Editing Farm

{{Short description|Area used to produce food}}
{{other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Agribusiness}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
[[File:Church Farm, Stockton, Norfolk - geograph.org.uk - 1968544.jpg|thumb|Church Farm in [[Norfolk]], [[England]]]]
[[File:Plan mediaeval manor.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Typical plan of a medieval English manor, showing the use of field strips]]

A '''farm''' (also called an '''agricultural holding''') is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production.<ref>Gregor, 209; Adams, 454.</ref> The name is used for specialized units such as [[Arable land|arable farms]], vegetable farms, fruit farms, dairy, pig and poultry farms, and land used for the production of [[Fiber|natural fiber]], [[biofuel]], and other biobased [[Product (business)|products]]. It includes ranches, [[feedlot]]s, orchards, plantations and estates, smallholdings, and hobby farms, and includes the farmhouse and agricultural buildings as well as the land. In modern times, the term has been extended to include such industrial operations as [[wind farm]]s and [[aquaculture|fish farms]], both of which can operate on land or at sea.

There are about 570 million farms in the world, most of which are small and family-operated. Small farms with a land area of fewer than 2 hectares operate on about 12% of the world's agricultural land, and [[family farm]]s comprise about 75% of the world's agricultural land.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide|journal=World Development|year=2016|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041|last1=Lowder|first1=Sarah K.|last2=Skoet|first2=Jakob|last3=Raney|first3=Terri|volume=87|pages=16–29|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Modern farms in developed countries are highly mechanized. In the United States, livestock may be raised on [[rangeland]] and finished in [[feedlot]]s, and the mechanization of crop production has brought about a great decrease in the number of agricultural workers needed. In Europe, traditional family farms are giving way to larger production units. In Australia, some farms are very large because the land is unable to support a high stocking density of livestock because of climatic conditions. In less developed countries, small farms are the norm, and the majority of rural residents are [[subsistence farmer]]s, feeding their families and selling any surplus products in the local market.

==Etymology==
[[File:Marion Cty, Iowa Farmer w mule drawn wagon, 1920s.jpg|thumb|A farmer harvesting crops with mule-drawn wagon, 1920s, [[Iowa]], US]]
The word in the sense of an agricultural land-holding derives from the verb "to farm" a revenue source, whether taxes, customs, rents of a group of manors or simply to hold an individual manor by the [[feudal land tenure]] of "fee farm". The word is from the medieval Latin noun ''firma'', also the source of the French word ''ferme'', meaning a fixed agreement, contract,<ref>Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise ''Lexis'', Paris, 1993</ref> from the classical Latin adjective ''firmus'' meaning strong, stout, firm.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collins dictionary of the English language|year=1986|publisher=Collins|location=London|bibcode=1986cdel.book.....H|editor=Patrick Hanks}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cassell's Latin dictionary|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|editor=James Robert Vernam Marchant, Joseph Fletcher Charles}}</ref> As in the medieval age virtually all manors were engaged in the business of agriculture, which was their principal revenue source, so to hold a manor by the tenure of "fee farm" became synonymous with the practice of agriculture itself.

==History==
{{Main|History of agriculture}}
{{See also|Timeline of agriculture and food technology}}

[[File:Centres of origin and spread of agriculture.svg|thumb|right|upright=2.0|Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory: the Fertile Crescent (11,000 [[Before Present|BP]]), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9,000 BP), and the New Guinea Highlands (9,000–6,000 BP), Central Mexico (5,000–4,000 BP), Northern South America (5,000–4,000 BP), sub-Saharan Africa (5,000–4,000 BP, exact location unknown), eastern North America (4,000–3,000 BP).<ref name="DiamondandBellwood2003">{{Cite journal |  doi = 10.1126/science.1078208 | last1 = Diamond | first1 = J. | last2 = Bellwood | first2 = P. | title = Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions | journal = Science | volume = 300 | issue = 5619 | pages = 597–603 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12714734|bibcode = 2003Sci...300..597D | url = http://faculty.bennington.edu/%7Ekwoods/classes/enviro-hist/diamond%20agriculture%20and%20language.pdf | citeseerx = 10.1.1.1013.4523 | s2cid = 13350469 }}</ref>]]

Farming has been innovated at multiple different points and places in human history. The transition from [[hunter-gatherer]] to settled, agricultural societies is called the [[Neolithic Revolution]] and first began around 12,000 years ago, near the beginning of the [[Geologic time scale|geological]] [[Epoch (geology)|epoch]] of the [[Holocene]]<ref>
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.westfalen-blatt.de/nachricht/2012-11-25-klimaschutz-die-ziele-schmelzen-dahin/613/
 |title       = International Stratigraphic Chart
 |publisher   = [[International Commission on Stratigraphy]]
 |access-date  = 2012-12-06
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20130212172350/http://www.westfalen-blatt.de/nachricht/2012-11-25-klimaschutz-die-ziele-schmelzen-dahin/613/
 |archive-date = 2013-02-12
}}</ref> around 12,000 years ago.<ref name="Barker2009">{{cite book|author=Graeme Barker|title=The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkifXu2gx4YC|access-date=15 August 2012|date=25 March 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955995-4}}</ref> It was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture. Farming spread from the Middle East to Europe and by 4,000 BC people that lived in the central part of Europe were using [[ox]]en to pull plows and wagons.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.localhistories.org/farming.html|title=A History of Farming|website=www.localhistories.org|access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> Subsequent step-changes in human farming practices were provoked by the [[British Agricultural Revolution]] in the 18th century, and the [[Green Revolution]] of the second half of the 20th century.

Farming originated independently in different parts of the world, as hunter-gatherer societies transitioned to food production rather than food capture. It may have started about 12,000 years ago with the domestication of livestock in the [[Fertile Crescent]] in western Asia, soon to be followed by the cultivation of crops. Modern units tend to specialize in the crops or livestock best suited to the region, with their finished products being sold for the retail market or for further processing, with farm products being traded around the world.

==Types of farms==
[[File:Dell City, Texas (29994634276).jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Farmland in the United States. The round fields are due to the use of [[center pivot irrigation]]]]
A farm may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, community, corporation, or a company, may produce one or many types of produce, and can be a holding of any size from a fraction of a [[hectare]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Winterbottom|first=Jo|title=SPECIAL REPORT – India's food chain in deep change|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-57791920110620|work=Reuters|access-date=12 July 2011|author2=Jadhav, Rajendra|date=June 20, 2011|quote=The average size of farms in India is a mere 1.77 hectares – about the size of two soccer pitches|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201202147/https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-57791920110620|url-status=dead}}</ref> to several thousand hectares.<ref name="Wrightsair">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrightsair.com.au/anna.htm |title=Anna Creek Station |publisher=Wrightsair |access-date=February 17, 2012 |quote=Anna Creek Station is well known as the largest cattle station in the world, covering an area of 24,000 sq. km |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301111927/http://www.wrightsair.com.au/anna.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2008 }}</ref>

A farm may operate under a [[monoculture]] system or with a variety of cereal or arable crops, which may be separate from or combined with raising livestock. Specialist farms are often denoted as such, thus a dairy farm, fish farm, poultry farm or mink farm.

Some farms may not use the word at all, hence vineyard (grapes), orchard (nuts and other fruit), [[market gardening|market garden]] or "truck farm" (vegetables and flowers). Some farms may be denoted by their topographical location, such as a [[hill farm]], while large estates growing cash crops such as cotton or coffee may be called plantations.

Many other terms are used to describe farms to denote their methods of production, as in [[Collective farming|collective]], [[Corporate farming|corporate]], [[Intensive farming|intensive]], [[Organic farming|organic]] or [[Vertical farming|vertical]].

Where most of the income is from some other employment, and the farm is an expanded residence, the term [[hobby farm]] is common. This will allow sufficient size for recreational use but be very unlikely to produce sufficient income to be self-sustaining. Hobby farms are commonly around {{convert|2|hectare|acre}} but may be much larger depending on land prices.

Other farms may primarily exist for research or education, such as an [[ant farm]], and since farming is synonymous with mass production, the word "farm" may be used to describe [[Wind farm|wind power generation]] or [[Puppy mill|puppy farm]]. 

=== Farm buildings ===
{{Main|Farmhouse}}
Farms have special buildings. Some buildings, such as [[Barn|barns]], may hold animals. There may be separate buildings for chickens and pigs. On dairy farms, a milking parlor is an important building. It is where dairy cows are milked. The milk is kept in a milking parlor until a milk tanker comes to get it. There are also special buildings for keeping [[grain]]. A [[silo]] is a tall building where grains, such as wheat and oats are stored. Farmers also use small round metal buildings to store their grain. These buildings are called [[grain bins]].

==Specialized farms==

===Dairy farm===
{{main|Dairy farming}}
[[File:Cow milking machine in action DSC04132.jpg|thumb|A [[milking machine]] in action]]
Dairy farming is a class of agriculture, where female [[cattle]], [[goats]], or other [[mammals]] are raised for their [[milk]], which may be either processed on-site or transported to a dairy for processing and eventual retail sale There are many breeds of cattle that can be milked some of the best producing ones include [[Holstein Friesian|Holstein]], [[Norwegian Red]], [[Kostroma cattle|Kostroma]], [[Brown Swiss]], and more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://farm-animals.knoji.com/top-eighteen-best-milk-producing-cattle-breeds-in-the-world/|title=Top Eighteen Best Milk Producing Cattle Breeds in the World|website=farm-animals.knoji.com|access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref>

In most [[western world|Western]] countries, a centralized [[dairy]] facility processes milk and dairy products, such as [[ice cream]], [[yogurt]], [[butter]], and [[cheese]]. In the United States, these dairies are usually local companies, while in the [[southern hemisphere]] facilities may be run by very large nationwide or trans-national corporations (such as [[Fonterra]]).

Dairy farms generally sell male calves for [[veal]] meat, as dairy breeds are not normally satisfactory for commercial beef production. Many dairy farms also grow their own feed, typically including maize, [[alfalfa]], and hay. This is fed directly to the cows, or stored as [[silage]] for use during the winter season. Additional dietary supplements are added to the feed to improve milk production.<!-- sources to work into the text--> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312380/dairy.htm |title=ThinkQuest |access-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025005108/http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312380/dairy.htm |archive-date=25 October 2012 }}</ref>

===Poultry farm===
{{main|Poultry farming}}
[[File:Poultry Farming in Nepal2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Poultry farming]]
Poultry farms are devoted to raising [[chickens]] (egg layers or [[broiler]]s), [[turkeys]], [[ducks]], and other [[fowl]], generally for [[meat]] or [[Eggs as food|eggs]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A Beginner's Guide to Poultry Farming|url=http://www.alabamapoultry.org/beginner.html|publisher=The Alabama Poultry and Egg Association|access-date=February 18, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225142652/http://www.alabamapoultry.org/beginner.html|archive-date=February 25, 2012}}</ref>

===Pig farm===
{{main|Pig farming}}
A pig farm is one that specializes in raising [[pig]]s for bacon, ham, and other pork products. They may be [[free range]], intensive, or both.

==Ownership==
Farm control and ownership have traditionally been a key indicator of status and power, especially in Medieval European [[agrarian societies]]. The [[Distribution of property|distribution]] of farm ownership has historically been closely linked to a form of government. Medieval [[feudalism]] was essentially a system that centralized control of farmland, control of farm labor, and political power, while the early American democracy, in which land ownership was a prerequisite for voting rights, was built on relatively easy paths to individual farm ownership. However, the gradual modernization and mechanization of farming, which greatly increases both the efficiency and capital requirements of farming, has led to increasingly large farms. This has usually been accompanied by the decoupling of political power from farm ownership.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

===Forms of ownership===
In some societies (especially [[Socialist state|socialist]] and [[Communist state|communist]]), [[collective farming]] is the norm, with either government ownership of the land or common ownership by a local group. Especially in societies without widespread industrialized farming, [[tenant farming]] and [[sharecropping]] are common; farmers either pay landowners for the right to use farmland or give up a portion of the crops.

=== Agribusiness ===
{{Excerpt|Agribusiness}}

==Farms around the world==

===United States===
[[File:Farming near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania.jpg|thumb|Farming near [[Klingerstown, Pennsylvania|Klingerstown]], [[Pennsylvania]]]]
The land and buildings of a farm are called the "farmstead".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of FARMSTEAD|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/farmstead|access-date=2021-06-15|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref>
Enterprises where livestock are raised on [[rangeland]] are called ''[[ranch]]es''. Where livestock are raised in confinement on feed produced elsewhere, the term ''[[feedlot]]'' is usually used.

In the US, in 1910 there were 6,406,000 farms and 10,174,000 family workers; In 2000 there were only 2,172,000 farms and 2,062,300 family workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/graphics/data/fl_typwk.txt |title=National Agricultural Statistics Service |access-date=2007-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715223739/http://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/graphics/data/fl_typwk.txt |archive-date=2007-07-15 }}</ref> The share of U.S. farms operated by women has risen steadily over recent decades, from 5 percent in 1978 to 14 percent by 2007.<ref>Hoppe, Robert A. and Penni Korb. (2013). [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46324 Characteristics of Women Farm Operators and Their Farms.] Washington, D.C.: [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]], [[Economic Research Service]].</ref>[[File:Ontario farm.jpg|thumb|A typical North American [[grain]] farm with farmstead in [[Ontario]], Canada]]In the United States, there are over three million migrant and seasonal farmworkers; 72% are foreign-born, 78% are male, they have an average age of 36 and average education of 8 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts about Farmworkers |url=http://www.ncfh.org/docs/fs-Facts%20about%20Farmworkers.pdf |publisher=National Center for Farmworker Health |access-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516032544/http://www.ncfh.org/docs/fs-Facts%20about%20Farmworkers.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2013 }}</ref> Farmworkers make an average hourly rate of $9–10 per hour, compared to an average of over $18 per hour for nonfarm labor. Their average family income is under $20,000 and 23% live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Changing Characteristics of U.S. Farm Workers |url=http://migration.ucdavis.edu/cf/files/2011-may/carroll-changing-characteristics.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |access-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206150341/http://migration.ucdavis.edu/cf/files/2011-may/carroll-changing-characteristics.pdf |archive-date=February 6, 2013 }}</ref> One-half of all farmworker families earn less than $10,000 per year,<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts on Farmworkers in the United States|url=http://www.farmworkers.cornell.edu/pdf/facts_on_farmworkers.pdf|publisher=Cornell University|access-date=February 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207104510/http://www.farmworkers.cornell.edu/pdf/facts_on_farmworkers.pdf |archive-date=December 7, 2006|year=2001}}</ref> which is significantly below the 2005 U.S. poverty level of $19,874 for a family of four.

In 2007, corn acres are expected to increase by 15% because of the high demand for ethanol, both in and outside of the U.S. Producers are expecting to plant 90.5 million acres (366,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of corn, making it the largest corn crop since 1944.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corn Acres Expected to Soar in 2007, USDA Says |url=http://www.nass.usda.gov/Newsroom/2007/03_30_2007.asp |work=Newsroom |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture – National Agricultural Statistics Service |access-date=February 18, 2012 |location=Washington |date=March 30, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217090330/http://www.nass.usda.gov/Newsroom/2007/03_30_2007.asp |archive-date=February 17, 2012 }}</ref>

===Europe===
[[File:Rieten dak old farmhouse.jpg|thumb|Traditional Dutch farmhouse]]

In the UK, ''farm'' as an agricultural unit, always denotes the area of [[pasture]] and other fields together with its farmhouse, farmyard and outbuildings. Large farms, or groups of farms under the same ownership, may be called an estate. Conversely, a small farm surrounding the owner's dwelling is called a [[smallholding]] and is generally focused on [[self-sufficiency]] with only the surplus being sold.

In Europe, traditional family farms are giving way to larger production units where [[industrial agriculture]] and [[Mechanised agriculture|mechanization]] brings large [[crop]] yields.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Common Agricultural Policy]] (CAP) is one of the most important policies of the European Union and is helping in the change of farms from traditional family farms to larger production units. The policy has the objectives of increasing agricultural production, providing certainty in food supplies, ensuring a high quality of life for farmers, stabilizing markets, and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stead|first=David|date=22 June 2007|title=Common Agricultural Policy|url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/common-agricultural-policy/|publisher=EH.Net Encyclopedia}}</ref> It was, until recently, operated by a system of [[Agricultural subsidy|subsidies]] and market intervention. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60 per cent of the European Union's annual budget, and as of 2013 accounts for around 34 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=16 June 2016|title=Agriculture|url=https://europa.eu/european-union/topics/agriculture_en|access-date=2021-10-30|website=European Union|language=en}}</ref>

===Asia===
[[File:chinafarmland.jpg|thumb|Farmlands in [[Hebei|Hebei province]], China]]

====Pakistan====
{{main|Agriculture in Pakistan}}
According to the [[World Bank]], "most empirical evidence indicates that land productivity on large farms in Pakistan is lower than that of small farms, holding other factors constant." Small farmers have "higher net returns per hectare" than large farms, according to farm
household income data.<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1177200597243/ruralgrowthandpovertyreduction.pdf Report No. 39303-PK Pakistan, Promoting Rural Growth and Poverty Reduction],<br /> March 30, 2007, Sustainable and Development Unit. South Asia Region. Document of the World Bank. p.50</ref>

====Nepal====
{{main|Agriculture in Nepal}}
[[File:Jamnapari goat.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Goat found in Nepal]]
[[Nepal]] is an agricultural country and about 80% of the total population are engaged in farming. Rice is mainly produced in Nepal along with fruits like apples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPAGRI/0,,contentMDK:20273771~menuPK:548215~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00.html|title=Nepal: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Dairy farming and poultry farming are also growing in [[Nepal]].

===Australia===
[[File:Cows in green field - nullamunjie olive grove03.jpg|thumb|Cattle grazing on a farm in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], Australia]]
{{main|Agriculture in Australia}}
[[File:Goat at the Farm.jpg|thumb|Goat found in Australia]]
[[Farming]] is a significant economic sector in [[Australia]]. A farm is an area of land used for primary production which will include buildings.

According to the UN, "green agriculture directs a greater share of total farming input expenditures towards the purchase of locally sourced input?(e.g. labour and organic fertilisers) and a local multiplier effect is expected to kick in. Overall, green farming practices tend to require more labour inputs than conventional farming (e.g. from comparable levels to as much as 30 percent more) (FAO 2007 and European Commission 2010), creating jobs in rural areas and a higher return on labour inputs."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/ger_final_dec_2011/Green%20EconomyReport_Final_Dec2011.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-26 |archive-date=2014-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604085345/http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/ger_final_dec_2011/Green%20EconomyReport_Final_Dec2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Often very small farms used for intensive primary production are referred to by the specialization they are being used for, such as a dairy rather than a dairy farm, a piggery, a market garden, etc. This also applies to feedlots, which are specifically developed for a single purpose and are often not able to be used for more general purpose (mixed) farming practices.

In remote areas, farms can become quite large. As with ''estates'' in England, there is no defined size or method of operation at which a large farm becomes a [[Station (Australian agriculture)|station]].

===Africa===
[[File:Farm Langverwacht, Namibia (2017).jpg|thumb|A typical farm in [[Namibia]]]]
A farm in Africa includes various structures. Depending on climate-related areas primarily farming is the raising and breeding of grazing livestock, such as cattle, sheep, ostriches, horses or goats.  Predominantly domestic animals are raised for their meat, milk, skin, leather or fiber wool). You might even come across silk farms.<ref>Namibia SME Portal Site [http://sme.mti.gov.na/kalahari-wild-silk/ Kalahari Wild Silk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171800/http://sme.mti.gov.na/kalahari-wild-silk/ |date=2018-09-19 }} Retrieved Sept. 19, 2018</ref>

Furthermore, there are plenty of hunting farms, guest farms and [[game farm]]s. Arable] or irrigated land is often used for raising crops such as feed grains and hay for animal feeding.

On some farms (Astro Farm) star-gazing became very popular because of the excellent optical quality in the desert.<ref>Info Namibia [https://www.info-namibia.com/highlights-activities/star-gazing-in-namibia Star gazing] Retrieved Sept. 20, 2018</ref> The [[High Energy Stereoscopic System]] (H.E.S.S.) which investigates [[Cosmos|cosmic]] [[gamma ray]]s is situated on ''Farm Göllschau''  in [[Namibia]].

==Farm equipment==
{{main|Agricultural machinery}}
Farm equipment has evolved over the centuries from simple hand tools such as the [[Hoe (tool)|hoe]], through ox- or horse-drawn equipment such as the plough and [[Harrow (tool)|harrow]], to the modern highly technical machinery such as the [[tractor]], [[baler]] and [[combine harvester]] replacing what was a highly labour-intensive occupation before the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Today much of the farm equipment used on both small<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2012/06/automated_farm_equipment_and_small_scale_farmers_.html|title=Big Bots in Little Agriculture|first=Marie|last=Lawrence|date=1 June 2012|journal=Slate}}</ref> and large farms is automated (e.g. using [[satellite]] guided farming).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://robohub.org/from-precision-farming-to-autonomous-farming-how-commodity-technologies-enable-revolutionary-impact/|title=From precision farming to autonomous farming: How commodity technologies enable revolutionary impact – Robohub|website=robohub.org}}</ref>

As new types of high-tech farm equipment have become inaccessible to farmers that historically fixed their own equipment, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine reports there is a growing backlash,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/02/new-high-tech-farm-equipment-nightmare-farmers/|title=New High-Tech Farm Equipment Is a Nightmare for Farmers|magazine=Wired|last1=Wiens|first1=Kyle}}</ref> due mostly to companies using [[intellectual property]] law to prevent farmers from having the legal right to fix their equipment (or gain access to the information to allow them to do it).<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/04/dmca-ownership-john-deere/|title=We Can't Let John Deere Destroy the Very Idea of Ownership|magazine=Wired|last1=Wiens|first1=Kyle}}</ref> This has encouraged groups such as [[Open Source Ecology]] and Farm Hack<ref>A worldwide community of farmers that build and modify our own tools. http://farmhack.org/app/</ref> to begin to make [[open source hardware]] for agricultural machinery. In addition on a smaller scale [[FarmBot|Farmbot]]<ref>Open source [[CNC]] farming http://go.farmbot.it/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603053601/http://go.farmbot.it/ |date=2015-06-03 }}</ref> and the [[RepRap]] open source [[3D printer]] community has begun to make open-source farm tools available of increasing levels of sophistication.<ref>Pearce, J.M.(2015). [https://www.academia.edu/11979875/Applications_of_Open_Source_3-D_Printing_on_Small_Farms Applications of Open Source 3-D Printing on Small Farms]. ''Organic Farming'' 1(1), 19–35. DOI: 10.12924/of2014.01010019</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Agriculture and Agronomy}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Agrarian structure]]
* [[Agroecology]]
* [[Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms]]
* [[Factory farming]]
* [[Gentleman's farm]]
* [[Grain bin]]
* [[Hobby farm]]
* [[List of organic gardening and farming topics]]
* [[Museum of Scottish Country Life]]
* [[Plantation]]
* [[Prison farm]]
* [[Ranch]]
* [[Rural]]
* [[Rural economics]]
* [[Rural flight]]
* [[Smallholding]]
{{div col end}}
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Clear}}

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* {{cite book | first=Christopher | last=Clark | author-link=Christopher Clark | title=Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 | year=2006 | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}}
* {{cite journal | title=Farm Structure in Regional Comparison: California and New Jersey Vegetable Farms | first=Howard F. | last=Gregor | journal=Economic Geography | volume=45 | issue=3 |date=July 1969 | pages=209–225 | doi=10.2307/143091 | jstor=143091}}
* {{cite journal | title=The Geography of Farm Size a Preliminary Survey | first=David | last=Grigg | journal=Economic Geography | volume=42 | issue=3 |date=July 1966 | pages=205–235 | doi=10.2307/142007 | jstor=142007}}
* {{cite book | first=Elizabeth | last=Schmidt | title=Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870–1939 | year=1992 | location=Portsmouth, New Hampshire | publisher=Heinemann}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Farms}}
{{Wiktionary|farm|farmstead}}
*
* [https://www.agriculturalinfo.in/2020/05/farmers-types-of-farmers-five-richest-farmers.html?m=1 meaning of farmer, types of farmer, five richest farmers ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731033947/https://www.agriculturalinfo.in/2020/05/farmers-types-of-farmers-five-richest-farmers.html?m=1 |date=2020-07-31 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1998/7/275howden.htm | title=Farming styles and extension in broadacre cropping | access-date=18 April 2007 | work=The Australian Society of Agronomy}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/concept.htm |title=What is Sustainable Agriculture? |work=University of California |access-date=18 April 2007 |date=December 1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421034222/http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/concept.htm |archive-date=21 April 2007 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/perma.html | title=Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources | first=Steve | last=Diver | date=August 2002 | access-date=18 April 2007 | work=The ATTRA Project | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316043228/http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/perma.html | archive-date=2007-03-16 | url-status=dead }}
* [https://www.opensourceecology.org/ Open Source Ecology]
* {{cite web| url=http://www.doleta.gov/agworker/naws.cfm| title=The National Agricultural Workers Survey| work=U.S. Department of Labor| access-date=28 March 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216092130/http://www.doleta.gov/agworker/naws.cfm| archive-date=16 February 2013| url-status=dead}}

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[[Category:Farms| ]]
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