Editing Faster-than-light communication

{{short description|Information sent faster than light}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}'''Faster-than-light communication''', also called '''superluminal communication''', is a hypothetical process in which [[information]] is conveyed at [[faster-than-light]] speeds. The current scientific consensus is that faster-than-light communication is not possible, and to date it has not been achieved in any experiment.

Faster-than-light communication other than possibly through [[Wormhole|wormholes]] is likely impossible<ref>{{cite book |title=Slow Light: Invisibility, Teleportation and Other Mysteries of Light |first1=Sidney |last1=Perkowitz |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84816-753-7 |page=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqhgDQAAQBAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=QqhgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 Extract of page 108].</ref> because, in a [[Lorentz covariance|Lorentz-invariant]] theory, it could be used to [[tachyonic antitelephone|transmit information into the past]]. This would complicate [[causality (physics)|causality]], but no theoretical arguments conclusively preclude this possibility.<ref name=Tipler/>

A number of theories and phenomena related to faster-than-light communication have been proposed or studied, including [[tachyon]]s, [[neutrino]]s, [[quantum nonlocality]], [[wormhole]]s, and [[quantum tunneling]].

==Proposed mechanisms==
[[File:Faster than light implies time travel diagram.svg|thumb|Spacetime diagram showing that moving faster than light implies time travel in the context of special relativity. A spaceship departs from Earth from A to C slower than light. At B, Earth emits a tachyon, particle that travels faster than light but forward in time in Earth's reference frame. It reaches the spaceship at C. The spaceship then sends another tachyon back to Earth from C to D. This tachyon also travels forward in time in the spaceship's reference frame. This effectively allows Earth to send a signal from B to D, back in time.]]

===Tachyons===
[[Tachyon|Tachyonic particles]] are hypothetical particles that travel faster than light, which could conceivably allow for superluminal communication. Because such a particle would violate the known laws of physics, many scientists reject the idea that they exist.<ref name=Tipler/> By contrast, [[tachyonic field]]s{{snd}}quantum fields with imaginary mass{{snd}}do exist and exhibit superluminal [[group velocity]] under some circumstances. However, such fields have luminal [[signal velocity]] and do not allow superluminal communication.<ref name=Randall/>

===Quantum nonlocality===
[[Quantum mechanics]] is non-local in the sense that distant systems can be [[quantum entanglement|entangled]]. Entangled states lead to correlations in the results of otherwise random measurements, even when the measurements are made nearly simultaneously and at far distant points. The impossibility of superluminal communication led Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen to propose that quantum mechanics must be incomplete (see [[EPR paradox]]).

However, it is now well understood that quantum entanglement does not allow any influence or information to propagate superluminally.

Practically, any attempt to force one member of an entangled pair of particles into a particular quantum state, breaks the entanglement between the two particles. That is to say, the other member of the entangled pair is completely unaffected{{Dubious|Incorrect description using "completely unaffected" and "random"|date=October 2024}} by this "forcing" action, and its quantum state remains random;{{Dubious|Incorrect description using "completely unaffected" and "random"|date=October 2024}} a preferred outcome cannot be encoded into a quantum measurement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=Ethan |title=No, We Still Can't Use Quantum Entanglement To Communicate Faster Than Light |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/01/02/no-we-still-cant-use-quantum-entanglement-to-communicate-faster-than-light/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

Technically, the [[Wightman axioms#W3 .28local commutativity or microscopic causality.29|microscopic causality postulate]] of [[axiomatic quantum field theory]] implies the impossibility of superluminal communication using any phenomena whose behavior can be described by orthodox quantum field theory.<ref name="Eberhard" /> A special case of this is the [[no-communication theorem]], which prevents communication using the [[quantum entanglement]] of a composite system shared between two spacelike-separated observers.

===Wormholes===
If [[wormhole]]s are possible, then ordinary subluminal methods of communication could be sent through them to achieve effectively superluminal transmission speeds across non-local regions of spacetime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Brandon Q. |date=2021-03-16 |title=Tiny Wormholes May Be Usable for Interstellar Communication |url=https://thedebrief.org/tiny-wormholes-may-be-usable-for-interstellar-communication/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=The Debrief |language=en-US}}</ref> Considering the immense energy or [[exotic matter]] with [[negative mass]]/[[negative energy]] that current theories suggest would be required to open a wormhole large enough to pass [[spacecraft]] through, it may be that only atomic-scale wormholes would be practical to build, limiting their use solely to information transmission. Some hypotheses of wormhole formation would prevent them from ever becoming "timeholes", allowing superluminal communication without the additional complication of allowing communication with the past.<ref name="urlSkinny wormholes could send messages through time | New Scientist">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25596-skinny-wormholes-could-send-messages-through-time/ |title=Skinny wormholes could send messages through time &#124; New Scientist }}</ref>

==Fictional devices==
===Tachyon-like===
The ''Dirac communicator'' features in several of the works of [[James Blish]], notably his 1954 short story "Beep" (later expanded into ''[[The Quincunx of Time]]''). As alluded to in the title, any active device received the sum of all transmitted messages in universal space-time, in a single pulse, so that demultiplexing yielded information about the past, present, and future.

===Superluminal transmitters and ansibles===
The terms "ultrawave" and "hyperwave" have been used by several authors, often interchangeably, to denote faster-than-light communications. Examples include:
*[[E. E. Smith]] used the term "ultrawave" in his [[Lensman series|''Lensman'' series]], for waves which propagated through a sub-ether and could be used for weapons, communications, and other applications.
*In [[Isaac Asimov]]'s [[Foundation (book series)|''Foundation'' series]], "ultrawave" and "hyperwave" are used interchangeably to represent a superluminal communications medium. The ''hyperwave relay'' also features.
*In the ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, [[technology in Star Trek#Subspace|subspace]] carries faster-than-light communication (subspace radio) and travel ([[warp drive]]).
*The ''[[Cities in Flight]]'' series by [[James Blish]] featured ultrawave communications which used the known phenomenon of phase velocity to carry information, a property which in fact is impossible. The limitations of phase velocity beyond the speed of light later led him to develop his Dirac communicator.
*[[Larry Niven]] used ''hyperwave'' in his [[Known Space]] series as the term for a faster-than-light method of communication. Unlike the hyperdrive that moved ships at a finite superluminal speed, hyperwave was essentially instantaneous.
*In [[Richard Morgan (author)|Richard K. Morgan]]'s [[Takeshi Kovacs]] novels human colonies on distant planets maintain contact with earth and each other via ''hyperspatial needlecast'', a technology which moves information "...so close to instantaneously that scientists are still arguing about the terminology".

A later device was the [[ansible]] coined by [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] and used extensively in her [[Hainish Cycle]]. Like Blish's device it provided instantaneous communication, but without the inconvenient beep.

The ansible is also a major plot element, nearly a [[MacGuffin]], in [[Elizabeth Moon]]'s [[Vatta's War]] series. Much of the story line revolves around various parties attacking or repairing ansibles, and around the internal politics of ISC (InterStellar Communications), a corporation which holds a monopoly on the ansible technology.<ref name="vatta1">{{cite book |last=Moon |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Moon |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780345447616 |title=Trading in Danger |date=September 2004 |publisher=Del Rey |isbn=0-345-44761-1 |edition=mass ppb. |page=111 |quote=Attack on instersystem ansibles is just...just unthinkable.}}</ref>

The ansible is also used as the main form of communication in [[Orson Scott Card]]'s [[Ender's Game]] series. It is inhabited by an energy based, non-artificial sentient creature called an Aiúa that was placed within the ansible network and goes by the name of [[Jane (Ender's Game)|Jane]]. It was made when the humans realized that the [[Ender's Game (novel series)#Formics|Buggers]], an alien species that attacked Earth, could communicate instantaneously and so the humans tried to do the same.

===Quantum entanglement===
* In [[Ernest Cline]]'s novel ''[[Armada (novel)|Armada]]'', alien invaders possess technology for instant "quantum communication" with unlimited range. Humans reverse engineer the device from captured alien technology.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1137584491 |title=The Cyborg Subject: Reality, Consciousness, Parallax |last=Benjamin |first=Garfield |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-137-58448-9 |pages=28}}</ref>
* In the ''[[Mass Effect]]'' series of video games, instantaneous communication is possible using quantum-entanglement communicators placed in the communications rooms of starships.
* In the ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' continuity, faster-than-light communication via a subtle control over the state of entangled particles is possible, but for practical purposes extremely slow and expensive: at a transmission rate of three bits of information per hour and a cost of $7,500 per bit, it is used for only the highest priority messages.<ref>''James Cameron's Avatar: An Activist Survival Guide'', p.&nbsp;156–157.</ref>
* [[Charles Stross]]'s books ''[[Singularity Sky]]'' and ''[[Iron Sunrise]]'' make use of "causal channels" which use entangled particles for instantaneous two-way communication. The technique has drawbacks in that the entangled particles are expendable and the use of faster-than-light travel destroys the entanglement, so that one end of the channel must be transported below light speed. This makes them expensive and limits their usefulness somewhat.
* In [[Liu Cixin]]'s novel ''[[The Three-Body Problem (novel)|The Three-Body Problem]]'', the alien Trisolarans, while preparing to invade the Solar System, use a device with Ansible characteristics to communicate with their collaborators on Earth in real time. Additionally, they use spying/sabotaging devices called 'Sophons' on Earth which by penetration can access any kind of electronically saved and visual information, interact with electronics, and communicate results back to Trisolaris in real-time via quantum entanglement. The technology used is "single protons that have been unfolded from eleven space dimensions to two dimensions, programmed, and then refolded" and thus Sophons remain undetectable for humans.

===Psychic links===
[[Extrasensory perception|Psychic]] links, belonging to [[pseudoscience]],<ref>Hines, Terence. (2003). ''Pseudoscience and the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. pp. 117–145. {{ISBN|1-57392-979-4}}.</ref><ref>Diaconis, Persi. (1978). ''Statistical Problems in ESP Research''. Science New Series, Vol. 201, No. 4351. pp. 131–136.</ref> have been described as explainable by physical principles or unexplained, but they are claimed to operate instantaneously over large distances.

In the ''[[Stargate]]'' television series, characters are able to communicate instantaneously over long distances by transferring their consciousness into another person or being anywhere in the universe using "[[Ancient (Stargate)|Ancient]] communication stones". It is not known how these stones operate, but the technology explained in the show usually revolves around [[wormhole]]s for instant teleportation, faster-than-light, space-warping travel, and sometimes around [[quantum multiverse]]s.

In [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s ''[[Time for the Stars]]'', [[twin telepathy]] was used to maintain communication with a distant spaceship.

[[Peter F. Hamilton]]'s ''[[Void Trilogy]]'' features psychic links between the multiple bodies simultaneously occupied by some characters.

In [[Brandon Sanderson]]'s [[Skyward (novel)|''Skyward'']] series, characters are able to use "Cytonics" to communicate instantaneously over any distance by sending messages via an inter-dimensional reality called "nowhere".

===Other devices===
Similar devices are present in the works of numerous others, such as [[Frank Herbert]]<ref name="star">{{cite book |last= Herbert |first= Frank |author-link= Frank Herbert |title= The Whipping Star |orig-year= 1970 |date= April 1970 |publisher= Worlds of If magazine}}</ref> and [[Philip Pullman]], who called his a ''lodestone resonator''.<ref name="amber">{{cite book |last= Pullman |first= Philip |author-link= Philip Pullman |title= The Amber Spyglass |orig-year= 2000 |edition= His Dark Materials, 3. mass pbk. |date= 2001-10-02 |publisher= [[Del Rey Books|Del Rey]] |location= New York |isbn= 0-345-41337-7 |page= [https://archive.org/details/amberspyglass00pull/page/156 156] |quote= Well, in our world there is a way of taking a common lodestone and entangling all its particles, and then splitting it in two so that both parts resonate together. |url= https://archive.org/details/amberspyglass00pull/page/156 }}</ref>

[[Anne McCaffrey]]'s ''[[Crystal Singer]]'' series posited an instantaneous communication device powered by rare "Black Crystal" from the planet Ballybran. Black Crystals cut from the same mineral deposit could be "tuned" to sympathetically vibrate with each other instantly, even when separated by interstellar distances, allowing instantaneous telephone-like voice and [[data communication]]. Similarly, in [[Gregory Keyes]]' series ''[[The Age of Unreason]]'', "aetherschreibers" use two-halves of a single "chime" to communicate, aided by scientific alchemy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keyes|first=J. Gregory|title=The Shadows of God|date=4 March 2009|publisher=Random House LLC|isbn=9780307559609|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7M0bI6HqdoC&pg=PT192|quote=My aetherschreiber was lost when the Coweta captured us.}}</ref> While the speed of communication is important, so is the fact that the messages cannot be overheard except by listeners with a piece of the same original crystal.

[[Stephen R. Donaldson]], in his [[The Gap Cycle|Gap cycle]], proposed a similar system, ''Symbiotic Crystalline Resonance Transmission'', clearly ansible-type technology but very difficult to produce and limited to text messages.

In "[[With Folded Hands]]" (1947) and ''[[The Humanoids]]'' (1949), by [[Jack Williamson]], instant communication and power transfer through interstellar space is possible with ''rhodomagnetic energy''.

In [[Ivan Yefremov]]'s 1957 novel [[Andromeda (novel)|''Andromeda Nebula'']], a device for instant transfer of information and matter is made real by using "bipolar mathematics" to explore use of anti-gravitational shadow vectors through a zero field and the antispace, which enables them to make contact with the planet of Epsilon Tucanae.

In [[Edmond Hamilton]]'s ''The Star Kings'' (1949), the discovery of an unknown form of electromagnetic radiation called sub-spectrum rays moves faster than light. The fastest of these are those of the Minus-42nd Octave, which allows for real time telestereo communication with anyone within the galaxy.<ref>[https://amazingstories.com/2014/02/star-kings-future-history/ Star King's Future History – Amazing Stories].</ref>

In [[Cordwainer Smith]]'s [[Instrumentality of Mankind|Instrumentality]] novels and stories, interplanetary and [[interstellar communication]] is normally relayed from planet to planet, presumably at superluminal speed for each stage (at least between solar systems) but with a cumulative delay. For urgent communication there is the "instant message", which is effectively instantaneous but very expensive.<ref>Smith, Cordwainer. "On the Storm Planet" (February 1965), Chap. XII, pp. 148–149 in: {{cite book |editor1-last=Dozois |editor1-first=Gardner |editor1-link=Gardner Dozois |title=Modern Classic Short Novels of Science Fiction |date=28 October 2014 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York|pages=94–163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ub6FBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |quote=The communicator was the kind they mount in planoforming ships right beside the pilot. The rental on one of them was enough to make any planetary government reconsider its annual budget. ... She pressed a button. "Instant message." ... Casher, knowing the prices of this kind of communication, almost felt that he could see the arterial spurt of money go out of Henriada's budget as the machines reached across the galaxy, found Mizzer and came back with the answer.|isbn=9781466884472 }}</ref>

In [[Howard Tayler|Howard Taylor]]'s web comic series [[Schlock Mercenary]], superluminal communication is performed via the hypernet, a galaxy-spanning analogue to the [[Internet]]. Through the hypernet, communications and data are routed through nanoscopic wormholes, using conventional electromagnetic signals.

==See also==
* [[Bell test]] experiments
* [[Delayed-choice quantum eraser]]
* [[Light]]
* [[Near and far field]]
* [[Quantum teleportation]]
* [[SETI Institute]]
* [[Synchronicity]]
* [[Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Eberhard>{{citation |last1=Eberhard |first1=Phillippe H. |last2=Ross |first2=Ronald R.|title=Quantum field theory cannot provide faster than light communication |year= 1989 |journal=Foundations of Physics Letters |volume=2 |
issue=2|doi=10.1007/BF00696109|pages=127–149|bibcode=1989FoPhL...2..127E|s2cid=123217211 |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5604n7md }}</ref>
<ref name=Randall>Lisa Randall, ''Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions'', p.286: "People initially thought of tachyons as particles travelling faster than the speed of light...But we now know that a tachyon indicates an instability in a theory that contains it. Regrettably for science fiction fans, tachyons are not real physical particles that appear in nature."</ref>
<ref name=Tipler>{{cite book |last1= Tipler |first1= Paul A.|last2= Llewellyn |first2= Ralph A. |title= Modern Physics |url= https://archive.org/details/modernphysicsfif00paul |url-access= limited |publisher= W.H. Freeman & Co. |date= 2008 |edition= 5th |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-7167-7550-8 |page= [https://archive.org/details/modernphysicsfif00paul/page/n71 54]|quote= ... so existence of particles v > c ... Called tachyons ... would present relativity with serious ... problems of infinite creation energies and causality paradoxes.}}</ref> Tachyons could be [[Tachyonic antitelephone|used to send signals faster than light]], and (according to [[special relativity]]) this leads to violations of [[causality (physics)|causality]].

}}

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