Editing Feodor III of Russia

{{Short description|Tsar of Russia from 1676 to 1682}}
{{family name hatnote|Alekseyevich|[[Romanov]]|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Feodor III
| image        = Feodor III of Russia.jpg
| caption      = 
| succession   = [[Tsar of all Russia]]
| reign        = 8 February 1676 – 7 May 1682
| coronation   = 18 June 1676
| cor-type     = [[Coronation of the Russian monarch|Coronation]]
| full name    = Feodor Alexeevich Romanov
| predecessor  = [[Alexis of Russia|Alexis]]
| successor    = [[Peter the Great|Peter I]] and [[Ivan V of Russia|Ivan V]]
| spouses      = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Agafya Grushetskaya]]|1680|1681|end=d}}
* {{marriage|[[Marfa Apraxina]]|1682}}
}}
| house        = [[Romanov]]
| father       = [[Alexis of Russia]]
| mother       = [[Maria Miloslavskaya]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|df=yes|1661|6|9}}
| birth_place  = [[Moscow]], Russia
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1682|5|7|1661|6|9|df=y}}
| death_place  = Moscow, Russia
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = [[Cathedral of the Archangel]]
| religion     = [[Russian Orthodoxy]]|
}}
'''Feodor''' or '''Fyodor III Alekseyevich''' ({{langx|ru|Фёдор III Алексеевич}};{{efn|Pre-reform spelling: Ѳеодоръ Алеѯіевичъ}} 9 June 1661 – 7 May 1682)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Norris |first1=Stephen M. |url= |title=Russia's People of Empire: Life Stories from Eurasia, 1500 to the Present |last2=Sunderland |first2=Willard |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-253-00184-9 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref> was [[Tsar of all Russia]] from 1676 until his death in 1682. Despite poor health from childhood, he managed to pass reforms on improving meritocracy within the civil and military state administration as well as founding the [[Slavic Greek Latin Academy]].

==Life==
Born in [[Moscow]], Fyodor, as the eldest surviving son of [[Alexis I of Russia|Tsar Alexis]] and [[Maria Miloslavskaya]], succeeded his father on the throne in 1676 at the age of fifteen. He had a fine intellect and a noble disposition; he had received an excellent education at the hands of [[Simeon Polotsky]], the most learned Slavonic monk of the day. He knew [[Polish language|Polish]] and even possessed the unusual accomplishment of [[Latin]].{{cn|date=January 2019}} He had been disabled from birth, however, horribly disfigured and half paralysed by a mysterious disease, supposedly [[scurvy]].{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=765}} He spent most of his time with young nobles, {{ill|Ivan Maksimovich Yazykov|ru|Языков, Иван Максимович}} and {{ill|Aleksei Timofeievich Likhachov|ru|Лихачёв, Алексей Тимофеевич}}.

On 28 July 1680 he married a noblewoman, [[Agafiya Semyonovna Grushetskaya |Agaphia Simeonovna Grushevskaya]] (1663–1681), daughter of Simeon Feodorovich Grushevsky and of his wife Maria Ivanovna Zaborovskaya, and assumed the sceptre. His native energy, though crippled, was not crushed by his disabilities. He soon showed himself as a thorough and devoted reformer. The atmosphere of the court ceased to be oppressive, the light of a new [[liberalism]] shone, and the severity of the penal laws was considerably mitigated.{{cn|date=January 2019}} The Tsar founded [[Slavic Greek Latin Academy|the academy of sciences]] in the [[Zaikonospassky monastery]], where competent professors were to teach everything not expressly forbidden by the [[Russian Orthodox Church| Orthodox church]] – the syllabus included [[Church Slavonic language|Slavonic]], [[Greek language |Greek]], [[Latin]] and [[Polish language |Polish]].{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=765}}

The Feodorean and the later [[Government reform of Peter the Great|Petrine reforms]] differed in that while the former were primarily, though not exclusively, for the benefit of the church, the latter were primarily for the benefit of the state. A household census took place in 1678.<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Moon
 | first1 = David
 | author-link1 = David Moon (historian)
 | year = 1999
 | chapter = 1: Population
 | title = The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made
 | url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=eeQJBAAAQBAJ
 | edition = revised
 | location = London
 | publisher = Routledge
 | publication-date = 2014
 | page = 20
 | isbn = 9781317895190
 | access-date = 2019-01-27
 | quote = The main sources for the population of the Russian state in the two centuries or so before 1897 are the ten poll tax censuses or revisions (''revizii'') held between 1719-21 and 1857-58 and the household tax census of 1678.
}}
</ref> The most notable reform of Feodor III, made at the suggestion of [[Vasily Galitzine]], involved the abolition in 1682 of the system of ''mestnichestvo'', or [[mestnichestvo| "place priority"]], which had paralyzed the whole civil and military administration of [[Tsardom of Russia|Muscovy]] for generations. Henceforth all appointments to the civil and military services were to be determined by merit and by the will of the sovereign,{{sfn|Bain|1911|pp=765–766}} while pedigree (nobility) books were to be destroyed.

==Family==
Fyodor's first consort, Agaphia Simeonovna Grushevskaya, shared his progressive views. She was the first to advocate beard-shaving.{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=766}} On 11 July 1681, the Tsaritsa gave birth to her son, Tsarevich Ilya Fyodorovich, the expected heir to the throne. Agaphia died as a consequence of the childbirth three days later, on 14 July, and seven days later, on 21 July, the Tsarevich also died.
[[File:Marfa Apraxina 2.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Feodor III's second wife, Marfa Apraxina]]
Seven months later, on 24 February 1682 Fyodor married a second time [[Marfa Apraksina]] (1667–1716), daughter of Matvei Vasilievich Apraksin and wife Domna Bogdanovna Lovchikova. Feodor was so weak that he could not stand at the wedding. Feodor died three months after his second wedding, on 7 May, without surviving issue. The news of his death sparked the [[Moscow Uprising of 1682]].
[[File:Death of Feodor Alexeevich by K.Lebedev.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Feodor III death]]

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;
|1 = 1. '''Feodor III of Russia'''
|2 = 2. [[Alexis of Russia]]
|3 = 3. [[Maria Miloslavskaya|Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya]]
|4 = 4. [[Michael of Russia]]
|5 = 5. [[Eudoxia Streshneva|Eudoxia Lukyanovna Streshneva]]
|6 = 6. [[Ilya Miloslavsky|Elijah Danilovich Miloslavsky]]
|7 = 7. Catherine Feodorovna Narbekova
|8 = 8. [[Patriarch Filaret of Moscow]]
|9 = 9. [[Xenia Shestova|Xenia Ivanovna Shestova]]
|10 = 10. Lucian Stepanovich Streshnyov
|11 = 11. Anna Konstantinovna Volkonskaya
|12= 12. Daniel Ivanovich Miloslavsky
|13= 13. Stephanie
|14= 
|15= 
}}

==See also==
* [[Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)]]
* [[Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{commons category}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle= Theodore (tsars)|display=Theodore s.v. Theodore III.|volume=26|pages=765–766|first=Robert Nisbet|last=Bain|author-link=Robert Nisbet Bain}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8M-x8NcwSE Romanovs. The second film. Feodor III, Sophia Alekseyevna; Ivan V]; – Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013)

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{{succession box|title=[[Tsar of Russia]]|before=[[Alexis of Russia|Alexis]]|after=[[Peter the Great|Peter I]]''' and '''[[Ivan V of Russia|Ivan V]]|years=1676–1682}}
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{{Sovereign Rulers of Russia}}
{{Tsarevich of Russia}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Feodor 03 Of Russia}}
[[Category:1661 births]]
[[Category:1682 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Russian monarchs]]
[[Category:Royalty from Moscow]]
[[Category:House of Romanov]]
[[Category:Tsars of Russia]]
[[Category:Candidates for the Polish elective throne]]
[[Category:Child monarchs from Europe]]
[[Category:Tsareviches of Russia]]
[[Category:Children of Alexis of Russia]]