Editing Focke-Wulf Ta 154 Moskito

{{Short description|German night fighter aircraft during late World War II}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Infobox aircraft
  |name = Ta 154
  |image = File:Focke-Wulf Ta 154.jpg
  |image_caption = Prototype Ta 154 V1 (TE+FE)
  |aircraft_type = [[Night Fighter]]
  |manufacturer = [[Focke-Wulf]]
  |designer = [[Kurt Tank]]
  |first_flight = 1 July 1943
  |introduction =
  |retired =
  |status =
  |primary_user = ''[[Luftwaffe]]''
  |variants = [[Focke-Wulf Ta 254]]
  |number_built = 28 (3 prototype, 15 preproduction, 10 production)<ref>Green (1979)</ref>
}}

The '''Focke-Wulf Ta 154 ''Moskito''''' was a fast twin-engined [[night fighter]] aircraft designed by the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[aeronautical engineer]] [[Kurt Tank]] and produced by the aircraft manufacturer [[Focke-Wulf]]. It was unofficially named ''Moskito'' due to its similarities with the [[de Havilland Mosquito]] (which was also largely made of wood) that were already in service with the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF).<ref name = "smithkay 211"/>

The Ta 154 commenced development in 1942 and was worked on during much of the latter half of the [[Second World War]]. It was designed to replace variants of the [[Messerschmitt Bf 110]] and [[Junkers Ju 88]] and function as a specialised night fighter. As per a stipulation issued by the [[Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)|''Reichsluftfahrtministerium'']] (RLM), wood comprised over half of the material needed to build the Ta 154. A special [[phenolic resin]] adhesive called [[Tego film]] was used to bond sections together. It was originally designated ''Ta 211'' in reference to the intended [[Junkers Jumo 211|Jumo 211R]] engine, although it was subsequently decided to adopt the more powerful [[Junkers Jumo 213|Jumo 213]] powerplant instead. Following a review of Focke-Wulf's submission, a development contract was issued to the company during late 1942.

On 1 July 1943, the prototype ''Ta 154 V1'' performed its [[maiden flight]]; it was piloted by Kurt Tank. One of the early prototypes undertook competitive flight testing against both the [[Heinkel He 219]] and the [[Junkers Ju 388]], besting both of these rival aircraft. During March 1944, even though the first eight pre-production aircraft were yet to be completed, the ''[[Jägerstab]]'' decreed that 37 Ta 154s ought to be completed by May 1944 and that 250 aircraft were to be produced each month by November 1944.<ref name = "smithkay 213"/> This schedule proved highly unrealistic in light of various technical and logistical issues, with key parts (such as engines) not being available in sufficient quantity. Perhaps most crucially, the only factory that produced Tego-Film, in [[Wuppertal]], was [[Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II|bombed]] by the RAF while replacement bonding agents proved to be inferior and a source of catastrophic mid-flight structural failures.

During September 1944, amid a complete production stoppage, the RLM opted to terminate the Ta 154 programme. Only a few production standard aircraft were completed, and these proved to possess less impressive performance than the [[prototype]]s. Several pre-production aircraft were also converted for operational use. Several Ta 154s were flown by ''[[Nachtjagdgeschwader 3]]'' (Night Fighter Wing 3) while a handful are believed to have been also used as [[Flight training|training]] aircraft for jet pilots. Furthermore, at least three ''Pulkzerstörer'' (Formation Destroyer) and ''[[Mistel]]'' parasite fighter schemes were mooted for the type.

==Development==
===Background===
The origins of the Ta 154 ''Moskito'' is closely linked to the wartime demands of the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''. In 1942, it had become increasing clear that, amid increasingly intense [[Area bombing directive|Allied bombardment of Germany]], a new type of [[night fighter]] was desirable to replace both the [[Messerschmitt Bf 110]] and [[Junkers Ju 88]].<ref name = "smithkay 211"/> One such aircraft, the [[Heinkel He 219]], was already in development, however, during September 1942, the [[Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)|''Reichsluftfahrtministerium'']] (RLM) issued a fresh requirement that called for a specialised night fighter that, unlike the He 219, would be primarily constructed out of wood. The intended benefit of this decision was not only as an economic measure to minimise the use of [[metal]] but also to take advantage of Germany's available [[Labour (human activity)|labour]] pool, which had numerous skilled woodworkers that had not effectively transitioned to metalworking.<ref name = "smithkay 211">Smith and Kay 1972, p. 211.</ref>

This requirement was received by the German aircraft manufacturer [[Focke-Wulf]], who quickly decided to undertake work towards fulfilling it.<ref name = "smithkay 211"/> A [[Bremen]]-based design team at the firm, headed by [[Kurt Tank]], set about studying a fast attack-[[bomber]] aircraft that had been initially designated Ta 211 (due to its planned use of an uprated [[Junkers Jumo 211|Jumo 211R]] engine). The envisioned ''Ta 21'' bomber was a high-wing twin-engined design, built primarily of [[plywood]] and bonded with a special [[phenolic resin]] adhesive called [[Tego film]].<ref>Goodman 1998, p. 47.</ref> The material composition of the basic design included approximately 57 per cent wood, 30 per cent [[steel]], and 13 per cent [[duralumin]]. Both single-seat and twin-seat variants were proposed at a relatively early stage.<ref name = "smithkay 211"/>

Due to the scarcity of steel tubing, both the primary and auxiliary [[Spar (aeronautics)|spar]]s made use of wood box construction while extensive use of wood bonding was made across the whole airframe.<ref name = "smithkay 211"/> A retractable nose-wheel [[landing gear|undercarriage]] was selected, the main gear of which retracted rearwards into recesses within the engine [[nacelle]]s while the nose gear pivoted backwards into the fuselage. Furthermore, it was fitted with broad diameter [[Tyre (wheel)|tyre]]s as to permit the aircraft to use grass airstrips.<ref name = "smithkay 2112">Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 211–212.</ref> It had a stepped cockpit canopy, the windscreen of which was composed of armoured glass; an additional 150&nbsp;kg of armour was strategically distributed around the cockpit to protect its occupant(s). Dependent upon the variant, the cockpit contained a single pilot and a radio/[[radar]] operator, the latter just aft of the former.<ref name = "smithkay 212"/> Fuel was housed in a pair of fuselage tanks, one was located directly aft of the primary wing spar while the other was just behind the auxiliary spar.<ref name = "smithkay 212">Smith and Kay 1972, p. 212.</ref>

By 14 October 1942, the basic calculations were complete; layout drawings were completed five days later.<ref name = "smithkay 211"/> The RLM warmly received Focke-Wulf's proposal and promptly issued a general development contract. It was at this stage that the ''Ta 154'' designation was applied to the aircraft; unofficially, it was named ''Moskito'' in reference to its similarity to the [[de Havilland Mosquito]] fast bombers (which was also largely made of wood) already in service with the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF).<ref name = "smithkay 211"/> Around this time, the de Havilland Mosquito, was conducting missions upon Germany itself and was quickly building up an impressive record; in its first 600 bombing missions, only one was shot down, compared to an average of five per cent for the RAF's [[Medium bomber|medium]] and [[heavy bomber]]s.<ref>Longmate 1983, p. 236.</ref> [[Erhard Milch]] personally requested a purpose-built German answer, and selected the Ta 154. Infighting within German circles started almost immediately, because the RLM and night fighter units — as well as [[Ernst Heinkel]] himself — still wanted the [[Heinkel He 219]]. Milch took this personally, and spent the better part of the next two years trying to have the He 219 program terminated, partly against Ernst Heinkel's wishes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

During the aircraft's development, it became apparent that the most suitable engine to power the Ta 154 was the more powerful [[Junkers Jumo 213|Jumo 213]], and that Junkers could not deliver the originally-desired Jumo 211R engine on schedule due to technical and production difficulties.<ref>Merriam 2017, {{page needed|date=October 2024}}.</ref>

===Into flight and production issues===
[[File:Ta 154 V2 Image45 001.jpg|thumb|Focke-Wulf Ta 154 V2]]
On 1 July 1943, the prototype ''Ta 154 V1'', which was outfitted with Jumo 211F engines and bore the ''Stammkennzeichen'' identification code ''TE+FE'', performed its [[maiden flight]] in the hands of Kurt Tank.<ref name = "smithkay 212"/> It was followed by ''V2'' with Jumo 211N engines, which was kept at the factory for handling trials. V1 was later dispatched to [[Rechlin-Lärz Airfield]] to conduct fly-off testing against the competing He 219A as well as the new [[Junkers Ju 388]]. Reportedly, the aircraft reached almost 700&nbsp;km/h (440&nbsp;mph) and easily outflew the other two aircraft, but those were both fully armed and equipped with radar apparatus. In comparison, neither V1 or V2 were fitted with radar at this stage.<ref name = "smithkay 212"/>

On 23 November 1943, the ''V3'' prototype, which was also the first to be powered by the Jumo 211R engines and carry radar apparatus, made its first flight.<ref name = "smithkay 212"/> The added weight of the guns and drag of the 32-dipole element ''Matratze'' radar antennas used on its [[UHF]]-band FuG 212 C-1 [[Lichtenstein radar]] unit slowed the aircraft by a full 75&nbsp;km/h, although it was still somewhat faster than the He 219. The rest of the 15 prototypes were then delivered as ''A-0'' models, identical to the V3. Some of these also included a raised [[Aircraft canopy|canopy]] for better vision to the rear.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

During March 1944, the ''[[Jägerstab]]'' decreed that Focke-Wulf should produce 37 Ta 154s by May 1944; in combination with other manufacturing assets, the production rate was somewhat unrealistically expected to reach 250 aircraft per month by November 1944.<ref name = "smithkay 213"/> This schedule came in advance of the completion of the first eight pre-production aircraft, designated ''Ta 154A-0'', which occurred in August of that year. These were briefly trialled by the service test unit before returning to development work.<ref name = "smithkay 213"/> Transportation issues, which prevented subcontractors from delivering components, were highly damaging to the company's efforts to ramp up production; at one point, each airframe was reportedly taking 12,000 [[man-hour]]s to produce.<ref name = "smithkay 213">Smith and Kay 1972, p. 213.</ref> By June 1944, the Jumo 213 was finally arriving in some numbers, permitting the completion of several ''Ta 154 A-1s'' with these engines.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

However, the Ta 154 received a fatal blow when the only factory that produced Tego-Film, in [[Wuppertal]], was [[Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II|bombed out]] by the RAF, and the plywood glue had to be replaced by an alternative.<ref name = "smithkay 213"/> While determined efforts were made towards this end, the new bonding agents proved to be neither as strong and even weakened the wood due to it containing too much [[acid]] and thus being [[corrosive]]. In July 1944, several Ta 154 A-1s reportedly disintegrated during high speed flight, allegedly due to the [[delamination]] and failure of the plywood wing.<ref name = "smithkay 213"/> This same problem also critically affected the [[Heinkel He 162]] ''Spatz'', Ernst Heinkel's "''Volksjäger''" jet fighter program entry; the issue with the bonding agent was eventually resolved on this programme however.<ref name = "smithkay 213"/>

Accordingly, production came to a halt in August 1944. One month later, the RLM officially cancelled the Ta 154, by which point Milch had been removed from his position and thus could no longer protect the programme. It is believed that about 10 production aircraft had been completed, 2 at Erfurt and 10 at Posen)<ref>Green (1979), pp.243,244.</ref> and a number of the A-0 preproduction aircraft were later modified to production standard.<ref name = "smithkay 213"/> An unknown number of the aircraft served with ''[[Nachtjagdgeschwader 3]]'' (Night Fighter Wing 3), and a few were later used as [[Flight training|training]] aircraft for jet pilots.

==''Mistel/Pulkzerstörer'' variants==
The designation Ta 154A-2/U3 was given to six unfinished 154A-1 airframes completed and converted into ''Pulkzerstörer'' (Formation Destroyer) aircraft. At least three ''Pulkzerstörer'' and ''[[Mistel]]'' parasite fighter schemes were mooted for the Ta 154. The only one of the three that was actually brought to operational readiness (Ta 154A-2/U3) was a system whereby the entire forward fuselage ahead of the fuel tanks was filled with [[Amatol]] high explosive. A new and extremely small cockpit for the pilot was added to the airframe directly ahead of the tailfin. From this cramped cabin, the pilot would fly the 'Bomb ''Moskito'' ' into an Allied bomber formation, arm the onboard charges and quickly bail out. A timer would then detonate the explosives a few seconds later. Fragmentation charges in the warhead would maximize the effective area of destruction.<ref name = "smithkay 2134">Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 213–214.</ref>

It was hoped that this [[flying bomb]] system would tear large holes in the Anglo-American bomber streams at little cost to the ''Luftwaffe'' in terms of pilot casualties. The six Ta 154A-2/U3 'Bomb ''Moskitos'' were completed at the Focke-Wulf plant near [[Poznań]] shortly before the occupation of the area by the Red Army, but were not used in combat. Their ultimate fate is unknown, though it is likely they were destroyed by the plant's staff to prevent them being captured. One Ta 154 ''Mistel'' scheme, reportedly designated ''Mistel 7'', envisaged a [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] 'mother aircraft' mounted on struts above an unmanned Bomb ''Moskito''. Takeoff would be effected via a sturdy three-wheeled trolley of the same type designed for the abandoned A-series of the [[Arado Ar 234]] [[jet engine|jet]] [[reconnaissance]] [[bomber]]. The trolley would be jettisoned after takeoff, leaving the ''Mistel'' ''Moskito'' to fly to its target with all three engines running. The combination would formate above an Allied bomber stream before the 190 pilot released the Bomb ''Moskito'', which would then hopefully crash straight into a bomber with massively destructive effect. A related scheme would see a standard Ta 154 towing a Bomb ''Moskito'' behind it into the middle of a bomber stream, whereupon release and detonation would be initiated by the manned Ta 154's pilot.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Specifications (Ta 154 A-1)==
[[File:Profil Focke-Wulf Ta 154 II.png|thumb|right]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref= ''Aircraft of the Third Reich. Volume One''<ref name=Green>Green 2010, pp. 502–508.</ref>
|prime units?= met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew= two
|length m= 12.45
|length note= (without radar antennae)
|span m= 16
|height m= 3.5
|wing area sqm= 32.4
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg= 6,600
|gross weight kg= 8,930
|max takeoff weight kg= 9,550
|fuel capacity={{cvt|1500|L|USgal impgal}} in two fuselage tanks
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number= 2
|eng1 name= [[Junkers Jumo 213E]]
|eng1 type= V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engines
|eng1 kw= 1,305
|eng1 note= for take-off
:::{{cvt|984|kW}} at {{cvt|10000|m}}

|prop blade number= 3
|prop name= Junkers VS-9 wooden constant-speed propellers
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh= 650
|max speed note= at {{cvt|7090|m}}
:::{{cvt|534|km/h|mph kn}} at sea level
|cruise speed kmh=
|stall speed kmh=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|range km= 1,365
|range note= at {{cvt|7000|m}}
:::{{cvt|1860|km|mi nmi}} with two {{cvt|300|L|USgal impgal}}
|combat range km=
|ferry range km=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m= 10,900
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms= 15
|time to altitude={{cvt|8000|m}} in 14 minutes and 30 seconds
|wing loading kg/m2=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=

|more performance=

<!--Armament-->
|guns=
* 2 × {{cvt|20|mm|3}} [[MG 151/20 cannon]] 200 rpg.
* 2 × {{cvt|30|mm|3}} nose-mounted [[MK 108 cannon]] 110 rpg.
* (''Ta 154C'') + 2 × fuselage-mounted ''[[Schräge Musik]]'' {{cvt|30|mm|3}} MK 108 cannon
|bombs=
|rockets=
|missiles=
|hardpoints=
|hardpoint capacity=
|hardpoint rockets=
|hardpoint missiles=
|hardpoint bombs=
|hardpoint other=

|avionics=variously:-
* [[FuG 218 Neptun]] radar
* [[Liechtenstein radar#FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1|FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1]]
* [[Liechtenstein radar#FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2|FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2]]
* [[Naxos radar detector|FuG 350 Naxos Z]] radar detector (to home in on [[H2S radar|H<sub>2</sub>S radar]])
* [[Revi 16B]] gunsight
}}

==See also==
{{Aircontent
|related=
* [[Focke-Wulf Ta 254]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[de Havilland Mosquito]]
* [[Grumman F7F Tigercat]]
* [[Heinkel He 219]] ''Uhu''
* [[Mitsubishi Ki-83]]
* [[Nakajima J5N]] ''Tenrai''
|lists=
* [[List of World War II military aircraft of Germany]]
* [[List of military aircraft of Germany]]
* [[List of WW2 Luftwaffe aircraft prototype projects]]
|see also=
}}

==References==
===Citation===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Green |first1=William |title=Warplanes of the Third Reich |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's |location=London |edition=fourth |date=1979  |isbn=0-356-02382-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Green |first1=William |title=Aircraft of the Third Reich |volume=I |publisher=Crecy |location=London |edition=first |date=2010  |isbn=978-1-900732-06-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Goodman |first=Sidney H. |title=Handbook of Thermoset Plastics |publisher=William Andrew |year=1998 |isbn=0-8155-1421-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Longmate |first=Norman |title= The bombers: the RAF offensive against Germany, 1939–1945 |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1983 |isbn=0-09-151580-7}}
* {{cite book |last = Merriam |first = Ray |title = World War 2 In Review No. 33: German Airpower |publisher=Merriam Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781387498604}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=J.R. |last2=Kay |first2=Antony L. |title=German Aircraft of the Second World War |publisher=Putnam |location=London |year=1972 |isbn=0-85177-836-4}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Hermann |first1=Dietmar |title=Focke-Wulf Ta 154: Luftwaffe Reich Defense Day and Night Intercepter |date=2021 |publisher=Classic |location=Manchester, UK |language=en |isbn=978-1-91080-994-5 |edition=Rev. |orig-year=2001}}
* {{cite book |last = Munson |first = Kenneth |title = German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour |location = Poole |publisher = Blandford Press |year = 1978 |language=en |isbn = 0-7137-0860-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Spenser |first1=Jay |series=Monogram Close-Up |title=Moskito |volume=22 |date=1990 |publisher=Monogram Aviation Publications |location=Sturbridge, Massachusetts  |isbn=0-914144-22-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.angelfire.com/oh3/pmodels/ta154.html Picture and specifications of Ta 154]
* [http://aviacija.dljavseh.ru/Samolety/Focke_Wulf_Ta_154.html Focke-Wulf Ta.154] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421052017/http://aviacija.dljavseh.ru/Samolety/Focke_Wulf_Ta_154.html |date=2012-04-21 }}

{{Focke-Wulf aircraft}}
{{Kurt Tank aircraft}}
{{RLM aircraft designations}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany]]
[[Category:Focke-Wulf aircraft|Ta 154]]
[[Category:1940s German fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1943]]
[[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]