Editing Fine Air

{{Short description|American cargo airline}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Fine Air
| image = Douglas DC-8-54(F), Fine Air AN0205275.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| IATA = FB
| ICAO = FBF
| callsign = BIG FA
| founded = {{Start date and age|1976}}
| commenced = {{Start date and age|1994}}
| ceased = {{End date and age|2002}}<br/>(to [[Arrow Air]])
| aoc = 
| bases = 
| hubs = [[Miami International Airport]]
| secondary_hubs = 
| focus_cities = 
| frequent_flyer = 
| lounge = 
| alliance = 
| subsidiaries = 
| fleet_size = 16 (as of 1997)
| destinations = 30 (as of 1997)
| company_slogan = 
| parent = Fine Air Services Inc.
| headquarters = [[Miami, Florida|Miami, Florida, USA]]
| key_people = J. Frank Fine (founder)<br />Barry Fine
| revenue = 
| operating_income = 
| net_income = 
| profit = 
| assets = 
| equity = 
| num_employees = 
| website = 
}}

'''Fine Air''' was an international [[cargo airline]] that operated from 1989 to 2002, when it was renamed [[Arrow Air]] following its bankruptcy and acquisition. It operated [[Douglas DC-8]] and [[Lockheed L-1011]] type jets to destinations in [[Central America]], [[South America]] and the [[Caribbean]] from [[Miami International Airport]].

== History ==
J. Frank Fine founded the predecessor of Fine Air in 1976 as a leasing company which owned two [[Boeing 707]] aircraft. Fine owned farming operations in twelve countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, and sought a reliable support system for third-party operators to ship his products to the United States. His company was certified as a [[Douglas DC-8]] repair station in 1986 and received an [[air operator's certificate|air carrier operating certificate]] in November 1992; it began scheduled cargo service in 1994 as the largest international air cargo carrier at [[Miami International Airport]] (as measured by tons carried).<ref name="nasdaq">{{cite web|title=FINE AIR SERVICES INC (BIGF) IPO|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/markets/ipos/company/fine-air-services-inc-41269-8892|publisher=NASDAQ|access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref>

J. Frank Fine's son Barry Fine became president in 1997, by which point the airline had a fleet of fifteen [[Douglas DC-8]] aircraft. The airline was wholly owned by the two men for most of its existence.<ref name="ipo">{{cite news|last=Hemlock|first=Doreen|title=Miami Cargo Carrier Plans Stock Offering|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-06-07/business/9706060502_1_cargo-fine-air-services-carrier|access-date=18 December 2013|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|date=7 June 1997|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219051559/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-06-07/business/9706060502_1_cargo-fine-air-services-carrier|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Fine Air raised $123.5 million in an [[initial public offering]] on August 6, 1997,<ref name="sunsentinel">{{cite news|last=Hemlock|first=Doreen|title=Fine Air Files For Bankruptcy|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-09-28/business/0009271029_1_fine-air-arrow-air-cargo|access-date=18 December 2013|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|date=28 September 2000|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219045921/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-09-28/business/0009271029_1_fine-air-arrow-air-cargo|url-status=dead}}</ref> and planned to use the funds to purchase new aircraft and expand its cargo route network to Europe.<ref name="ipo" /> It was listed on [[NASDAQ]] with the ticker code "BIGF."<ref name="nasdaq" />

On August 7, 1997, the day after the IPO, [[Fine Air Flight 101]], crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Miami International Airport]].<ref name="AAR-98-02 Final Report">{{cite web |date=June 16, 1998 |title=Uncontrolled Impact with Terrain, Fine Airlines Flight 101, Douglas DC-8-61, N27UA, Miami, Florida, August 7, 1997 |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR9802.pdf |access-date=December 18, 2013 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]] |id=NTSB/AAR-98/02}}</ref> Fine Air cancelled its IPO the day after the crash, and returned the full amount of the capital raised to investors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hemlock|first=Doreen|title=Fine Air Voids Stock Offer, Agrees To Repay Investors|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-08-09/news/9708080418_1_new-stock-korean-air-sale|access-date=18 December 2013|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|date=9 August 1997|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219051256/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-08-09/news/9708080418_1_new-stock-korean-air-sale|url-status=dead}}</ref> It voluntarily grounded its fleet on September 5 as an alternative to having its license revoked by the FAA,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hemlock|first=Doreen|title=Fine Air Voluntarily Grounds Its Fleet|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-09-05/news/9709040622_1_fine-air-cargo-faa|access-date=18 December 2013|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|date=5 September 1997|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219051803/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-09-05/news/9709040622_1_fine-air-cargo-faa|url-status=dead}}</ref> but received government approval to resume operations in October 1997.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaye|first=Ken|title=Fine Air, With Federal Ok, Resumes Miami Flights|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-10-29/business/9710280344_1_fine-air-plane-valujet-accident|access-date=18 December 2013|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|date=29 October 1997|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219051252/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-10-29/business/9710280344_1_fine-air-plane-valujet-accident|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Arrow Air acquisition and bankruptcy ===
[[File:Lockheed L-1011-385-1-15 TriStar 200(F), Fine Air AN0236201.jpg|thumb|Fine Air L-1011 in 1999]]
Fine attempted to acquire [[Southern Air Transport]] in July 1998 but abandoned the deal in August.<ref name="sunsentinel" /> In February 1999, Fine Air announced that it would acquire [[Arrow Air]] for $115 million in cash.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 February 1999 |title=FINE AIR SERVICES AGREES TO BUY A RIVAL FOR $115 MILLION |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/12/business/company-news-fine-air-services-agrees-to-buy-a-rival-for-115-million.html |access-date=18 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

By 2000, Fine Air had around $200 million in annual revenue, more than 125 scheduled flights each week and a staff of more than 900 employees, handling 240,000 tons of cargo through its Miami hub in 1999.<ref name="sunsentinel" />

Fine Air filed for [[Chapter 11]] reorganization in September 2000 after a failed attempt to restructure $137 million in bond debt that had arisen due to the Arrow Air acquisition, citing fuel price increases and other financial issues beyond its control.<ref name="sunsentinel" /> A private investment group purchased Fine Air in 2002 and renamed it [[Arrow Air]], removing the Fine family from control of the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Frank Fine, air cargo company founder, dies at 78|url=http://jacksonville.com/apnews/stories/042703/D7QM1B200.html|access-date=18 December 2013|newspaper=Associated Press|date=27 April 2003}}</ref> J. Frank Fine passed away in April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/palmbeachpost/name/j-fine-obituary?pid=1541753|title=J. Frank Fine Obituary (2003) The Palm Beach Post|website=Legacy.com|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

== Accidents and incidents ==
[[File:Fine Air McDonnell Douglas DC-8-61F N27UA.jpg|thumb|Fine Air DC-8-61F N27UA, the aircraft involved in the [[Fine Air Flight 101]] crash]]{{Main|Fine Air Flight 101}}
On August 7, 1997, the day after the IPO, [[Fine Air Flight 101]], a [[DC-8|DC-8-61F]] registration N27UA, crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Miami International Airport]] at 12:36&nbsp;p.m.<ref name="AAR-98-02 Final Report" />

The aircraft, bound for [[Santo Domingo]], lost control shortly after [[V speeds|V1]]. Upon rotation the cargo shifted aft on the main cargo deck because none of the pallet locks were engaged upright to the cargo pallets on the main deck. However, the NTSB report finds that "A significant shift of cargo rearward at or before rotation did not occur and was not the cause of the initial extreme pitch up at rotation; although, cargo compression or shifting might have exacerbated the pitch-up moment as the pitch increased." The plane was loaded with two empty pallet positions that allowed for a significant shifting of the center of gravity aft toward the empty spaces.  Ground crew interviews found that the flight was routinely full of pallets and the locks were rarely engaged in some opinions, and it was further stated this was because they were thought to be irrelevant if the pallets could not move. Pallets are held by rails at the sides from moving in an upward direction, but only the retractable end locks can stop forward and aft movement. The over-pitching on rotation at V1 pitched the aircraft nose up sharply to the point that air flow into the engines was significantly reduced (similar to blowing across the opening of a soda bottle to make it whistle from the drop in pressure) and causing the engines to stall. The plane then pitched back nose-down landing on its belly on the ground. In addition the aircraft was approximately {{convert|2700|kg|abbr=on}} overloaded, although given the pallet weighing process this was believed to be more common than thought beforehand. The pilots, departing from former Runway 27R (now 26L) attempted to recover but the stalled aircraft lacked any forward thrust rendering the control surfaces useless. The forward pitching aircraft rapidly lost forward momentum and lift with its wings cutting the airflow perpendicular to proper lift orientation. The DC-8 crashed on its belly on a field directly west of the end of the runway (about 300 yards) traveling in a straight line.

The DC-8 missed the auto transport loading facility at the south end of the Miami City Rail Yard just north of the end of the runway, and also busy cargo operations facilities along the very busy NW 25th Street feeder to the airport's cargo area just to the south of the end of the runway.  The aircraft barely missed two factories, a commercial building, and the [[Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)|Budweiser]] Distribution Center in unincorporated [[Miami, Florida]] between the populated residential suburbs of [[Miami Springs]] and [[Doral, FL]]. It skidded across the open field and onto NW 72nd Ave, a roadway that is typically full of traffic during the lunch hour but was surprisingly quiet at 12:36p EST when it came down. The plane's wreckage skidded quickly across the roadway and onto the parking lot of a commercial mini-mall across the street from the empty field; it took out 26 cars in the lot.  At that time the mini-mall was a hub of computer parts distributors specializing in South American commerce.

The plane's wreckage fell {{convert|4|ft|spell=in}} short of the entrances to three shops. It missed two occupied cars and a truck that were waiting for the traffic signal at the intersection of NW 31st Street and NW 72nd Avenue, less than {{convert|30|yd}} away. Inside one of the cars in the parking lot sat a man who had just arrived back at his shop in the mini-mall after picking up lunch for his wife and himself. He was unable to make it out of the car and was caught up in the fireball that engulfed the multi-lane avenue, field and parking lot. The plane roughly ended up at 25.801826, -80.313439.

Five people died in total: the three [[aircrew member]]s, a company security guard on the flight, and one man in the parking lot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2004 |title=Air Cargo Insanity |url=http://www.aircargoinsanity.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509060912/http://www.aircargoinsanity.com/ |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=May 9, 2008 |website=Aircargoinsanity.com}}</ref> In the minutes following the crash, police were alerted to a fire at NW 72nd Ave, only to discover it was a plane crash. For nearly 45 minutes, mixed reports claimed the plane was a passenger flight, but within the hour the control tower at MIA confirmed it was [[Fine Air Cargo Flight 101]]. FAA Security Special Agents working out of an office on airport property (at that time) responded to the scene and simultaneously to the Fine Air Cargo offices where they took possession of the flight documentation. Some relevant documentations were recovered from garbage receptacles causing a criminal investigation to be opened and ultimately leading to charges including destruction and covering up of evidence. Fine Air and their ground handling agent Aeromar Airlines pled guilty to several of the charges and were fined approximately $5 million.<ref name="sunsentinel" />

== Destinations ==
As of the time of its IPO in 1997, immediately prior to the crash of [[Fine Air Flight 101]], Fine Air served the following destinations:<ref name="nasdaq" />

{{col div}}
*Barbados
**Bridgetown
*British Virgin Islands
**Tortola
*Colombia
**Bogotá
**Medellín
*Costa Rica
**San José
*Dominican Republic
**Santo Domingo
**Puerto Plata
*Ecuador
**Guayaquil
**Quito
*El Salvador
**San Salvador
*Guatemala
**Guatemala City
*Guyana
**Georgetown
*Haiti
**Port-au-Prince
*Honduras
**San Pedro Sula
*Jamaica
**Montego Bay
**Kingston
*Netherlands Antilles
**Aruba
**Curaçao
*Nicaragua
**Managua
*Panama
**Panama City
*Puerto Rico
**San Juan
*Suriname
**Paramaribo
*Trinidad and Tobago
**Port-of-Spain
*Turks and Caicos
**Grand Turk
**Providenciales
*United States
**Miami '''Hub'''
*U.S. Virgin Islands
**St. Thomas
**St. Croix
*Venezuela
**Caracas
**Maracaibo
{{div col end}}

== Fleet ==
Fine Air operated the following jet aircraft in all cargo operations:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.airliners.net/ |title=Airliners.net |access-date=2022-02-18 |archive-date=2016-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614012958/http://www.airliners.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* Douglas DC-8-51
* Douglas DC-8-54
* Douglas DC-8-55
* Douglas DC-8-61 (one crashed as [[Fine Air Flight 101|Flight 101]])
* Douglas DC-8-62
* Douglas DC-8-63
* Lockheed L-1011

== See also ==
* [[List of defunct airlines of the United States]]

== References ==
{{Commons category inline|Fine Air}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Portalbar|United States|Companies|Aviation}}

[[Category:Defunct airlines of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct cargo airlines]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1989]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:Cargo airlines of the United States]]