Editing Fenrir

{{short description|Monstrous wolf in Norse mythology}}
{{About|the mythological wolf}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Tullstorpstenen, DR 271,Tullstorp 1-1, Runristning (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|Fenrir and [[Naglfar]] on the [[Tullstorp Runestone]]. The inscription mentions the name ''Ulfr'' ("wolf"), and the name ''Kleppir''/''Glippir''. The last name is not fully understood, but may have represented ''Glæipiʀ'' which is similar to ''[[Gleipnir]]'' which was the rope with which the Fenrir wolf was bound. The two male names may have inspired the theme depicted on the runestone.<ref>[http://www.k-blogg.se/2016/10/02/nar-fenrir-fick-farg/ När Fenrir fick färg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130050031/http://www.k-blogg.se/2016/10/02/nar-fenrir-fick-farg/ |date=30 January 2021 }}, by Magnus Källström, chief runologist at [[Swedish National Heritage Board]].</ref><ref>Analysis supported as convincing in [http://www.runforum.nordiska.uu.se/blog/bite-me-runestones/ "Bite me" runestones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130145742/http://www.runforum.nordiska.uu.se/blog/bite-me-runestones/ |date=30 January 2021 }} by [[Henrik Williams]], professor of North Germanic languages at [[Uppsala University]].</ref>]]
[[File:Tyr-brakteaten fr%C3%A5n Naglum, Trollh%C3%A4ttan (SHM 1164) tecknad.jpg|thumb|right|An illustration of an image on a bracteate found in [[Trollhättan]], [[Västergötland]], Sweden. The image is considered a depiction of [[Týr]] tricking Fenrir. Drawing by Gunnar Creutz.]]
[[File:Odin and Fenris - Dorothy Hardy.png|alt=|thumb|''Odin and Fenris'' (1909) by Dorothy Hardy]]

'''Fenrir''' ([[Old Norse]] '[[fen]]-dweller')<ref name=ORCHARD42>Orchard (1997:42).</ref> or '''Fenrisúlfr''' (Old Norse "Fenrir's [[wolf]]", often translated "Fenris-wolf"),<ref name="SIMEK81">Simek (2007:81).</ref> also referred to as '''Hróðvitnir''' (Old Norse "fame-wolf")<ref name=SIMEK160>Simek (2007:160).</ref> and '''Vánagandr''' (Old Norse 'monster of the [River] Ván'),<ref name=SIMEK350>Simek (2007:350).</ref> is a monstrous wolf in [[Norse mythology]]. In Old Norse texts, Fenrir plays a key role during the events of [[Ragnarök]], where he is foretold to assist in setting the world aflame, resulting in the collapse of humanity and society, and killing the god [[Odin]]. 

Fenrir, along with [[Hel (being)|Hel]] and [[Jörmungandr]], is a child of [[Loki]] and female [[jötunn]] [[Angrboða]]. He is attested in the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the ''[[Prose Edda]]'' and ''[[Heimskringla]]'', composed in the 13th century. In both the ''Poetic Edda'' and ''Prose Edda'', Fenrir is the father of the wolves [[Sköll]] and [[Hati Hróðvitnisson]], is a son of Loki and is foretold to kill the god [[Odin]] during the events of [[Ragnarök]], but will in turn be killed by Odin's son [[Víðarr]].

In the ''Prose Edda'', additional information is given about Fenrir, including that, due to the gods' knowledge of prophecies foretelling great trouble from Fenrir and his rapid growth, the gods bound him and as a result Fenrir bit off the right hand of the god [[Týr]]. Depictions of Fenrir have been identified on various objects and scholarly theories have been proposed regarding Fenrir's relation to other canine beings in Norse mythology. Fenrir has been the subject of artistic depictions and he appears in literature.

==Attestations==
===''Poetic Edda''===
[[Image:Fenrir and Odin by Frølich.jpg|thumb|''Fenrir and Odin'' (1895) by [[Lorenz Frølich]]]]
[[Image:Vidar by Collingwood.jpg|thumb|right|An illustration of Víðarr stabbing Fenrir while holding his jaws apart (1908) by [[W. G. Collingwood]], inspired by the [[Gosforth Cross]]]]

Fenrir is mentioned in three stanzas of the poem ''[[Völuspá]]'' and in two stanzas of the poem ''[[Vafþrúðnismál]]''.  In stanza 40 of the poem ''Völuspá'', a [[völva]] divulges to [[Odin]] that, in the east, an old woman sat in the forest [[Járnviðr]] "and bred there the broods of Fenrir. There will come from them all one of that number to be a moon-snatcher in [[troll]]'s skin."<ref name=DRONKE17>Dronke (1997:17).</ref> Further into the poem the völva foretells that Odin will be consumed by Fenrir at Ragnarök:

{{poemquote|Then is fulfilled [[Hlín]]'s
second sorrow,
when Óðinn goes
to fight with the wolf,
and [[Beli's bane|Beli's slayer]],
bright, against [[Surtr]].
Then shall [[Frigg]]'s
sweet friend fall.}}

In the stanza that follows the völva describes that Odin's "tall child of Triumph's Sire" (Odin's son Víðarr) will then come to "strike at the beast of slaughter" and with his hands he will drive a sword into the heart of  "[[Loki|Hveðrungr]]'s son", avenging the death of his father.<ref name=DRONKE21-22>Dronke (1997:21–22).</ref>

In the first of two stanzas mentioning Fenrir in ''Vafþrúðnismál'' Odin poses a question to the wise [[jötunn]] [[Vafþrúðnir]]:

{{poemquote|Much I have travelled, much have I tried out,
much have I tested the Powers;
from where will a sun come into the smooth heaven
when Fenrir has assailed this one?}}

In the stanza that follows Vafþrúðnir responds that Sól (here referred to as ''[[Álfröðull]]'') will bear a daughter before Fenrir attacks her, and that this daughter shall continue the paths of her deceased mother through the heavens.<ref name=LARRINGTON47>Larrington (1999:47).</ref>

In the [[flyting]] poem ''[[Lokasenna]]'' verse 38, Loki insults Týr by saying he cannot deal fairly with men because "it was your right hand/ that Fenrir tore away" referring to the association between left hands and dishonesty. Týr responds in stanza 39 with references to the incident of Fenrir's binding, "I lost my hand, you the famous wolf."<ref name=LARRINGTON91>Larrington (1999:91).</ref>

===''Prose Edda''===
In the ''[[Prose Edda]]'', Fenrir is mentioned in three books: ''[[Gylfaginning]]'', ''[[Skáldskaparmál]]'' and ''[[Háttatal]]''.

====''Gylfaginning'' chapters 13 and 25====
In chapter 13 of the ''Prose Edda'' book ''Gylfaginning'', Fenrir is first mentioned in a stanza quoted from ''Völuspá''.<ref name=FAULKES15>Faulkes (1995:15).</ref> Fenrir is first mentioned in prose in chapter 25, where the enthroned figure of [[High, Just-As-High, and Third|High]] tells [[Gylfi|Gangleri]] (described as King [[Gylfi]] in disguise) about the god [[Týr]]. High says that one example of Týr's bravery is that when the [[Æsir]] were luring Fenrir (referred to here as ''Fenrisúlfr'') to place the fetter [[Gleipnir]] on the wolf, Týr placed his hand within the wolf's mouth as a pledge. This was done at Fenrir's own request because he did not trust that the Æsir would let him go. As a result, when the Æsir refused to release him, he bit off Týr's hand at a location "now called the wolf-joint" (the [[wrist]]), causing Týr to be one-handed and "not considered to be a promoter of settlements between people."<ref name=FAULKES25>Faulkes (1995:25).</ref>

====''Gylfaginning'' chapter 34====
[[Image:The binding of Fenrir by George Wright.jpg|thumb|''The Binding of Fenrir'' (1908) by [[George Hand Wright|George Wright]]]]
[[Image:Odin und Fenriswolf Freyr und Surt.jpg|thumb|''Odin and Fenriswolf, [[Freyr]] and [[Surtr|Surt]]'' (1905) by [[Emil Doepler]]]]

In chapter 34, High describes Loki, and says that Loki had three children with a woman named [[Angrboða]] located in the land of [[Jötunheimr]]; Fenrisúlfr, the serpent [[Jörmungandr]], and the female being [[Hel (being)|Hel]]. High continues that, once the gods found that these three children were being brought up in the land of [[Jötunheimr]], and when the gods "traced prophecies that from these siblings great mischief and disaster would arise for them" the gods expected a lot of trouble from the three children, partially due to the nature of the mother of the children, yet worse so due to the nature of their father.<ref name="FAULKES26-27">Faulkes (1995:26–27).</ref>

High says that Odin sent the gods to gather the children and bring them to him. Upon their arrival, Odin threw Jörmungandr into "that deep sea that lies round all lands", and then threw Hel into [[Niflheim]], and bestowed upon her authority over [[Norse cosmology|nine worlds]]. However, the Æsir brought up the wolf "at home", and only Týr had the courage to approach Fenrir, and give Fenrir food. The gods noticed that Fenrir was growing rapidly every day, and since all prophecies foretold that Fenrir was destined to cause them harm, the gods formed a plan. The gods prepared [[Numbers in Germanic paganism|three]] [[fetter]]s: The first, greatly strong, was called Leyding. They brought Leyding to Fenrir and suggested that the wolf try his strength with it. Fenrir judged that it was not beyond his strength, and so let the gods do what they wanted with it. At Fenrir's first kick the bind snapped, and Fenrir loosened himself from Leyding. The gods made a second fetter, twice as strong, and named it Dromi. The gods asked Fenrir to try the new fetter, and that should he break this feat of engineering, Fenrir would achieve great fame for his strength. Fenrir considered that, while the fetter was very strong, his strength had grown since he broke Leyding; and also that he would have to take some risks if he were to become famous. Fenrir allowed them to place the fetter.<ref name=FAULKES27>Faulkes (1995:27).</ref>

When the Æsir exclaimed that they were ready, Fenrir shook himself, knocked the fetter to the ground, strained hard, and kicking with his feet, snapped the fetter – breaking it into pieces that flew far into the distance. High says that, as a result, to "loose from Leyding" or to "strike out of Dromi" have become sayings for when something is achieved with great effort. The Æsir started to fear that they would not be able to bind Fenrir, and so Odin sent [[Freyr]]'s messenger [[Skírnir]] down into the land of [[Svartálfaheimr]] to "some [[Dwarf (Germanic mythology)|dwarfs]]" and had them make a fetter called Gleipnir. The dwarves constructed Gleipnir from six mythical ingredients. After an exchange between Gangleri and High, High continues that the fetter was smooth and soft as a silken ribbon, yet strong and firm. The messenger brought the ribbon to the Æsir, and they thanked him heartily for completing the task.<ref name=FAULKES28>Faulkes (1995:28).</ref>

The Æsir went out on to the lake [[Amsvartnir]] sent for Fenrir to accompany them, and continued to the island Lyngvi (Old Norse "a place overgrown with [[Calluna|heather]]").<ref name=SIMEK198>Simek (2007:198).</ref> The gods showed Fenrir the silken fetter Gleipnir, told him to tear it, stated that it was much stronger than it appeared, passed it among themselves, used their hands to pull it, and yet it did not tear. However, they said that Fenrir would be able to tear it, to which Fenrir replied:

{{blockquote|It looks to me that with this ribbon as though I will gain no fame from it if I do tear apart such a slender band, but if it is made with art and trickery, then even if it does look thin, this band is not going on my legs.<ref name=FAULKES28/>}}

The Æsir said Fenrir would quickly tear apart a thin silken strip, noting that Fenrir earlier broke great iron binds, and added that if Fenrir wasn't able to break slender Gleipnir then Fenrir is nothing for the gods to fear, and as a result would be freed. Fenrir responded:

{{blockquote|If you bind me so that I am unable to release myself, then you will be standing by in such a way that I should have to wait a long time before I got any help from you. I am reluctant to have this band put on me. But rather than that you question my courage, let someone put his hand in my mouth as a pledge that this is done in good faith.<ref name=FAULKES28-29>Faulkes (1995:28–29).</ref>}}

With this statement, all of the Æsir look to one another, finding themselves in a dilemma. Everyone refused to place their hand in Fenrir's mouth until Týr put out his right hand and placed it into the wolf's jaws. When Fenrir kicked, Gleipnir caught tightly, and the more Fenrir struggled, the stronger the band grew. At this, everyone laughed, except Týr, who there lost his right hand. When the gods knew that Fenrir was fully bound, they took a cord called Gelgja (Old Norse "fetter")<ref name=ORCHARD54>Orchard (1997:54).</ref> hanging from Gleipnir, inserted the cord through a large stone slab called [[Gjöll]] (Old Norse "scream"),<ref name=ORCHARD57>Orchard (1997:57).</ref> and the gods fastened the stone slab deep into the ground. After, the gods took a great rock called Thviti (Old Norse "hitter, batterer"),<ref name=SIMEK334>Simek (2007:334).</ref> and thrust it even further into the ground as an anchoring peg. Fenrir reacted violently; he opened his jaws very wide, and tried to bite the gods. Then the gods thrust a sword into his mouth. Its hilt touched the lower jaw and its point the upper one; by means of it the jaws of the wolf were spread apart and the wolf gagged. Fenrir "howled horribly", saliva ran from his mouth, and this saliva formed the river Ván (Old Norse "hope").<ref>Simek (2007:350)</ref> There Fenrir will lie until Ragnarök. Gangleri comments that Loki created a "pretty terrible family" though important, and asks why the Æsir did not just kill Fenrir there since they expected great malice from him. High replies that "so greatly did the gods respect their [[Vé (shrine)|holy places]] and places of sanctuary that they did not want to defile them with the wolf's blood even though the prophecies say that he will be the death of Odin."<ref name=FAULKES29>Faulkes (1995:29).</ref>

====''Gylfaginning'' chapters 38 and 51====
[[Image:Fenrir (Manual of Mythology).jpg|thumb|''Fenrir'' (1874) by A. Fleming]]

In chapter 38, High says that there are [[Einherjar|many men]] in [[Valhalla]], and many more who will arrive, yet they will "seem too few when the wolf comes".<ref name=FAULKES32>Faulkes (1995:32).</ref> In chapter 51, High foretells that as part of the events of Ragnarök, after Fenrir's son [[Sköll]] has swallowed the [[Sól (Sun)|sun]] and his other son [[Hati Hróðvitnisson]] has swallowed the [[Máni|moon]], the stars will disappear from the sky. The earth will shake violently, trees will be uprooted, mountains will fall, and all binds will snap – Fenrisúlfr will be free. Fenrisúlfr will go forth with his mouth opened wide, his upper jaw touching the sky and his lower jaw the earth, and flames will burn from his eyes and nostrils.<ref name=FAULKES53>Faulkes (1995:53).</ref> Later, Fenrisúlfr will arrive at the field [[Vígríðr]] with his sibling Jörmungandr. With the forces assembled there, an immense battle will take place. During this, Odin will ride to fight Fenrisúlfr. During the battle, Fenrisúlfr will eventually swallow Odin, killing him, and Odin's son [[Víðarr]] will move forward and kick one foot into the lower jaw of the wolf. This foot will bear a legendary shoe "for which the material has been collected throughout all time". With one hand, Víðarr will take hold of the wolf's upper jaw and tear apart his mouth, killing Fenrisúlfr.<ref name=FAULKES54>Faulkes (1995:54).</ref> High follows this prose description by citing various quotes from ''Völuspá'' in support, some of which mention Fenrir.<ref name=FAULKES55-57>Faulkes (1995:55–57).</ref>

====''Skáldskaparmál'' and ''Háttatal''====
In the Epilogue section of the ''Prose Edda'' book ''[[Skáldskaparmál]]'', a [[euhemerism|euhemerized]] monologue equates Fenrisúlfr to [[Neoptolemus|Pyrrhus]], attempting to rationalize that "it killed Odin, and Pyrrhus could be said to be a wolf according to their religion, for he paid no respect to places of sanctuary when he killed the king in the temple in front of [[Thor]]'s altar."<ref name=FAULKES65-66>Faulkes (1995:65–66).</ref> In chapter 2, "wolf's enemy" is cited as a [[kenning]] for Odin as used by the 10th century [[skald]] [[Egill Skallagrímsson]].<ref name=FAULKES68>Faulkes (1995:68).</ref> In chapter 9, "feeder of the wolf" is given as a kenning for Týr and, in chapter 11, "slayer of Fenrisúlfr" is presented as a kenning for Víðarr.<ref name=FAULKES76>Faulkes (1995:76).</ref> In chapter 50, a section of ''[[Ragnarsdrápa]]'' by the 9th century skald [[Bragi Boddason]] is quoted that refers to [[Hel (being)|Hel]], the being, as "the monstrous wolf's sister".<ref name=FAULKES123>Faulkes (1995:123).</ref> In chapter 75, names for [[warg]]s and wolves are listed, including both "Hróðvitnir" and "Fenrir".<ref name=FAULKES164>Faulkes (1995:164).</ref> "Fenrir" appears twice in verse as a [[common noun]] for a "wolf" or "warg" in chapter 58 of ''Skáldskaparmál'', and in chapter 56 of the book ''[[Háttatal]]''.<ref name=FAULKES136,199>Faulkes (1995:136 and 199).</ref> Additionally, the name "Fenrir" can be found among a list of [[jötunn|jötnar]] in chapter 75 of ''Skáldskaparmál''.<ref name=FAULKES157>Faulkes (1995:157).</ref>

===''Heimskringla''===
[[File:Fenrir binded.png|thumb|Bound of Fenrir. Dorothy Hearthy (1909).]]
[[File:Fenrir bound manuscript image.jpg|thumb|A 17th-century manuscript illustration of the bound Fenrir, the river Ván flowing from his jaws]]

At the end of the ''[[Heimskringla]]'' saga ''[[Hákonar saga góða]]'', the poem ''[[Hákonarmál]]'' by the 10th century [[skald]] [[Eyvindr skáldaspillir]] is presented. The poem is about the fall of King [[Haakon I of Norway]]; although he is Christian, he is taken by two [[valkyrie]]s to [[Valhalla]], and is there received as one of the Einherjar. Towards the end of the poem, a stanza relates sooner will the bonds of Fenrir snap than as good a king as Haakon shall stand in his place:

{{poemquote|
Unfettered will fare the Fenris Wolf
and ravaged the realm of men,
ere that cometh a kingly prince
as good, to stand in his stead.<ref name=HOLLANDER127>Hollander (2007:127).</ref>}}

==Archaeological record==
===Thorwald's Cross===
[[File:Br Olsen;185A, Andreas.jpg|thumb|upright|Thorwald's Cross at Kirk Andreas, Isle of Man]]

[[Manx Runestones#Thorwald's Cross: Br Olsen;185A (Andreas (III), MM 128)|Thorwald's Cross]], a partially surviving [[Manx Runestones|runestone]] erected at Kirk Andreas on the [[Isle of Man]], depicts a bearded human holding a spear downward at a wolf, his right foot in its mouth, while a large bird sits at his shoulder.<ref name="PLUSKOWSKI158">Pluskowski (2004:158).</ref> [[Rundata]] dates it to 940,<ref name="BrOlsen;185A">{{cite Scandinavian Runic-text Database | name=Br Olsen;185A | edition=2004 | srdb= | runor= | short=yes}}</ref> while Pluskowski dates it to the 11th century.<ref name=PLUSKOWSKI158/> This depiction has been interpreted as Odin, with a [[Hugin and Munin|raven]] or eagle at his shoulder, being consumed by Fenrir at Ragnarök.<ref name=PLUSKOWSKI158/><ref name=JANSSON>Jansson (1987:152)</ref> On the reverse of the stone is another image parallel to it that has been described as Christ triumphing over Satan.<ref name="Richards">Richards (1999:200).</ref> These combined elements have led to the cross as being described as "[[Syncretism|syncretic art]]"; a mixture of [[Norse paganism|pagan]] and Christian beliefs.<ref name=PLUSKOWSKI158/>

===Gosforth Cross===
The mid-11th century [[Gosforth Cross]], located in [[Cumbria]], England, has been described as depicting a combination of scenes from the Christian [[Last Judgement|Judgement Day]] and the pagan Ragnarök.<ref name="PLUSKOWSKI158"/> The cross features various figures depicted in [[Borre style]], including a man with a spear facing a monstrous head, one of whose feet is thrust into the beast's forked tongue and on its lower jaw, while a hand is placed against its upper jaw, a scene interpreted as Víðarr fighting Fenrir.<ref name=PLUSKOWSKI158/> This depiction has been theorized as a metaphor for Christ's defeat of Satan.<ref name=SCHAPIRO264>Schapiro (1942:211, note 66).</ref>

===Ledberg stone===
[[File:Ledbergsstenen 2.jpg|thumb|upright|The Ledberg stone in Sweden]]

The 11th century [[Ledberg stone]] in [[Sweden]], similarly to Thorwald's Cross, features a figure with his foot at the mouth of a four-legged beast, and this may also be a depiction of Odin being devoured by Fenrir at Ragnarök.<ref name=JANSSON/> Below the beast and the man is a depiction of a legless, helmeted man, with his arms in a prostrate position.<ref name=JANSSON/> The [[Younger Futhark]] inscription on the stone bears a commonly seen memorial dedication, but is followed by an encoded [[runic alphabet|runic]] sequence that has been described as "mysterious",<ref name=MACLEOD145>MacLeod, Mees (2006:145).</ref> and "an interesting magic formula which is known from all over the ancient Norse world".<ref name=JANSSON/>

===Other===
If the images on the [[Tullstorp Runestone]] are correctly identified as depicting [[Ragnarök]], then Fenrir is shown above the ship [[Naglfar]].<ref>Merrony (2004:136); Crumlin-Pedersen & Thye (1995:170).</ref>

[[Meyer Schapiro]] theorizes a connection between the "[[Hellmouth|Hell Mouth]]" that appears in medieval Christian iconography and Fenrir. According to Schapiro, "the Anglo-Saxon taste for the Hell Mouth was perhaps influenced by the northern pagan myth of the Crack of Doom and the battle with the wolf, who devoured Odin."<ref name=SCHAPIRO211>Schapiro (1942:211).</ref>

Scholars propose that a variety of objects from the archaeological record depict Týr. For example, a [[Migration Period]] gold [[bracteate]] from [[Trollhättan]], Sweden, features a person receiving a bite on the hand from a beast, which may depict Týr and Fenrir.<ref name="TYR-FENRIR-BRACTEATE">See discussion in, for example, Davidson (1993:39–41).</ref> A Viking Age [[Hogback (sculpture)|hogback]] in [[Sockburn]], [[County Durham]], [[North East England]] may depict Týr and Fenrir.<ref name="MCKINNELL-2005-16">McKinnell (2005:16).</ref>

==Theories==
[[Image:Treated NKS fenrir.jpg|thumb|Fenrir bites off the hand of a sword-wielding Týr in an illustration on an 18th-century Icelandic manuscript]]
In reference to Fenrir's presentation in the ''Prose Edda'', Andy Orchard theorizes that "the hound (or wolf)" [[Garmr]], [[Sköll]], and [[Hati Hróðvitnisson]] were originally simply all Fenrir, stating that "Snorri, characteristically, is careful to make distinctions, naming the wolves who devour the sun and moon as Sköll and Hati, and describing an encounter between Garm and Týr (who, one would have thought, might like to get his hand on Fenrir) at Ragnarök."<ref name=ORCHARD43>Orchard (1997:43).</ref>

John Lindow says that it is unclear why the gods decide to raise Fenrir as opposed to his siblings Hel and Jörmungandr in ''Gylfaginning'' chapter 35, theorizing that it may be "because Odin had a connection with wolves? Because Loki was Odin's blood brother?" Referring to the same chapter, Lindow comments that neither of the phrases that Fenrir's binding result in have left any other traces. Lindow compares Fenrir's role to his father Loki and Fenrir's sibling Jörmungandr, in that they all spend time with the gods, are bound or cast out by them, return "at the end of the current mythic order to destroy them, only to be destroyed himself as a younger generation of gods, one of them his slayer, survives into the new world order."<ref name=LINDOW111-114>Lindow (2001:111–114).</ref> He also points to Fenrir's binding as part of a recurring theme of the [[bound monster]], where an enemy of the gods is bound, but destined to break free at Ragnarok.<ref name=LINDOW82-83>Lindow (2001:82–83).</ref>

[[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] parallels have been proposed between myths of Fenrir and the [[Persian mythology|Persian]] demon [[Ahriman]]. The [[Yasht]]s refer to a story where Taxma Urupi rode Angra Mainyu as a horse for thirty years. An elaboration of this allusion is found only in a late Parsi commentary. The ruler [[Taxmoruw]] (Taxma Urupi) managed to lasso Ahriman (Angra Mainyu) and keep him tied up while taking him for a ride three times a day. After thirty years, Ahriman outwitted and swallowed Taxmoruw. In a sexual encounter with Ahriman, [[Jamshid]], Taxmoruw's brother, inserted his hand into Ahriman's anus and pulled out his brother's corpse. His hand withered from contact with the diabolic innards. The suggested parallels with Fenrir myths are the binding of an evil being by a ruler figure and the subsequent swallowing of the ruler figure by the evil being (Odin and Fenrir), trickery involving the thrusting of a hand into a monster's orifice and the affliction of the inserted limb (Týr and Fenrir).<ref>Puhvel (1988:118–119).</ref>

Ethologist [[Valerius Geist]] wrote that Fenrir's maiming and ultimate killing of Odin, who had previously nurtured him, was likely based on true experiences of wolf-behaviour, seeing as wolves are genetically encoded to rise up in the pack hierarchy and have, on occasion, been recorded to rebel against, and kill, their parents. Geist states that "apparently, even the ancients knew that wolves may turn on their parents and siblings and kill them."<ref name="Geist1">{{cite web | url=http://www.vargfakta.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Geist-when-do-wolves-become-dangerous-to-humans-pt-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825212555/http://www.vargfakta.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Geist-when-do-wolves-become-dangerous-to-humans-pt-1.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2014 |url-status=live
| title=When do wolves become dangerous to humans? | date=29 September 2007 | access-date= 5 January 2015 }}</ref>

==Modern influence==
{{see also|Norse mythology in popular culture}}
*Fenrir appears in modern literature in the poem "Om Fenrisulven og Tyr" (1819) by [[Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger]] (collected in ''Nordens Guder''), the novel ''Der Fenriswolf'' by K. H. Strobl, and ''Til kamp mod dødbideriet'' (1974) by E. K. Reich and E. Larsen.<ref name="SIMEK81" />
*Fenrir has been depicted in the artwork ''Odin and Fenris'' (1909) and ''The Binding of Fenris'' (around 1900) by Dorothy Hardy, ''Odin und Fenriswolf'' and ''Fesselung des Fenriswolfe'' (1901) by [[Emil Doepler]], and is the subject of the metal sculpture ''Fenrir'' by [[Arne Vinje Gunnerud]] located on the island of [[Askøy]], [[Norway]].<ref name="SIMEK81"/>
*Fenrir is a highly durable mech option in [[Pixonic]]'s game ''[[War Robots]]'' (released as "Walking War Robots" in 2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fenrir – War Robots |url=https://warrobots.com/en/robots/54 |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=warrobots.com |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313150558/https://warrobots.com/en/robots/54 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Fenrir appears in the 2022 game ''[[God of War Ragnarök]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/2022/07/06/new-god-of-war-ragnarok-trailer-reveals-november-release-date |title=New God Of War: Ragnarok Trailer Reveals November Release Date |first=Wesley |last=LeBlanc |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706171746/https://www.gameinformer.com/2022/07/06/new-god-of-war-ragnarok-trailer-reveals-november-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of wolves]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|20em}}

==General and cited references==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole & Thye, Birgitte Munch (eds.) (1995). ''The Ship as Symbol in Prehistoric and Medieval Scandinavia: Papers from an International Research Seminar at the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, 5–7 May 1994''. Nationalmuseet. {{ISBN|87-89384-01-6}}
*[[Hilda Ellis Davidson|Davidson, Hilda Ellis]]. 1993. ''The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe''. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|9780415049368}}
*{{cite book |last=Dronke |first=Ursula |author-link=Ursula Dronke |author-mask=Dronke, Ursula (Trans.) |year=1997 |title=The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-811181-9 }}
* Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). ''Edda''. [[Everyman's Library|Everyman]]. {{ISBN|0-460-87616-3}}
* [[Lee Milton Hollander|Hollander, Lee Milton]] (Trans.) (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qHpwje7-wNkC&q=Heimskringla:+History+of+the+Kings+of+Norway Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423123022/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHpwje7-wNkC&q=Heimskringla:+History+of+the+Kings+of+Norway |date=23 April 2023 }}''. [[University of Texas Press]] {{ISBN|978-0-292-73061-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Larrington |first=Carolyne |author-mask=Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) |year=1999 |title=The Poetic Edda |publisher=[[Oxford World's Classics]] |isbn=0-19-283946-2 }}
*{{cite book |last=Lindow |first=John |author-link=John Lindow |year=2001 |title=Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-515382-0 }}
*{{cite book |last1=MacLeod |first1=Mindy |last2=Mees |first2=Bernard |year=2006 |title=Runic Amulets and Magic Objects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer|Boydell Press]] |isbn=1-84383-205-4 |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419093047/https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC |url-status=live }}
*[[John McKinnell|McKinnell, John]]. 2005. ''Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend''. [[D.S. Brewer]]. {{ISBN|9781843840428}}
*{{cite book |last=Merrony |first=Mark |title=The Vikings: Conquerors, Traders and Pirates |publisher=Periplus |year=2004 |isbn=1-902699-54-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Orchard |first=Andy |year=1997 |title=Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]] |isbn=0-304-34520-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnors0000orch }}
*{{cite book |last=Pluskowski |first=Aleks |editor-last=Bildhauer |editor-first=Bettina |editor2-last=Mills |editor2-first=Robert |contribution=Apocalyptic Monsters: Animal Inspirations for the Iconography of Medieval Northern Devourers |title=The Monstrous Middle Ages |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2004 |pages=155–176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5M7JElJtK8AC |isbn=0-8020-8667-5 |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502065045/https://books.google.com/books?id=5M7JElJtK8AC |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Puhvel |first=Jaan |year=1998 |title=Comparative Mythology |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-3413-9 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=Julian D. |author-link=Julian D. Richards |editor-last=Hunter |editor-first=John |editor2-last=Ralston |editor2-first=Ian |contribution=The Scandinavian Presence |title=The Archaeology of Britain: An Introduction from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Industrial Revolution |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1999 |pages=194–209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SkaqGT0wLk4C |isbn=0-415-13587-7 |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502065046/https://books.google.com/books?id=SkaqGT0wLk4C |url-status=live }}
*{{cite Scandinavian Runic-text Database | edition=2004}}
*{{cite journal |author-link1=Meyer Schapiro |last1=Schapiro |first1=Meyer |year=1942 |jstor=3046829 |title='Cain's Jaw-Bone that Did the First Murder' |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=205–212 |doi=10.2307/3046829 }}
*{{cite book |last=Simek |first=Rudolf |author-link=Rudolf Simek |year=2007 |others=translated by Angela Hall |title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer|D.S. Brewer]] |isbn=978-0-85991-513-7 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fenrir}}
* [https://myndir.uvic.ca/FenR01.html MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository)]Illustrations of Fenrir from manuscripts and early print books.

{{NorseMythology}}

[[Category:Loki]]
[[Category:Mythological canines]]
[[Category:Monsters]]
[[Category:Wolves in Norse mythology]]