Sudan declared neutrality and instead chose membership in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] throughout the [[Cold War]]. Russo-Sudanese relations were minorly damaged when, in 1971 members of the [[Sudanese Communist Party]] attempted to assassinate then-president [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], and Nimeiry pegged the blame on the USSR, thus enhancing Sudanese relations with the West, and were damaged again when Sudan supported the [[Mujahadeen]] in [[Afghanistan]] [[Soviet–Afghan War|when the USSR invaded in 1979]]. Due to [[United States|a common enemy]], diplomatic cooperation between the two countries dramatically got back on track during the late 1990s and early 2000s, when [[Vladimir Putin]] was elected the [[President of Russia|President]], and then the [[Prime Minister of Russia]], and along with [[President of the People's Republic of China|Chinese]] leader [[Hu Jintao]] opposed [[United Nations|UN]] Peacekeepers in [[Darfur]]. Russia strongly supports Sudan's [[territorial integrity]] and opposes the creation of an independent Darfurian state. Also, Russia is Sudan's strongest investment partner in [[Europe]] and political ally in Europe, and Russia has repeatedly and significantly regarded Sudan as an important global ally in [[Africa|the African continent]]. For decades there have been Sudanese collegians studying in Russian universities.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Tanzania}}||<!--Date started-->1961-01-11|| See [[Russia–Tanzania relations]]
Both countries have signed diplomatic missions on 11 December 1961 Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Dar es Salaam]], and Tanzania has an [[Embassy of Tanzania in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tanzania.ru/russian/index.html |title=Embassy of Tanzania in Moscow |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528095721/http://www.tanzania.ru/russian/index.html |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Tunisia}}||<!--Date started-->1956||See [[Russia–Tunisia relations]]
Russia has an embassy in [[Tunis]], and Tunisia has an embassy in [[Moscow]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Uganda}}||<!--Date started-->|| See [[Russia – Uganda relations]]
Russia has an embassy in Kampala and Uganda has an [[Embassy of Uganda in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Zambia}}||<!--Date started-->|| See [[Russia–Zambia relations]]
* Start date: 1964
* Russia has an embassy in Lusaka.
* Zambia is represented in Russia by its embassy in Moscow.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}||<!--Date started-->1981-02-18
|See [[Russia–Zimbabwe relations]]
* Russia has a mission in Harare
* Zimbabwe has an embassy in Moscow: [[Embassy of Zimbabwe, Moscow]]
Russia-Zimbabwe relations date back to January 1979, during the [[Rhodesian Bush War]]. The Soviet Union supported [[Joshua Nkomo]]'s [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]], and supplied them with arms; [[Robert Mugabe]]'s attempts to gain Soviet support for his [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] were rebuffed, leading him to enter into relations with [[Sino-Soviet split|Soviet rival]] Beijing. After the end of the white regime in [[Zimbabwe]], [[Robert Mugabe]] had strengthened his relations with both Beijing and Moscow as a result of intense western pressure on him. Russia maintains strong economic and political ties with Zimbabwe and both countries had vetoed the UN resolution imposing UN sanctions on Zimbabwe which was proposed by both the US and the UK on 12 July 2008.
|}

=== Americas ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Argentina}}||<!--Date started-->1885-10-22
|See [[Argentina–Russia relations]]
* Argentina has an [[Embassy of Argentina in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].
* Russia has an embassy in [[Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.argentina.mid.ru/ |title=Russian embassy in Buenos Aires |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707092406/http://www.argentina.mid.ru/ |archive-date=7 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110220171428/http://www.mrecic.gov.ar/portal/seree/ditra/ru.html List of Treaties ruling the relations Argentina and Russia (Argentine Foreign Ministry)] {{in lang|es}}
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Barbados}}||<!--Date started-->1993-01-29||
The [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and [[Barbados]] established formal diplomatic relations on 29 January 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://polpred.com/?cnt=17&sector=21 |title=Экономика Барбадоса |publisher=Polpred.com |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/russia-and-barbados-to-strengthen-diplomatic-ties/|title=Russia and Barbados To Strengthen Diplomatic Ties|date=14 February 2014}}</ref> In 2018 both nations celebrated 25 years of diplomatic ties and pledged closer collaboration.<ref>[http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3054676 Press release on the exchange of congratulatory messages between the foreign ministers of Russia and Barbados on the 25th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations], 2 February 201817:34</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/politics/988322|title=Russia ready to develop cooperation with Barbados|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>[https://www.investbarbados.org/newsmain.php?view=Barbados%20and%20Russia%20Explore%20Areas%20of%20Cooperation Barbados and Russia Explore Areas of Cooperation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103834/https://www.investbarbados.org/newsmain.php?view=Barbados%20and%20Russia%20Explore%20Areas%20of%20Cooperation |date=8 March 2018}}, Invest Barbados, 30 October 2014</ref> The two nations also discussed cultural exchanges and Russia working with Barbados' light oil and gas industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tradeteam.bb/news/russia-willing-to-assist-caribbean-with-oil-and-gas-exploration-read-more-h/ |title=Russia willing to assist Caribbean with oil and gas exploration |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315200015/http://tradeteam.bb/news/russia-willing-to-assist-caribbean-with-oil-and-gas-exploration-read-more-h/ |archive-date=15 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2012/02/13/russia-barbados-talk-cultural-ties/|title=Russia, Barbados Talk Cultural Ties|date=13 February 2012|website=Caribbean Journal}}</ref> And possible scholarships to Russian schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/scholarship-opportunity-in-russia/|title=Scholarship Opportunity In Russia|first=Deirdre|last=Gittens|date=7 February 2017}}</ref> In 2022 the Russian Foreign Minister met his counterpart in Barbados to discuss current relations and explored a future agenda with the nation including among other things the conclusion of a visa waiver agreement between both nations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Forde-Craigg |first1=Sheena |date=8 February 2022 |title=Russian Envoy Keen On Bilateral Relations With Barbados |url=https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/russian-envoy-keen-on-bilateral-relations-with-barbados/ |department= |publisher=Barbados Government Information Service (BGIS) |publication-date=8 February 2022 |agency= |access-date=15 February 2022 |url-access= |quote=}}</ref>

*Russia is represented in [[Barbados]], through its embassy in [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]], [[Guyana]].<ref>[https://guyana.mid.ru/en/countries/rossiya_barbados/ Barbados–Russia relations], Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Cooperative Republic of Guyana</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bolivia}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Bolivia–Russia relations]]

With Bolivia the focus on relations with Russia is mainly economic, as opposed to political and strategic, as an agreement to invest in Bolivia's [[natural gas]] fields shows. It is seen to "help Latin America...[as it] expands Latin America's economic opportunities, diversifies its relationships...that's healthy."<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-11-14-voa17.cfm Voice of America]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

2008 saw, as a first step to re-establish ties with Russia, the Bolivian government had plans to purchase a small batch of helicopters. Ambassador Leonid Golubev told The Associated Press that he would like to see Russia's ties to Bolivia one day "approach the level" of its growing partnership with [[Venezuela]].<ref name="elpais.com">{{Cite news | url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Bolivia/proyecta/comprar/armamento/ruso/varios/millones/dolares/elpepuint/20090522elpepuint_10/Tes |title = Bolivia proyecta comprar armamento ruso por varios millones de dólares|newspaper = El País|date = 22 May 2009}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/10/03/ap/latinamerica/main4499593.shtml|title=Latin America|date=3 October 2008|publisher=CBS|access-date=14 May 2009}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2009 amid improving relations between the two countries Bolivia and Russia signed various agreements pertaining to energy and military ties, mining activities and [[illegal drug]] eradication.
<ref name="elpais.com" /><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7894176.stm | work=BBC News | title=Russia to aid Bolivia drugs fight | date=17 February 2009 | access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>
* Bolivia has an embassy in Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in [[La Paz]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Brazil}}||<!--Date started-->  3 October 1828||See [[Brazil–Russia relations]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva-2.jpg|250px|right|upright=1.2]]
Brazil–Russia relations have seen a significant improvement in recent years, characterized by an increasing commercial trade and cooperation in military and technology segments. Today, Brazil shares an important alliance with the [[Russian Federation]], with partnerships in areas such as [[space technology|space]] and [[military technology|military technologies]], and [[telecommunications]].
* Brazil has an embassy in Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in [[Brasília]] and consulates-general in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Canada}}||<!--Date started-->1942-06-12||See [[Canada–Russia relations]]

Canada and Russia benefit from extensive cooperation on trade and investment, energy, democratic development and governance, security and counter-terrorism, northern issues, and cultural and academic exchanges.
* Canada has an embassy in Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in [[Ottawa]] and consulates-general in [[Montreal]] and [[Toronto]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Chile}}||<!-- start date -->1944-12-11||See [[Chile–Russia relations]]
*Chile has an embassy in Moscow and two honorary consulates in [[Saint Petersburg]] and in [[Vladivostok]].
*Russia has an embassy in [[Santiago]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Colombia}}||<!--Date started-->1935||See [[Colombia–Russia relations]]
* Colombia has an embassy in Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in [[Bogotá]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Costa Rica–Russia relations]]
Costa Rica has an [[embassy]] in [[Moscow]]. Russia has an embassy in [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.costarica.mid.ru/| title = Embassy of the Russian federation in San José| access-date = 7 March 2018| archive-date = 3 August 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090803052129/http://www.costarica.mid.ru/| url-status = dead}}</ref> Holders of a [[Russian passport]] need a [[Visa (document)|visa]] authorized by Costa Rica, or alternatively Costa Rican authorities will accept Russian nationals with a visa stamp for the European Union, Canada, USA, South Korea, or Japan valid for 90 days after arrival; with a [[Visa (document)#Types|tourist visa]], Russians can stay in Costa Rica for a maximum of 90 days.<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=ru|destination=cr}}</ref> In order to get a tourist visa, the person needs to apply for it in the closest Costa Rican embassy to where the person is living.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} The person must have a [[Passport|valid passport]] and either have an [[invitation letter]] or a [[bank statement]] with enough money to survive the length of the stay in Costa Rica, plus proof of onward travel (ticket to exit Costa Rica & legal ability to travel to the destination stated on the ticket). Holders of a [[Costa rican passport|Costa Rican passport]] also need a visa from Russian authorities.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cuba}}|| <!-- Date started --> || See [[Cuba–Russia relations]] or [[Cuba–Soviet Union relations]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Miguel Díaz-Canel (29-10-2019) 05.jpg|250px|right|upright=1.2]]
Relations between the two countries suffered somewhat during the [[Boris Yeltsin]] administration, as Cuba was forced to look for new major allies, such as China, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Relations improved when [[Vladimir Putin]] was elected as the new Russian President. Putin, and later [[Dmitry Medvedev]], emphasized re-establishing strong relations with old Soviet allies. In 2008, Medvedev visited Havana and [[Raúl Castro]] made a week-long trip to Moscow. In that same year the two governments signed multiple economic agreements and Russia sent tons of humanitarian aid to Cuba. Cuba, meanwhile, gave staunch political support for Russia during the [[2008 South Ossetia war]]. Relations between the two nations are currently at a post-Soviet high, and talks about potentially re-establishing a Russian military presence in Cuba are even beginning to surface.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Dominica}}||{{dts|1995}}||
Dominica and Russia have established diplomatic relations on 19 May 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/international-relations/dominica-and-russia-celebrate-20-years-of-diplomatic-relations/|title=Dominica and Russia celebrate 20 years of diplomatic relations|work=dominicanewsonline.com|date=20 May 2015|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219220958/http://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/international-relations/dominica-and-russia-celebrate-20-years-of-diplomatic-relations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2018, Dominica appointed a resident ambassador to Russia.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://wicnews.com/caribbean/dominica-appoints-resident-ambassador-russia-322310386/ |title = Dominica appoints resident ambassador to Russia|date = 26 April 2018}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ecuador}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Ecuador–Russia relations]]
Ecuador has an embassy in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://embajada-ecuador.ru/joom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=115&Itemid=110 |title=Ecuadorian embassy in Moscow |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224181443/http://embajada-ecuador.ru/joom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=115&Itemid=110 |archive-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Russia has an embassy in Quito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecuador.mid.ru/ |title=Russian embassy in Quito |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920122242/http://www.ecuador.mid.ru/ |archive-date=20 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Grenada}}||<!--Date started-->||
During the [[New Jewel Movement]], the Soviet Union tried to make the island of Grenada function as a Soviet base, and also by getting supplies from [[Cuba]]. In October 1983, during the [[U.S. invasion of Grenada]], U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] maintained that [[US Marines]] arrived on the island of Grenada, which was considered a Soviet-Cuban ally that would [[export of revolution|export communist revolution]] throughout the [[Caribbean]]. In November, at a joint hearing of Congressional Subcommittee, it was told that Grenada could be used as a staging area for subversion of the nearby countries, for intersection of shipping lanes, and for the transit of troops and supplies from Cuba to [[Africa]], and from [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Libya]] to [[Central America]]. In December, the [[State Department]] published a preliminary report on Grenada, in which it was claimed as an "Island of Soviet [[Internationalism (politics)|Internationalism]]". When the US Marines landed on the island, they discovered a large amount of documents, which included agreements between the Soviet Government, and the New Jewel Movement, recorded minutes of the Committee meetings, and reports from the Grenadian embassy in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/2617710|jstor=2617710|title=The Soviet Union and Grenada under the New Jewel Movement|last1=Shearman|first1=Peter|journal=International Affairs|year=1985|volume=61|issue=4|pages=661–673|doi=10.2307/2617710}}</ref> Diplomatic relations between Grenada and the Soviet Union were severed in 1983 by the Governor General of Grenada. Eventually in 2002, Grenada re-established diplomatic relations with the newly formed Russian Federation.<ref>[http://www.rusembassyguyana.org.gy/bilateral/rgren.html Embassy of the Russian Federation in Georgetown, Guyana - Bilateral relations between Grenada and Russia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721084842/http://www.rusembassyguyana.org.gy/bilateral/rgren.html |date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Guyana}}||<!--Date started-->17 December 1970||See [[Guyana–Russia relations]]
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 1970.
*Guyana is represented in Russia by its High Commission in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]].
*Russia is represented in Guyana by its embassy in [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mexico}}||<!--Date started-->1 December 1890||See [[Mexico–Russia relations]]

* Mexico has an embassy in Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in [[Mexico City]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}||<!--Date started-->December 1944||See [[Nicaragua–Russia relations]]
Both countries signed diplomatic missions on 18 October 1979, a few months after the [[Sandinista]] revolution.<ref>{{cite book |title=US foreign policy in world history |author=David Ryan |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |page=172ff |isbn=0-415-12345-3}}</ref>  President [[Vladimir Putin]] visited Nicaragua on 12 July 2014.
* Nicaragua has an embassy in Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in [[Managua]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Panama}}||21 November 1903<ref>{{cite web|title=Relaciones Diplomáticas de la República de Panamá |page=195 |access-date=16 December 2020 |url=http://www.mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702224721/https://mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manual de Protocolo y Ceremonial del Estado de la República de Panamá |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores |location=Cuidad de Panamá |year=2017 |page=242 |access-date=16 December 2020 |url=https://mire.gob.pa/images/links/MANUAL-10-7-17-reduced.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515050400/https://mire.gob.pa/images/links/MANUAL-10-7-17-reduced.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> ||See [[Panama–Russia relations]]
* Panama has an embassy in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.embapanamarusia.ru/index.php/en/ |title=Embassy of Panama in Moscow (in Spanish) |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151229/http://www.embapanamarusia.ru/index.php/en/ |archive-date=7 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in Panama city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panama.mid.ru/ |title=Embassy of Russia in Panama City (in Russian and Spanish) |access-date=19 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624054357/http://www.panama.mid.ru/ |archive-date=24 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Paraguay}}||14 May 1992<!--Date started-->||See [[Paraguay–Russia relations]]
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1992.
* Paraguay has an embassy in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embapar.ru/ |title=Paraguayan embassy in Moscow |publisher=Embapar.ru |access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref>
* Russia is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in [[Buenos Aires]] ([[Argentina]]) and an honorary consulate in [[Asunción]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
* On 13 September 2007, Russia's acting foreign minister, [[Sergei Lavrov]], declared to soon open a resident embassy in Paraguay's capital.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090601063431/http://www.mre.gov.py/en/ Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Suriname}}||<!--start date-->||
The nations have begun discussing cooperation in the areas of agriculture, fishing, shipbuilding, education, along with trade. In October 2013, the Surinamese foreign minister, Yldiz Pollack-Beighle visited Moscow for talks on concluding military and joint law enforcement training.<ref>[https://www.commonwealthroundtable.co.uk/commonwealth/americas/caribbean/russia-caricom-new-dawn/ Russia and CARICOM: A New Dawn?], By: Peter Clegg & Veronika Clegg, 17 January 2018, The Commonwealth Round Table</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}||6 June 1974||See [[Russia–Trinidad and Tobago relations]]
Both countries have signed diplomatic missions on 6 June 1974. Russia is represented in Trinidad and Tobago through a non-resident embassy in [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown (Guyana)]].  Both countries have interests with each other since the [[Soviet Union]]. In August 1992, Trinidad recognized Russia as the USSR's successor.  In 2004, [[Sergey Lavrov]] and [[Knowlson Gift]] signed the protocol on the political consultations between the two Ministries.  In April 2005 the [[Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation]] and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago signed the cooperation agreement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rusembassyguyana.org.gy/bilateral/rt.html |title=Embassy of the Russian Federation in Georgetown about relations with Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216170725/http://www.rusembassyguyana.org.gy/bilateral/rt.html |archive-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2004, the Russian [[Cossack]] folk dance had nine concerts in [[Port of Spain]], [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]], [[Couva]], and [[Tobago]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United States}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–United States relations]]
[[File:Putin in Switzerland 2021 10.jpg|250px|right|upright=1.2]]
* Russia has an embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]] and has consulates-general in [[Houston]] and [[New York City]].
* United States has an embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in [[Vladivostok]] and [[Yekaterinburg]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Uruguay}}||<!--Start date-->|| See [[Russia–Uruguay relations]]
Russia has an embassy in [[Montevideo]] and Uruguay has an [[Embassy of Uruguay in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uruguay.mid.ru/ |title=Embassy of the Russian Federation in Montevideo |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716014835/http://www.uruguay.mid.ru/ |archive-date=16 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Russia is looking for cooperation with Uruguay in the field of nuclear energy, the Russian ambassador to Latin America said: "Our countries could maintain cooperation in the sphere of nuclear energy although Uruguay's legislation bans the use of nuclear energy". The diplomat said Uruguayan officials had shown interest in a floating nuclear power plant, when the project's presentation took place at the Russian Embassy recently. The first floating plant will have capacity of 70 MW of electricity, and about 300 MW of thermal power. The cost of the first plant is estimated at US$400 million, but could later be reduced to $240 million. This year marks the 150th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Russia and Uruguay.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Venezuela}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Venezuela relations]]
* Russia has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in Moscow.
|}

=== Asia ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes
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|{{flag|Afghanistan}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Afghanistan–Russia relations]]
Afghanistan and Russia have shared a highly varied relationship from the mid-19th century to the modern day. For decades, Russia and Britain struggled for influence in Afghanistan, strategically positioned between their two empires, in what became known as "[[The Great Game]]". Following the 1917 [[Bolshevik Revolution]], the new Soviet Union established more cordial relations with Afghanistan, and in 1919 became the first country to recognise Afghan sovereignty.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Relations between the two nations became complicated following the 1978 communist coup known as the [[Saur Revolution]]. The new communist [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] was highly dependent on the Soviet Union, and the Soviet support for the widely disliked communist regime, and the ensuing [[Soviet–Afghan War]], led to a great hatred for the Soviets in much of the Afghan population. The Soviets occupied Afghanistan in the face of a bitter ten-year insurgency before withdrawing in 1989. Even following the withdrawal of Soviet forces, the Soviet Union provided massive support to the embattled DRA government, reaching a value of $3 billion a year in 1990. However, this relationship dissolved in 1991 along with the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] itself. On 13 September 1991, the Soviet government, now dominated by Boris Yeltsin, agreed with the United States on a mutual cut off of military aid to both sides in the Afghan civil war beginning on 1 January 1992.  The post-coup Soviet government then attempted to develop political relations with the Afghan resistance. In mid-November it invited a delegation of the resistance's Afghanistan Interim Government (AIG) to Moscow where the Soviets agreed that a transitional government should prepare Afghanistan for national elections. The Soviets did not insist that Najibullah or his colleagues participate in the transitional process. Having been cut adrift both materially and politically, Najibullah's faction torn government began to fall apart, and the city of Kabul fell to the Mujahideen factions in April 1992.

In 2009, Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] announced that he wanted to be more involved in Afghanistan, supporting development of infrastructure and the army. This came as relations between Afghan President Karzai and American President Obama reached a low.

On 9 April 2022, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs accredited [[Taliban]] appointee [[Jamal Nasir Gharwal]] as [[charge d'affaires]] of the [[Ponizovsky House|Afghan Embassy in Moscow]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Latest Country to Establish Diplomatic Ties With Taliban |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/russia-latest-country-to-establish-diplomatic-ties-with-taliban/6521949.html |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=[[Voice of America]] |date=9 April 2022}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Armenia}}||<!--start date --> {{dts|format=dmy|1992|04|03}}
||See [[Armenia–Russia relations]]
Armenia's most notable recent foreign policy success came with 29 August treaty with Russia on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance, in which Moscow committed itself to the defense of Armenia should it be attacked by a third party. Russia is the key regional security player, and has proved a valuable historical ally for Armenia. Although it appeared as a response to Aliyev's US trip, the treaty had probably long been under development. However, it is clear from the wider context of Armenian foreign policy that—while Yerevan welcomes the Russian security guarantee—the country does not want to rely exclusively on Moscow, nor to become part of a confrontation between Russian and US-led alliances in the Transcaucasus.
* Armenia has an embassy in [[Moscow]] and general consulates in [[Rostov-on-Don]] and [[Saint Petersburg]] and honorary consulates in [[Kaliningrad]] and [[Sochi]].
* Russia has an embassy in Yerevan and general consulate in [[Gyumri]].
* Russia recognized the Armenian Genocide in 1995.
* Armenia joined the Russian-led [[Eurasian Economic Union]] in 2015.
* It is estimated that there are between 2,500,000 and 2,900,000 Armenians in Russia.
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|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1992|04|04}}
||See [[Azerbaijan–Russia relations]]
* Russia has an embassy in [[Baku]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://embrus-az.com/biografiya.html|title=Посол Российской Федерации в Азербайджанской Республике » Посольство Российской Федерации в Азербайджанской Республике|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208205800/http://embrus-az.com/biografiya.html|archive-date=8 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Azerbaijan has an [[Embassy of Azerbaijan in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and consulate-general in [[Saint Petersburg]]. Azerbaijan also announced that it will open another consulate-general in [[Yekaterinburg]].
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|{{flag|Bahrain}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Bahrain–Russia relations]]
Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Manama]], and Bahrain has an embassy in Moscow.
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|{{flag|Bangladesh}}||{{dts|1971}}||<!--Date started-->|See [[Bangladesh–Russia relations]]
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|{{flag|Cambodia}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1956|05|13}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embrusscambodia.mid.ru/dip-policy-e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019051148/http://www.embrusscambodia.mid.ru/dip-policy-e.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2009 |title=Political Relations / Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Kingdom of Cambodia |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref>||See [[Cambodia–Russia relations]]
* The relations between both countries were strong since the [[Soviet Union|Soviet era]].
* Russia has an embassy in [[Phnom Penh]].
* Cambodia has an embassy in [[Moscow]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[East Asia Summit]].
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|{{flag|China}}||1949<!--Date started-->||See [[Sino-Russian relations since 1991|China–Russia relations]]
* China has an embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in [[Irkutsk]], [[Kazan]], [[Khabarovsk]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Vladivostok]] and [[Yekaterinburg]].
* Russia has an embassy in [[Beijing]] and consulates-general in [[Guangzhou]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Shanghai]] and [[Shenyang]].
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|{{flag|Georgia}}<ref>Has recognized [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence]]</ref>||{{dts|format=dmy|1992|7|1}} (Suspended {{dts|format=dmy|2008|9|2}})<ref name="mfa.gov.ge" />||See [[Georgia–Russia relations]]

On 29 August 2008, in the aftermath of the [[2008 South Ossetia war]], Deputy Foreign Minister [[Grigol Vashadze]] announced that Georgia had broken diplomatic relations with Russia. He also said that Russian diplomats must leave Georgia, and that no Georgian diplomat would remain in Russia, while only consular relations would be maintained. Russian foreign ministry spokesman Andrei Nesterenko said that Russia regretted this step.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g8JIulsM3ioTtotqyf621zaYjwwg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107093623/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g8JIulsM3ioTtotqyf621zaYjwwg|url-status=dead|title=Georgia breaks relations with Russia|archive-date=7 November 2008}}</ref>
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|{{flag|India}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[India–Russia relations]]
During the [[Cold War]], [[Indo–Russia relations#India and the Soviet Union|India and the Soviet Union]] enjoyed a strong strategic, military, economic and diplomatic relationship. After the collapse of the USSR, India improved its relations with the West but it continued its close relations with Russia. India is the second-largest market for the Russian arms industry. In 2004, more than 70% of the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian Military]]'s hardware came from Russia, making Russia the chief supplier of arms.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/01/mil-040119-3ae77eaf.htm VOA News Report]. Globalsecurity.org (19 January 2004). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Since 2000 and the visit of [[Vladimir Putin]] in India, there has been an Indo-Russian Strategic Partnership also referred as ''' "special and privileged strategic partnership" '''.
* India has an [[Embassy of India in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianembassy.ru/| title = Embassy of India in Russia}}</ref> and two consulates-general (in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Vladivostok]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianconsulate.ru/ |title=Indian Consulate in St. Petersburg |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307042835/http://indianconsulate.ru/ |archive-date=7 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.ru/index.php/en/consulates/vladivostok|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326054404/http://www.indianembassy.ru/index.php/en/consulates/vladivostok|url-status=dead|title=Indian Consulate in Vladivostok|archive-date=26 March 2015}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rusembindia.com/ |title=Embassy of Russia in India |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://rusembindia.com/ |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and six consulates-general (in [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rusembindia.com/visas-consular-services-en/consular-districts-and-visa-application-centers |title=Russian diplomatic centers in India |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://rusembindia.com/visas-consular-services-en/consular-districts-and-visa-application-centers |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Indonesia}}|| {{dts|format=dmy|1950|02}} || See [[Indonesia–Russia relations]]
Russia is represented in Indonesia especially an embassy in [[Jakarta]]. Russian ambassador to Indonesia Ludmilla Georgievna serves as the first female Russian ambassador to Indonesia, since 2018.

[[File:Vladimir Putin with Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono-3.jpg|thumb|239x239px|[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono|Yudhoyono]] meeting Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] to sign a defense deal in Jakarta, September 2007.]]

The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Indonesia in 1950 and was one of the very few countries to recognize Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands after World War II.

Early in the Cold War, both countries had very strong relations, with Indonesian president Sukarno visiting Moscow and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev visiting Jakarta. When Sukarno was overthrown by General Suharto, relations between the two states were significantly deteriorated, likely due to Indonesia's enforced anti-communist policy under Suharto following the [[30 September Movement|1965 unrest]].

Relations between the Soviet Union and Indonesia grew tense for 20 years, but a thaw began when Gorbachev came to power. However, unlike the relations with China during Suharto's rule, the diplomatic relations were not suspended and remained intact. Indonesia's negative views of the Soviet Union had significantly increased following the 1979 Soviet-Afghan War, with many Indonesians claiming it as a "communist crime against Muslims". During this time, Indonesia is also one of many countries that boycotted the [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow Olympics]].

Indonesian President Suharto visited the Soviet Union in September 1989 for the first time since taking power more than two decades prior. Official talks between Suharto and Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] taking place in the Kremlin. The USSR under Gorbachev began to develop closer ties with Indonesia alongside other Southeast Asian countries, and relations between the two states were improving once again since the formation of the modern-day Russian Federation. Under Boris Yeltsin and later Vladimir Putin, relations were generally stable and continued to the present day.
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|{{flag|Iran}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Iran–Russia relations]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Ali Khamenei (2018-09-07) 01.jpg|250px|right|upright=1.2]]
Relations between Russia and [[Persia]] (pre-1935 Iran) have a long history, as they officially commenced in 1521 with the [[Safavid]]s in power. Past and present contact between Russia and Iran has always been complicated and multi-faceted, often wavering between collaboration and rivalry. The two nations have a long history of geographic, economic, and socio-political interaction. Their mutual relations have often been turbulent, and dormant at other times. Since 2019 however, their relationship has drastically improved and Russia and Iran are now strategic allies and form an axis in the [[Caucasus]] alongside Armenia. Iran has its embassy in [[Moscow]] and consulate generals in the cities of [[Kazan]] and [[Astrakhan]]. Russia has its embassy in [[Tehran]], and consulate generals in the cities of [[Rasht]] and [[Isfahan]].
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|{{flag|Iraq}}||9 September 1944<!-- start date -->||See [[Iraq–Russia relations]]
* The [[Soviet Union]] established [[diplomatic relations]] with the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] on 9 September 1944.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Российско-иракские отношения|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation]]|date=26 May 2008|url=http://www.mid.ru/ns-rasia.nsf/1083b7937ae580ae432569e7004199c2/6b6d8c7dfa1002eac32571950025525a?OpenDocument|access-date=27 January 2009|language=ru}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Israel}}||17 May 1948<!-- start date -->||See [[Israel–Russia relations]] and [[Russian language in Israel]]
* in November 1947, the [[Soviet Union]], together with the other [[Soviet bloc]] countries voted in favor of the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]],<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/UN%20General%20Assembly%20Resolution%20181 UN General Assembly Resolution 181] Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref> which paved the way for the creation of the State of Israel. On 17 May 1948, three days after [[Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948|Israel declared its independence]], the Soviet Union officially granted ''[[de jure]]'' recognition of Israel,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/2193961 | jstor=2193961 | last1=Brown | first1=Philip Marshall | title=The Recognition of Israel | journal=The American Journal of International Law | date=1948 | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=620–627 | doi=10.2307/2193961 | s2cid=147342045}}</ref> becoming the second country to recognise the Jewish state (preceded by the United States' ''de facto'' recognition) and the first country to grant Israel ''de jure'' recognition.
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|{{flag|Japan}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1855|2|7}}||See [[Japan–Russia relations]] or [[Japan–Soviet Union relations]]

Japan's relations with [[Russia]] are hampered by the two sides' inability to resolve their territorial dispute over the four islands that make up the [[Kuril Island conflict|Northern Territories]] ([[Kuril Islands|Kuriles]]), which the Soviet Union seized towards the end of [[World War II]]. The stalemate has prevented conclusion of a peace treaty formally ending the war. The dispute over the Kuril Islands exacerbated the Japan–Russo relations when the Japanese government published a new guideline for school textbooks on 16 July 2008 to teach Japanese children that their country has sovereignty over the Kuril Islands. The Russian public was outraged by the action. the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Foreign Minister of Russia]] criticized the action while reaffirming its sovereignty over the islands.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201154514/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/19/content_8571164.htm Russia hopes to solve territorial dispute with Japan by strengthening trust], [[Xinhua News Agency]]. Retrieved 19 July 2008</ref>
* Japan has an embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in [[Khabarovsk]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Vladivostok]] and [[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]].
* Russia has an embassy in [[Tokyo]] and consulates-general in [[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]], [[Osaka]] and [[Sapporo]].
* Japan is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
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|{{flag|Jordan}}||20 August 1963<!--Date started-->||See [[Jordan–Russia relations]]
Russia has an embassy in Amman, while Jordan has an embassy in [[Moscow]]. Both countries had established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jordan.mid.ru/ |title=Embassy of Russia in Amman |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413230714/http://www.jordan.mid.ru/ |archive-date=13 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}||<!-- start date -->|| See [[Kazakhstan–Russia relations]]

Kazakhstan has an [[Embassy of Kazakhstan in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]], consulate-general in Saint Petersburg, [[Astrakhan]] and [[Omsk]]. Russia has an [[Embassy of Russia in Astana|embassy in Astana]] and consulates in [[Almaty]] and [[Uralsk]].

Diplomatic relations between Russia and Kazakhstan have fluctuated since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] but both nations remain particularly strong partners in regional affairs and major supporters of the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] and [[Eurasian Economic Union]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Russia's Relations with Kazakhstan: Rethinking Ex-Soviet Transitions in the Emerging World System|last=Zabortseva|first=Yelena Nikolayevna|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-315-66872-7|location=London-New York}}</ref> Kazakhstani-Russian relations have been strained at times by Astana's military and economic cooperation with the United States as well as negotiations over Russia's continued use of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, however the two nations retain high-level military and economic cooperation perhaps second among former Soviet states only to that between Russia and Belarus.  Kazakhstan sells oil and gas to Russia at a significantly reduced rate and Russian businesses are heavily invested in Kazakhstan's economy.
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|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations]]
Whereas the other [[Central Asia]]n [[republic]]s have sometimes complained of Russian interference, Kyrgyzstan has more often wished for more attention and support from Moscow than it has been able to obtain. For all the financial support that the world community has offered, Kyrgyzstan remains economically dependent on Russia, both directly and through [[Kazakhstan]]. In early 1995, [[Askar Akayev]], the then [[President of Kyrgyzstan]], attempted to sell Russian companies controlling shares in the republic's twenty-nine largest industrial plants, an offer that Russia refused.<ref>Martha Brill Olcott. "Russia". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kgtoc.html ''Kyrgyzstan: a country study''] (Glenn E. Curtis, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (March 1996). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''</ref>
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|{{flag|Laos}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Laos–Russia relations]]
* Laos has an [[Embassy of Laos in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laoembassy.ru/ |title=LAO EMBASSY TO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION |access-date=21 February 2015}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in [[Vientiane]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laos.mid.ru/|title=Главная - Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221194931/http://laos.mid.ru//|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Lebanon}}||<!--Date started--> ||See [[Lebanon–Russia relations]]

*The "Artillery Square" in Beirut witnessed battles involving the Russian naval forces that were brought to the port of "St. George" to fight alongside the people who rose up against the Turkish rule. That was in 1773. What was the uprising of the people at that time as resistance to the "Ottoman occupation". The naval forces set up their artillery at Beirut Square, which still bears the name "Artillery Square" and buried its soldiers who fought the Turks with the Lebanese soldiers in the cemetery of the Orthodox Church of St.Meter in Achrafieh.
*Diplomatic relations between the two countries began even before the Lebanese independence. In 1839, Russia opened its first consulate in Beirut.
*The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Lebanon on 3 August 1944. Over the years, the two countries signed several agreements, including an agreement on trade and payments (30 April 1954 and 16 July 1970), on air traffic (8 February 1966), on cooperation in the tourism industry (8 June 1970), on procedures for forwarding of diplomatic mail without the escort of diplomatic couriers (2 February 1962, and 15–22 February 1971)
*At 1946, the Soviet Union, the first country in the world for the first time in the history of the UN veto-wielding to support Lebanon and Syria's total independence.
* Lebanon has an embassy in [[Moscow]].
* Russia has an embassy in Beirut.
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|{{flag|Malaysia}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1967|04|03}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malaysia.mid.ru/web/malaysia-en/russian-malaysian-relations|title=Russian-Malaysian Relations|publisher=Embassy of the Russian Federation in Malaysia|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229232303/https://malaysia.mid.ru/web/malaysia-en/russian-malaysian-relations|url-status=dead}}</ref>||See [[Malaysia–Russia relations]]

Russia has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Малайзия |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia]] |url=http://www.ln.mid.ru/zu_r.nsf/e0f3cd1a55ff248dc32571e7003f460b/7411f12005998158c32565e8003604b0?OpenDocument |access-date=16 May 2008 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614170455/http://www.ln.mid.ru/zu_r.nsf/e0f3cd1a55ff248dc32571e7003f460b/7411f12005998158c32565e8003604b0?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> and Malaysia has an [[Embassy of Malaysia in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Welcome to the Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Moscow |publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia |url = http://www.kln.gov.my/perwakilan/moscow |access-date = 16 May 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207210955/http://www.kln.gov.my/perwakilan/moscow |archive-date = 7 February 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Mongolia}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1921|11|05}}<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2190792 |last=Nemzer |first=Louis |title=The Status of Outer Mongolia in International Law. |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=33 |number=3 |year=1939 |pages=452–64 |access-date=16 December 2020 |doi=10.2307/2190792|jstor=2190792}}{{rp|457}}</ref>||See [[Mongolia–Russia relations]]
Relations between [[Mongolia]] and the [[Russian Federation]] have been traditionally strong since the [[Communist]] era, when [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] was the closest ally of the [[Mongolian People's Republic]]. Russia has an [[embassy]] in [[Ulaanbaatar]] and two consulate generals (in [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]] and [[Erdenet]]). Mongolia has an [[Embassy of Mongolia in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]], three consulate generals (in [[Irkutsk]], [[Kyzyl]] and [[Ulan Ude]]), and a branch in [[Yekaterinburg]]. Both countries are full members of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (Russia is a participating state, while Mongolia is a partner).

After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Mongolia developed relations with the new independent states. Links with [[Russia]] and other republics were essential to contribute to stabilisation of the Mongolian economy. The primary difficulties in developing fruitful coordination occurred because these new states were experiencing the same political and economic restructuring as Mongolia. Despite these difficulties, Mongolia and Russia successfully negotiated both a 1991 Joint Declaration of Cooperation and a bilateral trade agreement. This was followed by a 1993 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation<ref name="msa55">Montsame News Agency. ''Mongolia''. 2006, Foreign Service Office of [[Montsame News Agency]], {{ISBN|99929-0-627-8}}, p. 55</ref> establishing a new basis of equality in the relationship. Mongolian President Bagabandi visited [[Moscow]] in 1999, and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] visited Mongolia in 2000<ref name="msa55" /> in order to sign the 25-point Ulaanbaatar Declaration, reaffirming Mongol-Russian friendship and cooperation on numerous economic and political issues.
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|{{flag|Myanmar}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Myanmar–Russia relations]]
China and Russia once vetoed a [[U.N. Security Council]] resolution designed to punish Myanmar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7011746.stm|title=Chinese dilemma over Burma|date=25 September 2007|work=BBC News|access-date=30 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/12/AR2007011201115.html|title=Russia, China veto resolution criticizing Burma|date=13 January 2007|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=30 May 2008}}</ref> Relations improved even more when relations with the west deteriorated, following the [[2017 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar|Rohingya crisis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/us-criticizes-russia-for-arming-myanmar-amid-rohingya-crisis |title=US criticizes Russia for arming Myanmar amid Rohingya crisis |publisher=Fox News |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Nepal}}||1956<!--Date started-->||See [[Nepal–Russia relations]]
Nepal and the Soviet Union had established diplomatic relations in 1956. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Nepal extended full diplomatic recognition to the Russian Federation as its legal successor. Since then numerous bilateral meetings have taken place between both sides. Since 1992 numerous Nepalese students have gone to Russia for higher studies on a financial basis. In October 2005 the Foreign ministers of both countries met to discuss cooperation on a variety of issues including political, economic, military, educational, and cultural. Both countries maintain embassies in each other's capitals. Russia has an embassy in [[Kathmandu]] while Nepal has an embassy in [[Moscow]].
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|{{flag|North Korea}}||<!--Date started-->1948||See [[North Korea–Russia relations]]
[[File:North Korean Embassy Moscow.jpg|thumb|North Korean embassy in [[Moscow]], Russia.]]
[[File:2011 Russian Embassy in DPRK.jpg|thumb|Russian embassy in Pyongyang.]]
Russia–DPRK relations are determined by [[Russia]]'s strategic interests in Korea and the goal of preserving peace and stability in the Korean peninsula. Russia's official position is by extension its stance on settlement of the [[North Korean nuclear crisis]].{{vague|date=September 2021}}
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|{{flag|Pakistan}}||{{dts|1948}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistan.mid.ru/300408.html|title=Speech of H.E. Mr. Sergey Peskov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation, to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, at the Jubilee Function on the occasion of celebration of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Pakistan|publisher=Pakistan.mid.ru|access-date=24 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402081532/http://www.pakistan.mid.ru/300408.html|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
|See [[Pakistan–Russia relations]]
Relations between these two countries have been strained in the past, because of Pakistan's close ties to America and its support for the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] rebels during [[Soviet–Afghan War|the invasion by the USSR]].{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} However, the relations had improved since 1999 and become cordial in 2014. The Russian Army started their first ever joint-drill in 2016.
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|{{flag|Philippines}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1976|06|02}}||See [[Philippines–Russia relations]]
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|{{flag|Qatar}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Qatar–Russia relations]]
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|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}||{{dts|1926}}||See [[Russia–Saudi Arabia relations]]
* Russia has an embassy in [[Riyadh]].
* Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Moscow.
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|{{flag|Singapore}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1968|06|01}}||See [[Russia–Singapore relations]]
* Singapore maintains an embassy in [[Moscow]] and [[Russia]] has an embassy in Singapore.

Singapore and the [[Soviet Union]] (now Russia) entered into full [[Diplomacy|diplomatic relations]] on 1 June 1968. The two nations engaged in trade and economic cooperation. After the start of [[Vladimir Putin]]'s term, [[Singapore]] and [[Russia]] strengthened ties, participating in a number of regional meetings such as the [[ASEAN]]-Russia Summit and the [[ASEAN]] Regional Forum. Both Singapore and Russia are members of [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|South Korea}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1990|09|30}}||See [[Russia–South Korea relations]]

* Russian embassy in Seoul and a consulate-general in [[Busan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://korea-seoul.mid.ru/|title=Посольство Российской Федерации в Республике Корея}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pusan.mid.ru/en/ |title=Consulate-General of the Russian Federation in Busan, Republic of Korea}}</ref>
* South Korean embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in [[Irkutsk]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Vladivostok]] and a consular office in [[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ru-ko/index.do|title=주 러시아 대한민국 대사관|website=overseas.mofa.go.kr}}</ref>
* South Korea is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Sri Lanka relations]]
*During the war between the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] (Government of Sri Lanka) and Tamil Tigers, Russia helped Sri Lanka by providing education on battle field tactics to [[Sri Lanka Army]].
*Sri Lanka also reacted in favor of Russia during [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|its invasion of Ukraine]], and acknowledged the concerns of Russia as justifiable.<ref>“While acknowledging the justifiable concerns of the Russian Federation, Sri Lanka also welcomes attempts at de-escalating the tension. Sri Lanka is confident that the parties concerned would be able to resolve the issues arising out of the recent developments, through a legitimate democratic process, enabling harmonious co-existence of the people of Ukraine.” - See more at: http://www.nation.lk/edition/breaking-news/item/26839-ukraine-crisis-lanka-regrets-presidents-unconstitutional-removal.html#sthash.888W7iUA.dpuf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505143232/http://www.nation.lk/edition/breaking-news/item/26839-ukraine-crisis-lanka-regrets-presidents-unconstitutional-removal.html#sthash.888W7iUA.dpuf |date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>
*Russia has an embassy in Colombo. Sri Lanka has an [[Embassy of Sri Lanka in Moscow|embassy]] in Moscow.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Syria}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Syria relations]]
Russia has an embassy in [[Damascus]] and a consulate in [[Aleppo]], and Syria has an [[Embassy of Syria in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]]. As with most of the [[Arab world|Arab countries]], Russia enjoys a historically strong and stable friendly relationship with Syria.

Since 1971, Russia has leased port facilities in [[Tartus]] for its naval fleet. Between 1992 and 2008 these facilities were much in disrepair, however, works have commenced concurrent with the [[2008 South Ossetia war]] to improve the port's facilities to support an increased Mediterranean presence of the [[Russian Navy]].

Russia is believed to have sent Syria dozens of Iskander missiles.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Paul Alster|title= Russians moving into Syria. Strategic alliance include fleet, missiles|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/when-it-comes-to-syria-russia-sends-missiles-mixed-signals/#ixzz2NATSHCz2|work=[[Fox News]]|date=22 December 2012 |access-date=10 March 2013}}</ref>

Russia has been strongly supporting Syria in the [[Syrian civil war]], especially since the start of an [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|air campaign in 2015]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Taiwan}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Taiwan relations]]
In the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[Soviet Union]] had a tumultuous yet strategic relations with the [[Kuomintang]]-led Nationalist China until 1949 with the proclamation of the [[People's Republic of China]] and the subsequent military takeover of [[Mainland China]] by the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. In the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]], the Soviet Union under the leadership of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] recommended the internationalization of the [[Taiwan Question]] and appealed to the United Nations and other multilateral organizations to erase the crisis, further, the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] called for the Ten Nations Summit in [[New Delhi]] to discuss the issue and eradicate the military tension on 27 September 1958 and undermined as one of the precursors of the latter [[Sino-Soviet split]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://big5.citygf.com/cul/cul_005005/201006/t20100625_489043_2.html |title=炮擊金門幕後揭秘：玩弄中蘇同盟種下分裂惡果-歷史名人-文化名城-廣佛都市網 |publisher=Big5.citygf.com |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313160105/http://big5.citygf.com/cul/cul_005005/201006/t20100625_489043_2.html |archive-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> Since the formation of the [[Russian Federation]], Taiwan has exported many ferric materials to Russia in 2004–2005. In 2005, the total amount of the trade between the two economies was $2,188,944,473. Russia also has a representative office in Taipei,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtc.org.tw/english/index.html |title=Representative office in Taipei for the Moscow-Taipei Coordination Commission on Economic and Cultural Cooperation v.2.0 |publisher=Mtc.org.tw |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> and Republic of China has a representative office in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roc-taiwan.org/RU/mp.asp?mp=237|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703214706/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/RU/mp.asp?mp=237|url-status=dead|title=首頁 - 台北莫斯科經濟文化協調委員會駐莫斯科代表處 Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission|archive-date=3 July 2015|website=www.tmeccc.org}}</ref> According to the data, Russia keeps a positive balance in its trade relations with Taiwan mainly from crude oil, cast iron and steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemical products, ferroalloys, coking coal, timber, and chemical fertilizers. Russia imports mostly electronics and electronic parts, computers and computer parts, and home appliances. The two countries cooperate closely and intensely by establishing unofficial diplomatic relations since 1993~1996. Taipei is targeting Russia for [[exporting]] opportunities and [[marketing]] potentials and this mutually-beneficial relationship is effective, especially under the framework of [[APEC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=87756&ctNode=3085&mp=4 |title=Chinese Taipei, Russia Intensify Cooperation |publisher=Taiwan.gov.tw |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203045223/http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=87756&ctNode=3085&mp=4 |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
* Taiwan is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Tajikistan relations]]
Until 2005, Russia had 11,000 border guards manning the Tajik frontier with Afghanistan. In September 2012, and after months of negotiating, Russia and Tajikistan have reached an agreement on what Russia will pay for its bases in Tajikistan and extended the lease to 20 or 29 years. The bases are used for 9,000 Russian troops of the 201st Motor Rifle Division. The new deal with Tajikistan makes it worthwhile for Russia to upgrade the four army camps and one air base they occupy. To get the long lease, Russia agreed to sell Tajikistan weapons and military equipment at a sharp discount and train Tajik officers in Russian schools, for free, for the duration of the deal. Tajikistan also promises to help keep the heroin out of Russia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russians Continue to Guard the Tajik Border with Afghanistan|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/russians-continue-to-guard-the-tajik-border-with-afghanistan/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=21 September 2012|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flagu|Timor-Leste}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Timor-Leste relations]]
Russia was one of the first countries to recognise Timor-Leste's independence and took part in nearly all UN aid programs, providing food and relief personnel, including civil and transport aviation pilots.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&q=33909&cid=57&p=17.10.2008 |title=Voice of Russia |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102134741/http://ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng |archive-date=2 November 2009}}</ref> After the shooting of [[José Ramos-Horta]] (former president of Timor-Leste), the Russian ministry said; "The Russian side expresses its concern over the attempt on the life of the Timor-Leste president, and hopes political stability in Timor-Leste will be maintained, as a fundamental condition for a successful solution to the complicated problems it is facing. And in the interests of strengthening national unity and ensuring social and economic development."

Russia is represented in Timor-Leste through its embassy in [[Jakarta, Indonesia|Jakarta (Indonesia)]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Turkey}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Turkey relations]]
* Russia has an embassy in [[Ankara]] and consulate-general in [[Antalya]], [[Istanbul]] and [[Trabzon]].
* Turkey has an embassy in Moscow and consulate-general in [[Kazan]], [[Novorossiysk]] and [[Saint Petersburg]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Turkmenistan relations]]
* Russia has an [[Embassy of Russia in Ashgabat|embassy in Ashgabat]] and a consulate-general in [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Türkmenbaşy]].<ref>[http://www.turkmenistan.mid.ru/ Russian Embassy in Turkmenistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624132510/http://www.turkmenistan.mid.ru/ |date=24 June 2009}} {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
* Turkmenistan has an embassy in [[Moscow]].<ref>[http://www.turkmenembassy.ru/ Turkmenistan Embassy in Russia] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

Recently, Russian-Turkmenistan relations have revolved around Russia's efforts to secure [[natural gas]] export deals from Turkmenistan. Russia is competing with [[China]], the [[European Union]], [[India]] and the [[United States]] for access to Turkmenistan's rich supply of [[hydrocarbons]].<ref>{{cite news |last=[[Associated Press]] |title= Russian president in Turkmenistan to consolidate Kremlin's grip on Central Asian energy |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |date=4 July 2008 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/04/asia/AS-GEN-Turkmenistan-Russia-Caspian-Energy.php |access-date=5 July 2008}}</ref> The two countries often lock horns over price negotiations for gas exports to Russia.<ref>{{cite news |last = Blagov |first = Sergei |title = Russia faces a collapse of its economic and political clout |work = Eurasianet |date = 30 December 2008 |url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav123008.shtml |access-date = 16 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100212032340/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav123008.shtml |archive-date = 12 February 2010 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Trilling |first = David |title = Pipeline spat with the Kremlin turns into a political test of strength |work = Eurasianet |date = 15 April 2009 |url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav041509.shtml |access-date = 16 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090418191449/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav041509.shtml |archive-date = 18 April 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all}}</ref> Turkmen president [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] has agreed to help supply and expand the Russian-backed [[Central Asia-Center gas pipeline system|Pricaspiysky pipeline]], however no action has yet occurred towards this goal.<ref>{{cite news |last = Blank |first = Stephen |title = Russian president strives for a breakthrough moment in Caspian basin energy game |work = Eurasianet |date = 2 July 2008 |url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav070208a.shtml |access-date = 5 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080812234328/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav070208a.shtml |archive-date = 12 August 2008 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1971|12}}||See [[Russia–United Arab Emirates relations]]

* Russia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in [[Dubai]].
* United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Moscow.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}||{{dts|1992}}
|See [[Russia–Uzbekistan relations]]
* Uzbekistan has an embassy in [[Moscow]]
* Russia has an embassy in [[Tashkent]].
* Uzbekistan was once a former Soviet Socialist republic. It still has strong ties to Russia and the West.
* In the aftermath of the [[May 2005 unrest in Uzbekistan|May 2005 unrest]], Uzbekistan demanded that the United States leave the base at [[Karshi-Khanabad]].
* In November 2005, both presidents [[Islam Karimov]] and [[Vladimir Putin]] had signed a mutual cooperation agreement in [[Moscow]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121009132317/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav111505.shtml Uzbekistan]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Vietnam}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1950|01|30}}||See [[Russia–Vietnam relations]]
* USSR was an ally of Vietnam.
* On 30 January 1950 the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] established an embassy to [[North Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/news/story.php?d=20010305003822|title=Vietnam-Russia traditional ties reach new heights|date=5 March 2001|access-date=8 August 2007|publisher=Embassy of Vietnam in the United States of America}}</ref> The USSR was traditionally one of Vietnam's strongest allies.
|}

=== Europe ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|European Union}}
|
|{{Main|Russia–European Union relations}}
* The European Union is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Albania}}||7 April 1924||See [[Albania–Russia relations]]
* Albania has an embassy in [[Moscow]].
* Russia has an embassy in [[Tirana]].
* [[Albania–Soviet Union relations]] (7 April 1924 with [[Soviet Union]])
* Albania is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Austria}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Austria–Russia relations]]
*See [[Embassy of Austria in Moscow]]
*See [[Embassy of Russia in Vienna]]
*See [[Russians in Austria]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belarus}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Belarus–Russia relations]] or [[Foreign relations of Russia towards Belarus]]
The introduction of [[free trade]] between Russia and Belarus in mid-1995 led to a spectacular growth in bilateral trade, which was only temporarily reversed in the wake of the [[History of post-Soviet Russia#The crises of 1998|financial crisis of 1998]]. President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] sought to develop a closer relationship with Russia. The framework for the Union of Russia and Belarus was set out in the Treaty On the Formation of a Community of Russia and Belarus (1996), the Treaty on Russia-Belarus Union, the Union Charter (1997), and the Treaty of the Formation of a Union State (1999). The integration treaties contained commitments to [[monetary union]], [[civil rights|equal rights]], single citizenship, and a common defence and [[foreign policy]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belgium}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Belgium–Russia relations]]

Russia has an embassy in [[Brussels]] and a consulate-general in [[Antwerp]], whilst Belgium has an [[Embassy of Belgium in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and an honorary consulate in [[Saint Petersburg]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||<!--Date Started-->||See [[Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations]]
* Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rf-bih.ru/hr/|title=Veleposlanstvo Bosne i Hercegovine u Ruskoj Federaciji|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217023805/https://rf-bih.ru/hr/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in [[Sarajevo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bih.mid.ru/en/|title=Embassy of the Russian Federation in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}</ref>
Bosnia is one of the countries where Russia has contributed troops for the NATO-led stabilization force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42279|title=Defense.gov News Article: Russian Troops Arriving in Bosnia|website=Defense.gov|access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> Others were sent to Kosovo and Serbia.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}|| <!-- date relations started--> 1879-07-07
|see [[Bulgaria–Russia relations]]
* Bulgaria has an [[Embassy of Bulgaria in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and 3 consulates general (in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Novosibirsk]] and [[Yekaterinburg]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/moscow/|title=Bulgarian embassy in Moscow (in Bulgarian and Russian)|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614060950/http://www.mfa.bg/moscow/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in [[Sofia]] and 2 consulates general (in [[Ruse, Bulgaria|Ruse]] and [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russia.bg/index.php?lang=en |title=Russian embassy in Sofia |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316035702/http://www.russia.bg/index.php?lang=en |archive-date=16 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Russia was the first country to recognize Bulgaria, and greatly helped Bulgaria in its war of independence from Ottoman Turkey.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Croatia}}||1992-05-25
|See [[Croatia–Russia relations]]
* Croatia has an [[Embassy of Croatia in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and an honorary consulate in [[Kaliningrad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ru.mfa.hr/?mv=1630&mh=284|title=Rusija - MVEP • Hrvatski|website=ru.mfa.hr|language=hr, ru|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-date=28 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528022337/http://ru.mfa.hr/?mv=1630&mh=284|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in [[Zagreb]].<ref>{{in lang|ru|hr}} [http://www.croatia.mid.ru/ Embassy of The Russian Federation in Zagreb] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412090136/http://www.croatia.mid.ru/ |date=12 April 2009}}</ref>
* Croatia is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
*[https://archive.today/20130107185002/http://www.mvpei.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV//templates/_frt_bilateralni_odnosi_po_drzavama_en.asp?id=156 Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Russia]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}||<!--Start date-->||See [[Czech Republic–Russia relations]]
* Czech republic is on an 'unfriendly states list'.
* Russia also has further reduced its oil deliveries to the Czech Republic.
* The Czech Republic has an embassy in Moscow, and two consulate generals (in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Yekaterinburg]]).
* The Russian Federation has an [[Embassy of Russia in Prague|embassy in Prague]], and two consulate generals in ([[Brno]] and [[Karlovy Vary]]).
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Denmark}}||{{dts|format=dmy|1493|11|8}}||See [[Denmark–Russia relations]]
*Russia has an embassy in Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.denmark.mid.ru/1d.html|title= Russian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark|author= Government of Russia|access-date= 22 February 2011|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120802034801/http://www.denmark.mid.ru/1d.html|archive-date= 2 August 2012|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
*Denmark has an embassy in [[Moscow]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rusland.um.dk/|title=Denmark in Russia|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219152417/https://rusland.um.dk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> -  a consulate-general in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Danish consulate general in Saint Petersburg, Russia|url=http://www.gksktpetersborg.um.dk/da|access-date=20 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026052002/http://www.gksktpetersborg.um.dk/da|archive-date=26 October 2011}}</ref>
* Denmark is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Estonia}}||<!--Data started-->{{dts|format=dmy|1920-02-02}}||See [[Estonia–Russia relations]] and [[Chechen–Estonia relations]]
Russia recognised Estonia via the [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|Tartu Peace Treaty]] on 2 February 1920. Russian-Estonian relations were re-established in January 1991, when presidents [[Boris Yeltsin]] of [[RSFSR]] and [[Arnold Rüütel]] of the Republic of Estonia met in Tallinn and signed a treaty governing the relations of the two countries after the anticipated independence of Estonia from the Soviet Union.<ref>Kristina Kallas, ''[http://www.ut.ee/ABVKeskus/eesti/eesti-vene.doc Eesti Vabariigi ja Vene Föderatsiooni riikidevahelised läbirääkimised aastatel 1990–1994] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225225805/http://www.ut.ee/ABVKeskus/eesti/eesti-vene.doc |date=25 February 2009}}'' - Tartu 2000</ref><ref>[[Eesti Ekspress]]: ''[http://www.ekspress.ee/viewdoc/41763F52B461B81DC22572C800232248 Ta astus sajandist pikema sammu - Boriss Jeltsin 1931-2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002407/http://www.ekspress.ee/viewdoc/41763F52B461B81DC22572C800232248 |date=27 September 2007}}'', 25 April 2007</ref> The treaty guaranteed the right to freely choose their citizenship for all residents of the former [[Estonian SSR]].

Russia re-recognised the Republic of Estonia on 24 August 1991 after the failed [[Soviet coup attempt]], as one of the first countries to do so. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September. Estonia's ties with Boris Yeltsin weakened since the Russian leader's initial show of solidarity with the Baltic states in January 1991. Issues surrounding the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Baltic republics and Estonia's denial of automatic citizenship to persons who settled in Estonia in 1941-1991 and offspring<ref>Citizenship Act of Estonia (§ 5. Acquisition of Estonian citizenship by birth): {{cite web |url=http://www.legislationline.org/legislation.php?tid=11&lid=2296&less=false |title=Citizenship Act of Estonia (1995, consolidated March 2004) - Legislationline - free online legislation database |access-date=13 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182603/http://www.legislationline.org/legislation.php?tid=11&lid=2296&less=false |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> ranked high on the list of points of contention.
* The Estonian parliament in October 2022 voted in favour of officially recognising Russia as a terrorist state.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/as-the-third-country-to-estonia-declares-russia-a-terrorist-state/ | title=Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state | date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Finland}}||
|{{Main|Finland–Russia relations}}
Relations with [[Russia]] are peaceful and friendly. Finland imports a lot of goods and basic necessities, such as fuel, and the two nations are agreeing on issues more than disagreeing on them. Russia has an embassy in [[Helsinki]], a consulate-general in [[Turku]] and consulates in [[Lappeenranta]] and [[Mariehamn]].

Finland has an embassy in Moscow and a consulate-general in [[Saint Petersburg]].

Finland was a part of the [[Russian Empire]] for 108 years, after being annexed from the Swedish empire. Discontent with Russian rule, Finnish national identity, and World War I eventually caused Finland to break away from Russia, taking advantage of the fact that Russia was withdrawing from World War I and a revolution was starting in earnest. Following the [[Finnish Civil War]] and [[October revolution]], Russians were virtually equated with Communists and due to official hostility to [[Communism]], Finno-Soviet relations in the period between the world wars remained tense. Voluntary activists arranged expeditions to [[Karelia]] (''[[heimosodat]]''), which ended when Finland and the Soviet Union signed the [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)|Treaty of Tartu]] in 1920. However, the Soviet Union did not abide by the treaty when they blockaded Finnish naval ships.  Finland was attacked by the USSR in 1939.  Finland fought the [[Winter War]] and the [[Continuation War]] against the Soviet Union in World War II.  During these wars the Finns suffered 90,000 casualties and inflicted severe casualties on the Russians (120,000 dead in the Winter War and 200,000 in the Continuation War).

Contemporary issues include problems with border controls causing persistent truck queues at the border, airspace violations, pollution of the [[Baltic Sea]], and Russian duties on exported wood to Finland's pulp and paper industry. Russia also considered large swathes of land near the Finnish border as special security area where foreign land ownership is forbidden. A similarly extensive restriction does not apply to Russian citizens. The [[Finnish Defence Forces]] and [[Finnish Security Intelligence Service]] have suspected that Russians have made targeted land purchases near military and other sensitive installations for intelligence or special operations purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2015031119338528|title=Katso kartta: venäläisten maakauppoja strategisissa kohteissa|website=Iltalehti.fi|access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2016103122546706|title=Supo epäilee: Venäjä ostanut Suomesta kiinteistöjä sotilailleen|website=Iltalehti.fi|access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref> Right-wing commentators accuse the government of continuing the policy of [[Finlandisation]].

Recently, Finland-Russia relations have been under pressure with [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]], which Finland considers illegal. Together with the rest of the European Union, Finland enforces sanctions against Russia that followed. Still, economic relations have not entirely deteriorated: 11.2% of imports to Finland are from Russia, and 5.7% of exports from Finland are to Russia, and cooperation between Finnish and Russian authorities continues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=18156&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081125023048/http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=18156&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 November 2008 |title=Ulkoasiainministeriö: Maat ja alueet: Kahdenväliset suhteet |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|France}}||<!--Date started-->||''See [[France–Russia relations]]''
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Emmanuel Macron (2018-05-24) 07.jpg|thumb|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] meets with French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] in Saint Petersburg, 25 May 2018]]
Right after the breakup of the USSR, bilateral relations between France and Russia were initially warm. On 7 February 1992, France signed a bilateral treaty, recognizing Russia as a successor of the USSR. As described on the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|French Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], the bilateral relations between France and Russia remain longstanding, and remain strong to this day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/russia_399/france-and-russia_3057/index.html |title=French Ministry of foreign affairs – France and Russia |publisher=Diplomatie.gouv.fr |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604063045/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/russia_399/france-and-russia_3057/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Germany}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Germany–Russia relations]]
Germany tries to keep Russia engaged with the rest of the Western world. The future aim is to promote a stable market-economy liberal democracy in Russia, which is part of the Western world.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Greece}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Greece–Russia relations]]
* Greece is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Holy See}}||<!--Start date-->2009||See [[Holy See–Russia relations]].
Russia has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
Holy See–Russia relations are largely linked to ecumenical relations with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Hungary}}||<!--Start date-->||See [[Hungary–Russia relations]]
* Hungary has an [[Embassy of Hungary in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and two consulate-generals (in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Yekaterinburg]]).
* Russia has an embassy in Budapest and a consulate-general in [[Debrecen]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]].
* Both countries legalized homosexuality while opposing same-sex marriages, and outlawed LGBT propaganda towards minors since 2013 (Russia) and 2021 (Hungary) respectively.
* Hungary is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Iceland}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Iceland–Russia relations]]

* Iceland has an embassy in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/ru/english/|title=English > Russia > The Icelandic Foreign Services|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329234411/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/ru/english/|archive-date=29 March 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in [[Reykjavík]].<ref>[http://www.iceland.mid.ru/index_e.html Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Iceland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103063400/http://www.iceland.mid.ru/index_e.html |date=3 November 2014}} (in English)</ref>
* Both countries have close ties in financing, which has strengthened the relations between the two.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iceland seeks Russian comfort |url=http://www.mnweekly.ru/columnists/20081010/55350499.html |quote=Russia received a similar official request late on Tuesday and the country's Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin was quoted by Interfax as saying: "We will consider it. Iceland has a reputation for strict budget discipline and has a high credit rating. We're looking favorably at the request." Negotiations on the loan are supposed to start on October 14. |work=[[The Moscow News]] |access-date=26 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531021947/http://www.mnweekly.ru/columnists/20081010/55350499.html |archive-date=31 May 2009}}</ref> Iceland also called Russia as its "new friend" after having been turned down by its traditional allies for an emergency loan to boost the balance sheet of its second largest commercial bank.<ref>{{cite news |first= Rowena|last= Mason|title=Iceland nationalises bank and seeks Russian loan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/3154116/Financial-crisis-Iceland-nationalises-bank-and-seeks-Russian-loan.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/3154116/Financial-crisis-Iceland-nationalises-bank-and-seeks-Russian-loan.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |quote=Prime Minister Geir Haarde rushed emergency measures through the Nordic nation's parliament to nationalise Landsbanki and give the country's largest bank, Kaupthing, a £400m loan to bolster its balance sheet. |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date= 7 October 2008|access-date=26 June 2009 | location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Iceland is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ireland}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Ireland–Russia relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Italy}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Italy–Russia relations]]

Russia has an embassy in [[Rome]] and [[consulate]]s in [[Genoa]], [[Milan]] and [[Palermo]], and Italy has an [[Embassy of Italy in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]], a [[consulate]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], two consulte generals (in [[Ekaterinburg]] and [[Kaliningrad]]), and two embassy branches in ([[Samara, Russia|Samara]] and [[Volgograd]]). Both countries are full members of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]].

Russia enjoys close relations with Italy. In 2006, Russia and Italy have signed a protocol of cooperation for fighting crime and defending civil liberties. There are close commercial ties between the two countries. Italy is Russia's second important commercial partner in the EU, after Germany. and its state-owned energy company, [[Eni|ENI]], has recently signed a very important long-term contract with [[Gazprom]], to import Russian gas into Italy.

The relationship between Russia and Italy goes back a long way. Already in the 1960s, Italy's FIAT built a car-assembling plant in the Soviet city of [[Tolyatti]] (a city named after the Italian Communist Party's secretary [[Palmiro Togliatti]]). Russians have always visited Italy in great numbers. Many Russian students come to Italy each year to study arts and music.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} Unlike many other Western European countries, Italy has traditionally always maintained good relationships with Russia, even during the Soviet era.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} In particular, the [[Silvio Berlusconi]] Government (2001–2006) strengthened Italy's ties with Russia, due to his personal friendship with President [[Vladimir Putin]]. Cooperation extends also to the aviation sector, between Italy's Alenia and Russia's Sukhoi, who are jointly developing a new aircraft. Finally, for a long time Italy had the largest communist party in the Western world, with over 2 million members.
.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsfromrussia.com/world/2006/01/20/71472.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102807/http://newsfromrussia.com/world/2006/01/20/71472.html|url-status=dead|title=Italy, Russia sign 'protocol of cooperation' - Pravda.Ru<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Latvia}}||<!--Date began-->1920-10-04 and again 1991-10-04||See [[Latvia–Russia relations]]
* Until 1917, Latvia had been part of the Russian empire. Following the Latvian declaration of independence, [[Latvian War of Independence|war]] broke out between Latvia and the [[Russian SFSR]].
* Diplomatic relations between the two countries were first established in 1920, following the conclusion of a Soviet-Latvian peace treaty on 11 August 1920.<ref>Text in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'', vol. 2, pp. 196-231</ref> The treaty was ratified by the Latvian Constituent Assembly on 2 September, and by the Latvian government on 25 September. On the Russian side, it was ratified by the Pan Russian Central Executive Committee on 9 September. Ratification letters were exchanged between the two governments in Moscow on 4 October, the date on which in entered into effect. These relations lasted until the Soviet take over of Latvia in 1940.
* Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian government recognized the independence of Latvia on 24 August 1991.
* Russia expresses concern for how Latvia's language and naturalization laws effect Latvia's Russian-speaking population. Russians comprised 27.6% of the population in 2010. In turn, Latvia is interested in the welfare of ethnic Latvians still residing in Russia. The latest Russian census shows about 40,000 still living in Russia, but sources indicate that given the probability of an undercount, Latvians in Russia probably number about 50,000-60,000.
|-
|{{flag|Liechtenstein }}
|{{dts|30 January 1994}}<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Prince Alois of Liechtenstein comments on the Russian invasion of Ukraine |url=https://royalcentral.co.uk/europe/prince-alois-of-liechtenstein-comments-on-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-173231/ |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref>
|See [[Liechtenstein–Russia relations]]
* Liechtenstein is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Lithuania}}||<!--Date started-->12 July 1920 and again 27 July 1991||See [[Lithuania-Russia relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Netherlands}}||  ||See [[Netherlands-Russia relations]] 
* the Netherlands has an embassy in Moscow and consulate-general in Saint Petersburg.
* Russia has an embassy in [[The Hague]]. 
* the Netherlands is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Norway}}||<!--Date started-->30 October 1905||See [[Norway–Russia relations]]
* The two countries established formal relations in 1905-10-30<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norvegia.ru/norsk/russland/fakta/bilaterale.htm |title=Norwegian embassy in Moscow |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505132429/http://www.norvegia.ru/norsk/russland/fakta/bilaterale.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Norway has an [[Embassy of Norway in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and a consulate-general in [[Saint Petersburg]] and a consulate in [[Murmansk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.norvegia.ru/|title=Norway – the official site in Russia|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044949/http://www.norvegia.ru/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in Oslo and consulates-general in [[Barentsburg]] and [[Kirkenes]].<ref>[http://www.norway.mid.ru/en/ Embassy of Russia in Oslo (in English, Norwegian and Russian)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611022740/http://www.norway.mid.ru/en/ |date=11 June 2011}}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Kola Norwegians]]
* Norway is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Poland}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Poland–Russia relations]]
In recent years, relations with Russia have worsened considerably. Poland responded with strong disapproval towards the [[2008 Georgian Crisis]], in which a military invasion of Georgia was led by Russia. Georgia is a former USSR republic, Poland was a member of the Eastern Bloc, and Poland stated its support for Georgia and condemned Russia's actions. The Polish believed the invasion was carried out by the Russians in an attempt to reestablish and reassert its dominance over its former republics.
Since 2009, however, relations with Russia somewhat improved – despite the [[2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash|plane accident]] where the former Polish president died on what is still considered a controversial event. After the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]] the relations deteriorated again, as Poland strongly condemned Russian actions against [[Ukraine]].
* Poland has an embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in Irkutsk, Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg.
* Russia has an embassy in [[Warsaw]] and consulates-general in [[Gdańsk]], [[Kraków]] and [[Poznań]]. 
* Poland is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Portugal}}||<!--Date started-->1779||See [[Portugal–Russia relations]]
*The countries are the easternmost and westernmost in Europe, and they both have very good relations with each other.
* Portugal has an embassy in Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in [[Lisbon]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Romania}}||<!--Start date-->1878-10-12||See [[Romania–Russia relations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Serbia}} ||1838/1940||See [[Russia–Serbia relations]]
* Serbia has an [[Embassy of Serbia in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]]
* Russia has an [[Embassy of Russia in Belgrade|embassy in Belgrade]] and a liaison office to [[UNMIK]] in [[Pristina]].
Diplomatic relations between the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] and the [[Soviet Union]] were established on 24 June 1940, and Serbia and the Russian Federation recognize the continuity of all inter-State documents signed between the two countries. There are about 70 bilateral treaties, agreements and protocols signed in the past. Serbia and the Russian Federation have signed and ratified 43 bilateral agreements and treaties in diverse areas of mutual cooperation so far.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Russia/basic_e.html Bilateral Political Relations with Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120805104417/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Russia/basic_e.html |date=5 August 2012}}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Slovakia}}||<!--Date started-->1993-01-01||See [[Russia–Slovakia relations]]

* Russia opened its embassy in [[Bratislava]] in 1993.
* Slovakia has an embassy in [[Moscow]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103617/http://www.rusemb.sk/]
* Slovakia is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Slovenia}}||<!-- Start date -->1992-05-25||See [[Russia–Slovenia relations]]

* Russia has an embassy in [[Ljubljana]].<ref>[http://ljubljana.rusembassy.org/ Russian embassy in Ljubljana] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129074816/http://ljubljana.rusembassy.org/ |date=29 November 2009}}</ref>
* Slovenia has an embassy in [[Moscow]] and two honorary consulates (in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Samara, Russia|Samara]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moscow.embassy.si/en|title=Veleposlaništvo RS Moskva|website=www.moscow.embassy.si|date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
* Slovenia is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Spain}}||<!--start date -->||See [[Russia–Spain relations]]

* Russia has an embassy in [[Madrid]] and a consulate-general in [[Barcelona]].
* Spain has an embassy in Moscow and a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg. 
* Spain is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Sweden}}||<!--start date -->||See [[Russia–Sweden relations]].

Both countries had a history of war, and reastablishing diplomatic missions. Russia has an embassy in [[Stockholm]] and a consulate in [[Gothenburg]], and Sweden has an [[Embassy of Sweden in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and consulates in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Kaliningrad]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Switzerland}}||<!--Date started-->1816||See [[Russia–Switzerland relations]]
Switzerland opened a consulate in [[Saint Petersburg]] in 1816, upgrading it to a legation 90 years later. The two countries broke off diplomatic relations in 1923, when Russia was going through a period of revolutionary turmoil – and they were not resumed until 1946. Russia has an embassy in [[Bern]] and a Consulate-General in [[Geneva]]. Switzerland has an embassy in Moscow and since 2006, a Consulate-General in [[Saint Petersburg]].
* Switzerland is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ukraine}}||'''Diplomatic relations severed in February 2022'''<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Ukraine relations]]

* Russia had an embassy in [[Kyiv]] and consulates-general in [[Kharkiv]], [[Lviv]] and [[Odesa]].
* Ukraine had an embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in [[Rostov-on-Don]], Saint Petersburg, Tyumen and Vladivostok.
* Starting in November 2013, the decision by Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych to back out of signing an integration agreement with the [[European Union]] started a period of civil unrest between [[Euromaidan|Ukrainians who favored integration with the European Union]] and [[Anti-Maidan|those who wanted closer ties with Russia]]. This culminated in the [[2014 Ukrainian Revolution]].
* Russia took advantage of this political instability to [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annex Crimea]] in March 2014, though [[Political status of Crimea|Ukraine still claims sovereignty over the territory]]. Russia has also supported separatist forces in the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]].
* In December 2015, Russian hackers reportedly [[2015 Ukraine power grid hack|hacked Ukraine's power grids]] leading to a blackout.
* On 24 February 2022, [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine]], which prompted Ukraine to break diplomatic ties with its northeastern neighbor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ukraine breaks off diplomatic ties with Russia|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ukraine-breaks-off-diplomatic-ties-with-russia/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=The Times of Israel|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kitsoft|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine - Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Regarding the Severance of Diplomatic Relations with the Russian Federation|url=https://mfa.gov.ua/en/news/statement-ministry-foreign-affairs-ukraine-regarding-severance-diplomatic-relations-russian-federation|access-date=2022-02-24|website=mfa.gov.ua|language=en}}</ref>
* Ukraine is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|| 20 April 1566 ||See [[Russia–United Kingdom relations]]
Russia established [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom|diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom]] on 20 April 1566.<ref name="britain">{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=Gary M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9D86YgEACAAJ |title=A Handlist of British Diplomatic Representatives: 1509-1688 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=0521283221 |pages=194, 221, 275 and 283}}</ref> 
*Russia maintains an [[Embassy of Russia, London|embassy]] in [[London]].
* The United Kingdom is accredited to Russia through its [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Moscow|embassy]] in Moscow, and a consulate in Yekaterinburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-moscow|title=British Embassy Moscow|website=[[gov.uk|GOV.UK]]|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=11 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511143407/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-moscow|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2022, the United Kingdom was added to Russia's [[unfriendly countries list]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/8/russia-deals-with-unfriendly-countries-require-moscow-approval|date=8 March 2022|title=Russia issues list of 'unfriendly' countries amid Ukraine crisis|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308075007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/8/russia-deals-with-unfriendly-countries-require-moscow-approval|url-status=live}}</ref>

Both countries share common membership of the [[G20]], and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/bit/2861/russian-federation---united-kingdom-bit-1989-|title=Russian Federation - United Kingdom BIT (1989)|website=[[UN Trade and Development]]|access-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227032932/https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/bit/2861/russian-federation---united-kingdom-bit-1989-|archive-date=27 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Oceania ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Australia}}||<!--Date started-->1942||See [[Australia–Russia relations]]

* The first Australian embassy in Moscow opened in 1943. Australia has an [[Embassy of Australia in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and two honorary consulates (in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Vladivostok]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russia.embassy.gov.au/|title=Homepage – Australian Embassy|work=embassy.gov.au|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307013616/http://russia.embassy.gov.au/|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Russia has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australia.mid.ru/ |title=Посольство России в Австралии |website=Australia.mid.ru |access-date=22 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116073939/http://www.australia.mid.ru/ |archive-date=16 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/russia/index.html Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Russia]
* Australia is on Russia's [[Unfriendly countries list|list of unfriendly countries]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Nauru}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Nauru–Russia relations]]
Russia is represented in Nauru through its embassy in [[Canberra, Australia|Canberra (Australia)]]. Russia's ambassador to Australia [[Alexander Blokhin (diplomat)|Alexander Blokhin]] serves concurrently as Russia's non-resident ambassador to Nauru (as well as to [[Fiji]] and [[Vanuatu]]).

Nauru's banks are said to have provided services to the mafia in Russia during the 1990s; over the course of the 1990s, approximately 70 billion U.S. dollars owned by Russian mafia were held in Nauru banks.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/18/1082226623418.html Pacific nation Nauru on brink of collapse] The Age, 18 April 2004</ref>

In 2009, Nauru became the fourth country to recognize the states of [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], breakaway regions of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Only three other UN member states have done so. Russia was reported to be giving Nauru $50M in humanitarian aid in exchange.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/14/nauro-recognises-abkhazia-south-ossetia|title=Tiny Nauru struts world stage by recognising breakaway republics|last=Harding|first=Luke|date=14 December 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=14 December 2009 | location=London}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|New Zealand}}||<!--Start date--> 1943||See [[New Zealand–Russia relations]]
* New Zealand has an [[Embassy of New Zealand in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and an honorary consulate in [[Vladivostok]].
* Russia has an embassy in Wellington.
* Both countries are members of [[APEC]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Tonga}}||1976<!--Date started-->||See [[Russia–Tonga relations]]
The Kingdom of Tonga and the [[Soviet Union]] established formal diplomatic relations in 1976.  Tonga was the first [[Pacific Island]] country to establish relations with the USSR.  The USSR was dissolved in 1991 and was succeeded by Russia as the successor state.

On 2 October 2005, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Tonga ST T. Tupou exchanged telegrams offering congratulations on the occasion of 30th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two nations. In his heads of foreign ministries of Russia and Tonga expressed confidence in further development of Russian-Tongan relations in the interests of the peoples of both countries and strengthen peace and security in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/ns-rafr.nsf/89414576079db559432569d8002421fc/432569a400373407c325709000373b1b?OpenDocument |title=On the exchange of greeting telegrams between the Foreign Ministers of the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Tonga on the occasion of 30 anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations}}</ref>

Russia has a non-resident ambassador based in Canberra, Australia.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}||<!--started-->30 June 1986
|See [[Russia–Vanuatu relations]] or [[Soviet Union–Vanuatu relations]]
* In 1987, Vanuatu authorised Soviet vessels to fish within Vanuatu's Exclusive Economic Zone, in exchange for economic aid. The agreement lapsed the following year, and was not renewed, due to disagreements over the price to be paid for fishing rights by the USSR.<ref>HUFFER, Elise 1993, pp.272-282"</ref>
|}

== Perception ==
=== Global opinion ===
[[File:Public opinion on Russia.png|thumb|Public opinion on Russia (2022)]]
[[Pew Research Center]] indicated that (as of 2015) only four surveyed countries have a positive view (50% or above) of Russia. The top ten most approving countries are Vietnam (75%), Ghana (56%), China (51%), South Korea (46%), Lebanon (44%), Philippines (44%), India (43%), Nigeria (39%), Tanzania (38%), Ethiopia (37%), and Uganda (37%). The ten countries with the most negative views of Russia were Pakistan (12%), Turkey (15%), Poland (15%), United Kingdom (18%), Jordan (18%), Ukraine (21%), Japan (21%), United States (22%), Mexico (24%), and Australia (24%). Russians' own view of Russia was overwhelmingly positive at 92%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/ |title=Opinion of Russia - Indicators Database {{pipe}} Pew Research Center |publisher=Pewglobal.org |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606235543/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Multilateral ==
=== NATO and the European Union ===
{{See also|NATO–Russia relations|Russia–European Union relations}}
[[Russia]] is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), [[Union of Russia and Belarus]], [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), [[Paris Club]], and the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]] (NACC). It signed the [[NATO]] [[Partnership for Peace]] initiative on 22 June 1994. On 20 May 1997, NATO and Russia signed the [[NATO–Russia relations|NATO–Russia Founding Act]], which the parties hoped would provide the basis for an enduring and robust partnership between the Alliance and Russia—one that could make an important contribution to European security architecture in the 21st century, though already at the time of its signing doubts were cast on whether this accord could deliver on these ambitious goals.<ref>{{cite web |website=Berlin Information-centre for Transatlantic Security |author=Otfried Nassauer |author2=Oliver Meier | title = The NATO-Russia "Founding Act": Stepping Stone or Stumbling Block for a European Security Architecture? | date = 4 July 1997 | url = http://www.bits.de/public/briefingpaper/bp97-1.htm | type= Summit briefing | access-date =23 August 2008}}</ref>

This agreement was superseded by the [[NATO–Russia relations|NATO–Russia Council]] that was agreed at the [[Reykjavík Ministerial]] and unveiled at the Rome NATO Summit in May 2002. On 24 June 1994, Russia and the [[European Union]] (EU) signed a partnership and cooperation agreement. European Union imposed [[international sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|sanctions on Russian businesses and individuals]] in 2014, regarding the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and alleged support for separatists during [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]].<ref>Helene Sjursen and Guri Rosén. "Arguing Sanctions. On the EU's Response to the Crisis in Ukraine." ''JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies'' (Sept 2016). DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12443</ref>

Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, non NATO/EU countries felt threatened by Russia with EU candidate status being granted to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ukraine and Moldova in 2022, EU negotiations speeding up for Albania and North Macedonia and Finland joining NATO in 2023 with Sweden joining in 2024.

=== Former Soviet Republics and Warsaw Pact ===
The non-Russian countries that were once part of the USSR have been termed the '[[near abroad]]' by Russians. More recently, Russian leaders have been referring to all 15 countries collectively as "Post-Soviet Space," while asserting Russian foreign policy interest throughout the region.<ref>See [[Vladimir Socor]], "[http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=27502&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=176&no_cache=1 Kremlin Refining Policy in 'Post-Soviet Space']," ''Eurasia Daily Monitor'' (7 February 2005).</ref> After the USSR was dissolved by the presidents of Russia, [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]], Russia tried to regain some sort of influence over the post-Soviet space by creating, on 8 December 1991, a [[regional organization]] – the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]]. The following years, Russia initiated a set of agreements with the [[Post-Soviet states]] which were designed to institutionalize the relations inside the CIS. However, most of these agreements were not fulfilled and the CIS republics began to drift away from Russia, which at that time was attempting to stabilize its broken economy and ties with the West.<ref>[http://www.ef.huji.ac.il/publications/Yakovlev%20Golani.pdf Two Decades of the Russian Federation's Foreign Policy in the Commonwealth of Independent States: The Cases of Belarus and Ukraine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120175204/http://www.ef.huji.ac.il/publications/Yakovlev%20Golani.pdf |date=20 November 2011}}, p. 17</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin in Ukraine April 2011-6.jpeg|thumb|210px|Vladimir Putin and the Ukrainian Prime Minister [[Mykola Azarov]], 12 April 2011]]

One of the major issues which had an influence on the foreign relations of Russia in FSU was the remaining large Russian minority populations in many countries of the near abroad. This issue has been dealt with in various ways by each individual country. They have posed a particular problem in countries where they live close to the Russian border, such as in [[Ukraine]] and [[Kazakhstan]], with some of these Russians calling for these areas to be absorbed into Russia. By and large, however, Russians in the near-abroad do not favor active intervention of Russia into the domestic affairs of neighboring countries, even in defense of the interests of ethnic Russians.<ref>Lowell W. Barrington, Erik S. Herron, and Brian D. Silver, "The Motherland Is Calling: Views of Homeland among Russians in the Near Abroad," ''World Politics'' 55, No. 2 (2003) : 290–313.</ref> Moreover, the three [[Baltic states]] ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], and [[Lithuania]]) have clearly signaled their desire to be outside any claimed Russian sphere of influence, as is reflected by their joining both the [[NATO]] alliance and the [[European Union]] in 2004.

Close cultural, ethnic and historical links exist between Russia, [[Belarus]] and Ukraine. The traditional Russian perspective is that they are one ethnic group, with Russians called 'Great Russians', [[Belarusians]] 'White Russians' and [[Ukrainians]] '[[Little Russia]]ns'. This manifested itself in lower levels of [[nationalism]] in these areas, particularly Belarus and Ukraine, during the disintegration of the Soviet Union. However, few Ukrainians accept a "younger brother" status relative to Russia{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}},<ref>{{Cite book|title=Russia Today: Atlas for Business and Political Decision Makers - Strategic Information and Developments|publisher=IBP, Inc.|year=2015|isbn=9781329856981|location=United States|pages=121}}</ref> and Russia's efforts to insert itself into Ukrainian domestic politics, such as Putin's endorsement of a candidate for the Ukrainian presidency in the last election, are contentious.

Russia maintains its military bases in [[Armenia]], [[Belarus]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], the [[Transnistria]] region of [[Moldova]], the occupied South Ossetia region of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Tajikistan]].

Russia's relationships with [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] are at their lowest point in modern history due to the [[2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy|Georgian-Russian espionage controversy]] and due to the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 Russo-Georgian war]], Georgia broke off diplomatic relations with Russia and has left the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]].

Russia's relations with Ukraine, since 2013, are also at their lowest point in history as a result of the pro-Western [[Euromaidan|Euromaidan revolution]] in Ukraine, the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and the pro-Russian insurgency in Ukraine's Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Ukraine withdrew from the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2018, with Moldova following in 2022 after Russia invaded Ukraine.

Russia maintains diplomatic relations with most countries that were once part of the former [[Warsaw Pact]], and furthermore, [[Albania]]. Russia also continues to maintain friendly relations with [[Cuba]], [[Mongolia]] and [[Vietnam]] as well as third world and non-aligned countries of [[Afghanistan]], [[Angola]], [[Benin]], [[Cambodia]], [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Grenada]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[India]], [[Iraq]], [[Laos]], [[Mozambique]], [[Serbia]], [[Syria]] and the [[South Yemen|former Southern part]] of [[Yemen]].

=== International membership ===
{{main|Permanent Representatives of Russia to international organisations}}
{{further|Russia and the United Nations}}

Membership in International Organizations:<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ Russia], CIA World Factbook</ref>

Russia holds a permanent seat, which grants it veto power, on the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council of the United Nations]] (UN). Prior to 1991, the [[Soviet Union]] held Russia's UN seat, but, after the breakup of the Soviet Union the Russian government informed the United Nations that Russia will continue the Soviet Union's membership at the United Nations and all other UN organs.

Russia is an active member of numerous UN system organizations, including:
* [[UN General Assembly]] and Security Council
* [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
* [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]]
* [[UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]]
* [[UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees]]
* [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]]
* [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]]
Russia also participates in some of the most important UN peacekeeping missions, including:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone]]
* [[United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission]]
* [[United Nations Institute for Training and Research]]
* [[United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire]]
* [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea]]
* [[United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka]]
* [[United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia]]
* [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]]
* [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization]]
* [[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara]]
* [[United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
}}
Russia also holds memberships in:

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]]
* [[Association of Caribbean States]] (observer)
* [[Bank for International Settlements]]
* [[Black Sea Economic Cooperation]]
* [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (observer, suspended as of March 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.cern/news/news/cern/cern-council-responds-russian-invasion-ukraine|title=CERN Council responds to Russian invasion of Ukraine |website=News |publisher=CERN |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>)
* [[Commonwealth of Independent States]]
* [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation]]
* [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]]
* [[Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]]
* [[Group of 20]]
* [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
* [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]
* [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]]
* [[International Development Association]]
* [[International Finance Corporation]]
* [[International Hydrographic Organization]]
* [[International Labour Organization]]
* [[International Monetary Fund]]
* [[International Maritime Organization]]
* [[International Mobile Satellite Organization]]
* [[International Criminal Police Organization]]
* [[International Olympic Committee]]
* [[International Organization for Migration]] (observer)
* [[International Organization for Standardization]]
* [[International Telecommunication Union]]
* [[Latin American Integration Association]] (observer)
* [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (observer)
* [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]
* [[Organization of American States]] (observer)
* [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (observer)
* [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]
* [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]
* [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]]
* [[Partnership for Peace]]
* [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
* [[World Tourism Organization]]
* [[Universal Postal Union]]
* [[World Customs Organization]]
* [[World Federation of Trade Unions]]
* [[World Health Organization]]
* [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]
* [[World Meteorological Organization]]
* [[World Trade Organization]]
* [[Zangger Committee]]
}}

== Mediation in international conflicts ==
Russia has played an important role in helping mediate international conflicts and has been particularly actively engaged in trying to promote a peace following the [[Transnistrian war]] and the [[Kosovo conflict]] and the [[Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia]]. Russia's foreign minister claimed on 25 February 2008 that [[NATO]] and the [[European Union]] have been considering using force to keep [[Serbia|Serbs]] from leaving [[Kosovo]] following the [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/02/25/serbia.kosovo.ap/index.html |title=Russia warns EU over Serbs in Kosovo |access-date=26 February 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226181624/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/02/25/serbia.kosovo.ap/index.html |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref>

Russia is a co-sponsor of the Middle East peace process and supports UN and multilateral initiatives in the [[Persian Gulf]], Cambodia, [[Burma]], [[Angola]], the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and [[Haiti]]. Russia is a founding member of the [[Contact Group]] and (since the [[23rd G8 summit|Denver Summit]] in June 1997) a member of the [[G8]]. In November 1998, Russia joined the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum]] (APEC). Russia has contributed troops to the NATO-led stabilization force in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] and has affirmed its respect for international law and OSCE principles. Russia has accepted UN and OSCE involvement in instances of regional conflict in neighboring countries, including the dispatch of observers to Georgia, [[Republic of Moldova|Moldova]], [[Tajikistan]], and the former [[Republic of Artsakh]], where in October 2023 Russian troops failed to withstand the incursion of the [[Azeri army]].

Russia supported, on 16 May 2007, the set up of the international tribunal to try the suspects in the murder of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] Prime Minister, [[Rafiq Hariri]].<ref>[http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1744893&Language=en] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928034552/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1744893&Language=en|date=28 September 2011}}</ref>

== Territorial disputes ==
*The dispute between Russia and Latvia regarding the [[Pytalovo]] (Abrene) area of [[Pskov Oblast]], Russia, was settled in 27 March 1997 border treaty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawrussia.ru/texts/legal_498/doc498a558x582.htm |title=Договор Между Российской Федерацией И Латвийской Республикой О Российско-Латвийской Государственной Границе (Подписан В Г. Москве 27.03.2007) |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318083828/http://www.lawrussia.ru/texts/legal_498/doc498a558x582.htm |archive-date=18 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Disputes over the boundary with the [[People's Republic of China]] were finally resolved on 21 July 2008. On that day the Foreign Ministers of the two countries signed an agreement in Beijing. Under the agreement, Russia ceded approximately 174&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of territory to China.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=42718|title=India News, Latest News Headlines, Financial News, Business News & Market Analysis on Indian Economy - Business Standard News|author=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> The territory transferred comprised [[Tarabarov Island]] and approximately half of [[Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island]]. The area transferred was largely uninhabited.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792951|title=The Sino-Russian border: The cockerel's cropped crest - The Economist|newspaper=The Economist | date=26 July 2008}}</ref> The settlement of their border dispute followed over 40 years of negotiations. The final settlement was the result of the [[Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation|Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation]] which was concluded on 2 June 2005 and signed by Chinese Foreign Minister [[Li Zhaoxing]] and his Russian counterpart, [[Sergei Lavrov]]. This followed talks in [[Vladivostok]]. There is now no border dispute between Russia and China along their 4300&nbsp;km border.
* [[Caspian Sea#International disputes|Caspian Sea boundaries]] are not yet determined among all littoral states. Issues between Russia and the states bordering it{{spaced ndash}}[[Azerbaijan]] and [[Kazakhstan]]{{spaced ndash}}were settled in 2003. Russia has no common land or Caspian-sea border with [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Iran]], which do not agree with the Caspian Sea settlements.
* Russia has made no territorial claim in [[Antarctica]], despite being a state that has first discovered that continent (but has reserved the right to make these claims), and does not recognize the claims of any other nation. The Soviet Union signed the [[Antarctic Treaty]] in 1960.
* ''De jure'' [[Taiwan]] asserts that its territory includes all former lands of the [[Qing empire]] including [[Tuva]], a part of Russia since 1944. Taiwan does not actively pursue its claim as it lacks any official relationship with Russia, which does not recognize Taiwan as a sovereign nation.

===Unresolved===
[[File:Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine.svg|thumb|250px|As of January 2023, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] cited recognition of Russia's sovereignty over the [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexed territories]] (pictured) as a condition for [[2022 Russia–Ukraine peace negotiations|peace talks]] with Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Signals Readiness for Peace Talks if Kyiv Cedes Occupied Regions |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/01/05/trial-of-belarusian-nobel-prize-winner-ales-bialiatski-opens-in-minsk-a79876 |work=Al Jazeera |date=5 January 2023}}</ref>]]
* The [[Kuril Islands dispute]] concerns the islands of [[Iturup]], [[Kunashir]], and [[Shikotan]] and the [[Khabomai]] group, all of which had belonged to the [[Japanese Empire]] from 1855 until the [[Soviet–Japanese War]] when the Soviet Union occupied them and the southern part of the Sakhalin island since Japan has lost the war. The [[Russian SFSR]], then part of the [[USSR]], got them at the end of the Second World War during the 1945 [[Yalta Conference]], when the Allies agreed to the cession of the islands to the USSR. However, this stipulation was not included in the treaty of [[Capitulation of Japan]] which later gave Japan a chance to demand the return of the "controversial northern territories". However, the disputed territory is currently administered by the Russian Federation, and the majority of inhabitants of the disputed territory are supportive of Russian administration, because all the Japanese inhabitants were expelled from the islands in 1946.
* [[Territorial issues between Estonia and Russia]] regarding some territories of [[Pskov Oblast|Pskov]] and [[Leningrad Oblast]] of Russia are still unresolved. The 2005 treaty on [[Estonia–Russia border]] was not ratified by the Russian side. Negotiations were reopened in 2012 and the Treaty was signed in February 2014, but ratification is still pending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.postimees.ee/1250918/estonia-russia-to-exchange-128-6-hectares-of-land-under-border-treaty|title=Estonia, Russia to exchange 128.6 hectares of land under border treaty|date=28 May 2013|website=Estonian news - news.postimees.ee}}</ref> In March 2022, President Putin sent the Estonian-Russia Border Agreement to the Russian-State Duma to be ratified, but nothing has come of it as of July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estonian-Russian border agreement sent to Russian Duma for ratification |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/estonian-russian_border_agreement_sent_to_russian_duma_for_ratification/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.baltictimes.com}}</ref>
* Disputes over the boundary with Georgia relating to Russia's recognition of Georgian regions, [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]] as independent states, due to the 2008 South Ossetia war and which has led to the severance of all diplomatic relations between them.
* Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation refused to recognize Ukrainian sovereignty over Sevastopol as well as over the surrounding Crimean Oblast, using the argument that the city was never practically integrated into the [[Ukrainian SSR]] because of its military status. This claim was relinquished in the bilateral Peace and Friendship Treaty, which confirmed that both the Crimea and Sevastopol belong to Ukraine. A separate treaty established the terms of a long-term lease of land and resources in and around Sevastopol by Russia. In the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]] of early 2014 [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Crimea was annexed]] by Russia.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last=Gutterman |first=Steve |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140318 |title=Putin signs Crimea treaty, will not seize other Ukraine regions |publisher=Reuters.com |access-date=26 March 2014 |date=18 March 2014 |archive-date=18 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318020359/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/18/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140318 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ukraine crisis timeline BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine crisis: Timeline|work=BBC News | date=13 November 2014}}</ref> Since then status of the [[Crimea]] and of the city of [[Sevastopol]] is currently [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|under dispute between Russia and Ukraine]]; Ukraine and the majority of the [[UN]] members consider Crimea to be an [[autonomous republic]] of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's [[cities with special status]], while Russia and other UN members, on the other hand, consider Crimea to be a [[federal subject of Russia]] and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's [[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]].<ref name="Reuters" /><ref name="Ukraine crisis timeline BBC" /> On 31 March 2014 the [[State Duma]] approved the denunciation of the above-mentioned Peace and Friendship Treaty and long-term lease of land in Sevastopol.<ref>[http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/725964 State Duma approves denunciation of Russian-Ukrainian agreements on Black Sea Fleet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017094622/http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/725964 |date=17 October 2014}}, [[ITAR-TASS]] (31 March 2014)</ref> Russia officially does not recognize "Crimea question" as a ground for any territorial disputes.
* Donetsk oblast of Ukraine, currently occupied and [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|claimed by Russia]].
* Luhansk oblast of Ukraine, currently occupied and [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|claimed by Russia]].
* Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, partially occupied and [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|claimed by Russia]].

== See also ==
{{portal|Russia|Politics}}
* [[Arctic policy of Russia]]
* [[Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin]]
* [[Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
* ''[[Foundations of Geopolitics]]''
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Russia]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Russia]]
* [[Visa requirements for Russian citizens]]
* [[BRICS]]
* [[History of Russia (1991–present)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|1=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Ambrosio |first1 = Thomas |last2=Vandrovec |first2=Geoffrey |title=Mapping the Geopolitics of the Russian Federation: The Federal Assembly Addresses of Putin and Medvedev. |journal=Geopolitics |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |volume=18 |number=2 |pages=435–466 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2012.717554|s2cid = 143411779 }}
* Bordachev, Timofei. ''Europe, Russia and the Liberal World Order'' (Routledge, 2022), by a senior aide to Putin [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=59509 see online book review]
* {{cite journal |last1=Bowen |first1=Andrew |title=Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |date=2017 |volume=42 |issue=3–4 |pages=312–343 |doi=10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550 |s2cid=158522112}}
* {{cite book |last=Contessi |first=Nicola |chapter=Prospects for the accommodation of a resurgent Russia |editor1-first=T.V. |editor-last1=Paul |title=Accommodating Rising Powers. Past, Present and Future |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |pages= 268–290 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781316460191.013|isbn=9781316460191 }}
* {{cite journal |title=The Return of the Bear? Russian Military Engagement in Latin America: The Case of Brazil |journal= Military Review |publisher=EBSCO Publishing |editor=US Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |url=https://www.academia.edu/37139709 |last1= Dall'Agnol |first1=Augusto César |last2=Mielniczuk |first2= Fabiano |last3= Zabolotsky |first3=Boris |year=2018 |issn=0026-4148}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.amazon.com/Russian-Foreign-Policy-Interests-Vectors-ebook/dp/B00G73NMJK/ |last1=Gvosdev |first1=Nikolas K. |last2=Marsh |first2=Christopher |title=Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors |location=Washington |publisher=CQ Press |year=2013 |doi=10.4135/9781506335391|isbn=9781452234847 }}
* {{cite book |title=Understandings of Russian Foreign Policy |editor-last=Hopf |editor-first=Ted |year=1999 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-0-2710-1914-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Kanet |first=Roger E. |editor1-first=Roger E |editor1-last=Kanet |title=Russian foreign policy in the 21st century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-2302-9316-8 |doi=10.1057/9780230293168}}
* Kapoor, Nivedita. "Russia's Relations in Southeast Asia since 2014: Continuity and Change" (ORF Occasional Paper, 2020) [https://www.orfonline.org/research/russias-relations-in-southeast-asia-since-2014-continuity-and-change/ online]
* Kapoor, Nivedita. "India-Russia ties in a changing world order: In pursuit of a 'Special Strategic Partnership'" (ORF Occasional Paper #2018, 2019) [https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ORF_OccasionalPaper_218_India-Russia.pdf online]
* Kozyrev, Andrei. ''The Firebird: The Elusive Fate of Russian Democracy'' (U of Pittsburgh Press, 2019); primary source. Andrei Kozyrev was Russian foreign minister 1991–1996.
* {{cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Deborah Welch |last2=Shevchenko |first2=Alexei |title=Status seekers: Chinese and Russian responses to US primacy. |journal=International Security |year=2010 |volume=34 |number=4 |pages=63–95 |doi=10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.63|s2cid=57572528 }}
* [[Sergey Lavrov|Lavrov, Sergey]]. "Russia’s foreign policy in a historical perspective." ''Russia in Global Affairs'' 30 (2016) by Putin's foreign minister. [https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/russias-foreign-policy-in-a-historical-perspective/?fbclid=IwAR0hQwRSK_UntUikeXj5EsUY8yxXpMXbgT4do9dZ9ixPQyRie4Obl2TxRZc online]
* {{cite book |editor-last=Legvold |editor-first=Robert |title=Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century and the Shadow of the Past |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |doi=10.7312/legv14122|isbn=9780231512176 }}
* Lund, Aron. "From cold war to civil war: 75 years of Russian-Syrian relations." (Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2019) [https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/ui-publications/2019/ui-paper-no.-7-2019.pdf online]
* {{cite book |last=Menkiszak |first=Marek |url=https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/bp131.pdf |title=Responsibility to protect... itself? Russia's strategy towards the crisis in Syria |website=www.fiia.fi/en/publication/responsibility-to-protect-itself |publisher=[[Finnish Institute of International Affairs]] |series=FIIA Briefing Paper |number=131 |location=Helsinki |year=2013 |isbn=978-951-769-382-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Mankoff |first=Jeffrey |title=Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics |location=Lanham, MD |series=A [[Council on Foreign Relations]] Book |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |edition=2 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0825-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Myers |first=Steven Lee |title=The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin |year=2015 |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-3079-6161-7 |oclc=938634873}}
* {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Sean P. |url=https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/fiia_report37_web.pdf |title=Russia as an international actor: The view from Europe and the US |series=FIIA Report |number=37 |website=www.fiia.fi/en/publication/russia-as-an-international-actor |publisher=The [[Finnish Institute of International Affairs]] |location=Helsinki |year=2013 |isbn=978-951-769-385-1}}
* Rosefielde, Steven. ''Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Putins-Russia-Economy-Defense-Foreign/dp/9811212678/ excerpt]
* {{cite book |last=Sakwa |first=Richard |title=Russia against the Rest: The Post-Cold War Crisis of World Order |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |pages=362 |isbn=978-1-3166-7588-5}}
**{{cite web |author=Gerard Toal |date=May 2018 |title=Review of Sakwa, Richard, ''Russia against the Rest: The Post-Cold War Crisis of World Order'' |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=51562 |website=H-Net Reviews}}
* Saradzhyan, Simon, and Nabi Abdullaev. "Measuring National Power: Is Putin's Russia in Decline?." Europe-Asia Studies (2020): 1-27. Statistical measures indicate Russia was rising against its Western competitors in 1999–2016 but trailed behind the United States, China and India in absolute national power.
* {{cite book |last=Saul |first=Norman E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8108-6806-9}}
* Shen, Zhihua, ed. ''A Short History of Sino-Soviet Relations, 1917–1991'' (Springer Singapore;Palgrave Macmillan, 2020)
* {{cite book |last=Stent |first=Angela E. |author-link=Angela Stent |title=The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |pages=355 |isbn=978-0-6911-6586-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfaKAQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last=Titarenko |first=Mikhail L. |title=Russia's Strategic Partnerships in Asia: The Asian Dimension of Russian Federation Foreign Policy. |journal=[[China Report]] |volume=44 |number=3 |year=2008 |pages=281–295 |doi=10.1177/000944550804400304|s2cid=154582776 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Tsygankov |first=Andrei P. |title=The Russia-NATO mistrust: Ethnophobia and the double expansion to contain "the Russian Bear" |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies |year=2013 |pages=179–188 |volume=46 |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.12.015}}
* Vasiliev, Alexey. ''Russia's Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin'' (Routledge, 2018).
* Weiner, Tim. ''The Folly and the Glory: America, Russia, and Political Warfare 1945–2020'' (2020); Pulitzer Prize [https://www.amazon.com/Folly-Glory-America-Political-1945-2020/dp/1627790853/ excerpt]
* Wohlforth, William, and Vladislav Zubok. "An abiding antagonism: realism, idealism and the mirage of Western-Russian partnership after the Cold War." ''International Politics'' (2017) 54#4 pp 405–419.
* {{cite journal |last=Yefremenko |first=Dmitry |title=Forced or Desired Modernity? Russia's Chances in the Post-American world. |journal=Russia in Global Affairs |year=2010 |number=3 |pages=36–49 |url=https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/forced-or-desired-modernity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429213910/http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/Forced-or-Desired-Modernity-14996 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Foundation |issn=1810-6374}}
* {{cite journal |last=Yefremenko |first=Dmitry |title=Waiting for a Storm. Russian Foreign Policy in the Era of Change |journal=Russia in Global Affairs |year=2012 |number=2 |pages=18–32 |url=http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/Waiting-for-a-Storm-15571 |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Foundation |issn=1810-6374 |access-date=29 January 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235226/http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/Waiting-for-a-Storm-15571 |url-status=dead }}
* Ziegler, Charles E. "Russian–American relations: From Tsarism to Putin." ''International Politics'' (2014) 51#6 pp: 671–692. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles-Ziegler-2/publication/269285900_Russian-American_relations_From_Tsarism_to_Putin/links/568d0b2108ae197e426c2588/Russian-American-relations-From-Tsarism-to-Putin.pdf online]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|International relations of Russia}}
* [http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/76389FEC168189ED44257B2E0039B16D "Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation"], February 2013, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)]]
* {{in lang|en|ru}} [http://www.mid.ru/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121215065814/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552656 Russia and Its Neighbors] from the [http://www.library.georgetown.edu/digital/krogh Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215060155/http://www.library.georgetown.edu/digital/krogh |date=15 December 2012 }}
* [http://countrystudies.us/russia/76.htm Foreign relations of Russia]
* [http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/8f8005f0c5ca3710c325731d0022e227?OpenDocument Containing Russia: Back to the Future?], July 2007 article by Russian [[Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Sergey Lavrov]].

{{Russia topics}}
{{Foreign relations of Russia}}
{{Asia topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Foreign relations of Europe}}
{{Foreign relations of the Soviet Union}}

[[Category:Foreign relations of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Russia]]