Editing Feigned madness

{{Short description|Fabrication of a mental disorder}}
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{{Prose|date=March 2015}}
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"'''Feigned madness'''" is a phrase used in [[popular culture]] to describe the assumption of a [[mental disorder]] for the purposes of evasion, deceit or the diversion of suspicion. In some cases, feigned madness may be a strategy—in the case of [[court jesters]], an institutionalised one—by which a person acquires a privilege to violate [[taboos]] on speaking unpleasant, socially unacceptable, or dangerous truths.

== Modern examples ==

===To avoid responsibility===
* [[Vincent Gigante]], [[American Mafia]] [[Boss (crime)|don]], was seen wandering the streets of [[Greenwich Village]], [[Manhattan]] in his bathrobe and slippers, mumbling incoherently to himself, in what he later admitted was an elaborate act.
* Allegedly, [[Shūmei Ōkawa]], [[Japanese nationalism|Japanese nationalist]], on trial for [[war crime]]s after [[World War II]].
* [[Garrett Brock Trapnell]], a professional thief and confidence man, frequently pretended to be affected by [[schizophrenia]] or [[dissociative identity disorder]] in order to be sent to mental institutions rather than prison for his crimes. This strategy eventually failed when he was brought to trial for [[aircraft hijacking]]. He was later the subject of a book by [[Eliot Asinof]], entitled ''The Fox Is Crazy Too''.

===To examine the system from the inside===
[[Investigative journalist]]s and psychologists have feigned madness to study [[psychiatric hospital]]s from within:
* American [[muckraker]] [[Nellie Bly]]; see ''[[Ten Days in a Mad-House]]'' (1887)
* The [[Rosenhan experiment]] in the 1970s also provides a comparison of life inside several mental hospitals.
* The Swedish artist Anna Odell created the project ''Okänd, kvinna 2009-349701'' to examine power structures in healthcare, the society's view of mental illness and the victimhood imposed on the patient.

== Historical examples ==
* [[Lucius Junius Brutus]], who feigned stupidity, causing the Tarquins to underestimate him as a threat until the time when he was able to drive the Roman people to insurrection.
* [[Ibn al-Haytham]], also known as Alhazen, who was ordered by the sixth [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Caliph]], [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Hakim]], to regulate the [[flooding of the Nile]]; he later perceived the insanity and futility of what he was attempting to do and, fearing for his life, feigned madness to avoid the [[Caliph]]'s wrath. The Caliph, believing him to be insane, placed him under house arrest rather than execute him for failure. Alhazen remained there until the Caliph's death, thereby escaping punishment for his failure to accomplish a task that had been impossible from the beginning.
* [[Kamo (Bolshevik)|Kamo]], a Bolshevik revolutionary, successfully feigned madness when in a German prison in 1909,<ref name=shub>{{cite journal | title = Kamo-the Legendary Old Bolshevik of the Caucasus | journal = Russian Review | date = July 1960 | first = David | last = Shub | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 227–247  | doi = 10.2307/126539 | jstor = 126539}}</ref>{{rp|237}} and then in a Russian prison in 1910.<ref name=shub/>{{rp|239}}
* [[Ion Ferguson]], an Irish psychiatrist in the British Army in a World War II German [[prisoner-of-war camp]], successfully feigned madness to get himself repatriated.<ref>[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/opinion/9198337.Fascinating_life_of_doctor/ Anne Wynne-Jones, Fascinating life of doctor, Lancashire Telegraph, 16 August 2011]</ref> He also assisted two other prisoners in doing the same.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Haygood|first1=Tamara Miner|title=Malingering and Escape: Anglo-American Prisoners of War in World War II Europe|url=http://wlajournal.com/webcontent/malingering/malingering.pdf|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>
*[[Ephrem the Syrian]], a prominent [[Christian theologian]] and writer of [[Christian literature]], avoided presbyteral [[consecration]] by feigning madness because he thought he was unworthy of it.<ref>{{cite web|page= Franciscan Media|title=Saint Ephrem|date=9 June 2022 |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saint-ephrem/|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>

==In fiction and mythology==
[[File:Odysseus fakes insanity - Unknown - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|upright|''Odysseus fakes insanity'', early 17th century tapestry. Ptuj Ormož Regional Museum, Ptuj Slovenia]] 
* [[Shakespeare]]'s [[Hamlet]], who feigns madness in order to speak freely and gain revenge—possibly based on a real person; see [[Hamlet (legend)]].
* ''[[Madness in Valencia]]'' is a 1590s comedy by [[Lope de Vega]] in which the male lead gets himself into an asylum to escape prosecution for murder. Other characters also feign for love.<ref>Lope De Vega (tr. David Johnston). Madness in Valencia (Absolute Classics, 1998).</ref>
* [[Odysseus]] feigned madness by yoking a horse and an ox to his plow and sowing salt<ref>the story does not appear in [[Homer]], but was apparently mentioned in [[Sophocles]]' lost tragedy ''The Mad Ulysses'': [[James George Frazer]], ''ed.'', ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus: Library, Epitome]] '''3.7''':[https://books.google.com/books?id=hDhgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA177 footnote 2]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae2.html#95 ''Fabulae'' '''95'''] mentions the mismatched animals but not the salt.''</ref> or plowing the beach. [[Palamedes (mythology)|Palamedes]] believed that he was faking and tested it by placing his son, [[Telemachus]] right in front of the plow. When Odysseus stopped immediately, his sanity was proven.
* "Feign madness but keep your balance" is one of the [[Thirty-Six Stratagems]]
* ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'', [[Randle McMurphy]] feigns insanity in order to serve out his criminal sentence in a mental hospital rather than a prison.
* In [[Henry IV (Pirandello)|Henry IV]] by [[Luigi Pirandello]], the main character feigns insanity.
* In [[Goodbyeee]], the last episode of BBC sitcom ''Blackadder'', Blackadder feigns madness to try to avoid being sent into battle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goodbyeee|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/blackadder/episodes/four/four_goodbyee.shtml|publisher=BBC Comedy|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>
*The protagonist of the film ''[[Shock Corridor]]'' is a journalist who fakes insanity in order to gain access to an institution.
* In ''[[Ricochet (1991 film)|Ricochet]]'', Denzel Washington plays an assistant district attorney who feigns madness to catch a criminal by extraordinary means. He remarks: "Going insane, it's strangely liberating, isn't it?"
*Another notable example is ''[[Primal Fear (film)|Primal Fear]]'', adapted from the [[William Diehl]] [[Primal Fear (novel)|novel of the same name]]. In the film, Martin Vail ([[Richard Gere]]) defends a timid, young altar boy named Aaron Stampler ([[Edward Norton]]) accused of murdering an archbishop. Halfway through, Vail discovers Stampler has [[dissociative identity disorder]], with one sociopathic personality called "Roy," who was responsible for killing the Archbishop. However, after Stampler is released due to plea of insanity, Vail discovers Stampler faked the disorder in order to avoid execution. The film was Edward Norton's debut, which earned him an Oscar nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]].
*[[Jose Manalo]] and [[Wally Bayola]]'s roles in ''[[Scaregivers]]'' feigned madness by eating [[peanut butter]] disguised as stool samples, which landed them in a mental facility.
*In ''[[Colditz (1972 TV series)|Colditz]]'', a British television series about prisoners-of-war in WWII Germany, Wing Commander George Marsh feigns madness as a way of escaping. He successfully convinces his captors that he is insane and is duly repatriated. But there is a twist: after his return to Britain, Marsh becomes genuinely insane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/571123/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Colditz (1972-74)}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Münchausen syndrome]]
*[[Malingering]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Samuel%2021:13-15;&version=31; David and king Achish]
*[http://www.sacklunch.net/biography/B/LuciusJuniusBrutus.html Lucius Junius Brutus]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041112195318/http://www.utpjournals.com/product/utq/683/683_levy.html Hamlet]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Feigned Madness}}
[[Category:Criminal law]]
[[Category:Factitious disorders]]