Editing Fairchild Semiconductor

{{Short description|American integrated circuit manufacturer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc.
| logo = Fairchild Semiconductor Logo.svg
| logo_size = 220
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1957|10|01}} <!--19 September per https://computerhistory.org/blog/fairchild-semiconductor-the-60th-anniversary-of-a-silicon-valley-legend/-->
| defunct = {{end date|2016|09}}
| fate = Acquired by [[ON Semiconductor]]
| founders = {{Plain list|
* [[Sherman Fairchild]]
* [[Arthur Rock]]
}}
| location_city = [[Sunnyvale, California]]
| location_country = United States
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Unbulleted indent list
  | Mark Thompson ([[chairman]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<ref name = CompanyOverview>{{cite web |url=http://www.fairchildsemi.com/about-fairchild/investors/ |title=About Fairchild - Overview of Fairchild Semiconductor Company |publisher=Fairchild |access-date=January 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210152413/http://www.fairchildsemi.com/about-fairchild/investors/ |archive-date=December 10, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
  | Mark S. Frey ([[Executive vice president|EVP]], [[Chief financial officer|CFO]] & treasurer)<ref name = CompanyOverview/>
  }}
| industry = {{Flat list|
* [[Semiconductor]]s
* [[Computer Network]]s
* Lighting
* Circuit protection
}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Integrated circuit]]s|[[Signal processing|Signal processors]]|[[Motor controller]]s|[[Field-effect transistor]]s}}
| services = 
| market cap = 
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ was|FCS}}
| revenue = {{Decrease}} US$1.370&nbsp;billion (2015)<ref name=AnnualReport>{{cite web |title=Fairchild Semiconductor Intl Inc Annual Report (Form 10-K) |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1036960/000119312516478140/d112557d10k.htm |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} US$6.30&nbsp;million (2015)<ref name=AnnualReport/>
| net_income = {{IncreaseNegative}} –US$15.1&nbsp;million (2015)<ref name=AnnualReport/>
| assets = {{Decrease}} US$1.58&nbsp;billion (2015)<ref name=AnnualReport/>
| equity = {{Decrease}} US$1.10&nbsp;billion (2015)<ref name=AnnualReport/>
| owner = 
| num_employees = 6,379 (2015)<ref name=AnnualReport/>
| parent = [[onsemi]]
| divisions = 
| subsid = 
| footnotes = 
| intl = 
| homepage = https://www.onsemi.com/
}}
{{infobox historic site
| name = Site of invention of the first commercially practicable integrated circuit
| designation1 = California
| designation1_offname = 
| designation1_number = 1000<ref name="Parks"/>
| designation1_date = May 8, 1991
}}
'''Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc.''' was an American [[semiconductor]] company based in [[San Jose, California]]. It was founded in 1957 as a division of [[Fairchild Camera and Instrument]] by the "[[traitorous eight]]" who defected from [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]]. It became a pioneer in the manufacturing of [[transistor]]s and of [[integrated circuit]]s. [[Schlumberger]] bought the firm in 1979 and sold it to [[National Semiconductor]] in 1987; Fairchild was [[corporate spin-off|spun off]] as an independent company again in 1997. In September 2016, Fairchild was acquired by [[ON Semiconductor]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160919005796/en/Semiconductor-Successfully-Completes-Acquisition-Fairchild-Semiconductor-2.4 |title=ON Semiconductor Successfully Completes Acquisition of Fairchild Semiconductor for $2.4 Billion in Cash |date=September 19, 2016 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |access-date=January 28, 2020}}</ref>

The company had locations in the United States at [[San Jose, California]]; [[San Rafael, California]]; [[South Portland, Maine]]; [[West Jordan, Utah]]; and [[Mountain Top, Pennsylvania]]. Outside the US, it operated locations in [[Australia]];<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/qKKMTm-ixZE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180913103955/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKKMTm-ixZE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKKMTm-ixZE |title=Even back in 1968, workers were worried about being replaced by technology {{!}} RetroFocus |website=[[YouTube]]|date=September 11, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Singapore]]; [[Bucheon|Bucheon, South Korea]]; [[Penang, Malaysia]]; [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou, China]]; and [[Cebu City|Cebu, Philippines]], among others.

==History==

===1950s===
[[File:Fairchild Bldg.jpg|right|thumb|The building at 844 East Charleston Road, Palo Alto, California, where the first commercially practical integrated circuit was invented]]

In 1955, [[William Shockley]] founded [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]], funded by [[Beckman Instruments]] in [[Mountain View, California]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/corgs/shocksemi.html |title=ON Shockley Semiconductor |date=1999 |website=www.pbs.org |language=en |access-date=January 28, 2022}}</ref> his plan was to develop a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than then-current [[transistor]]s. At first he attempted to hire some of his former colleagues from [[Bell Labs]], but none were willing to move to the West Coast or work with Shockley again at that time. Shockley then founded the core of the new company with what he considered the best and brightest graduates coming out of American engineering schools.

While Shockley was effective as a recruiter, he was less effective as a manager. A core group of Shockley employees, later known as the [[traitorous eight]], became unhappy with his management of the company. The eight men were [[Julius Blank]], [[Victor Grinich]], [[Jean Hoerni]], [[Eugene Kleiner]], [[Jay Last]], [[Gordon Moore]], [[Robert Noyce]], and [[Sheldon Roberts]]. Looking for funding on their own project, they turned to [[Sherman Fairchild]]'s [[Fairchild Camera and Instrument]], an Eastern U.S. company with considerable military contracts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/shockley/Biog_of_Noyce_+_Fairchild.pdf |title=Robery Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, 1957-1968 |publisher=Business History Review |author=Leslie R Berlin |website=People.seas.harvard.edu |access-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232805/http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/shockley/Biog_of_Noyce_+_Fairchild.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1957 the Fairchild Semiconductor division was started with plans to make [[silicon]] transistors at a time when [[germanium]] was still the most common material for semiconductor use.

According to Sherman Fairchild, Noyce's impassioned presentation of his vision was the reason Sherman Fairchild had agreed to create the semiconductor division for the traitorous eight. Noyce advocated the use of silicon as substrate&nbsp;– since the material costs would consist of sand and a few fine wires, the major cost would be in the manufacturing process. Noyce also expressed his belief that silicon semiconductors would herald the start of disposable appliances that, due to cheap electronic components, would not be repaired but merely discarded when worn out.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/forbesgreatest00youn |url-access=registration |quote=Forbes Greatest Technology Stories disposable components. |title=Greatest Technology Stories |author=Jeffrey S. Young |page=[https://archive.org/details/forbesgreatest00youn/page/118 118] |year=1998 |isbn=0-471-24374-4 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons}}</ref>

Their first transistors were of the [[mesa transistor|silicon mesa]] variety, innovative for their time, but exhibiting relatively poor reliability.

Fairchild's first marketed transistor was the 1958 [[2N696|2N697]], a mesa transistor developed by Moore,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://semiconductormuseum.com/PhotoGallery/PhotoGallery_2N697.htm |title=Transistor Museum Photo Gallery Fairchild 2N697 Silicon Mesa Transistor |website=Semiconductormuseum.com |access-date=January 8, 2016}}</ref> and it was a success. The first batch of 100 was sold to [[IBM]] for $150 apiece in order to build the computer for the [[North American XB-70 Valkyrie|B-70]] bomber. More were sold to [[Autonetics]] to build the guidance system for the [[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman]] ballistic missile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/silicon-mesa-transistors-enter-commercial-production/ |title=Silicon Mesa Transistors Enter Commercial Production |website=computerhistory.com |access-date=September 21, 2018}}</ref>

At the same time [[Jean Hoerni]] developed the [[planar process]], which was a major improvement: [[Planar transistor|planar transistors]] could be made more easily, at a lower cost and with greater performance and reliability, making other transistors obsolete. One such casualty was [[Philco]]'s transistor division, whose newly built $40 million plant to make their germanium [[Post alloy diffused transistor|PADT]] process transistors became nonviable. Within a few years, every other transistor company paralleled or licensed the Fairchild planar process. Hoerni's 2N1613 was a major success, with Fairchild licensing the design across the industry.

In 1960, Fairchild built a circuit with four transistors on a single [[Wafer (electronics)|wafer]] of silicon, thereby creating the first silicon integrated circuit ([[Texas Instruments]]' [[Jack Kilby]] had developed an integrated circuit made of germanium on September 12, 1958, and was awarded a U.S. [[patent]], however Kilby's method was not scalable and the semiconductor industry adopted Fairchild's process to manufacture integrated circuits). The company grew from twelve to twelve thousand employees, and was soon making $130 million a year.

===1960s===
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2017}}
[[File:1957(Figure_9)-Gate_oxide_transistor_by_Frosch_and_Derrick.png|thumb|310x310px|1957, Diagram of one of the SiO2 transistor devices made by Frosch and Derick<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650}}</ref>]]
Fairchild's Noyce and Texas Instrument's Kilby had independently invented the [[integrated circuit]] (IC) based on bipolar technology. In 1960, Noyce invented the planar integrated circuit. The industry preferred Fairchild's invention over Texas Instruments' because the transistors in planar ICs were interconnected by a thin film deposit, whereas Texas Instruments' invention required fine wires to connect the individual circuits. Noyce's invention was enabled by the [[planar process]] developed by Jean Hoerni.<ref>
{{cite book |title=Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970 |author=Christophe Lécuyer |publisher=MIT Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-262-12281-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingsiliconval00chri/page/214 214]–252 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingsiliconval00chri |url-access=registration |quote=fairchild planar Making Silicon Valley.}}</ref> In turn, Hoerni's planar process was inspired by the [[Passivation (chemistry)#Silicon|surface passivation]] method developed at [[Bell Labs]] by [[Carl Frosch]] and Lincoln Derick in 1955<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Huff |first1=Howard |last2=Riordan |first2=Michael |date=2007-09-01 |title=Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword) |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.F02073IF |journal=The Electrochemical Society Interface |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=29 |doi=10.1149/2.F02073IF |issn=1064-8208}}</ref> and 1957.<ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650}}</ref>

At Bell Labs, the importance of Frosch and Derick technique and transistors was immediately realized. Results of their work circulated around Bell Labs in the form of BTL memos before being published in 1957. At [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory|Shockley Semiconductor]], Shockley had circulated the preprint of their article in December 1956 to all his senior staff, including [[Jean Hoerni]],<ref name="Moskowitz2">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek1204">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> who would later invent the [[planar process]] in 1959 while at Fairchild Semiconductor.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref>

In 1948, Bardeen and Brattain patented at Bell Labs an insulated-gate transistor (IGFET) with an inversion layer, this concept forms the basis of CMOS technology today.<ref>{{cite book |author=Howard R. Duff |title=AIP Conference Proceedings |date=2001 |volume=550 |pages=3–32 |chapter=John Bardeen and transistor physics |doi=10.1063/1.1354371 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1963, [[Chih-Tang Sah]] and [[Frank Wanlass]] built [[CMOS]] MOSFET logic.<ref name="computerhistory1963">{{cite web |title=1963: Complementary MOS Circuit Configuration is Invented |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/complementary-mos-circuit-configuration-is-invented/ |access-date=6 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="sah">{{cite conference |last1=Sah |first1=Chih-Tang |author1-link=Chih-Tang Sah |last2=Wanlass |first2=Frank |author2-link=Frank Wanlass |date=1963 |title=Nanowatt logic using field-effect metal-oxide semiconductor triodes |conference=1963 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers |volume=VI |pages=32–33 |doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1963.1157450}}</ref>

In 1963, Fairchild hired [[Bob Widlar|Robert Widlar]] to design analog operational amplifiers using Fairchild's process. Since Fairchild's processes were optimized for digital circuits, Widlar collaborated with process engineer Dave Talbert. The collaboration resulted in two revolutionary products&nbsp;– μA702 and μA709.<ref name="Harrison2005">{{cite book |author=Linden T. Harrison |title=Current Sources and Voltage References: A Design Reference for Electronics Engineers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03JmxpE39N4C&pg=PA3 |date=August 22, 2005 |publisher=Newnes |isbn=978-0-08-045555-6 |pages=3–}}</ref> Hence, Fairchild dominated the analog integrated circuit market, having introduced the first IC [[operational amplifier]]s, or "op-amps", [[Bob Widlar]]'s μA702 (in 1964) and μA709. In 1968, Fairchild introduced David Fullagar's μA741, which became the most popular IC op amp of all time.<ref name="GargDixit2008">{{cite book |author1=Rakesh Kumar Garg |author2=Ashish Dixit |author3=Pavan Yadav |title=Basic Electronics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SOdnsHA2IYC&pg=PA331 |date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=Firewall Media |isbn=978-81-318-0302-8 |pages=331–}}</ref>

By 1965, Fairchild's process improvements had brought low-cost manufacturing to the semiconductor industry&nbsp;– making Fairchild nearly the only profitable semiconductor manufacturer in the United States. Fairchild dominated the market in DTL, op-amps and mainframe computer custom circuits. In 1965, Fairchild opened a semiconductor assembly plant on the Navajo Nation in Shiprock, New Mexico.<ref name="Comp History Museum">{{cite web |last1=Nakamura |first1=Lisa |title=Indigenous Circuits |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/indigenous-circuits/ |website=Computer History Museum |access-date=January 21, 2016 |date=January 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ken |last=Shirriff |title=The Pentium as a Navajo weaving |date=September 2024 |url=http://www.righto.com/2024/08/pentium-navajo-fairchild-shiprock.html |quote=Fairchild and Shiprock: Marilou Schultz is currently creating another weaving based on an integrated circuit, shown below. Although this chip, the Fairchild 9040, is much more obscure than the Pentium, it has important historical symbolism, as it was built by Navajo workers at a plant on Navajo land.}}</ref> At its peak, the plant employed over a thousand Navajos, the majority of whom were women. In ''The Shiprock Dedication Commemorative Brochure'' released by the Fairchild company, the Diné (Navajo) women circuit makers were celebrated as "culture workers who produced circuits as part of the 'reproductive' labor of expressing Navajo culture, rather than merely for wages." This claim was based on the opinion that circuits of the electronic chips had a mere resemblance with the complex geometric patterns on the Navajo rugs. Paul Driscoll, the Shiprock plant manager, spoke of the "untapped wealth of natural characteristics of the Navajo...the ''inherent flexibility'' and dexterity of the Indians." Although highly successful during its operation, the plant was closed in 1975.<ref name="American Quarterly">{{cite journal |last1=Nakamura |first1=Lisa |title=Indigenous Circuits:Navajo Women and the Racialization of Early Electronic Manufacture |journal=American Quarterly |date=December 2014 |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=919–941 |url=https://lnakamur.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/indigenous-circuits-nakamura-aq.pdf |access-date=January 21, 2016 |doi=10.1353/aq.2014.0070 |s2cid=143975328}}</ref> While the Fairchild corporation claims the Diné women were chosen to work in the Shiprock plant due to their "'nimble fingers'" as previously noted, the women of the Shiprock reservation were actually chosen as the workforce due to a lack of labor rights asserted by the women in addition to "cheap, plentiful workers and tax benefits".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nakamura |first=Lisa |date=December 15, 2014 |title=Indigenous Circuits: Navajo Women and the Racialization of Early Electronic Manufacture |journal=American Quarterly |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=919–941 |doi=10.1353/aq.2014.0070 |s2cid=143975328 |issn=1080-6490 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/563663}}</ref>

Fairchild had not done well in the digital integrated circuit market. Their first line of ICs was the "micrologic" [[resistor–transistor logic]] (RTL) line which was used in the [[Apollo Guidance Computer]]. It had the advantage of being extremely simple&nbsp;– each inverter consisted of just one transistor and two resistors. The logic family had many drawbacks that had made it marginal for commercial purposes, and not well suited for military applications: the logic could only tolerate about 100 millivolts of [[Noise (electronics)|noise]]&nbsp;– far too low for comfort. It was awhile before Fairchild relied on more robust designs, such as [[diode–transistor logic]] (DTL) which had much better noise margins.

Sales due to Fairchild semiconductor division had doubled each year and by the mid-1960s comprised two-thirds of total sales of the parent company. In 1966, Fairchild's sales were second to those of [[Texas Instruments]], followed in third place by [[Motorola]]. Noyce was rewarded with the position of corporate vice-president and hence became the ''de facto'' head of the semiconductor division.

However, internal trouble at Fairchild began to surface with a drop in earnings in 1967. There was increasing competition from newer start-ups. The semiconductor division, situated in Mountain View and Palo Alto, California, was actually managed by executives from [[Syosset, New York]], who visited the California sites once a year, even though the semiconductor division earned most of the profits of the company. Fairchild's president at that time, John Carter, had used all the profits to fund acquisitions of unprofitable ventures.

Noyce's position on Fairchild's executive staff was consistently compromised by Sherman Fairchild's faction. [[Charles E. Sporck]] was Noyce's operations manager. Sporck was reputed to run the tightest operation in the world. Sporck, [[Pierre Lamond]] and most managers had grown upset and disillusioned with corporate focus on unprofitable ventures at the expense of the semiconductor division. Executives at the semiconductor division were allotted substantially fewer stock options compared to other divisions. In March 1967, Sporck was hired away by Peter J. Sprague to [[National Semiconductor]]. Sporck brought with him four other Fairchild personnel.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/forbesgreatest00youn |url-access=registration |quote=Forbes Greatest Technology Stories fairchild. |title=Greatest Technology Stories |author=Jeffrey S. Young |page=[https://archive.org/details/forbesgreatest00youn/page/127 127] |year=1998 |isbn=0-471-24374-4 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons}}</ref> Actually, Lamond had previously assembled a team of Fairchild managers in preparation to defect to [[Plessey]], a British company. Lamond had recruited Sporck to be his own boss. When negotiations with Plessey broke down over stock options, Lamond and Sporck succumbed to Widlar's and Talbert's (who were already employed at National Semiconductor) suggestion that they look to National Semiconductor.<ref>Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970, by Christophe Lécuyer, published by MIT Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-262-12281-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-262-12281-8}}; page 260</ref> Widlar and Talbert had earlier left Fairchild to join Molectro, which was later acquired by National Semiconductor.<ref>National Semiconductor#Founding</ref>

In the fall of 1967, Fairchild suffered a loss for the first time since 1958 and announced write-offs of $4 million due to excess capacity, which contributed to a total loss of $7.6 million. Profits had sunk to $0.50 a share, compared to $3 a share the previous year, while the value of the stock dropped in half. In October 1967, the board ordered Carter to sell off all of Fairchild's unprofitable ventures. Carter responded to the order by resigning abruptly.

Furthermore, Fairchild's DTL technology was being overtaken by Texas Instruments's faster [[Transistor–transistor logic|TTL]] (transistor–transistor logic).

While Noyce was considered the natural successor to Carter, the board decided not to promote him. Sherman Fairchild led the board to choose Richard Hodgson. Within a few months Hodgson was replaced by a management committee led by Noyce, while Sherman Fairchild looked for a new CEO other than Noyce. In response, Noyce discreetly planned a new company with [[Gordon Moore]], the head of R&D. They left Fairchild to found [[Intel]] in 1968 and were soon joined by [[Andrew Grove]] and [[Leslie L. Vadász]], who took with them the revolutionary [[Silicon gate|MOS Silicon Gate Technology]] (SGT), recently created in the Fairchild R&D Laboratory by [[Federico Faggin]] who also designed the Fairchild 3708, the world’s first commercial MOS integrated circuit using SGT. Fairchild MOS Division was slow in understanding the potential of the SGT which promised not only faster, more reliable, and denser circuits, but also new device types that could enlarge the field of solid state electronics&nbsp;– for example, CCDs for image sensors, dynamic RAMs, and non-volatile memory devices such as EPROM and flash memories. Intel took advantage of the SGT for its memory development. Federico Faggin, frustrated, left Fairchild to join Intel in 1970 and design the first microprocessors using SGT. Among the investors of Intel were Hodgson and five of the founding members of Fairchild.

Sherman Fairchild hired [[Lester Hogan]], who was the head of [[Motorola]] semiconductor division. Hogan proceeded to hire another hundred managers from Motorola to entirely displace the management of Fairchild.

The loss of these iconic executives, coupled with Hogan's displacement of Fairchild managers demoralized Fairchild and prompted the entire exodus of employees to found new companies.

Many of the original founders, otherwise known as the "fairchildren", had left Fairchild in the 1960s to form companies that grew to prominence in the 1970s. Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore were among the last of the original founders to leave, at which point the brain-drain of talents that had fueled the growth of the company was complete.

A Fairchild advertisement of the time showed a [[collage]] of the [[logo]]s of [[Silicon Valley]] with the annotation "We started it all".
It was later, in 1971, [[Don Hoefler]] popularizated the name "Silicon Valley USA" in ''[[Electronic News]]''.<ref name="DH-71">{{cite web |last1=Laws |first1=David |title=Who named Silicon Valley? |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-named-silicon-valley/ |website=Computer History Museum |date=January 7, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2018}}</ref> He notes he did not invent the name. See also Gregory Gromov<ref name="NetValley">[http://www.netvalley.com/silicon_valley/Legal_Bridge_From_El_Dorado_to_Silicon_Valley.html A Legal Bridge Spanning 100 Years: From the Gold Mines of El Dorado to the "Golden" Startups of Silicon Valley] by Gregory Gromov</ref> and ''[[TechCrunch]]'' 2014 update<ref name=Morris-2014>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/26/the-first-trillion-dollar-startup/ |title=The First Trillion-Dollar Startup |work=[[Tech Crunch]] |author=Rhett Morris |date=July 26, 2014 |access-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> of Hoefler's article.<ref name="DH-71" />

===1970s===
Hogan's action to hire from Motorola had Motorola file a lawsuit against Fairchild, which the court then decided in Fairchild's favor in 1973. Judge William Copple ruled that Fairchild's results were so unimpressive that it was impossible to assess damages "under any theory". Hogan was dismissed as president the next year, but remained as vice chairman.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/technology/16hogan.html?_r=0 |title=Lester Hogan's obituary - New York Times |work=The New York Times |first=Douglas |last=Martin |date=August 16, 2008}}</ref>

In 1973, Fairchild became the first company to produce a commercial [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) following its invention at [[Bell Labs]]. Digital image sensors are still produced today at their descendant company, Fairchild Imaging. The CCD had a difficult birth, with the devastating effects on Fairchild of the [[1973–75 recession]] that followed on the [[1973 oil crisis]].<ref>
{{cite book |title=We were burning: Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age |author=Bob Johnstone |publisher=Basic Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-465-09118-8 |pages=175–211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1bQS9VpWoC&q=1974+recession+ccd+fairchild&pg=PA190}}</ref>

After Intel introduced the [[Intel 8008|8008]] 8-bit microprocessor, Fairchild developed the [[Fairchild F8]] 8-bit microprocessor, which was according to the CPU Museum "in 1977 the F8 was the world's leading microprocessor in terms of CPU sales."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpu-museum.com/F8_e.htm |title=8-bit Microprocessors - F8 (3850) |access-date=August 18, 2013 |url-status=dead <!--Page technically still exists but content been replaced with a YouTube video titled "What is RAM" --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717055953/http://www.cpu-museum.com/F8_e.htm |archive-date=July 17, 2011}}</ref>

In 1976, the company released the first video game system to use ROM cartridges, the Fairchild Video Entertainment System (or VES) later renamed [[Channel F]], using the F8 microprocessor. The system was successful initially, but quickly lost popularity when the [[Atari 2600]] Video Computer System (or VCS) was released.

By the end of the 1970s they had few new products in the pipeline, and increasingly turned to niche markets with their existing product line, notably "hardened" integrated circuits for military and space applications and isoplanar ECL products used in exotic applications like Cray Computers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/documents/doc-472a31a31c5fb.pdf |title=The Legacy of Fairchild |work=Computer History Museum’s Visible Storage Exhibit |first=David |last=Laws}}</ref> Fairchild was being operated at a loss, and the bottomline subsisted mostly from licensing of its patents.

In 1979, Fairchild Camera and Instrument was purchased by [[Schlumberger Limited]], an [[oil field]] services company, for $425 million. At this time, Fairchild's intellectual properties, on which Fairchild had been subsisting, were expiring.

===1980s===
In 1980, under Schlumberger management, the Fairchild Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence Research (FLAIR) was started within Fairchild Research.<ref>
{{cite journal |journal=AI Magazine |title=Research at Fairchild |author=R. J. Brachman |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=45–46 |issn=0738-4602 |date=Winter–Spring 1983}}</ref>
In 1985 the lab was separated to form Schlumberger Palo Alto Research (SPAR).

Fairchild research developed the [[Clipper architecture]], a 32-bit [[RISC]]-like computer architecture, in the 1980s, resulting in the shipping of the C100 chip in 1986. The technology was later sold to [[Intergraph]], its main customer.

Schlumberger sold Fairchild to [[National Semiconductor]] in 1987 for $200 million.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2002/0318/076.html |title=Do Oil and Data Mix? |magazine=Forbes |access-date=January 8, 2016}}</ref> The sale did not include Fairchild's Test Division, which designed and produced [[automated test equipment]] (ATE) for the semiconductor manufacturing industry, nor did it include Schlumberger Palo Alto Research.

In the early 1980s, Fairchild was one of several silicon valley tech companies involved in a lawsuit brought on by residents of San Jose, California. The case pertained to industrial solvent contamination of ground water and soil in San Jose's Los Paseos neighborhood. A settlement was reached and the area designated a superfund. Superfund site cleanup ended in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/05/us/toxic-water-suit-is-settled.html|title=Toxic-Water Suit Is Settled|work=The New York Times |date=July 5, 1986|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

===1990s===
In 1997, the reconstituted Fairchild Semiconductor was reborn as an independent company, based in [[South Portland, Maine]], with Kirk Pond as CEO.

On March 11, 1997, National Semiconductor Corporation announced the US$550 million sale of a reconstituted Fairchild to the management of Fairchild with the backing of Sterling LLC, a unit of Citicorp Venture Capital. Fairchild carried with it what was mostly the Standard Products group previously segregated by [[Gil Amelio]].

The Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation announced November 27, 1997, that it would acquire the semiconductor division of the [[Raytheon Corporation]] for about $120 million in cash. The acquisition was completed on December 31, 1997.<ref>{{cite news |title=Acquisition of Raytheon's semiconductor division |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EKF/is_n2201_v44/ai_20153782 |work=Electronic News |date=January 12, 1998}}</ref>

In December 1998, Fairchild announced the acquisition of [[Samsung]]'s power division, which made power [[MOSFET]]s, [[IGBT]]s, etc.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1138164 |title=Fairchild acquires Samsung power group |author=Stephan Ohr |magazine=[[EE Times]] |date=December 21, 1998}}</ref> The deal was finalized in April 1999 for $450 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Fairchild+Semiconductor+Completes+the+Acquisition+of+Samsung...-a054375949 |title=Fairchild Semiconductor Completes the Acquisition of Samsung Electronics' Power Device Division. - Free Online Library |website=Thefreelibrary.com |access-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230615/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Fairchild+Semiconductor+Completes+the+Acquisition+of+Samsung...-a054375949 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fairchild remained an important supplier for Samsung.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.fairchildsemi.com/2014/samsung-rewards-fairchild-supplier-consecutively-win-coveted-supply-chain-management-award/ |title=Electronics Engineering Blog &#124; Fairchild - Samsung Mobile Rewards Fairchild As The Only Supplier To Consecutively Win Their Coveted Supply Chain Management Award! |website=Blog.fairchildsemi.com |access-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182005/http://blog.fairchildsemi.com/2014/samsung-rewards-fairchild-supplier-consecutively-win-coveted-supply-chain-management-award/ |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 1999, Fairchild Semiconductor again became a publicly traded company on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] with the ticker symbol FCS. Fairchild's South Portland, Maine, and Mountaintop, Pennsylvania, locations are the longest continuously operating semiconductor manufacturing facilities in the world, both operating since 1960.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

===2000s===
On March 19, 2001, Fairchild Semiconductor announced that it had completed the acquisition of [[Intersil Corporation]]'s discrete power business for approximately $338 million in cash. The acquisition moved Fairchild into position as the second-largest power [[MOSFET]] supplier in the world, representing a 20 percent share of this $3 billion market that grew 40 percent last year.{{When|date=August 2012}}

On September 6, 2001, Fairchild Semiconductor announced the acquisition of Impala Linear Corporation, based in San Jose, California, for approximately $6 million in stock and cash. Impala brought with it expertise in designing analog power management semiconductors for hand-held devices like laptops, MP3 players, cell phones, portable test equipment and PDAs.

On January 9, 2004, Fairchild Semiconductor CEO Kirk Pond was appointed as a Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, elected by member banks to serve a three-year term.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kirk Pond appointed as a Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_Jan_9/ai_n27786597 |work=Business Wire |date=January 9, 2004}}</ref>

On April 13, 2005, Fairchild announced appointment of Mark Thompson as CEO of the corporation. Thompson would also be President, Chief Executive Officer and a member of the board of directors of Fairchild Semiconductor International. He originally joined Fairchild as Executive Vice President, Manufacturing and Technology Group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fairchild announces appointment of Mark Thompson as CEO |url=http://powerelectronics.com/news/semiconductor-vendor-president/ |website=Powerelectronics.com |access-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201055856/http://powerelectronics.com/news/semiconductor-vendor-president/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On March 15, 2006, Fairchild Semiconductor announced that Kirk P. Pond would retire as Chairman at the company's annual stockholders' meeting on May 3, 2006. Pond would continue as a member of the company’s board of directors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fairchild Semiconductor announces Kirk Pond's retirement as Chairman |url=http://www.powerpulse.net/story.php?storyID=15035 |website=Powerpulse.net |access-date=January 8, 2016 |date=March 15, 2006}}</ref> Mark Thompson (then CEO) became Chairman.

On September 1, 2007, New Jersey–based RF semiconductor supplier Anadigics acquired Fairchild Semiconductor's RF design team, located in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts, for $2.4 million.

===2010s===
In April 2011, Fairchild Semiconductor acquired TranSiC, a silicon carbide power transistor company originally based in Sweden.

On November 18, 2015, [[ON Semiconductor]] made an offer to acquire Fairchild Semiconductor for $2.4 billion (or $20 per share) after a few months of speculation that Fairchild was seeking a potential buyer.

On April 10, 2016, Fairchild Semiconductor moved its headquarters from San Jose (3030 Orchard Pkwy.) to Sunnyvale (1272 Borregas Ave.).

On September 19, 2016, ON Semiconductor and Fairchild Semiconductor jointly announced that ON Semiconductor had completed its announced $2.4 billion cash acquisition of Fairchild.

In the fall of 2016, the Fairchild 'ON' Semiconductor International closed the West Jordan, Utah, manufacturing plant.<ref name="BBerg1">{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Ian |title=Fairchild to Close Plants, Cut Up to 15% of Workforce |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-08-25/fairchild-to-close-plants-cut-up-to-15-of-workforce |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=August 26, 2014 |access-date=January 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050941/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-08-25/fairchild-to-close-plants-cut-up-to-15-of-workforce |archive-date=18 Jan 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Landmark status==
[[File:IC Plaque.jpg|right|thumb|The historic marker at the Fairchild building at which the [[traitorous eight]] set up shop and the first commercially practical integrated circuit was invented]]

On May 8, 1991, the [[State Historic Preservation Office]] designated the site of invention of the first commercially practicable integrated circuit as a California historical landmark #1000. A description on the commemorative plaque reads: "At this site in 1959, Dr. Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation invented the first integrated circuit that could be produced commercially. Based on 'planar' technology, an earlier Fairchild breakthrough, Noyce's invention consisted of a complete electronic circuit inside a small silicon chip. His innovation helped revolutionize 'Silicon Valley's' semiconductor electronics industry, and brought profound change to the lives of people everywhere."<ref name="Parks">{{cite web|url=https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/1000|title=site of invention of the first commercially practicable integrated circuit|work=Office of Historic Preservation|access-date=2023-12-15}}</ref>

==Alumni==
{{div col begin|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Gil Amelio]]
* [[Julius Blank]]
* [[Lee Boysel]]
* [[Ron Brachman]]
* [[Wilfred Corrigan]]
* [[Alan L. Davis]]
* [[Richard O. Duda]]
* [[James M. Early]]
* [[Kirk Ennis]]
* [[Federico Faggin]]
* [[Jack Gifford]]
* [[Victor Grinich]]
* [[Andrew Grove]]
* [[Peter E. Hart]]
* [[Jean Hoerni]]
* [[Lester Hogan]]
* [[Eugene Kleiner]]
* [[Pierre Lamond]]
* [[Hector Levesque]]
* [[Richard F. Lyon (engineer)|Richard F. Lyon]]
* [[Gordon Moore]]
* [[Robert Noyce]]
* [[Stav Prodromou]]
* [[Chih-Tang Sah]]
* [[Jerry Sanders (businessman)|Jerry Sanders]]
* [[Edwin Turney|Ed Turney]]
* [[Leslie L. Vadász]]
* [[Frank Wanlass]]
* [[Bob Widlar]]
* [[Andrew Witkin]]
* [[Don Valentine]]
<!--
* [[Bill Herndon]]
* [[Robert Seeds]]
* [[Ed Snow]]
* [[Dave Talbert]]
* [[Garth Wilson]]
* [[Chris Knaus]]
* [[Dennis Murray]]
-->
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Fairchild Aircraft]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fairchild Semiconductor}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726071656/http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ |date=July 26, 2016 |title=Archive of Fairchild Semiconductor website}}
* [http://www.fairchildimaging.com Fairchild Imaging]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/corphist/index.php IT Corporate Histories Collection] link to Fairchild Semiconductor history content on the Computer History Museum site.
* [https://archive.nytimes.com/bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/buying-tomatoes-at-the-birthplace-of-silicon-valley/#more-1466 Buying Tomatoes at the Birthplace of Silicon Valley]: What happened to the original Fairchild site and to Shockley Lab.
* [http://www.intel4004.com/images/iedm_covart.jpg The Silicon Gate Technology, developed at Fairchild in 1968 by F. Faggin et al., was presented at the IDEM in Washington DC, in Oct. 1968.]
{{Finance links
| name = Fairchild Semiconductor International
| symbol = FCS
| sec_cik = 1036960
| hoovers = Fairchild_Semiconductor_International_Inc.86fa5b57a535626f
}}
{{Electronics industry in the United States}}
{{Fairchild Corporation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Computer companies established in 1957]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Economy of Cumberland County, Maine]]
[[Category:South Portland, Maine]]
[[Category:Superfund sites in California]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1999 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:2016 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]