Editing Flare

{{Short description|Pyrotechnic light source}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Signal flare|the character|Signal Flare (Transformers)}}
}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
[[File:US Army 52253 Best Warrior At Night.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Illumination flares being used during military training exercises]]
[[File:Flares being fired from illuminated ships during International Fleet Review 2016.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Flares being fired from a ship during a fleet review]]

A '''flare''', also sometimes called a '''fusée''', '''fusee''', or '''bengala''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.laleggepertutti.it/163642_fumogeni-e-bengala-allo-stadio-quando-e-reato |title=Fumogeni e bengala allo stadio: Quando è reato? |date=27 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eldebate.com/deportes/futbol/20230224/nino-herido-pirotecnia-ultras-sporting-portugal_96333.html |title=Un niño herido por la pirotecnia de los ultras del Sporting de Portugal |date=24 February 2023 }}</ref> '''bengalo'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/muenchen/stadtviertel/freimann-england-fan-zuendet-bengalo-in-seinem-hotelzimmer-art-820280 |title=Freimann: England-Fan zündet Bengalo in seinem Hotelzimmer |date=7 June 2022 }}</ref> in several European countries, is a type of [[pyrotechnic]] that produces a bright light or intense heat without an [[explosion]]. Flares are used for distress signaling, illumination, or defensive [[countermeasures]] in civilian and military applications. Flares may be ground pyrotechnics, projectile pyrotechnics, or parachute-suspended to provide maximum illumination time over a large area. Projectile pyrotechnics may be dropped from aircraft, fired from rocket or [[artillery]], or deployed by [[flare gun]]s or handheld percussive tubes.

==Origin==
{{See also|History of gunpowder|Fireworks}}

The earliest recorded use of gunpowder for signaling purposes was the 'signal bomb' used by the Chinese [[Song dynasty|Song Dynasty]] (960–1279) as the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]] (1271–1368) besieged [[Yangzhou]] in 1276.<ref name="Needham">{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China: The Gunpowder Epic |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-30358-3 |page=169 }}</ref> These soft-shelled bombs, timed to explode in midair, were used to send messages to a detachment of troops far in the distance. Another mention of the signal bomb appears in a text dating from 1293 requesting their collection from those still stored in [[Zhejiang]].<ref name="Needham" /> A signal gun appears in Korea by 1600. The ''Wu I Thu Phu Thung Chih'' or ''Illustrated Military Encyclopedia'', written in 1791, depicts a signal gun in an illustration.<ref>{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China: The Gunpowder Epic |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-30358-3 |page=331 }}</ref>

==Civilian use==
[[File:26.5mm Flare Gun.jpg|thumb|A conventional flare pistol. This particular model uses {{Convert|26.5|mm|in|sp=us|adj=on}} flares (manufactured by Patel Ballistics).]]

In the civilian world, flares are commonly used as signals, and may be ignited on the ground, fired as an aerial signal from a [[pistol]]-like [[flare gun]], or launched from a self-contained tube. Flares are commonly found in marine [[survival kit]]s.

===Maritime distress signal===
'''''Distress rockets''''' (aka "rocket-propelled parachute flares"<ref name="US1979">{{Code of Federal Regulations |46 |156–165 |title=Subpart: 160.036 Hand–Held Rocket–Propelled Parachute Red Flare Distress Signals |date=2010 }}</ref>) have been mentioned in the modern era for civilian maritime emergencies since at least 1856. The ''[[U.S. Nautical Magazine]]'' of that year mentions the use of "rocket stations" for ship related emergencies.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpwAAAAAMAAJ&dq=distress+rocket+red+color&pg=PA128 |title=Night Signals at Sea |magazine=Monthly Nautical Magazine, and Quarterly Review (1856) |first=Robert |last=Postans |publisher=Griffiths & Bates |volume=5 |pages=125–132 |date=1856 }}</ref> White rockets were solely used until 1873, when commander [[John Yorke, 7th Earl of Hardwicke|John Yorke]] of the [[Royal Navy]] suggested that rockets for distress should have a distinctive color. The request was made to help ease confusion between ships in distress and rockets used by [[Pilot boat|pilot ship]]s.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htpQGmDVHsEC&dq=distress+rocket+ship&pg=PA96 |chapter=To the Editor of the 'Times.' |title=The Loss of the "Northfleet" |publisher=Waterlow & Sons |page=96 |date=1873 }}</ref> By 1875, the [[Board of Trade]] (UK) had issued regulations for Captains in regards to night signals. Rockets containing at least 16oz of [[Chemical composition|composition]] were only to be used as a sign for a ship in distress. Passenger ships at the time were required to carry 12 of these rockets.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDnJBAAAQBAJ&dq=Distress+rocket&pg=PA956 |title=Rockets for Distress Signals |magazine=The Nautical Magazine |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=956–957 |date=1875 |isbn=9781108056540 }}</ref> The [[Merchant Shipping Act]] of 1894 further stated that these rockets were to be fired one at a time in short intervals of approximately one minute apart.<ref name="TitanicRockets">{{cite book |last=Leavy |first=Patricia |date=2007 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cc4AWyOMESwC&dq=distress+rocket&pg=PA44 |chapter=Historical Sketches of the Events |title=Iconic Events: Media, Politics, and Power in Retelling History |publisher=Lexington Books |pages=44–45 |isbn=9780739115206 }}</ref> Distress rockets continued to be used in different colors, as was the case with [[Sinking of the Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']]. At the time shipping companies had "a particular kind of distress rocket (that differed by color)". Each ship was also given a guide of colors to use depending on what signal was to be sent.<ref name="TitanicRockets" /><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKouAAAAYAAJ&dq=Distress+rocket&pg=PA49 |chapter=General Remarks |title=British Islands Pilot: The west coast of England and Wales |author=[[United States Hydrographic Office]] |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |page=47 |date=1917 }}</ref>

Modern red distress signals are mentioned by the [[United States Bureau of Mines]] as early as 1959, where they state "12 handheld rocket-propelled parachute red flare distress signals" are to be used by ocean going ships.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schreck |first1=Albert E. |last2=Arundale |first2=Joseph C. |year=1959 |chapter=Uses, Properties, and Substitutes |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOckAQAAIAAJ&dq=distress+rocket+red&pg=RA5-PA5 |title=Strontium: A Materials Survey |series=Information Circular |volume=7933 |publisher=[[United States Bureau of Mines]] |pages=4–6}}</ref> The color red was eventually incorporated for use in the United States on 17 December 1979 as part of a "Universal color language".<ref name="US1979" /> Red distress rockets and/or flares are now internationally recognized symbols that indicate a ship in distress.<ref name="IRSymbol">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SusABAAAQBAJ&dq=distress+rocket+red&pg=PA197 |chapter=Internationally Recognized Distress Signals |title=Marine Emergencies For Masters and Mates |first=David |last=House |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=197 |date=2014 |isbn=9781317673163 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/mca/msn_1781-2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dft.gov.uk/mca/msn_1781-2.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |date=1996 |publisher=UK Maritime and Coast Guard Agency }}</ref> The [[International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea]] (SOLAS) has standards for visual signals, including both handheld and aerial flares. Handheld flares must burn for at least one minute at an average [[luminosity]] of 15,000 [[candela]]s, while aerial flares must burn for at least 40 seconds with a 30,000-candela average luminosity.<ref>{{cite conference |title=International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code |conference=International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea [SOLAS] of 1 November 1974 |location=London |date=4 June 1996 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1998/31.html |website=Austlii.edu.au |access-date=6 March 2022 }}</ref>

While rockets and flares are still an option for signaling distress, they have since been surpassed by improved technology. Distress signals can now be sent using automated radio signals from a [[search and rescue transponder]]. Other internationally recognized methods include the radio message [[SOS]], which was used during the 1912 [[Sinking of the Titanic|sinking]] of the ''[[Titanic]]'', and the emergency procedure word "[[Mayday]]", which dates to the 1920s.<ref name="IRSymbol" /><ref>{{cite web |title=It's MayDay – But That Means Trouble for Aviators |date=May 2017 |url=http://yorkshireairmuseum.org/journal/its-mayday-but-that-means-trouble-for-aviators/ |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324195512/http://yorkshireairmuseum.org/journal/its-mayday-but-that-means-trouble-for-aviators/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Learmonth |first1=Bob |last2=Nash |first2=Joanna |last3=Cluett |first3=Douglas |date=1977 |title=The First Croydon Airport 1915–1928 |publisher=London Borough of Sutton Libraries and Arts Services |place=Sutton |isbn=978-0-9503224-3-8 |page=55 }}</ref>

===Roadside and rail===
[[File:Flare 0.jpg|thumb|left|Three road flares burning]]

Another type of flare is the '''''{{Visible anchor|fusee}}''''', which burns with a bright red light.<ref name="RRFlare">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIiCs78um5AC&dq=fusee+flare+bright+red&pg=PA7 |title=Fusee |series=Quirk V. New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad Company |publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit |date=1951 |page=7 }}</ref> These come in two main types which are used for roadways and [[rail transport]]ation. The first type are fusees used for roadways which are known as ''highway flares'' or ''road flares''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Qa4AAAAIAAJ&dq=Highway+flare&pg=RA11-PA31 |title=Highway Flare Signal Device |series=Products List Circular [opportunities for Small Businesses] |publisher=United States. Small Business Administration |page=31 |date=1964 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oyt__CYAJmwC&dq=road+flares&pg=RA1-PA209 |title=Zimmer-Cross |series=Records & Briefs New York State Appellate Division |publisher=State of New York |date=2009 |page=37 }}</ref> These are commonly used to indicate obstacles or advise caution on roadways at night and are found in roadside emergency kits.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-YmAQAAMAAJ&q=fusee+flare+road+night+obstacle |title=Automobile Cases |publisher=Commerce Clearing House |date=1961 |page=801 }}</ref> Law enforcement also may use these flares (either propped on a biped or laid flat) to signal traffic hazards or that a road is blocked, often as a more visible replacement for traffic cones.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2019 |title=Emergency Flares for Road & Highway Usage » Traffic Safety Resource Center |url=https://www.trafficsafetystore.com/blog/emergency-flares-for-road-highway-usage/ |website=Traffic Safety Resource Center |access-date=15 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Police Roadside Safety: Tools to Increase Visibility |url=https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/police-roadside-safety-tools-increase-visibility |website=National Institute of Justice |access-date=15 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name="OJP20080612">{{cite web |date=12 June 2008 |title=Evaluation of Chemical and Electric Flares |url=https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/224277.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/224277.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=Office of Justice Programs }}</ref> Law enforcement in the United States usually use [[magnesium]]-based flares that last from 15–30 minutes.<ref name="OJP20080612" />

Fusees used for rail are known as ''railroad flares'', they are commonly used to perform hand signals or used as torches in [[rail transport]] applications.<ref name="RRFlare" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Myers |first1=Raymond H. |last2=Montgomery |first2=Douglas C. |last3=Anderson-Cook |first3=Christine M. |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89oznEFHF_MC&dq=railroad+flare&pg=PA603 |title=Constraints on the Component Proportions |series=Response Surface Methodology Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments |publisher=Wiley |page=603 |isbn=9780470174463 }}</ref> Railroad flares can burn for at least 10 minutes, are not fastened to train cars, and are handheld by railroad personnel for protection at night.<ref name="RRFlare" /> It was argued during an Appeals case that railroad flares are much more visible than [[lantern]]s.<ref name="RRFlare" /> In general: trains that encounter a lit railroad flare are required to stop until it burns out.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oWAUhZh-noC&dq=railroad+flare+pass&pg=PA2 |title=Statement of Facts |publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit |series=Hatfield v. Baker |date=1973 |page=2 }}</ref> Fusees made specifically for railroad use can be distinguished from highway fusees by a sharp steel spike at one end, used to embed the fusee upright in a wooden [[railroad tie]].

{{clear}}

===Forestry and firefighting===
In forestry and firefighting, fusees are sometimes used in [[wildfire suppression]] and in the ignition of [[controlled burn]]s. They ignite at {{convert|191|C|F}} and burn as hot as {{convert|1600|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/newshelt72.pdf |title=The New Generation Fire Shelter |publisher=National Wildfire Coordinating Group |date=March 2003 |archive-date=16 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116133450/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/newshelt72.pdf }}</ref>

===Protests===
[[File:Up your hands up !.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Anti-fascists protestors using flares]]
Flares are used by law enforcement agencies such as the United States [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]], and police as a form of [[riot control]].<ref name="Wood 1940">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8sOAQAAMAAJ&dq=flares+crowd+control&pg=PA70 |chapter=Chapter 3. Weapons; Section VIII. Chemical Munitions; 76. Parachute flares |title=Riot Control by the National Guard |first=Sterling A. |last=Wood |location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania |publisher=The Military Service Publishing Company |page=70 |date=1940 }}</ref> This practice dates back to at least the 1940s where they are mentioned as being "useful in night operations".<ref name="Wood 1940" /> Handheld flares are also counter used by protestors at [[Protest|demonstration]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bairin |first1=Pierre |last2=Ziady |first2=Hanna |date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406150414/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/06/business/blackrock-office-stormed-paris-protests/index.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/06/business/blackrock-office-stormed-paris-protests/index.html |title=Protesters Storm BlackRock's Paris Office Holding Red Flares and Firing Smoke Bombs |work=CNN }}</ref>

==Military use==
===Maritime signal flare===
In 1859, [[Martha Coston]] patented the Coston flare based on early work by her deceased husband Benjamin Franklin Coston.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vare |first1=Ethlie Ann |last2=Ptacek |first2=Greg |date=2002 |title=Patently Female: From AZT to TV Dinners: stories of women inventors and their breakthrough ideas |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=0471023345 |page=[https://archive.org/details/patentlyfemalefr00vare/page/23 23] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/patentlyfemalefr00vare/page/23 }}</ref>

===Illumination===
{{Further|Battlefield illumination}}

In 1922, a "landing flare" was an aerial candle attached to a parachute and used for landing an airplane in the dark. The flare burned for less than four minutes and the [[candlepower]] was about 40,000 [[Lumen (unit)|lumens]].<ref name="Chisholm1922">{{cite book |last=Chisholm |first=Hugh |date=1922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA86 |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting, in Combination with the Twenty-nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition, the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Company Limited }}</ref> During [[World War II]], the U.S. Navy tested underwater flares for use in detecting submarines.<ref name=Kline_Dexter_2016>{{cite journal | title=Secret Weapons, Forgotten Sacrifices | first1=Adam | last1=Kline | last2=Robyn | first2=Dexter | journal=Prologue Magazine | year=2016 | volume=48 | issue=1 | url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2016/spring/office-scientific-research-development-world-war-ii | access-date=2024-08-16 }}</ref>

===Countermeasure===
{{Main|Flare (countermeasure)}}

A special variety of flares is used in military aircraft as a defensive [[countermeasure]] against [[infrared homing|heat-seeking]] missiles. These flares are usually discharged individually or in salvos by the pilot or automatically by tail-warning devices, and are accompanied by vigorous evasive maneuvering. Since they are intended to deceive infrared missiles, these flares burn at temperatures of thousands of degrees, [[Incandescence|incandescing]] in the visible spectrum as well.

===Tripflares===
{{Main|Tripflare}}

Flares connected to [[tripwire]]s are used to guard an area against infiltration. The flare begins burning when the tripwire is triggered, providing both alarm and illumination.

==Regulation==
Under the [[Explosives shipping classification system|UN hazard number system]], pyrotechnic flares are designated class 1.4 explosives.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Flares |url=https://siriussignal.com/history-of-flares/ |website=SiriusSignal.com |publisher=Sirius Signal |access-date=8 June 2015 }}</ref>

Several U.S. states, including California and Massachusetts, have begun regulating levels of potassium perchlorate, which can be unsafe at certain levels in drinking water. Contaminated drinking water can lead to such symptoms as gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, fever, skin rashes, and even fatal [[aplastic anemia]] (a reduction in all types of blood cells).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borowicz |first1=Krzysztof |last2=Dion |first2=Megan |last3=Mehta |first3=Jason |last4=Morgan |first4=Glen |date=18 December 2014 |title=Disposal of Pyrotechnic Visual Distress Signals |url=https://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-121714-192922/unrestricted/USCG_Final_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-121714-192922/unrestricted/USCG_Final_Report.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |journal=United States Coast Guard}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
Flares produce their light through the [[combustion]] of a [[pyrotechnic composition]]. The ingredients are varied, but often based on [[strontium nitrate]], [[potassium nitrate]], or [[potassium perchlorate]], mixed with a fuel such as [[charcoal]], [[sulfur]], [[sawdust]], [[aluminium]], [[magnesium]], or a suitable [[polymer]]ic [[resin]].<ref>
{{Cite web |title=Mark Spiegl's Road Flare Composition Page |url=http://www.spiegl.org/rocket/flare/flare.html |website=Spiegl.org |access-date=6 March 2022 }}
</ref> Flares may be colored by the inclusion of [[pyrotechnic colorant]]s. [[Calcium]] flares are used underwater to illuminate submerged objects.

===Perchlorate flare health issues===
Many in-service colored signal flares and spectrally balanced [[Flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] contain [[perchlorate]] [[Oxidizing agent|oxidizers]]. Perchlorate, a type of [[Salt (chemistry)|salt]] in its solid form, dissolves and moves rapidly in groundwater and surface water. Even in low concentrations in drinking water supplies, perchlorate is known to inhibit the uptake of [[Iodine in biology|iodine]] by the [[thyroid gland]]. While there are currently no US federal [[drinking water standard]]s for perchlorate, some states have established public health goals or action levels, and some are in the process of establishing state maximum contaminant levels. For example, the [[US Environmental Protection Agency]] has studied the impacts of perchlorate on the environment as well as drinking water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water: Unregulated |url=http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218032723/http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.html |archive-date=18 February 2015 |website=EPA}}</ref> California has also issued guidance regarding perchlorate use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Pages/Perchlorate.aspx |title=Perchlorate in Drinking Water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627215056/http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Pages/perchlorate.aspx |archive-date=27 June 2010  }}</ref>

US courts have taken action regarding the use of perchlorate in manufacturing pyrotechnic devices such as flares. For example, in 2003, a federal district court in California found that the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) applied because perchlorate is ignitable and therefore a "characteristic" [[Hazardous waste in the United States|hazardous waste]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Jim |date=March 2010 |title=Pipeline Flash Reactor Technology Selected for Castaic Lake Water Agency Expansion |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2010.tb10070.x |journal=Journal - American Water Works Association |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=33–34 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2010.tb10070.x |bibcode=2010JAWWA.102c..33J |s2cid=116522917 |issn=0003-150X }}</ref> Flares manufactured in the United States no longer use [[potassium perchlorate]] as an oxidizer and do not contain [[aluminium]] or [[magnesium]].{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==See also==
* {{Annotated link|Blue light (pyrotechnic signal)}}
* {{Annotated link|Flare gun}}
* {{Annotated link|Magnesium torch}}
* {{Annotated link|Shell (projectile)#Illumination|Shell (projectile)}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Wallbank |first=Alister |title=Can Anybody See Me? (modified reprint from ''DIVER 2000''; 45 (2) February: 72–74) |journal=Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=116–119 |date=2001 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7727 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116014929/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7727 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Flares (pyrotechnics)}}

{{Artificial light sources}}

[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:Distress signals]]
[[Category:Emergency communication]]
[[Category:Gunpowder]]
[[Category:Incendiary weapons]]
[[Category:Lighting]]
[[Category:Maritime safety]]
[[Category:Military history of the Song dynasty]]
[[Category:Military history of the Yuan dynasty]]
[[Category:Missile countermeasures]]
[[Category:Pyrotechnics]]
[[Category:Wildfire suppression equipment]]