Editing Federation of American Scientists

{{Short description|American think tank}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = Federation of American Scientists
| logo                     = FAS Logo BLUE.png
| logo_alt                 = Federation of American Scientists logo
| abbreviation             = FAS
| predecessor              = Federation of Atomic Scientists
| formation                = {{start date and age|1946|01|06}}<ref name="2019_FAS_AboutUs" />
| type                     = [[501(c)(3) organization]]<ref name="2019_FAS_AboutUs" />
| tax_id                   = 23-7185827<ref name="2017_FAS_IRS990" />
| headquarters             = {{unbulleted list|1112 [[16th Street NW]]|Suite 400|[[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="2019_FAS_AboutUs" />}}
| leader_title             = [[President (corporate title)|President]]
| leader_name              = Dan Correa<ref name="2021_Staff" />
| leader_title2            = Chair
| leader_name2             = [[Gilman Louie]]<ref name="2019_FAS_Board" />
| leader_title3            = Vice Chair
| leader_name3             = [[Rosina Bierbaum|Rosina M. Bierbaum]]<ref name="2019_FAS_Board" />
| leader_title4            = Secretary/Treasurer
| leader_name4             = Nishal Mohan<ref name="2019_FAS_Board" />
| board_of_directors       = {{unbulleted list| [[Sylvester James Gates]]| [[Theresa Mayer|Theresa S. Mayer]]| Allison Scott |

Jan Lodal<ref name="2019_FAS_Board" />|[[Catherine Lotrionte]]<ref name="2019_FAS_Board" />|Don Lebell<ref name="2019_FAS_Board" />|Daniel M. Gerstein<ref name="2019_FAS_Board" />|[[Robert Solow|Robert M. Solow]]<ref name="2019_FAS_Board" /> ([[Ex officio member|Ex&nbsp;Officio]])|[[Frank N. von Hippel]]<ref name="2019_FAS_Board" /> ([[Ex officio member|Ex&nbsp;Officio]])}}
| revenue                  = {{US$|link=yes}}1,486,251<ref name="2017_FAS_IRS990" />
| revenue_year             = 2017
| expenses                 = {{US$}}1,441,697<ref name="2017_FAS_IRS990" />
| expenses_year            = 2017
| endowment                = {{US$}}629,988<ref name="2017_FAS_IRS990" />
| endowment_year           = 2017
| website                  = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes                = The Federation of American Scientists (FAS), a policy research and advocacy organization, seeks to promote national and global security by advancing solutions to important science and technology security problems.<ref name="2017_FAS_IRS990" />
}}

The '''Federation of American Scientists''' ('''FAS''') is an American [[nonprofit]] global policy [[think tank]] with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure. FAS was founded in 1945 by a group of scientists, some of whom had previously contributed to the development of nuclear weapons in the [[Manhattan Project]]. The Federation of American Scientists states that it aims to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons that are in use, and prevent nuclear and radiological terrorism. It says it aims to present high standards for nuclear energy's safety and security, illuminate government secrecy practices, as well as track and eliminate the global illicit trade of conventional, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.<ref name="2019_FAS_LinkedIn" />{{primary source inline|date=February 2023}}

With 100 sponsors, the Federation of American Scientists says that it promotes a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology [[security policy]] problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting [[transparency (behavior)|transparency]] through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. FAS projects are organized in three main programs: [[Nuclear safety and security|nuclear security]], government secrecy, and [[biosecurity]]. FAS has played a role in the control of atomic energy and weapons, as well as better international monitoring of atomic activities.<ref name="1962_Hewlett" />

==History==
FAS was founded as the Federation of Atomic Scientists on November 30, 1945, by a group of [[scientists]] and [[engineers]] associated with the Manhattan Project, including personnel from the [[Clinton Engineer Works|Oak Ridge]] and [[Project Y|Los Alamos]] sites. Among the founding members were [[David Hawkins (philosopher)|David Hawkins]], [[Melba Phillips]], and [[Robert R. Wilson]]. 

Its early mission was to support the [[McMahon Act]] of 1946, educate the public, [[News media|press]], politicians, and policy-makers, and promote international transparency and [[nuclear disarmament]]. The group was frustrated with the control of the nation's nuclear arsenal and advocated for public control of the nuclear arsenal.<ref name="2019_LinusPauling_06" /> A group of the early members of the Federation of American Scientists went to [[Washington, D.C.]], and set up there sending letters to representatives in the House of Representatives and in the Senate to request support for their original goal not to support the [[May-Johnson Bill]].<ref name="2019_LinusPauling_06" /> The group of scientists were opposed to the fact that, under the proposed May-Johnson Bill, the United States military would have the majority of control over the development and control of atomic weapons.<ref name="2019_LinusPauling_05" /> Working with congressmen, they worked to create the bill that brought forth the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).<ref name="2019_LinusPauling_06" /> The Atomic Energy Commission oversaw the research into atomic energy and atomic weapons.<ref name="2019_LinusPauling_06" /> On January 6, 1946, FAS changed its name to the Federation of American Scientists, but its purpose remained the same—to agitate for the international control of [[Nuclear reaction|atomic energy]] and its devotion to peaceful uses, public promotion of science and the freedom and integrity of scientists and scientific research. For this purpose, permanent headquarters were set up in [[Washington, D.C.]], and contacts were established with the several branches of government, the [[United Nations]], professional and private organizations, and influential persons.{{Citation needed | date = September 2014}} The explosion of postwar political activism demonstrated by the group became known as the "scientists' movement" with the basis of being unhappy with the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons. During this movement, the idea was also established that no defense against an atomic bomb was feasible in the near future. Using these two ideas, the FAS proposed the United States and other technologically advanced nations had to work in unison to create a solution that would not end in complete destruction.<ref name="2012_Sethi" />

In 1946, the FAS worked with the [[Ad Council]] to broadcast a list of facts regarding the state of the United Nations atomic energy negotiations as well as the American proposal for atomic development. In a rare example of an effort to simply give listeners facts with little to no political or personal bias, the scientists at FAS were able to broadcast this information to the public in hopes of informing the public to be "armed with the facts — instead of swayed by emotions or prejudices." Throughout the course of trying to give the public information, the FAS attempted to coordinate with PR agencies to better connect with the audience. Most of these plans fell through as the agencies typically did not see eye-to-eye with members of the FAS. Scientists realized the importance of getting their point across, but conveying that to someone who had little to no background knowledge on the subject of atomic energy proved to be a challenge, a challenge that would stick with the FAS for many years. Many scientists from more localized organizations had comments like "We have failed. The people have not understood us or our foreign policy would have changed."<ref name="2012_Sethi" />

By 1948, the Federation had grown to twenty local associations, with 2,500 members, and had been instrumental in the passage of the [[McMahon Act]] and the [[National Science Foundation]], and had influenced the American position in the [[United Nations]] with regard to international control of atomic energy and disarmament.{{Citation needed | date = September 2014}}

In addition to influencing government policy, it undertook a program of public education on the nature and control of atomic energy through lectures, films, exhibits, and the distribution of literature, coordinating its own activities with that of member organizations through the issue of [[memorandum]], policy statements, information sheets, and newsletters.

Nearly ninety percent of Manhattan Project personnel were in approval of the FAS, with few comparing the group to a "scientists' lobby."<ref name="2019_EncyclopediaCom_FAS" />

===Mission===
The mission of FAS is to promote a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. This mission was established early on and was deemed necessary for the federation, as decisions made by the United States during the conception of the FAS were critical in terms of shaping international relations.<ref name="1965_Smith" /> The FAS wanted the public to become more critical and aware of the government, in order to monitor the decisions that were made to ensure that they matched what the public actually wanted. The FAS would act to inform the public about how destructive the improper use of atomic energy could be and emphasize the need to enforce international control of atomic weapons and energy.<ref name="2012_Sethi" />

=== Membership ===
In 1969, the FAS had a rough annual budget of $7,000 and relied on mostly volunteer staff. In 1970 [[Jeremy Stone|Jeremy J. Stone]] was selected as president of the organization and was the only staff member for the next 5 years. Due to Stone being the president and only member of the organization he influenced the future and direction of the organization heavily. With an increased budget in the 1990s FAS was able to employ a staff of about a dozen people and expand membership of the organization.<ref name="2019_EncyclopediaCom_FAS" />

In the mid-1980s, the FAS began relying more heavily on professional staff and analysts, and journalists rather than famous scientists as it did previously in its history. The organization shifted toward public information and transparency in the government and away from secrecy in covert projects and finances. In 2000 [[Henry C. Kelly]], a former senior scientist in the [[Office of Technology Assessment]] and science policy adviser in the Clinton administration, became the new president. He further pursued the goals of the program of bolstering science in policy and focusing on using that science to further benefit the public. During his eight-year tenure as president, FAS received significant funding from the [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]], including a $2.5 million grant for Creative and Effective Institutions.<ref name="2019_EncyclopediaCom_FAS" />

In a 2002 survey conducted within the FAS, it was found that nearly thirty percent of members were physicists. While the next largest fields represented were medicine, biology, engineering, and chemistry. With the latter four fields making up another sixty one percent of the total member population. Members also received complementary copies of "Secrecy News", an electronic newsletter regarding government secrecy and intelligence.<ref name="2019_EncyclopediaCom_FAS" />

=== Funding from the MacArthur Foundation ===
Federation of American Scientists was awarded $10,586,000 between 1984 and 2017, including 25 grants in International Peace & Security, MacArthur Award for Creative & Effective Institutions, and Nuclear Challenges.<ref name="2017_MacArthurFoundation" /> In 2004, the Federation of American Scientists received their largest grant from the [[MacArthur Foundation]] of $2,400,000 in support of everything that they do.<ref name="2017_MacArthurFoundation" />

<!-- Could not find any evidence the Nuclear Security Program was a FAS program.  The source that was used is not FAS, but African Center for Science and International Security.  Plus, there is copyvio issues with the list.  Not deleting, but commenting out.  KD5TVI 2019-12-10 
==Nuclear Security Program==
Continuing the FAS tradition of international control of atomic energy and devotion to its peaceful uses, the Nuclear Security Program  pursues projects that create a more secure world. The Nuclear Security Program (NSP) includes program work that focuses on reducing the risks of further [[nuclear proliferation]] and nuclear terrorism.

The NSP has key areas of research in order to promote nuclear security around the world. The program focuses on:

{{bulleted list||Signatures of nuclear materials and processes<ref name=":11" />|Prevention, detection, interdiction, and response for illicit nuclear/radioactive threats<ref name=":11" />|Applications of nuclear probes for detection of security-relevant materials<ref name=":11" />|Application of nuclear security in real-world settings<ref name=":11" />|Policy, law, and diplomacy relating to global nuclear security.<ref name=":11" />}}-->=== Leadership History ===
[[Jeremy Stone]], CEO, 1970-2000

[https://www.linkedin.com/in/charles-ferguson-50484b28/ Charles Ferguson], President, 2010-2017

==Programs and projects==

===Nuclear Information Project===
The Nuclear Information Project covers nuclear weapons and arms control and the nuclear fuel cycle. The project provides the general public and policy-makers with information and analysis on the status, number, and operation of nuclear weapons, the policies that guide their potential use and nuclear arms control.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuclear Weapons|url=https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Federation of American Scientists|language=en-US|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101065044/https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/|url-status=live}}</ref> The project is run by [[Hans M. Kristensen]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hans Kristensen|url=https://fas.org/expert/hans-kristensen/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Federation of American Scientists|language=en-US|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210134749/https://fas.org/expert/hans-kristensen/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Nuclear Information Project publishes yearly counts of global nuclear forces in the ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists''’ "Nuclear Notebook" column.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuclear Notebook Archives|url=https://thebulletin.org/nuclear-risk/nuclear-weapons/nuclear-notebook/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031050113/https://thebulletin.org/nuclear-risk/nuclear-weapons/nuclear-notebook/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nuclear Notebook counts and analyzes international nuclear arsenals using open source research methodology. The estimates in the Nuclear Notebook often accurately count warhead inventories, down to the number, and, according to the [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]], represent an "authoritative accounting of global nuclear warheads compiled by top experts".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuclear Notebook|url=https://thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108094623/https://thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Nuclear Information Project conducts other open source investigations into nuclear weapons outside of the Nuclear Notebook. In addition to publishing on the Strategic Security blog, fellows also publish in [[Forbes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hans Kristensen|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hanskristensen/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Forbes|archive-date=December 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208032612/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hanskristensen/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Korda |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewkorda/archive/ |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Forbes |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409063811/https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewkorda/archive/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Day One Project and Policy Entrepreneurship ===
FAS's "[https://fas.org/day-one-project/ Day One Project]" crowdsources "science-based policy innovations that can appeal to lawmakers on both sides of the aisle" ready for implementation on "day one" of the next U.S. presidential administration, a project begun in 2019.

==Legacy programs and projects ==

=== Project on Government Secrecy ===
<blockquote>"From 1991 to 2021, the FAS Project on Government Secrecy worked to challenge excessive government secrecy and to promote public oversight in national security affairs"..."The Project was directed by Steven Aftergood with the support of grants from the [[Open Society Foundations]], the CS Fund, the [[Bauman Foundation]], the [[Stewart R. Mott Foundation]], the [[Knight Foundation]], the HKH Foundation, the [[Rockefeller Family Fund]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Rockefeller Family Fund |url=https://www.rffund.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961226203940/https://www.rffund.org/ |archive-date=December 26, 1996 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=rffund.org}}</ref> and others."<ref>{{cite web |title=FAS Project on Government Secrecy (1991-2021) |url=https://sgp.fas.org/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227110533/https://sgp.fas.org/index.html |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=sgp.fas.org}}</ref></blockquote>
The Project on Government Secrecy worked to promote public access to [[government]] information and to illuminate the apparatus of government secrecy, including [[national security classification]] and [[declassification]] policies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Secrecy |url=https://fas.org/issues/government-secrecy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206163347/http://fas.org/issues/government-secrecy/ |archive-date=December 6, 2015 |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=Federation Of American Scientists |language=en-US}}</ref> The project also published previously undisclosed or hard-to-find government documents of public policy interest, as well as resources on intelligence policy.

Declassified documents,<ref>{{cite web |title=Declassification Advisory Panels |url=https://sgp.fas.org/advisory/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227110533/https://sgp.fas.org/advisory/index.html |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=sgp.fas.org}}</ref> as well as [[Congressional Research Service]] reports,<ref>{{cite web |title=Congressional Research Service Reports |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829213731/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/index.html |archive-date=August 29, 2021 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=sgp.fas.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congressional Research Service Reports - General National Security |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227110533/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/index.html |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=sgp.fas.org}}</ref> are archived on the Secrecy News blog.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federation Of American Scientists |url=https://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105212226/https://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/ |archive-date=November 5, 2022 |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=Federation Of American Scientists |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Biosecurity Program===
The '''Biosecurity Program''' concentrates on researching and advocating policies that balance science and security without compromising [[national security]] or scientific progress. This includes preventing the misuse of research and promoting the public understanding of the real threats from [[biological]] and [[chemical weapons]]. The Federation of American Scientists also concentrates on researching and keeping the public informed on genetic engineering and genetic modification as a subset of their biosecurity program.<ref name="2008_NSAABMeeting_Stebbins" /> One of their major concerns is resistance that species can develop to certain modifications from genetic resistance or from the use of antibiotics.<ref name="2008_NSAABMeeting_Stebbins" />

The big concerns with biosecurity are accidental biological threats, intentional malicious biological threats, and natural biological threat occurrences.<ref name="2019_DNI_VirtualBiosecurityCenter" /> Because of these threats the Virtual Biosecurity Center (VBC) was set up.

The Virtual Biosecurity Center provides and promotes biosecurity information, education, best practices and collaboration. Additionally, VBC offers significant news and events regarding biosecurity, a regularly updated education center and library, a global forum on Bio risks, an online informative policy tool, empowering partnerships among other professional biosecurity communities around the world, scheduled global conferences to raise awareness and develop plans for current and future biosecurity issues, as well as partnerships to tighten the gap between the scientific, public health, intelligence and law enforcement communities.<ref name="2015_VirtualBiosecurityCenter" />

===Learning Technologies Program===
The '''Learning Technologies Program (LTP)''' focused on ways to use innovative technologies to improve how people teach and learn. The LTP created [[prototype]] games and learning tools and assembled collaborative projects consisting of [[non-governmental organization]], design professionals, and community leaders to undertake innovative education initiatives at both the national and local level.

The Project worked to help create learning tools to bring about major gains in learning and training. The major project of the Program is [[Immune Attack]], a fully 3-D game in which high school students discover the inner workings of the body's circulatory and immune systems, as they pilot a tiny drone through the bloodstream to fight microscopic invaders.

== FAS Public Service Awards ==
The FAS Public Service Awards, established in 1971,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federation of American Scientists (FAS) Announces Public Service Awards Recognizing Outstanding Work in Science Policy and Culture |url=https://fas.org/publication/federation-of-american-scientists-announces-public-service-awards-recognizing-outstanding-work-in-science-policy-and-culture/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Federation of American Scientists |language=en-US |archive-date=October 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019102700/https://fas.org/publication/federation-of-american-scientists-announces-public-service-awards-recognizing-outstanding-work-in-science-policy-and-culture/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2023-10-10 |title=Christopher Nolan To Be Lauded For 'Oppenheimer' By The Federation of American Scientists |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/christopher-nolan-oppenheimer-federation-of-american-scientists-awards-1235569081/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=October 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016185435/https://deadline.com/2023/10/christopher-nolan-oppenheimer-federation-of-american-scientists-awards-1235569081/ |url-status=live }}</ref> recognize outstanding work in [[science policy]] and culture.

=== Winners ===
==== 2023 ====
* [[Alondra Nelson]] — Former acting director of the [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]], whose recognized for her leadership in [[Artificial intelligence|A.I.]] regulation and advancing equity in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] fields
* [[Christopher Nolan]] — British-American filmmaker, whose [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[thriller film]] ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' (2023) depicted the scientists who formed the FAS to communicate the dangers of nuclear weapons to the public
* [[Chuck Schumer]] (D-NY) and [[Todd Young]] (R-IN) — [[United States Senate|United States senators]] who sponsored the [[CHIPS and Science Act]], which was hailed by the FAS as representing a "historic investment" in the American future
* Alexa White — Co-founder of the AYA Research Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/publication/establishing-the-aya-research-institute-increasing-data-capacity-and-community-engagement-for-environmental-justice-tools/|title=Establishing the AYA Research Institute: Increasing Data Capacity and Community Engagement for Environmental-Justice Tools|website=fas.org|accessdate=March 2, 2024}}</ref> and recipient of the FAS' inaugural Policy Entrepreneurship Award, aimed at honoring an emerging leader in the world of science policy

==See also==
*[[British American Security Information Council]]
*[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]

==References==
{{reflist|1=30em|refs=
<ref name="2019_FAS_AboutUs">{{cite web |url = https://fas.org/about-fas/|title = Federation of American Scientists - About FAS | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year = 2019|website = fas.org|publisher = Federation of American Scientists|language = en|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191001202128/https://fas.org/about-fas/|archive-date = 2019-10-01|url-status = live|access-date = 2019-12-06|ref = 2019_FAS_AboutUs }}</ref>

<ref name="2017_FAS_IRS990">{{cite web | url = https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/237185827/02_2018_prefixes_21-23%2F237185827_201706_990_2018022015180684 | title = FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS - Form 990 for period ending June 2017 | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | date = 2018-01-05 | website = propublica.org | publisher = [[ProPublica]] | language = en | format = PDF | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191208035101/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/237185827 | archive-date = 2019-12-08 | url-status = live | access-date = 2019-12-08 | ref = 2017_FAS_IRS990 }}</ref>

<ref name="2019_FAS_Board">{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/about-fas/board/ |title= Federation of American Scientists - Board of Trustees | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year= 2019 |website= fas.org |publisher= Federation of American Scientists |language= en |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190330121133/https://fas.org/about-fas/board/ |archive-date= 2019-03-30 |url-status= live |access-date= 2019-12-07 |ref= 2019_FAS_Board }}</ref>

<ref name="2019_FAS_LinkedIn">{{cite web|url = https://www.linkedin.com/company/federation-of-american-scientists/about/|title = LinkedIn: Federation of American Scientists|author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|website = linkedin.com|publisher = [[LinkedIn]]|language = en|access-date = 2019-12-08|ref = 2019_FAS_LinkedIn|archive-date = February 25, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240225020149/https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login?session_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fcompany%2Ffederation-of-american-scientists%2Fabout%2F|url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="1962_Hewlett">{{cite book | last1 = Hewlett | first1 = Richard G. | author-link = Richard G. Hewlett | last2 = Anderson | first2 = Oscar E. | date = 1990-12-18 | orig-year = 1962 | title = The New World 1939/1946. Volume I of a History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission VOLUME I | series = California Studies in the History of Science | language = en | edition = Reissue of 1962 book | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | isbn = 978-0520071865 | oclc = 499168319 | ol = OL7709531M | ref = 1962_Hewlett }}</ref>

<ref name="2019_LinusPauling_06">{{cite web | url = http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page6.html | title = Narrative - 6. Federation of American Scientists | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = oregonstate.edu | publisher = Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement | language = en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140404170044/http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page6.html | archive-date = 2014-04-04 | url-status = live | access-date = 2019-12-08 | via = [[Oregon State University]] | ref = 2019_LinusPauling_06 }}</ref>

<ref name="2019_LinusPauling_05">{{cite web | url = http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page5.html | title = Narrative - 5. May-Johnson | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = oregonstate.edu | publisher = Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement | language = en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140403064532/http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page5.html | archive-date = 2014-04-03 | url-status = live | access-date = 2019-12-08 | quote = While the bill, introduced to Congress under the names of its sponsors as the May-Johnson Bill, seemed reasonable enough, the atomic scientist's discussion groups quickly became convinced that it would make it easy for the military to effectively control the outcome of the panel's deliberations, putting the A-Bomb under de facto military control. The discussion groups began to communicate with each other, sharing information, and mobilizing in favor of civilian control and in opposition to May-Johnson. | via = [[Oregon State University]] | ref = 2019_LinusPauling_05 }}</ref>

<ref name="2012_Sethi">{{cite journal | last1 = Sethi | first1 = Megan Barnhart | date = 2012-02-01 | title = Information, Education, and Indoctrination: The Federation of American Scientists and Public Communication Strategies in the Atomic Age | journal = [[Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences]] | language = en | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 1&ndash;29 | doi = 10.1525/hsns.2012.42.1.1 | issn = 1939-1811 | eissn = 1939-182X | oclc = 1026973738 | pmid = 27652414 | ref = 2012_Sethi }}</ref>

<ref name="2019_EncyclopediaCom_FAS">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia.com | title = Federation of American Scientists | url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/federation-american-scientists | access-date = 2019-12-08 | language = en | date = 2019-11-04 | publisher = [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] | series = Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics | oclc = 405663034 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190415032458/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/federation-american-scientists | archive-date = 2019-04-15 | url-status = live | ref = 2019_EncyclopediaCom_FAS}}</ref>

<ref name="1965_Smith">{{cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = Alice Kimball | author-link = Alice Kimball Smith | date = 1971-02-15 | orig-year = 1965 | title = A Peril and a Hope : The Scientists' Movement in America, 1945-47 | language = en | edition = Revised | publisher = [[The MIT Press]] | isbn = 978-0262690263 | lccn = 71130277 | oclc = 800640842 | ol = OL5757517M | ref = 1965_Smith }}</ref>

<ref name="2017_MacArthurFoundation">{{cite web | url = https://www.macfound.org/grantees/301/ | title = Federation of American Scientists - MacArthur Foundation | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year = 2017 | website = macfound.org | publisher = [[MacArthur Foundation]] | language = en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190416200920/https://www.macfound.org/grantees/301/ | archive-date = 2019-04-16 | url-status = live | access-date = 2019-12-09 | ref = 2017_MacArthurFoundation }}</ref>

<ref name="2008_NSAABMeeting_Stebbins">{{cite conference | url = https://osp.od.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Stebbins%20-%20FAS%20-%2028%20Feb%202008.pdf | title = FAS Biosecurity Project | first = Stebbins | last = Michael | date = 2008-02-28 | conference = NSABB Meeting | conference-url = https://osp.od.nih.gov/pastevent/nsabb-meeting-7/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191210142614/https://osp.od.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Stebbins%20-%20FAS%20-%2028%20Feb%202008.pdf | archive-date = 2019-12-10 | access-date = 2019-12-10 | via = [[National Institutes of Health]] | ref = 2008_NSAABMeeting_Stebbins }}</ref>

<ref name="2019_DNI_VirtualBiosecurityCenter">{{cite web | url = https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-we-are/organizations/ise/ise-archive/ise-mission-stories/1870-virtual-biosecurity-center | title = Virtual Biosecurity Center | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | date = 2011-09-15 | website = dni.gov | agency = [[Director of National Intelligence]] | language = en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190417230509/https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-we-are/organizations/ise/ise-archive/ise-mission-stories/1870-virtual-biosecurity-center | archive-date = 2019-04-17 | url-status = live | access-date = 2019-12-10 | ref = 2019_DNI_VirtualBiosecurityCenter }}</ref>

<ref name="2015_VirtualBiosecurityCenter">{{cite web | url = https://www.virtualbiosecuritycenter.org/about/ | title = About Us &#124; Virtual Biosecurity Center | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | date = 2015-05-18 | website = virtualbiosecuritycenter.org | publisher = Federation of American Scientists | language = en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190728173209/https://www.virtualbiosecuritycenter.org/about/ | archive-date = 2019-07-28 | url-status = live | access-date = 2019-12-10 | ref = 2015_VirtualBiosecurityCenter }}</ref><ref name="2021_Staff">{{cite web | url = https://fas.org/fas-experts/ | title = Staff | date = 2021-07-13 | website = Federation of American Scientists | language = en | access-date = 2021-07-13 | archive-date = July 13, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210713014444/https://fas.org/fas-experts/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{ProPublicaNonprofitExplorer|237185827}}
* {{youTube |u= FAScientists |FAS }}
{{Authority control}}

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