Editing Flugelhorn

{{Short description|Brass musical instrument}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name=Flugelhorn
| image=Yamaha Flugelhorn YFH-8310Z.jpg
| image_capt=A standard 3-valved B♭ flugelhorn
| background=brass
| classification=
* [[Wind instrument|Wind]]
* [[Brass instrument|Brass]]
* [[Aerophone]]
| hornbostel_sachs=423.232
| hornbostel_sachs_desc=valved [[aerophone]] sounded by lip vibration
| developed=Early 19th century
| range=Written range:[[File:Range trumpet 3.svg|180px|center]]
(lower and higher notes are possible)
| related=
* [[Saxhorn]]s
** [[Tenor horn|Alto horn]]
** [[Baritone horn]]
* [[Trumpet]]
* [[Cornet]]
* [[Flumpet]]
* [[Mellophone]]
| articles=
}}
{{Musical instruments sidebar}}

The '''flugelhorn''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|uː|ɡ|əl|h|ɔr|n}}), also spelled '''fluegelhorn''', '''flugel horn''', or '''flügelhorn''', is a [[brass instrument]] that resembles the [[trumpet]] and [[cornet]], but has a wider, more [[Bore (wind instruments)#Conical bore|conical bore]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5xPc2jwkNEC&pg=PA182 |page=182 |title=A Short History of Jazz |last=Yurochko |first=Bob |isbn=9780830415953 |year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref> Like trumpets and cornets, most flugelhorns are pitched in B♭, though some are in C.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/flugelhorn |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=Flügelhorn |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> It is a type of valved [[bugle]], developed in [[Germany]] in the early 19th century from a traditional English valveless bugle. The first version of a valved bugle was sold by [[Heinrich Stölzel]] in [[Berlin]] in 1828.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrxJCJBHurkC&pg=PA230 |page=230 |last=Baines |first=Anthony |title=Brass Instruments: Their History and Development |date=January 1993 |isbn=9780486275741 |publisher=Courier Corporation}}</ref> The valved bugle provided [[Adolphe Sax]] (creator of the [[saxophone]]) with the inspiration for his B♭ soprano (contralto) [[saxhorn]]s, on which the modern-day flugelhorn is modelled.<ref name=Grove/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/flugelhorn-contralto-saxhorn-adolphe-edouard-sax-1859-1945/zwHxMZYvul94ig|title=Flugelhorn (Contralto Saxhorn) - Adolphe Edouard Sax (1859-1945)|website=Artsandculture.google.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The German word ''Flügel'' means ''wing'' or ''flank'' in English. In early 18th century Germany, a ducal hunt leader known as a ''Flügelmeister'' blew the ''Flügelhorn'', a large semicircular [[brass]] or [[silver]] valveless horn, to direct the wings of the hunt. Military use dates from the [[Seven Years' War]], where this instrument was employed as a predecessor of the bugle.<ref name=Grove>{{cite web| last1=Baines | first1=Anthony C. | last2=Herbert | first2=Trevor |title=Flugelhorn |website=[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians#Grove Music Online and Oxford Music Online|Grove Music Online]] |publisher=Oxford Music Online |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/09887| access-date = 17 March 2017}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

==Structure and variants==
[[File:Yamaha Flugelhorn YFH-436G.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|A rotary valve flugelhorn]]
The flugelhorn is generally pitched in B♭, like most trumpets and [[cornet]]s. It usually has three [[brass instrument valve|piston valves]] and employs the same fingering system as other brass instruments, although four-valve versions and rotary-valve versions also exist. It can therefore be played by trumpet and cornet players, although it has different playing characteristics. The flugelhorn's [[Mouthpiece (brass)|mouthpiece]] is more deeply conical than either trumpet or cornet mouthpieces, but not as conical as a [[French horn]] mouthpiece.

Some modern flugelhorns feature a fourth valve that lowers the pitch by a [[perfect fourth]] (similar to the fourth valve on some [[euphonium]]s, [[tuba]]s, and [[piccolo trumpet]]s, or the [[Trombone#Valve attachments|trigger]] on [[trombone]]s). This adds a useful low range that, coupled with the flugelhorn's dark sound, extends the instrument's abilities. Players can also use the fourth valve in place of the first and third valve combination (which is somewhat sharp).

A compact version of the [[rotary valve]] flugelhorn is the oval shaped [[kuhlohorn]] in B♭. It was developed for the German Protestant trombone choirs.

A pair of bass flugelhorns in C, called [[fiscorn]]s, are played in the [[Catalonia|Catalan]] [[cobla]] bands that provide music for [[sardana]] dancers.

==Timbre==
The tone is fatter and usually regarded as more mellow and dark than the trumpet or cornet. The sound of the flugelhorn has been described as halfway between a trumpet and a [[French horn]], whereas the cornet's sound is halfway between a trumpet and a flugelhorn.<ref>{{cite book|first= Cecil |last= Forsyth| title= Orchestration |page= 165| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m9_CTe8qNWIC&q=%22cornet+stands+midway+in+the+matter+of+brightness%22&pg=PA165|year= 1922}}</ref> The flugelhorn is as agile as the cornet but more difficult to control in the high register (from approximately written G<sub>5</sub>), where in general it locks onto notes less easily.

==Use and performances==
[[File:Short_flugelhorn_excerpt.ogg|thumb|Flugelhorn excerpt]]
[[File:Trumpet_playing_short_excerpt_for_comparison_with_flugelhorn.ogg|thumb|B♭ trumpet playing the same excerpt as above]]
The flugelhorn is a standard member of the [[British brass band|British-style brass band]], and it is also used frequently in [[jazz]]. It also appears occasionally in [[orchestra]]l and [[concert band]] music. Famous orchestral works with flugelhorn include [[Igor Stravinsky]]'s ''[[Threni (Stravinsky)|Threni]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Stravinsky: Threni {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1960/1/13/stravinsky-threni-pcolumbia-symphony-orchestra-schola/ |website=www.thecrimson.com |access-date=25 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Vaughan Williams)|Ninth Symphony]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stumpf II |first1=Robert |title=Classical Net Review - Maestrino - Stokowski Conducts New Music |url=http://www.classical.net/music/recs/reviews/c/cal00539a.php |website=Classical Net |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> and [[Michael Tippett]]'s third symphony.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=Andrew |title=Tippett: Symphonies Nos 3 & 4; Symphony in B flat review {{!}} Andrew Clements's classical CD of the week |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/feb/28/tippett-symphonies-nos-3-4-symphony-in-b-flat-review-crisp-sinewy-revival |website=The Guardian |access-date=25 October 2019 |date=28 February 2019}}</ref> The flugelhorn is sometimes substituted for the [[post horn]] in [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler's]] [[Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)|Third Symphony]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Symphony No.3 (Mahler, Gustav) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download |url=https://imslp.org/wiki/Symphony_No.3_(Mahler,_Gustav) |website=imslp.org |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> and for the soprano Roman [[Buccina|buccine]] in [[Ottorino Respighi]]'s ''[[Pines of Rome]]''. In [[Heinz Karl Gruber|HK Gruber]]'s trumpet concerto ''Busking'' (2007) the soloist is directed to play a flugelhorn in the slow middle movement.<ref>{{cite web |title=BIS Records - HK Gruber - Busking |url=https://bis.se/composer/gruber-hk-heinz-karl/hk-gruber-busking |website=bis.se |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127163800/https://bis.se/composer/gruber-hk-heinz-karl/hk-gruber-busking |url-status=dead }}</ref> The flugelhorn figured prominently in many of [[Burt Bacharach]]'s 1960s [[Pop music|pop]] song arrangements. It is featured in a solo role in [[Bert Kaempfert]]'s 1962 recording of "That Happy Feeling". Flugelhorns have occasionally been used as the alto or low soprano voice in a [[drum and bugle corps (modern)|drum and bugle corps]].

Another use of the flugelhorn is found in the Dutch and Belgian "''Fanfareorkesten''" or [[fanfare orchestra]]s. In these orchestras the flugelhorns, often between 10 and 20 in number, have a significant role, forming the base of the orchestra. They are pitched in B♭, with sporadically an E♭ soloist. Due to poor intonation, these E♭ flugelhorns are mostly replaced by the E♭ trumpet or cornet.

The 1996 film ''[[Brassed Off]]'' features a flugelhorn performance of [[Joaquín Rodrigo|Rodrigo's]] [[Concierto de Aranjuez]], Adagio, as a key moment.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Watkins |first1=Jack |title=How we made Brassed Off |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/apr/24/how-we-made-brassed-off-tara-fitzgerald-stephen-tompkinson-interview |website=The Guardian |access-date=25 October 2019 |date=24 April 2017}}</ref> The solo is played by Paul Hughes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brassed Off (1996) - IMDb |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115744/soundtrack |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

==Notable players==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2018}}
[[Joe Bishop]], as a member of the [[Woody Herman]] band in 1936, was one of the earliest jazz musicians to use the flugelhorn. [[Shorty Rogers]] and [[Kenny Baker (trumpeter)|Kenny Baker]] began playing it in the early fifties, and [[Clark Terry]] used it in [[Duke Ellington]]'s orchestra in the mid-1950s. [[Chet Baker]] recorded several albums on the instrument in the 1950s and 1960s. [[Miles Davis]] further popularized the instrument in jazz on the albums ''[[Miles Ahead (album)|Miles Ahead]]'' and ''[[Sketches of Spain]]'', (both arranged by [[Gil Evans]]) though he did not use it much on later projects. Other prominent flugelhorn players include [[Donald Byrd]], Freddy Buzon, [[Freddie Hubbard]], [[Tom Browne (trumpeter)|Tom Browne]], [[Lee Morgan]], [[Bill Dixon]], [[Wilbur Harden]], [[Art Farmer]], [[Roy Hargrove]], [[Randy Brecker]], [[Hugh Masekela]], [[Feya Faku]], [[Tony Guerrero]], Gary Lord, [[Jimmy Owens (musician)|Jimmy Owens]], [[Maynard Ferguson]], [[Terumasa Hino]], [[Woody Shaw]], [[Bobby Shew]], [[Guido Basso]], [[Kenny Wheeler]], [[Tom Harrell]], [[Bill Coleman (trumpeter)|Bill Coleman]], [[Thad Jones]], [[Arturo Sandoval]], [[Lee Loughnane]] of the rock band [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]], [[Roddy Lorimer]] of the [[Kick Horns]], [[Mike Metheny]], [[Harry Beckett]], [[Till Brönner]] and [[Ack van Rooyen]]. Most jazz flugelhorn players use the instrument as an auxiliary to the trumpet, but in the 1970s [[Chuck Mangione]] gave up playing the trumpet and concentrated on the flugelhorn alone, notably on his [[Jazz fusion#Jazz pop|jazz-pop]] hit song "[[Feels So Good (composition)|Feels So Good]]". Mangione, in an interview on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] during the [[1980 Winter Olympics]], for which he wrote the theme "[[Give It All You Got]]", referred to the flugelhorn as "the right baseball glove".{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Pop flugelhorn players include Probyn Gregory ([[Brian Wilson]] Band), Ronnie Wilson of [[The Gap Band]], [[Rick Braun]], [[Mic Gillette]], [[Jeff Oster]], Zach Condon of the band [[Beirut (band)|Beirut]], [[Scott Spillane]] of the band [[Neutral Milk Hotel]], [[Terry Kirkman]] of the band [[The Association]], Annie Chappell and [[Rashawn Ross]] of the [[Dave Matthews Band]]. [[Marvin Stamm]] played the flugelhorn solo on "[[Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey]]" by [[Paul McCartney|Paul]] and [[Linda McCartney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uncle Albert - Admiral Halsey by Paul McCartney |url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/paul-mccartney/uncle-albert-admiral-halsey |website=Songfacts |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>

Classical flugelhorn players include [[Sergei Nakariakov]] and Kirill Soldatov.<ref>{{cite web|title=A. Vivaldi Double Cello Concerto g-moll (arr. for 2 flugelhorns)|website = [[YouTube]]| date=9 April 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quWNwBvF1hU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/quWNwBvF1hU| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book| first1= Ralph T. |last1= Dudgeon |first2= Franz X. |last2= Streitwieser |title= The Fluegelhorn| publisher= Bergkirchen |edition= Bochinsky| year= 2004 |language=en, de |isbn= 3-932275-83-7}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Flugelhorn |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians |edition= 2nd| editor-first1=Stanley |editor-last1=Sadie |editor-first2=John |editor-last2=Tyrrell |location= London| year= 2001}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Flugelhorn |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz |edition= 2nd| editor-first1=Barry |editor-last1= Kernfeld |location= London| year= 2002}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.jewelrygenius.com/flugInfo.html An overview and brief history of the flugelhorn], including a short sound clip
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222224027/http://www.thetrumpetblog.com/how-to-play-a-flugel-horn/ How to play a flugelhorn] at TheTrumpetBlog.com
{{Brass instruments}}
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[[Category:B-flat instruments]]
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[[Category:Horns]]
[[Category:Orchestral instruments]]
[[Category:Concert band instruments]]