Editing Flute

{{short description|Woodwind instrument}}
{{About|the whole family of instruments|the flute commonly used in orchestras and bands|Western concert flute|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Shinobue and other flutes-3.jpg|alt=Picture of a collection of flutes. Contains Shinobue and other flutes spread out on a violet velveteen cloth.|thumb|[[Shinobue]] and other flutes]]
{{Brass}}
The '''flute''' is a member of a family of musical instruments in the [[woodwind]] group. Like all woodwinds, flutes are [[aerophones]], producing sound with a vibrating column of air. Flutes produce sound when the player's air flows across an opening. In the [[Hornbostel–Sachs]] classification system, flutes are [[edge-blown aerophones]].<ref>{{cite journal |title= Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann |author1-first= Erich M. |author1-last= von Hornbostel |author2-first=Curt |author2-last= Sachs |journal= The Galpin Society Journal |volume= 14 |date= March 1961| pages= 24–25 |doi= 10.2307/842168 |jstor= 842168 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/842168 |quote= 4 Aerophones The air itself is the vibrator in the primary sense&nbsp;... 421 Edge instruments or flutes a narrow stream of air is directed against an edge}}</ref> A musician who plays the flute is called a '''flautist''' or '''flutist'''.

[[Paleolithic flute]]s with hand-bored holes are the earliest known identifiable musical instruments. A number of flutes dating to about 53,000 to 45,000 years ago have been found in the [[Swabian Jura]] region of present-day [[Germany]], indicating a developed musical tradition from the earliest period of modern human presence in [[Europe]].<ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite journal| last = Wilford| first = John N.| title = Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music | volume =459| issue = 7244| pages =  248–52| date = 24 June 2009 | pmid = 19444215| doi = 10.1038/nature07995 |bibcode = 2009Natur.459..248C | journal = Nature | s2cid = 205216692}}. Citation on p. 248.
*{{cite news |author=John Noble Wilford |date=June 24, 2009 |title=Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/science/25flute.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="jhevol">{{Cite journal| title = Τesting models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle | journal = Journal of Human Evolution|year=2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003| last1 = Higham| first1 = Thomas| last2 = Basell| first2 = Laura| last3 = Jacobi| first3 = Roger| last4 = Wood| first4 = Rachel| last5 = Ramsey| first5 = Christopher Bronk| last6 = Conard| first6 = Nicholas J.| volume = 62| issue = 6| pages = 664–76| pmid = 22575323| bibcode = 2012JHumE..62..664H}}</ref> While the oldest flutes currently known were found in Europe, Asia also has a long history with the instrument. A playable bone flute discovered in China is dated to about 9,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Brookhaven Lab Expert Helps Date Flute Thought to be Oldest Playable Musical Instrument, Bone flute found in China at 9,000-year-old Neolithic site |date=September 22, 1999 |publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory |url=https://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/1999/bnlpr092299.html |access-date=December 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030084138/http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/1999/bnlpr092299.html |archive-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> The Americas also had an ancient flute culture, with instruments found in [[Caral]], [[Peru]], dating back 5,000 years <ref>{{cite web |title= Music in the Ancient Andes |date= August 2009 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date= 10 December 2020 | url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/muan/hd_muan.htm |quote=Thirty-two tubular horizontal flutes were discovered in Caral&nbsp;... made with pelican and condor bones could produce seven different sounds&nbsp;... the discoveries at Caral proved that music was an integral part of the ritual life of the Andean people 5000 years ago.}}</ref> and in [[Labrador]] dating back about 7,500 years.<ref name="Goss_2019_dev_flutes_northamerica">{{cite web |last=Goss |first=Clint |title=The Development of Flutes in North America |url=http://www.Flutopedia.com/dev_flutes_northamerica.htm |date=22 November 2019 |website=Flutopedia |access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref>

The [[bamboo flute]] has a long history, especially in China and India. Flutes have been discovered in historical records and artworks starting in the [[Zhou dynasty]] ({{Circa}}1046–256 BC). The oldest written sources reveal the Chinese were using the [[Guan (instrument)|kuan]] (a reed instrument) and [[Xiao (flute)|hsio]] (or xiao, an [[end-blown flute]], often of bamboo) in the 12th–11th centuries BC, followed by the chi (or ch'ih) in the 9th century BC and the yüeh in the 8th century BC.<ref name=sachs1>{{cite book |title= The History of Musical Instruments |last=Sachs |first= Kurt |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |place= New York |date= 1940|pages= 178–179 }}</ref> Of these, the bamboo chi is the oldest documented [[transverse flute]].<ref name=sachs1/><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Chinese Musical Instrument's Depicted On Some Of The Early Monuments In The Museum|publisher= [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]]|url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/journal/1401/ |quote=The [[Erya|Erh Ya]] (c. 400 B.C.) says the ch'ih was made of bamboo, its length was 16 inches, one hole opened upwards, and it was blown transversely. }}</ref>

Musicologist [[Curt Sachs]] called the cross flute (Sanskrit: vāṃśī) "the outstanding wind instrument of ancient India", and said that religious artwork depicting "celestial music" instruments was linked to music with an "aristocratic character".<ref name=sachs2>{{cite book |title= The History of Musical Instruments |last=Sachs |first= Kurt |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |place= New York |date= 1940|pages= 158–159, 180 }}</ref> The Indian bamboo cross flute, [[Bansuri]], was sacred to [[Krishna]], who is depicted with the instrument in [[Hindu]] art.<ref name=sachs2/> In India, the [[transverse flute|cross flute]] appeared in reliefs from the 1st century AD at [[Sanchi]] and [[Amaravati#History|Amaravati]] from the 2nd–4th centuries AD.<ref name=sachs2/><ref name=MusINstrNepal>{{cite book |title=Musical Instruments of Nepal |last=Kadel |first=Ram Prasad |publisher=Nepali Folk Instrument Museum |place=Katmandu, Nepal| date=2007 |pages= 45|isbn= 978-99946-883-0-2|quote=Banshi&nbsp;... \transverse flute&nbsp;... made from bamboo with six finger holes&nbsp;... known as Lord Krishna's instrument.}}</ref>

According to historian Alexander Buchner, there were flutes in Europe in prehistoric times, but they disappeared from the continent until flutes arrived from Asia by way of "North Africa, Hungary, and Bohemia".<ref name=pichistory>{{cite book |last= Buchner |first= Alexander |title= Colour Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments |publisher= Hamlyn |place= New York | date= 1980 | isbn= 0-600-36421-6|pages=64–65}}</ref> The end-blown flute began to be seen in illustration in the 11th century.<ref name=pichistory/> Transverse flutes entered Europe through [[Byzantium]] and were depicted in Greek art about 800 AD.<ref name=sachs3>{{cite book |title= The History of Musical Instruments |last=Sachs |first= Kurt |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |place= New York |date= 1940|pages= 287–288 }}</ref> The transverse flute had spread into Europe by way of Germany, and was known as the German flute.<ref name=sachs3/>

==Etymology and terminology==
The word ''flute'' first appeared in the English language during the [[Middle English]] period, as ''floute'',<ref name="Flute">{{cite web| url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/flute|title=Flute|publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex|access-date=25 May 2012}}</ref> ''flowte'', or ''flo(y)te'',<ref name="C Weiner 1989">Simpson, J. A. and Weiner, E. S. C. (eds.), "flute, ''n.1''", ''Oxford English Dictionary'', second edition. 20 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. {{ISBN|0-19-861186-2}}.</ref> possibly from [[Old French]] ''flaute'' and [[Old Provençal]] ''flaüt'',<ref name="Flute"/> or possibly from Old French ''fleüte'', ''flaüte'', ''flahute'' via [[Middle High German]] ''floite'' or [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''fluit''. The English verb ''flout'' has the same linguistic root, and the modern Dutch verb ''fluiten'' still shares the two meanings.<ref name=Fenwick/> Attempts to trace the word back to the Latin ''flare'' (to blow, inflate) have been called "phonologically impossible" or "inadmissable".<ref name="C Weiner 1989"/> The first known use of the word ''flute'' was in the 14th century.<ref>{{cite dictionary| url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flute|title=Flute|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|access-date=25 May 2012}}</ref> According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', this was in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Hous of Fame]]'', {{Circa|1380}}.<ref name="C Weiner 1989"/>

A musician who plays any instrument in the flute family can be called a flutist,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/flutist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111070642/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/flutist |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2015 |title=Flutist |work=Oxford English Dictionary (American English) |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> flautist,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/flautist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111061750/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/flautist |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2015 |title=Flautist |work=Oxford English Dictionary (British & World English) |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> or flute player. ''Flutist'' dates back to at least 1603, the earliest quotation cited by the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. ''Flautist'' was used in 1860 by [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] in ''[[The Marble Faun]]'', after being adopted during the 18th century from Italy (''flautista'', itself from ''flauto''), like many musical terms in England since the [[Italian Renaissance]]. Other English terms, now virtually obsolete, are ''fluter'' (15th–19th centuries)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/72222 |title=Fluter (c.1400) |work=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=fluter |title=Fluter |work=Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language |access-date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111061314/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=fluter |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fluter |title=Fluter |work=Random House Dictionary and Collins English Dictionary |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> and ''flutenist'' (17th and 18th centuries).<ref name=Fenwick>{{cite web |url=http://www.fenwicksmith.com/miscellany_flautist.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116191634/http://www.fenwicksmith.com/miscellany_flautist.html |archive-date=16 January 2014 |title=Is it flutist or flautist? |first=Fenwick |last=Smith |url-status=usurped |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTElurCu-WYC&pg=PA2291 |title=Flutenist |work=The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia |access-date=5 January 2015|year=1906 }}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|Paleolithic flutes|Prehistoric music}}

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
 | align = right
 | image2 = Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels, Detail 4.jpg
 | width2 = 250
 | alt2 = 12th-century art, Chinese women playing flutes
 | caption2 = Chinese women playing flutes, from the 12th-century [[Song dynasty]] remake of the ''Night Revels of Han Xizai'', originally by [[Gu Hongzhong]] (10th century)}}

A fragment of a juvenile [[cave bear]]'s [[femur]], with two to four holes, was found at [[Divje Babe flute|Divje Babe]] in [[Slovenia]] and dated to about 43,000 years ago. It may be the oldest flute discovered, but this has been disputed.<ref>{{cite web
 | author = Tenenbaum, David
 | date = June 2000
 | url = http://whyfiles.org/114music/4.html
 | title = Neanderthal jam
 | work = The Why Files
 | publisher = University of Wisconsin, Board of Regents
 | access-date = 14 March 2006
 | archive-date = 5 January 2001
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010105225500/http://whyfiles.org/114music/4.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref><ref>[http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/FluteDebate.html Flute History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093813/http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/FluteDebate.html |date=1 September 2006 }}, UCLA. Retrieved June 2007.</ref> In 2008, a flute dated to at least 35,000 years ago was discovered in [[Hohle Fels]] cave near [[Ulm]], [[Germany]].<ref>Ghosh, Pallab. (25 June 2009) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm BBC: 'Oldest musical instrument' found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001180212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm |date=1 October 2010 }}. BBC News. Retrieved on 2013-08-10.</ref> It is a five-holed flute with a V-shaped mouthpiece and was made from a [[vulture]] wing bone. The discovery was published in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', in August 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1038/nature08169
|date=August 2009
|author1=Nicholas J. Conard |author2=Maria Malina |author3=Susanne C. Münzel | title = New Flutes Document the Earliest Musical Tradition in Southwestern Germany
| volume =   460
| pages =   737–40
| issn = 0028-0836
| pmid = 19553935
| journal = Nature
| issue = 7256
| bibcode=2009Natur.460..737C
|s2cid=4336590
}}</ref> This was the oldest confirmed musical instrument ever found,<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title='Oldest musical instrument' found  |work=BBC News |date=25 June 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8117915.stm |access-date=26 June 2009}}</ref> until a redating of flutes found in [[Geißenklösterle]] cave revealed them to be older, at 42,000 to 43,000 years.<ref name="jhevol"/>

The Hohle Fels flute is one of several found in the [[Hohle Fels|Hohle Fels cavern]] next to the [[Venus of Hohle Fels]] and a short distance from the oldest known human carving.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music for cavemen |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |date=24 June 2009 |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/06/24/1976108.aspx |access-date=26 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626032243/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/06/24/1976108.aspx |archive-date=26 June 2009 |quote=Scientists say they've found what they consider to be the earliest handcrafted musical instrument in a cave in southwest Germany, less than a yard away from the oldest-known carving of a human. The flute fragments as well as the ivory figurine of a 'prehistoric Venus' date back more than 35,000 years, the researchers report&nbsp;... the real prize is a nearly complete flute hollowed out from the bone of a griffon vulture&nbsp;... found in the Hohle Fels cave, just 28 inches (70 centimeters) away from the spot where the prehistoric Venus&nbsp;... was found}}</ref> On announcing the discovery, scientists suggested that the "finds demonstrate the presence of a well-established musical tradition at the time when modern humans colonized Europe".<ref>{{cite news|title=Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music |newspaper=The New York Times |date=24 June 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/science/25flute.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |access-date=26 June 2009}}</ref> Scientists have also suggested that this flute's discovery may help to explain "the probable behavioural and cognitive gulf between" [[Neanderthals]] and [[Early modern humans|early modern human]].<ref name=BBC/>

[[File:A medieval bone flute dating 11th-13th century. (FindID 621082).jpg|thumb|200px|Bone flute made of a goat's tibia, 11th–13th century AD.]]
An 18.7&nbsp;cm flute with three holes, made from a [[mammoth]] tusk and dated to 30,000–37,000 years ago, was found in 2004 in the [[Geißenklösterle]] cave near Ulm, in the southern German [[Swabian Alb]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/archeologists-discover-ice-age-dwellers-flute-1.518045| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528034505/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2004/12/30/flute-prehistoric041230.html| archive-date=28 May 2009| title=Archeologists discover ice age dwellers' flute  | work=CBC Arts  | publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]  | date=30 December 2004  | url-status=live| access-date=21 April 2009}}</ref> Two flutes made from [[swan]] bones were excavated a decade earlier from the same cave and dated to about 36,000 years ago.

A playable 9,000-year-old Chinese [[Gudi (instrument)|Gudi]] (literally, "bone flute") was excavated from a tomb in [[Jiahu]] along with 29 similar specimens.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/sci/tech/454594.stm The bone age flute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115103938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/sci/tech/454594.stm |date=15 January 2009 }}. BBC. 23 September 1999.</ref> They were made from the wing bones of red-crowned cranes and each has five to eight holes.<ref>{{Cite journal
 |author      = Zhang, Juzhong
 |author2     = Xiao, Xinghua
 |author3     = Lee, Yun Kuen
 |date        = December 2004
 |title       = The early development of music. Analysis of the Jiahu bone flutes
 |journal     = Antiquity
 |volume      = 78
 |issue       = 302
 |pages       = 769–778
 |doi         = 10.1017/s0003598x00113432
 |url = http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/078/Ant0780769.htm
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130603141434/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/078/Ant0780769.htm
 |archive-date = 3 June 2013
|doi-access= free
 }}</ref>
The earliest extant Chinese transverse flute is a ''chi'' ([[wiktionary:篪|篪]]) flute discovered in the [[Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng]] at the [[Suizhou]] site, [[Hubei]] province, [[China]], dating from 433 BC, during the later [[Zhou dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China|author=Goodman, Howard L. |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2010|page=226|isbn=978-90-04-18337-7}}</ref> It is fashioned of [[lacquer]]ed bamboo with closed ends and has five stops on the flute's side instead of the top. ''[[Shi Jing]]'', traditionally said to have been compiled and edited by [[Confucius]], mentions chi flutes. 

The earliest written reference to a flute is from a [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]-language [[cuneiform|cuneiform tablet]] dated to c. 2600–2700 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://Flutopedia.com/dev_flutes_euroasia.htm#Early_Sumerian_Flutes |title=The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia |author=Goss, Clint |year=2012 |work=Flutopedia |access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref>
Flutes are mentioned in a recently translated tablet of the [[Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]], an epic poem whose development spanned the period from about 2100–600 BC.<ref name="Meso_Flutes">{{cite web |url=http://Flutopedia.com/mesopotamian_flutes.htm |title=Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia|author=Goss, Clint |year=2012 |work=Flutopedia |access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref> A set of cuneiform tablets knows as the "''musical texts''" provide precise tuning instructions for seven scales of a stringed instrument (assumed to be a Babylonian [[lyre]]). One of those scales is named "''embūbum''", which is an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] word for "flute".<ref name="Meso_Flutes" />

[[The Bible]], in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 4:21, cites [[Jubal (Bible)|Jubal]] as being the "father of all those who play the ''ugab'' and the ''[[kinnor]]''". The former Hebrew term is believed by some to refer to a wind instrument, or wind instruments in general, the latter to a stringed instrument, or stringed instruments in general. As such, Jubal is regarded in the Judeo-Christian tradition as the inventor of the flute (a word used in some translations of this biblical passage).<ref name="braun2004">Judith Cohen, "Review of 'Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources', by Joachim Braun". Min-Ad: Israel Studies in Musicology Online. Vol. 3. (2004). http://www.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad04/BraunRev-2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919195604/https://www.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad04/BraunRev-2.pdf |date=19 September 2020 }}</ref> In other sections of the Bible (1 [[Samuel book|Samuel]] 10:5, 1 [[Books of Kings|Kings]] 1:40, [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] 5:12 and 30:29, and [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 48:36) the flute is referred to as "''chalil''", from the root word for "hollow".<ref>Strong's Hebrew Concordance, "chalil". http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/2485.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217034936/http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/2485.htm |date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> Archeological digs in the Holy Land have discovered flutes from the Bronze Age ({{Circa}} 4000–1200 BC) and the Iron Age (1200–586 BC), the latter era "witness[ing] the creation of the Israelite kingdom and its separation into the two kingdoms of Israel and Judea."<ref name="braun2004"/>

Some early flutes were made out of [[tibia]]s (shin bones). The flute has also always been an essential part of [[Indian culture]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Students' Britannica India |last1=Hoiberg|first1=Dale|last2=Ramchandani |first2=Indu| year=2000 |publisher= Popular Prakashan |location=[[Mumbai]] |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC}}</ref> and the cross flute believed by several accounts to originate in [[India]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Play Flute & Shehnai|last=Chaturvedi|first=Mamta|year=2001 |publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd|location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-288-1476-1|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rz8rvUOmSwC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Music and Music-makers |last=Morse |first=Constance |year=1968 |publisher=Ayer Publishing |location=[[New Hampshire]] |isbn=978-0-8369-0724-7 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEXWVhtcuJ4C}}</ref> as Indian literature from 1500 BC has made vague references to the cross flute.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Choreographic Music for the Dance |last=Arvey |first=Verna |year=2007 |publisher=Read Country Books |location=[[London]] |isbn=978-1-4067-5847-4 |page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GOwFSQkpfNsC}}</ref>

==Acoustics==

A flute produces sound when a stream of air directed across a hole in the instrument creates a vibration of air at the hole.<ref>[http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/fluteacoustics.html#airjet Flute acoustics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813223531/http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/fluteacoustics.html#airjet |date=13 August 2010 }}, UNSW. Retrieved June 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=Wolfe, Joe | title=Introduction to flute acoustics | work=UNSW Music Acoustics | url=http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/flute/ | access-date=18 January 2006 }}</ref> The airstream creates a [[Bernoulli effect|Bernoulli]] or siphon. This excites the air contained in the [[resonant cavity]] (usually cylindrical) within the flute. The flutist changes the [[pitch (music)|pitch]] of the sound produced by opening and closing holes in the body of the instrument, thus changing the effective length of the [[resonator]] and its corresponding [[resonant frequency]]. By varying the air pressure, a flutist can also change the pitch by causing the air in the flute to resonate at a [[harmonic]] rather than the [[fundamental frequency]] without opening or closing any of the holes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/music/flute.html#c4 | title=The Flute | website=HyperPhysics | access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref>

Head joint geometry appears particularly critical to acoustic performance and tone,<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Spell | first = Eldred | title = Anatomy of a Headjoint | journal = The Flute Worker | year = 1983 | url = http://eldredspellflutes.com/Articles.htm | issn = 0737-8459 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071116141712/http://eldredspellflutes.com/Articles.htm | archive-date = 16 November 2007 }}</ref> but there is no clear consensus among manufacturers on a particular shape. Acoustic impedance of the embouchure hole appears the most critical parameter.<ref>{{cite web| last = Wolfe | first = Joe | title = Acoustic impedance of the flute | work = Flute acoustics: an introduction | url = http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/fluteacoustics.html#acousticimpedance}}</ref> Critical variables affecting this acoustic impedance include: the length of the chimney (the hole between the lip-plate and the head tube), chimney diameter, and radii or curvature of the ends of the chimney and any designed restriction in the "throat" of the instrument, such as that in the Japanese [[Nohkan]] flute.

A study in which professional flutists were blindfolded could find no significant differences between flutes made from a variety of metals.<ref>{{Cite journal
 | author = Widholm, G. |author2=Linortner, R. |author3=Kausel, W. |author4=Bertsch, M.
 | year = 2001 
 | title = Silver, gold, platinum—and the sound of the flute
 | journal = Proc. International Symposium on Musical Acoustics
 | pages = 277–280
 | url = http://iwk.mdw.ac.at/Forschung/english/linortner/linortner_e.htm
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080313014949/http://iwk.mdw.ac.at/Forschung/english/linortner/linortner_e.htm
 | archive-date = 13 March 2008
 }}</ref> In two different sets of blind listening, no flute was correctly identified in a first listening, and in a second, only the silver flute was identified. The study concluded that there was "no evidence that the wall material has any appreciable effect on the sound color or dynamic range".

== Materials ==
Historically, flutes were most commonly made of [[Reed (plant)|reed]], bamboo, wood, or other organic materials. They were also made of glass, bone, and [[nephrite]]. Most modern flutes are made of metal, primarily [[silver]] and [[nickel]]. Silver is less common than silver alloys.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of physical science and technology |date=2002 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-227410-7 |editor-last=Meyers |editor-first=Robert A. |edition=3rd |location=San Diego}}</ref> Other materials used for flutes include gold, platinum, [[Dalbergia melanoxylon|grenadilla]] and copper.<ref>https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/flute/selection/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Types==
[[File:Zampoña.jpg|thumb|right|Playing the ''[[Siku (panpipe)|zampoña]]'', a [[Cultural periods of Peru|Pre-Inca]] instrument and type of [[pan flute]].]]

In its most basic form, a flute is an open tube which is blown into. After focused study and training, players use controlled air-direction to create an airstream in which the air is aimed downward into the tone hole of the flute's headjoint. There are several broad classes of flutes. With most flutes, the musician blows directly across the edge of the mouthpiece, with 1/4 of their bottom lip covering the embouchure hole. However, some flutes, such as the [[whistle]], [[gemshorn]], [[flageolet]], [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]], [[tin whistle]], [[tonette]], [[fujara]], and [[ocarina]] have a duct that directs the air onto the edge (an arrangement that is termed a "[[fipple]]"). These are known as '''[[fipple flutes]]'''. The fipple gives the instrument a distinct timbre which is different from non-fipple flutes and makes the instrument easier to play, but takes a degree of control away from the musician.

Another division is between side-blown (or [[transverse flute|transverse]]) flutes, such as the Western concert flute, [[piccolo]], [[fife (musical instrument)|fife]], [[dizi (instrument)|dizi]] and [[bansuri]]; and '''[[end-blown flute]]s''', such as the [[ney]], [[Xiao (flute)|xiao]], [[kaval]], [[danso]], [[shakuhachi]], [[Anasazi flute]] and [[quena]]. The player of a side-blown flute uses a hole on the side of the tube to produce a tone, instead of blowing on an end of the tube. End-blown flutes should not be confused with fipple flutes such as the [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]], which are also played [[Vertical flute|vertically]] but have an internal duct to direct the air flow across the edge of the tone hole.

Flutes may be open at one or both ends. The [[ocarina]], [[Xun (instrument)|xun]], [[pan pipes]], [[police whistle]], and [[bosun's whistle]] are closed-ended. Open-ended flutes such as the concert flute and the recorder have more harmonics, and thus more flexibility for the player, and brighter timbres. An organ pipe may be either open or closed, depending on the sound desired.

Flutes may have any number of pipes or tubes, though one is the most common number. Flutes with multiple [[Acoustic resonance#Resonance of a tube of air|resonators]] may be played one resonator at a time (as is typical with pan pipes) or more than one at a time (as is typical with double flutes).

Flutes can be played with several different air sources. Conventional flutes are blown with the mouth, although some cultures use [[nose flute]]s. The [[flue pipe]]s of [[Pipe organ|organs]], which are acoustically similar to duct flutes, are blown by bellows or fans.

===Western transverse===
{{Main|Western concert flute}}
[[File:Flute with musicial notes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|[[Western concert flute]]]]

====Wooden one-keyed====
Usually in D, wooden transverse flutes were played in European classical music mainly in the period from the early 18th century to the early 19th century. As such, the instrument is often indicated as [[baroque flute]]. Gradually marginalized by the Western concert flute in the 19th century, baroque flutes were again played from the late 20th century as part of the [[historically informed performance]] practice.

====Concert====
[[File:Western concert flute.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|An illustration of a [[Western concert flute]]]]
The [[Western concert flute]], a descendant of the medieval German flute, is a transverse treble flute that is closed at the top. An ''[[embouchure]] hole'' is positioned near the top, and the flutist blows across it. The flute has circular tone holes larger than the finger holes of its baroque predecessors. The size and placement of tone holes, key mechanism, and fingering system used to produce the notes in the flute's [[Range (music)|range]] were evolved from 1832 to 1847 by [[Theobald Boehm]], who helped greatly improve the instrument's dynamic range and intonation over its predecessors.<ref>[[Theobald Boehm|Boehm, Theobald]]. (1964). ''The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects'', translated by Dayton C. Miller, with a new introduction by Samuel Baron. New York: Dover Publications. {{ISBN|0-486-21259-9}}, pp. 8–12.</ref> With some refinements (and the rare exception of the Kingma system and other custom adapted fingering systems), Western concert flutes typically conform to Boehm's design, known as the [[Boehm system]]. Beginner's flutes are made of nickel, silver, or brass that is silver-plated, while professionals use solid silver, gold, and sometimes even platinum flutes. There are also modern wooden-bodied flutes usually with silver or gold keywork. The wood is usually [[African Blackwood]].

The standard concert flute is pitched in C and has a range of three [[octave]]s starting from [[middle C]] or one half step lower when a B foot is attached. This means that the concert flute is one of the highest-pitched common [[orchestra]] and [[concert band]] instruments.
[[File:Piccolo on red backdrop.jpg|thumb|Grenadilla wood piccolo with a modified wave headjoint]]

====Concert variants====
[[File:Joueuse de flûte à Château-Thierry.jpg|thumb|right|Center: Piccolo. Right: larger flute]]
The [[piccolo]] plays an octave higher than the regular treble flute. Lower members of the flute family include the [[Alto flute|G alto]] and [[Bass flute|C bass]] flutes that are used occasionally, and are pitched a perfect fourth and an octave below the concert flute, respectively. The [[Contra-alto flute|contra-alto]], [[Contrabass flute|contrabass]], [[Subcontrabass flute|subcontrabass]], [[Double contrabass flute|double contrabass]], and [[Hyperbass flute|hyperbass]] flutes are other rare forms of the flute pitched up to four octaves below middle C.

Other sizes of flutes and piccolos are used from time to time. A rarer instrument of the modern pitching system is the G [[treble flute]]. Instruments made according to an older pitch standard, used principally in wind-band music, include D{{music|flat}} piccolo, E{{music|flat}} [[soprano flute]] (Keyed a minor 3rd above the standard C flute), F alto flute, and B{{music|flat}} bass flute.

===Indian===
{{Further|Bansuri|Venu}}
[[File:Indian bamboo flute.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] eight-holed bamboo flute]]

[[File:Eight Flute1.JPG|thumb|An eight-holed classical Indian bamboo flute.]]

The [[bamboo flute]] is an important instrument in [[Indian classical music]], and developed independently of the Western flute. The [[Hindu]] God Lord [[Krishna]] is traditionally considered a master of the bamboo flute. The Indian flutes are very simple compared to the Western counterparts; they are made of [[bamboo]] and are keyless.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music |last=Arnold |first=Alison |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=[[London]] |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |page=354 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC}}</ref>

Two main varieties of Indian flutes are currently used. The first, the [[Bansuri]] (बांसुरी), has six finger holes and one embouchure hole, and is used predominantly in the [[Hindustani music]] of Northern India. The second, the [[Venu]] or Pullanguzhal, has eight finger holes, and is played predominantly in the [[Carnatic music]] of Southern India. Presently, the eight-holed flute with cross-fingering technique is common among many Carnatic flutists. Prior to this, the South Indian flute had only seven finger holes, with the fingering standard developed by Sharaba Shastri, of the Palladam school, at the beginning of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music |last1= Caudhurī|first1=Vimalakānta Rôya|last2=Roychaudhuri|first2=Bimalakanta |year= 2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publication |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=978-81-208-1708-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQWLa--IHjIC}}</ref>
[[File:Cipriano Garcia playing a flute of the Tohono O'odham culture.jpg|thumb|Cipriano Garcia playing a flute of the [[Tohono Oʼodham|Tohono O'odham]] culture. Photograph by [[Frances Densmore]] taken in 1919.]]
The quality of the flute's sound depends somewhat on the specific [[bamboo]] used to make it, and it is generally agreed that the best bamboo grows in the [[Nagercoil]] area of South India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rough Guide to South India 3 |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Guides |first2=Rough |last3=Edwards |first3=Nick |last4=Ford |first4=Mike |last5=Sen |first5=Devdan |last6=Wooldridge |first6= Beth |year=2004 |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6 |pages=670, 671 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC}}</ref>

In 1998 [[Bharata Natya Shastra's|Bharata Natya Shastra]] [[Sarana Chatushtai]], [[Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan]] developed a methodology to produce perfectly tuned flutes for the ten 'thatas' currently present in Indian Classical Music.<ref>Paper authored by Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan unveiling the fundamental principles governing Indian classical music by research on Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra at the National Symposium on Acoustics (1998), ITC Sangeet Research Academy, Calcutta, India.</ref>

In a regional dialect of Gujarati, a flute is also called Pavo.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/AatluOKqQJM Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190901181953/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AatluOKqQJM&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AatluOKqQJM| title = Jodiyo Pavo by Mubarak Ali Husain 2016 | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 24 March 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Some people can also play pair of flutes (Jodiyo Pavo) simultaneously.

===Chinese===
{{Main|Chinese flutes}}
In China there are many varieties of [[dizi (instrument)|dizi]] (笛子), or Chinese flute, with different sizes, structures (with or without a resonance membrane) and number of holes (from 6 to 11) and intonations (different keys). Most are made of bamboo, but can come in wood, jade, bone, and iron. One peculiar feature of the Chinese flute is the use of a resonance membrane mounted on one of the holes that vibrates with the air column inside the tube. This membrane is called a ''[[di mo]]'', which is usually a thin tissue paper. It gives the flute a bright sound.

Commonly seen flutes in the modern Chinese orchestra are the [[bangdi]] (梆笛), [[qudi]] (曲笛), [[Xindi (instrument)|xindi]] (新笛), and [[Dadi (instrument)|dadi]] (大笛). The bamboo flute played vertically is called the [[Xiao (flute)|xiao]] (簫), which is a different category of wind instrument in China.

=== Korean ===
{{Main|Daegeum}}
The Korean flute, called the [[daegeum]], 대금, is a large bamboo transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. It has a buzzing membrane that gives it a unique timbre.{{Clarify|date=May 2020|reason=The Chinese flute, called dizi, is described in the immediately preceding section as also having a buzzing membrane. How is the daegeum's timbre so unlike that of the dizi that it can be called "unique"?}}

===Japanese===
{{Main|Fue (flute)}}

The Japanese flute, called the [[fue (flute)|fue]], {{lang|ja|笛}} ([[hiragana]]: {{lang|ja|ふえ}}), encompasses a large number of musical flutes from Japan, include the end-blown [[shakuhachi]] and [[hotchiku]], as well as the transverse [[gakubue]], [[komabue]], [[ryūteki]], [[nōkan]], [[shinobue]], [[kagurabue]] and [[minteki]].

===Sodina and suling===
[[File:Sodina Flute of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|A [[sodina]] player in Madagascar]]

The [[sodina]] is an end-blown flute found throughout the island state of [[Madagascar]], located in the Indian Ocean off southeastern Africa. One of the oldest instruments on the island, it bears close resemblance to end-blown flutes found in Southeast Asia and particularly Indonesia, where it is known as the ''[[suling]]'', suggesting the predecessor to the sodina was carried to Madagascar in outrigger canoes by the island's original settlers emigrating from Borneo.<ref name="Musical Standard">{{Cite journal | last = Shaw | first = Geo | title = Music among the Malagasy | journal = The Musical Standard | volume = 17 | issue = 797 | page = 297 | date = 8 November 1879 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rQAtAAAAYAAJ&q=Music+among+the+Malagasy+musical+standard&pg=PA297 | access-date = 15 November 2010}}</ref> An image of the most celebrated contemporary sodina flutist, [[Rakoto Frah]] (d. 2001), was featured on the [[ariary|local currency]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Maminirina |first=Rado |title=Le billet Rakoto Frah vaut de l'or |newspaper=Express de Madagascar |date=15 July 2011 |url=http://www.lexpressmada.com/4969/patrimoine-madagascar/25398-le-billet-rakoto-frah-vaut-de-l-or.html |access-date=7 October 2012 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509011709/http://www.lexpressmada.com/4969/patrimoine-madagascar/25398-le-billet-rakoto-frah-vaut-de-l-or.html |archive-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sring===
The [[sring]] (also called ''blul'') is a relatively small, end-blown flute with a nasal tone quality<ref name="Pahlevanian 2001">Pahlevanian, Alina. (2001). "Armenia §I: Folk Music, 3: Epics", in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers.</ref> found in the Caucasus region of Eastern Armenia. It is made of wood or cane, usually with seven finger holes and one thumb hole,<ref name="Pahlevanian 2001"/> producing a diatonic scale. One Armenian musicologist believes the sring to be the most characteristic of national Armenian instruments.<ref>Komitas, Vardapet. (1994). ''Grakan nshkhark' Komitas Vardapeti beghun grch'ēn: npast mē Komitas Vardapeti srbadasman harts'in'', edited by Abel Oghlukian. Montreal: Ganatahayots' Aṛajnordarani "K'ristonēakan Usman ew Astuatsabanut'ean Kedron".</ref>

===Ọjà===
[[File:Oja.jpg|thumb|The Ọjà, which is a traditional Igbo flute]]
The [[Ọjà]] {{IPAc-en||audio=LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Olugold-Ọjà.wav}} is a traditional musical instrument utilized by the [[Igbo people]], who are indigenous to [[Nigeria]]. The ọjà (flute) is used during cultural activities or events where [[Igbo music]] is played. It is skillfully carved from wood/bamboo or metal and is played by blowing air into one end while covering and uncovering holes along the body to create different notes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2017-09-22 |title=Top 10 Igbo Traditional Musical Instruments |url=https://www.legit.ng/1126026-igbo-musical-instruments-names.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Legit.ng – Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref>

==Breathing techniques==
There are several means by which flautists breathe to blow air through the instrument and produce sound. They include [[diaphragmatic breathing]] and [[circular breathing]]. Diaphragmatic breathing optimizes inhalation, minimizing the number of breaths. Circular breathing brings air in through the nose and out through the mouth, enabling a continuous sound.

==See also==
*[[Diple]]
*[[Flute method]]
*[[Frula]]
*[[Hand flute]]
*[[Irish flute]]
*[[Jazz flute]]
*[[List of flutists]]
*[[Native American flute]]
*[[Palendag]]
*[[Pipe and tabor]]
*[[Pipe (instrument)]]
*[[Recorder (musical instrument)]]
*[[Washint]]
*[[Vessel flute]]
*[[List of flautists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*Buchanan, Donna A. 2001. "Bulgaria §II: Traditional Music, 2: Characteristics of Pre-Socialist Musical Culture, 1800–1944, (iii): Instruments". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers.
*Crane, Frederick. 1972. ''Extant Medieval Musical Instruments: A Provisional Catalogue by Types''. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. {{ISBN|0-87745-022-6}}
*Galway, James. 1982. ''Flute''. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. London: Macdonald. {{ISBN|0-356-04711-3}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-356-04712-1}} (pbk.) New York: Schirmer Books. {{ISBN|0-02-871380-X}} Reprinted 1990, London: Kahn & Averill London: Khan & Averill {{ISBN|1-871082-13-7}}
* Loewy, Andrea Kapell. 1990. "Frederick the Great: Flutist and composer". ''College Music Symposium'' 30 (1): 117–125. JSTOR 40374049. The [[Frederick the Great|famous Prussian king]] (1712–1786) was a composer and patron of music.
*Phelan, James, 2004. ''The complete guide to the flute and piccolo: From acoustics and construction to repair and maintenance'', second edition. [S.l.]: Burkart-Phelan, Inc., 2004. {{ISBN|0-9703753-0-1}}
*Putnik, Edwin. 1970. ''The Art of Flute Playing''. Evanston, Illinois: Summy-Birchard Inc. Revised edition 1973, Princeton, New Jersey and Evanston, Illinois. {{ISBN|0-87487-077-1}}
*Toff, Nancy. 1985. ''The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers''. New York: Charles's Scribners Sons. {{ISBN|0-684-18241-6}} Newton Abbot: David & Charles. {{ISBN|0-7153-8771-5}} Second Edition 1996, New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-510502-8}}
*Wye, Trevor. 1988. ''Proper Flute Playing: A Companion to the Practice Books''. London: Novello. {{ISBN|0-7119-8465-4}}
*Maclagan, Susan J. "A Dictionary for the Modern Flutist", 2009, Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6711-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Flutes}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Flute}}
{{Wiktionary}}

<!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: Links to random pages about flutes DO NOT belong here.  That's what the dmoz.org link is for.  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:EL -->
*Ardal Powell. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2241119 "Flute"]. ''Grove Music Online''. ''Oxford Music Online''. Oxford University Press. (by subscription)
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jiah/hd_jiah.htm Essay on the Jiahu flutes] from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History at [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
*A selection of historic flutes from around the world at [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
** [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/musd/ho_2006.86a-c.htm Walking Stick Flute and Oboe, Georg Henrich Scherer, Butzbach, c. 1750–57]
**  [http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/transverse_flute_in_d_flat_claude_laurent/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180013281&vT=1 Glass flute, Claude Laurent, Paris, 1813]
** [http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/transverse_flute_in_d_flat/objectview.aspx?page=2&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180015833&vT=1 Porcelain flute, Saxony, 1760–1790]
** [http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/pair_of_transverse_flutes_johann_wilhelm_oberlender/objectview.aspx?page=5&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180015236&vT=1 Pair of ivory flutes by Johann Wilhelm Oberlender, mid-18th century, Nuremberg]
** [http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/transverse_flute_garion/objectview.aspx?page=6&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180016074&vT=1 Flute by Garion, Paris, c. 1720–1740]
* {{cite journal |last1=Conard |first1=Nicholas J. |last2=Malina |first2=Maria |last3=Münzel |first3=Susanne C. |title=New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany |journal=Nature |date=August 2009 |volume=460 |issue=7256 |pages=737–740 |doi=10.1038/nature08169 |pmid=19553935 |bibcode=2009Natur.460..737C |s2cid=4336590 }}
* [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/flute/ Flute acoustics] Resources on flute acoustics from the University of New South Wales.
* [http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/326 Folk flutes (''Polish folk musical instruments'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320155840/http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/326 |date=20 March 2023 }}

<!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: Links to random pages about flutes DO NOT belong here.  That's what the dmoz.org link is for.  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:EL -->

{{Aerophones}}
{{Flutes}}

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[[Category:Flutes| ]]
[[Category:Jazz instruments]]