Editing Fagales

{{Short description|Order of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Cretaceous|Recent}}
| image = Buchenwald 1.jpg
| image_caption = ''Fagus sylvatica''
| taxon = Fagales
| authority = [[Adolf Engler|Engl.]]<ref name="APGIII2009">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG&nbsp;III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = * [[Betulaceae]]
* [[Casuarinaceae]]
* [[Fagaceae]] 
* [[Juglandaceae]]
* [[Myricaceae]] 
* [[Nothofagaceae]]
* [[Ticodendraceae]]
| range_map = Fagales Map.jpg
| range_map2 = Fagales families.jpg
| synonyms = * Betulales <small>Martius</small>
* Carpinales <small>Döll</small>
* Casuarinales <small>Berchtold & J. Presl</small>
* Casuarinanae <small>Reveal & Doweld</small>
* Corylales <small>Dumortier</small>
* Faganae <small>Takhtajan</small>
* Juglandales <small>Berchtold & J. Presl</small>
* Juglandanae <small>Reveal</small>
* Juglandineae <small>Thorne & Reveal</small>
* Myricales <small>Martius</small>
* Myricineae <small>Thorne & Reveal</small>
* Nothofagales <small>Doweld</small>
* Quercales <small>Burnett</small>
* Rhoipteleales <small>Reveal</small>
}}

The '''Fagales''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[rosid]] group of [[dicotyledon]]s, including some of the best-known trees. Well-known members of Fagales include: [[beech]]es, [[chestnut]]s, [[oak]]s, [[Juglans|walnut]], [[pecan]], [[hickory]], [[birch]]es, [[alder]]s, [[hazel]]s, [[hornbeam]]s, [[Casuarinaceae|she-oaks]], and [[Nothofagus|southern beeches]]. The order name is derived from [[genus]] ''Fagus'' (beeches).

==Systematics==
Fagales include the following seven families, according to the [[APG III system]] of [[Taxonomy|classification]]:<ref name=APGIII2009/>

*[[Betulaceae]] – birch family (''[[Alnus]]'', ''[[Betula]]'', ''[[Carpinus]]'', ''[[Corylus]]'', ''[[Ostrya]]'', and ''[[Ostryopsis]]'')
*[[Casuarinaceae]] – she-oak family (''[[Allocasuarina]]'', ''[[Casuarina]]'', ''[[Ceuthostoma]]'', and ''[[Gymnostoma]]'')
*[[Fagaceae]] – beech family (''[[Castanea (genus)|Castanea]]'', ''[[Castanopsis]]'', ''[[Chrysolepis]]'', ''[[Beech|Fagus]]'', ''[[Lithocarpus]]'', ''[[Notholithocarpus]]'', ''[[Quercus]]'', and ''[[Trigonobalanus]]'')
*[[Juglandaceae]] – walnut family (''[[Alfaroa]]'', ''[[Carya]]'', ''[[Cyclocarya]]'', ''[[Engelhardia]]'', ''[[Juglans]]'', ''[[Oreomunnea]]'',  ''[[Platycarya]]'', ''[[Pterocarya]]'', and ''[[Rhoiptelea]]'')
*[[Myricaceae]] – bayberry family (''[[Canacomyrica]]'', ''[[Comptonia (plant)|Comptonia]]'', and ''[[Myrica]]'')
*[[Nothofagaceae]] – southern beech family (''[[Nothofagus]]'')
*[[Ticodendron|Ticodendraceae]] – ticodendron family (''[[Ticodendron]]'')

Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name=APGIII2009/>{{citation needed|reason=AGGII gives the content, but not a phylogenetic analysis |date=February 2023}}

{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
|1={{clade
  |1=[[Cucurbitales]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
  |label2=Fagales
  |2={{clade
    |1=[[Nothofagaceae]]
    |2={{clade
      |1=[[Fagaceae]]
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=[[Myricaceae]]
          |2=[[Juglandaceae]]
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |1=[[Ticodendraceae]]
            |2=[[Betulaceae]]
             }}
          |2=[[Casuarinaceae]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

The older [[Cronquist system]] only included four families (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae, Ticodendraceae; Corylaceae now being included within Betulaceae); this arrangement is followed by, for example, the World Checklist of selected plant families.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Databases and Publications |url=http://www.kew.org/wcb/aboutfag.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203105430/http://www.kew.org/wcb/aboutfag.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2004 |access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref> The other families were split into three different orders, placed among the [[Hamamelidae]].  The Casuarinales comprised the single family Casuarinaceae, the Juglandales comprised the Juglandaceae and Rhoipteleaceae, and the Myricales comprised the remaining forms (plus ''[[Balanops]]'').  The change is due to studies suggesting the Myricales, so defined, are [[paraphyletic]] to the other two groups.

== Characteristics ==
Most Fagales are wind pollinated and are [[Monoecy|monoecious]] with unisexual flowers.<ref name=":0" />

== Evolutionary history ==
The oldest member of the order is the flower ''[[Soepadmoa cupulata]]'' preserved in the late [[Turonian]]-[[Coniacian]] [[New Jersey amber]], which is a [[Mosaic evolution|mosaic]] with characteristics characteristic of both ''Nothofagus'' and other Fagales, suggesting that the ancestor of all Fagales was ''Nothofagus''-like.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Gandolfo|first1=Maria A.|last2=Nixon|first2=Kevin C.|last3=Crepet|first3=William L.|last4=Grimaldi|first4=David A.|date=August 2018|title=A late Cretaceous fagalean inflorescence preserved in amber from New Jersey|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=105|issue=8|pages=1424–1435|doi=10.1002/ajb2.1103|pmid=29901855 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/fagalesweb.htm Missouri Botanical Gardens - Fagales]

{{Angiosperm orders}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q21881}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fagales| ]]
[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]