Editing Extreme poverty

{{Multiple issues|
{{Unbalanced|article|talk=Missing Significant Minor Viewpoints|date=July 2024}}
{{Expert needed|economics
| date = July 2024
| talk = Missing Significant Minor Viewpoints
| reason = Significant minor viewpoint analysis
| ex2 = history
}}
{{Update article|date=August 2024|reason=Most diagrams/tables only show data until 2015 or 2017.}}
}}
{{Short description|Condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs}}

{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

[[File:World-population-in-extreme-poverty-absolute.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Number of people living in extreme poverty from 1820 to 2015.

{{legend|#70b678|Population not in extreme poverty}}
{{legend|#da6668|Population living in extreme poverty}}]]
[[File:Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region (PovcalNet, World Bank), OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region 1990 to 2015.
{{legend|#97cb72|Latin America and Caribbean}}
{{legend|#eb6d6a|East Asia and Pacific Islands}}
{{legend|#facfaf|South Asia}}
{{legend|#6ab3b8|Middle East and North Africa}}
{{legend|#ffe178|Europe and Central Asia}}
{{legend|#6f8fc2|Sub-Saharan Africa}}
{{legend|#b890ba|Other high income countries}}]]
[[File:The number of people below different poverty lines.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|The number of people living on less than $1.90, $3.20, $5.50, and $10 globally from 1981 to 2015.
{{legend|#70b678|More than $10 a day}}
{{legend|#badaac|$5.50 to $10 a day}}
{{legend|#fddf75|$3.20 to $5.50 a day}}
{{legend|#da6668|$1.90 to $3.20 a day}}
{{legend|#6f8fc2|Less than $1.90 a day}}]]

'''Extreme poverty'''{{Efn|Also known as '''deep poverty''', '''abject poverty''', '''absolute poverty''', '''destitution''', or '''penury'''.}} is the most severe type of [[poverty]], defined by the [[United Nations]] (UN) as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe [[drinking water]], sanitation facilities, health, shelter, [[education]] and [[information]]. It depends not only on income but also on access to services".<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/2019*/https://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf166/aconf166-9.htm "Report of the World Summit for Social Development"], 6–12 March 1995. (archived from [https://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf166/aconf166-9.htm the original] on 4 July 2019)</ref> Historically, other definitions have been proposed within the United Nations.

In 2018, extreme poverty mainly refers to an income below the [[international poverty line]] of $1.90 per day (in 2011 prices, ${{format price|{{Inflation|US|1.90|2011|r=2}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars),{{Inflation-fn|US}} set by the [[World Bank]]. In October 2017, the World Bank updated the '''international poverty line''', a global absolute minimum, to $1.90 a day.<ref name="WorldBank">{{Cite web|url= http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/01/13/principles-and-practice-in-measuring-global-poverty|title=Principles and Practice in Measuring Global Poverty|date=13 January 2016|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> This is the equivalent of $1.00 a day in 1996 US prices, hence the widely used expression "living on less than a dollar a day".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview|title=Overview|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> The vast majority of those in extreme poverty reside in [[South Asia]] and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. As of 2018, it is estimated that the country with the most people living in extreme poverty is [[Nigeria]], at 86 million.<ref name=lchk>Laurence Chandy and Homi Kharas (2014), [http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2014/05/05-data-extreme-poverty-chandy-kharas What Do New Price Data Mean for the Goal of Ending Extreme Poverty?], Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Article was reviewed in ''The Financial Times'': Shawn Donnan (9 May 2014), [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/091808e0-d6da-11e3-b95e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz34f4iVmaC World Bank eyes biggest global poverty line increase in decades]</ref><ref name="ToI-Jun2018">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-no-longer-home-to-the-largest-no-of-poor-study/articleshow/64754988.cms|title=India no longer home to the largest number of poor: Study|publisher=Time of India|date=27 June 2018|access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/06/19/the-start-of-a-new-poverty-narrative/|title=The start of a new poverty narrative|date=19 June 2018|access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref>

In the past, the vast majority of the world population lived in conditions of extreme poverty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economicsandpoverty.com/teaching-tools/|title=About the book|date=1 December 2015|website=Economics & Poverty|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zanden|first1=Jan Luiten van|last2=Baten|first2=Joerg|last3=Foldvari|first3=Peter|last4=Leeuwen|first4=Bas van|date=July 2011|title=The Changing Shape of Global Inequality – exploring a new dataset|journal=Working Papers |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/ucg/wpaper/0001.html}}</ref> 
The percentage of the global population living in absolute poverty fell from over 80% in 1800 to around 10% by 2015.<ref name="Vox">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/12/14/7384515/extreme-poverty-decline|last=Beauchamp|first=Zach|date=14 December 2014|publisher=Vox|title=The world's victory over extreme poverty, in one chart|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> According to UN estimates, {{as of|alt=in 2015|2015}} roughly 734 million people or 10% remained under those conditions.<ref name="PovcalNet">{{Cite web|url=http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplicateWB.aspx|title=PovcalNet|website=iresearch.worldbank.org|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> The number had previously been measured as 1.9 billion in 1990, and 1.2 billion in 2008. Despite the significant number of individuals still below the international poverty line, these figures represent significant progress for the international community, as they reflect a decrease of more than one billion people over 15 years.<ref name="PovcalNet"/>

In [[public opinion surveys]] around the globe, people surveyed tend to think that extreme poverty has not decreased.<ref>Human Progress, "[https://www.humanprogress.org/what-19-in-20-americans-dont-know-about-world-poverty/ What 19 in 20 Americans Don't Know About World Poverty]," 30 April 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-4yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think|last1=Rosling|first1=Hans|last2=Rönnlund|first2=Anna Rosling|last3=Rosling|first3=Ola|date=3 April 2018|publisher=Flatiron Books|isbn=9781250123817|page=7|language=en|author-link=Hans Rosling}}</ref>

The reduction of extreme poverty and hunger was the first [[Millennium Development Goal]] (MDG1), as set by the United Nations in 2000. Specifically, the target was to reduce the extreme poverty rate by half by 2015, a goal that was met five years ahead of schedule.<ref name=":0" /> In the [[Sustainable Development Goals]], which succeeded the MDGs, the goal is to end extreme poverty in all its forms everywhere. With this declaration the international community, including the UN and the World Bank have adopted the target of ending extreme poverty by 2030.

==Definition==
===Previous definitions===

In July 1993, [[Leandro Despouy]], the then UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights made use of a definition he adapted from a 1987 report to the French Economic and Social Council<ref>Joseph Wresinski. [https://www.lecese.fr/sites/default/files/pdf/Rapports/1987/Rapport-WRESINSKI.pdf#page=8 "Grande pauvreté et precarité économique et sociale"], 10–11 February 1987.</ref> by Fr. [[Joseph Wresinski]], founder of the [[International Movement ATD Fourth World]], distinguishing "lack of basic security" (poverty) and "chronic poverty" (extreme poverty), linking the eradication of extreme poverty by allowing people currently experiencing it a real opportunity to exercise all their human rights:

{{quote|The lack of basic security connotes the absence of one or more factors enabling individuals and families to assume basic responsibilities and to enjoy fundamental rights. The situation may become widespread and result in more serious and permanent consequences. The lack of basic security leads to chronic poverty when it simultaneously affects several aspects of people's lives, when it is prolonged and when it severely compromises people's chances of regaining their rights and of reassuming their responsibilities in the foreseeable future.<ref>Leandro Despouy. [https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/170999/files/E_CN-4_Sub-2_1993_16-FR.pdf "Preliminary report on human rights and extreme poverty"], 2 July 1993.</ref>}}

This definition was mentioned previously, in June 1989, in the preliminary report on the realization of economic, social and cultural rights by the UN Special Rapporteur [[Danilo Türk]].<ref>Danilo Türk. [https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/64870/files/E_CN.4_Sub.2_1989_19-EN.pdf "Preliminary report on the new international economic order and the promotion of human rights"], 28 June 1989.</ref> It is still in use today, among others, in the current UN Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights<ref>[[María Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona|Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona]] [https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/732765/files/A_HRC_21_39-EN.pdf "Final draft of the guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights"], 18 July 2012.</ref> adopted by the UN [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] in September 2012.<ref>UN Human Rights Council. [https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/737029/files/A_HRC_RES_21_11-EN.pdf Resolution 21/11] dated 27 September 2012.</ref>

===Consumption-based definition===
[[File:Poverty headcount ratio at 1.90 a day.png|alt=|thumb|[[List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty|Poverty headcount ratio]] at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population). Based on [[World Bank]] data ranging from 1998 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?view=map|access-date=23 July 2020|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>]]
Extreme poverty is defined by the international community as living below $1.90 a day, as measured in 2011 international prices (equivalent to $2.12 in 2018). This number, also known as the [[international poverty line]], is periodically updated to account for inflation and differences in the cost of living;<ref>Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. [http://blog.ub.ac.id/andanewyork/files/2012/05/World-Distribution-of-Income.pdf "The world distribution of income: falling poverty and convergence period"]. ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics'' 121.2 (2006): 351–397 (370).</ref> it was originally defined at $1.00 a day in 1996. The updates are made according to new price data to portray the costs of basic food, health services, clothing, and shelter around the world as accurately as possible. The latest revision was made in 2015 when the World Bank increased the line to [[Geary–Khamis dollar|international-$]]1.90.

Because many of the world's poorest people do not have a monetary income, the poverty measurement is based on the monetary value of a person's ''consumption''. Otherwise the poverty measurement would be missing the home production of [[subsistence farmer]]s that consume largely their own production.

===Alternative definitions===
[[File:Share of population living in multidimensional poverty, 2014.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Share of population living in multidimensional poverty in 2014]]
The $1.90/day extreme poverty line remains the most widely used metric as it highlights the reality of those in the most severe conditions.<ref name="usaid1">[http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1870/USAID-Extreme-Poverty-Discussion-Paper.pdf "Getting to Zero: USAID Discussion Paper"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830045430/http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1870/USAID-Extreme-Poverty-Discussion-Paper.pdf |date=30 August 2017 }}, 21 November 2013.</ref> Although widely used by most international organizations, it has come under scrutiny due to a variety of factors. For example, it does not account for how far below the line people are, referred to as the depth of poverty. For this purpose, the same institutions publish data on the [[Poverty gap index|poverty gap]].

The international poverty line is designed to stay constant over time, to allow comparisons between different years. It is therefore a measure of absolute poverty and is not measuring [[relative poverty]]. It is also not designed to capture how people view their own financial situation (known as the socially subjective poverty line).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/3254/WPS5968.pdf|title = Poor, or Just Feeling Poor?|date = February 2012|website = The World Bank [[Open Knowledge Repository]]|author=Martin Ravallion}}</ref>  Moreover, the calculation of the poverty line relies on information about consumer prices to calculate [[purchasing power parity]], which are very hard to measure and are necessarily debatable. As with all other metrics, there may also be missing data from the poorest and most fragile countries.

Several alternative instruments for measuring extreme poverty have been suggested which incorporate other factors such as malnutrition and lack of access to a basic education. The [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]] (MPI), based on the [[Sabina Alkire|Alkire]]-[[James Foster (economist)|Foster]] Method, is published by the [[Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative]] (OPHI): it measures deprivation in basic needs and can be broken down to reflect both the incidence and the intensity of poverty. For example, under conventional measures, in both Ethiopia and Uzbekistan about 40% of the population is considered extremely poor, but based on the MPI, 90% of Ethiopians but only 2% of Uzbeks are in multidimensional poverty.<ref>Dan Morrell.[http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/01/who-is-poor "Who Is Poor?"], [[Harvard Magazine]]. January–February 2011.</ref>

The MPI is useful for development officials to determine the most likely causes of poverty within a region, using the M0 measure of the method (which is calculated by multiplying the fraction of people in poverty by the fraction of dimensions they are deprived in).<ref>OPHI.[http://www.ophi.org.uk/research/multidimensional-poverty/alkire-foster-method/ "Alkire-Foster Method"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815052310/http://www.ophi.org.uk/research/multidimensional-poverty/alkire-foster-method/ |date=15 August 2014 }}, 2014.</ref> For example, in the [[Gaza Strip]] of Palestine, using the M0 measure of the Alkire-Foster method reveals that poverty in the region is primarily caused by a lack of access to electricity, lack of access to drinking water, and widespread overcrowding. In contrast, data from the [[Chhukha District]] of [[Bhutan]] reveals that income is a much larger contributor to poverty as opposed to other dimensions within the region.<ref>Sabina Alkire and James Foster.[http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/oc63ch03.pdf "Counting and Multidimensional Poverty"], [[International Food Policy Research Institute]].</ref> However, the MPI only presents data from 105 countries, so it cannot be used for global measurements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/global-mpi-2018/|title=Global MPI 2018|website=ophi.org.uk|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref>

==Share of the population living in extreme poverty==
{{Pie chart|thumb=right
|color1=#ffcc00|value1=62.1|label1=Sub-Saharan Africa
|color2=#ff6600|value2=24.85|label2=South Asia
|color3=#669900|value3=4.19|label3=East Asia & Pacific
|color4=#00cc99|value4=3.47|label4=Middle East & North Africa
|color5=#0066ff|value5=3.4|label5=Latin America & Caribbean
|color6=#ff99cc|value6=1.07|label6=Developed countries
|color7=#990000|value7=0.19|label7=Europe & Central Asia
|caption=Percent of world's extreme poor by region (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-population-living-in-extreme-poverty-by-world-region?country=High+income+countries~Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean~OWID_WRL~Middle+East+and+North+Africa~South+Asia~East+Asia+and+Pacific~Europe+and+Central+Asia~Sub-Saharan+Africa|title=Total population living in extreme poverty by world region}}</ref>}}
[[File:Share-of-the-population-living-in-extreme-poverty-in-selected-parts-of-the-world.png|thumb|Share of the population living in extreme poverty in selected parts of the world]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Number of people pushed below the $1.90 ($2011 PPP) poverty line (in millions)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Total population living in extreme poverty by world region|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-population-living-in-extreme-poverty-by-world-region|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Our World in Data}}</ref> 
|+
!Region
!1990
!1995
!2000
!2005
!2010
!2015
!2017
|-
|[[Developed country|Developed countries]]
|4.06
|4.99
|4.7
|5.48
|5.28
|7.91
|7.45
|-
|[[Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America & Caribbean]]
|66.61
|64.75
|65.77
|54.04
|35.3
|22.95
|23.73
|-
|[[Middle East & North Africa]]
|14.8
|16.49
|9.95
|9.6
|6.86
|15.74
|24.16
|-
|[[South Asia]]
|557.05
|550.44
|564.92
|533.28
|425.32
|230.51
|173.1
|-
|[[Asia–Pacific|East Asia & Pacific]]
|977.29
|766.14
|632.26
|347.99
|212.12
|42.08
|29.15
|-
|[[Europe]] & [[Central Asia]]
|11.51
|32
|34.28
|22.04
|11.27
|7.35
|6.37
|-
|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]
|280.95
|352.76
|388.27
|393.57
|412.49
|417.6
|432.5
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1,910'''
|'''1,790'''
|'''1,700'''
|'''1,370'''
|'''1,110'''
|'''744.14'''
|'''696.45'''
|-
|}

==Current trends==
===Getting to zero===
[[File:USAID Projections.png|upright=2.0|right|thumb|Various projections for the prospect of ending extreme poverty by 2030. The ''y''-axis represents the percentage of people living in extreme poverty worldwide.]]
[[File:Extreme-Poverty-projection-by-the-World-Bank-to-2030.png|thumb|Extreme poverty projection by the World Bank to 2030]]

Using the World Bank definition of $1.90/day, {{as of|2021|lc=y}}, roughly 710 million people remained in extreme poverty (or roughly 1 in 10 people worldwide).<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Poverty Clock|url=https://worldpoverty.io/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=worldpoverty.io|language=en}}</ref> Nearly half of them live in India and China, with more than 85% living in just 20 countries. Since the mid-1990s, there has been a steady decline in both the worldwide poverty rate and the total number of extreme poor. In 1990, the percentage of the global population living in extreme poverty was 43%, but in 2011, that percentage had dropped down to 21%.<ref name="usaid1"/> This halving of the extreme poverty rate falls in line with the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG1) proposed by former UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], who called on the international community at the turn of the century to reduce the percentage of people in extreme poverty by half by 2015.<ref name="Annan_2000"/>

This reduction in extreme poverty took place most notably in China, Indonesia, India, Pakistan and Vietnam. These five countries accounted for the alleviation of 715 million people out of extreme poverty between 1990 and 2010&nbsp;– more than the global net total of roughly 700 million. This statistical oddity can be explained by the fact that the number of people living in extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa rose from 290 million to 414 million over the same period.<ref name="autogenerated1">United Nations.[https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdg-report-2013-english.pdf "The Millennium Development Goals Report"], 2013.</ref> However, there have been many positive signs for extensive, global [[poverty reduction]] as well. Since 1999, the total number of extreme poor has declined by an average of 50 million per year. Moreover, in 2005, for the first time in recorded history, poverty rates began to fall in every region of the world, including Africa.<ref>Rajiv Shah.[http://www.usaid.gov/news-information/speeches/nov-21-2013-administrator-rajiv-shah-brookings-institution-ending-extreme-poverty "Remarks by Administrator Rajiv Shah at the Brookings Institution: Ending Extreme Poverty"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706111629/http://www.usaid.gov/news-information/speeches/nov-21-2013-administrator-rajiv-shah-brookings-institution-ending-extreme-poverty |date=6 July 2014 }}, USAID. 21 November 2013.</ref>

As aforementioned, the number of people living in extreme poverty has reduced from 1.9 billion to 766 million over the span of the last decades. If we remain on our current trajectory, many economists predict we could reach global zero by 2030–2035, thus ending extreme poverty. Global zero entails a world in which fewer than 3% of the global population lives in extreme poverty (projected under most optimistic scenarios to be fewer than 200 million people). This zero figure is set at 3% in recognition of the fact that some amount of frictional (temporary) poverty will continue to exist, whether it is caused by political conflict or unexpected economic fluctuations, at least for the foreseeable future.<ref name="worldbank1">World Bank.[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1327948020811/8401693-1397074077765/Prosperity_for_All_Final_2014.pdf "Prosperity for All: Ending Extreme Poverty"], Spring 2014.</ref> However, the [[Brookings Institution]] notes that any projection about poverty more than a few years into the future runs the risk of being highly uncertain. This is because changes in consumption and distribution throughout the developing world over the next two decades could result in monumental shifts in global poverty, for better or worse.<ref>Laurence Chandy et al. [http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2013/04/ending%20extreme%20poverty%20chandy/the_final_countdown.pdf "The Final Countdown: Prospects for Ending Extreme Poverty"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228203206/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2013/04/ending%20extreme%20poverty%20chandy/the_final_countdown.pdf |date=28 February 2015 }}. Brookings Institution. April 2013.</ref>

Others are more pessimistic about this possibility, predicting a range of 193 million to 660 million people still living in extreme poverty by 2035. Additionally, some believe the rate of poverty reduction will slow down in the developing world, especially in Africa, and as such it will take closer to five decades to reach global zero.<ref>Alex Thier. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140706155201/http://blog.usaid.gov/2013/11/global-effort-to-end-extreme-poverty/ "A Global Effort to End Extreme Poverty"]. USAID. 22 November 2013.</ref> Despite these reservations, several prominent international and national organizations, including the UN, the World Bank and the United States Federal Government (via USAID), have set a target of reaching global zero by the end of 2030.

More recent analyses in 2022 on [[real wages]] have questioned whether extreme poverty was a "natural" condition of humanity and decreased with the rise of [[capitalism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=Dylan |last2=Hickel |first2=Jason |date=2023-01-01 |title=Capitalism and extreme poverty: A global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22002169?__cf_chl_tk=QgoOcBdsoDyPMzSS0aTJ0y_9TCnmAyeos2hllp9DDO8-1730566745-1.0.1.1-cqtK2JEmFEF_ksvFs059tDm.Xu2jEPUOjqSj1LoPa40 |journal=World Development |volume=161 |pages=106026 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106026 |issn=0305-750X}}</ref>

[[File:Brookings -- 2030 Extreme Poverty Projections.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Reduction in global poverty by year in percentage points]]

===Exacerbating factors===

There are a variety of factors that may reinforce or instigate the existence of extreme poverty, such as weak institutions, cycles of violence and a low level of growth. Recent World Bank research shows that some countries can get caught in a "fragility trap", in which self-reinforcing factors prevent the poorest nations from emerging from low-level equilibrium in the long run.<ref name="worldbank2">World Bank. [http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/Feature%20Story/Stop_Conflict_Reduce_Fragility_End_Poverty.pdf "Stop Conflict, Reduce Fragility and End Poverty: Doing Things Differently in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations"]. 2013.</ref> Moreover, most of the reduction in extreme poverty over the past twenty years has taken place in countries that have not experienced a civil conflict or have had governing institutions with a strong capacity to actually govern. Thus, to end extreme poverty, it is also important to focus on the interrelated problems of fragility and conflict.

USAID defines fragility as a government's lack of both legitimacy (the perception the government is adequate at doing its job) and effectiveness (how good the government is at maintaining law and order, in an equitable manner). As fragile nations are unable to equitably and effectively perform the functions of a state, these countries are much more prone to violent unrest and mass inequality. Additionally, in countries with high levels of inequality (a common problem in countries with inadequate governing institutions), much higher growth rates are needed to reduce the rate of poverty when compared with other nations. Additionally, if China and India are removed from the equation, up to 70% of the world's poor live in fragile states by some definitions of fragility. Some analysts project that extreme poverty will be increasingly concentrated in fragile, low-income states like Haiti, Yemen and the Central African Republic.<ref>Nancy Lindborg. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140303211914/http://blog.usaid.gov/2014/02/to-end-extreme-poverty-tackle-fragility/ "To End Extreme Poverty, Tackle Fragility"]. USAID. 13 February 2014.</ref> However, some academics, such as [[Andy Sumner]], say that extreme poverty will be increasingly concentrated in middle-income countries, creating a paradox where the world's poor do not actually live in the poorest countries.<ref>Andy Sumner. [http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1426481_file_Sumner_where_in_the_world_FINAL_0.pdf "Where Will the World's Poor Live? An Update on Global Poverty and the New Bottom Billion"]. Center for Global Development. September 2012.</ref>

To help low-income earners, fragile states make the transition towards peace and prosperity, the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States, endorsed by roughly forty countries and multilateral institutions, was created in 2011. This represents an important step towards redressing the problem of fragility as it was originally articulated by self-identified fragile states who called on the international community to not only "do things differently", but to also "do different things".<ref name="pnaec864">USAID. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714115923/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaec864.pdf "Ending Extreme Poverty in fragile contexts"]. 28 January 2014.</ref>

Civil conflict also remains a prime cause for the perpetuation of poverty throughout the developing world. Armed conflict can have severe effects on economic growth for many reasons such as the destruction of assets, destruction of livelihoods, creation of unwanted mass migration, and diversion of public resources towards war.<ref name="pnaec864"/> Significantly, a country that experienced major violence during 1981–2005 had extreme poverty rates 21 percentage points higher than a country with no violence. On average, each civil conflict will cost a country roughly 30 years of GDP growth.<ref name="worldbank2"/> Therefore, a renewed commitment from the international community to address the deteriorating situation in highly fragile states is necessary to both prevent the mass loss of life, but to also prevent the vicious cycle of extreme poverty.

Population trends and dynamics (e.g. population growth) can also have a large impact on prospects for poverty reduction. According to the United Nations, "in addition to improving general health and well-being, analysis shows that meeting the reproductive health and contraceptive needs of all women in the developing world more than pays for itself").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unfpa.org/resources/population-and-poverty|title=Population and poverty|website=[[United Nations Population Fund]]|language=en|access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2013, a prominent finding in a report by the World Bank was that extreme poverty is most prevalent in low-income countries. In these countries, the World Bank found that progress in poverty reduction is the slowest, the poor live under the worst conditions, and the most affected persons are children age 12 and under.<ref>Olinto, Pedro, et al. [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/The%20State%20of%20the%20Poor.pdf "The State of the Poor: Where Are The Poor, Where Is Extreme Poverty Harder to End, and What Is the Current Profile of the World's Poor?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619000140/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/The%20State%20of%20the%20Poor.pdf |date=19 June 2018 }}. ''Economic Premise'' 125.2 (2013).</ref>

==International initiatives==
===Millennium Summit and Millennium Development Goals===

In September 2000, world leaders gathered at the [[Millennium Summit]] held in New York, launching the [[United Nations Millennium Project]] suggested by then UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]]. Prior to the launch of the conference, the office of Secretary-General Annan released a report entitled "We The Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century". In this document, now widely known as the Millennium Report, Kofi Annan called on the international community to reduce the proportion of people in extreme poverty by half by 2015, a target that would affect over 1 billion people. Citing the close correlation between economic growth and the reduction of poverty in poor countries, Annan urged international leaders to indiscriminately target the problem of extreme poverty across every region.<ref name="Annan_2000">{{cite book |author=Kofi A. Annan |year=2000 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/We_The_Peoples.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/We_The_Peoples.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=We The Peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century |publisher=United Nations |isbn=92-1-100844-1|author-link=Kofi Annan }}</ref> In charge of managing the project was Jeffrey Sachs, a noted development economist, who in 2005 released a plan for action called "Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals".<ref>Jeffrey Sachs. [http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/MainReportComplete-lowres.pdf "Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals"], United Nations. 2005.</ref> [[Thomas Pogge]] criticized the 2000 Millennium Declaration for being less ambitious than a previous declaration from the [[World Food Summit]] due to using 1990 as the benchmark rather than 1996.<ref name=ohchr>{{cite web|author=Thomas Pogge |title=Poverty and Human Rights|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/poverty/expert/docs/Thomas_Pogge_Summary.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/poverty/expert/docs/Thomas_Pogge_Summary.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|website=United Nations Human Rights|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref>

Overall, there has been significant progress towards reducing extreme poverty, with the MDG1 target of reducing extreme poverty rates by half being met five years early, representing 700 million people being lifted out of extreme poverty from 1990 to 2010, with 1.2 billion people still remaining under those conditions.<ref name=":0">United Nations. [https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml "Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty & Hunger"], 2014.</ref> The notable exception to this trend was in Sub-Saharan Africa, the only region where the number of people living in extreme poverty rose from 290 million in 1990 to 414 million in 2010, comprising more than a third of those living in extreme poverty worldwide.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

====2005 World Summit====

The [[2005 World Summit]], held in September which was organized to measure international progress towards fulfilling the [[Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs). Notably, the conference brought together more than 170 Heads of State. While world leaders at the summit were encouraged by the reduction of poverty in some nations, they were concerned by the uneven decline of poverty within and among different regions of the globe. However, at the end of the summit, the conference attendees reaffirmed the UN's commitment to achieve the MDGs by 2015 and urged all supranational, national and non-governmental organizations to follow suit.

===Sustainable Development Goals===
[[File:Sustainable Development Goals.png|thumb|right|Sustainable Development Goals]]

As the expiration of the Millennium Development Goals approached in 2015, the UN convened a panel to advise on a [[Post-2015 Development Agenda]], which led to a new set of 17 goals for 2030 titled the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs). The first goal ([[Sustainable Development Goal 1|SDG 1]]) is to "End poverty in all its forms everywhere."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-1-no-poverty.html|title=Goal 1: No poverty|website=UNDP|access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref>

The HLP report, entitled A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development, was published in May 2013. In the report, the HLP wrote that:

<blockquote> Ending extreme poverty is just the beginning, not the end. It is vital, but our vision must be broader: to start countries on the path of sustainable development&nbsp;– building on the foundations established by the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, and meeting a challenge that no country, developed or developing, has met so far. We recommend to the Secretary-General that deliberations on a new development agenda must be guided by the vision of eradicating extreme poverty once and for all, in the context of sustainable development.</blockquote>

Therefore, the report determined that a central goal of the Post-Millennium Development agenda is to eradicate extreme poverty by 2030. However, the report also emphasized that the MDGs were not enough on their own, as they did not "focus on the devastating effects of conflict and violence on development&nbsp;... the importance to development of good governance and institution&nbsp;... nor the need for [[inclusive growth]]..." Consequently, there now exists synergy between the policy position papers put forward by the United States (through USAID), the World Bank and the UN itself in terms of viewing fragility and a lack of good governance as exacerbating extreme poverty. However, in a departure from the views of other organizations, the commission also proposed that the UN focus not only on extreme poverty (a line drawn at $1.25), but also on a higher target, such as $2. The report notes this change could be made to reflect the fact that escaping extreme poverty is only a first step.<ref>High Level Panel of Eminent Persons. [http://www.post2015hlp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/UN-Report.pdf "A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development"], United Nations. 2013.</ref>

In addition to the UN, a host of other supranational and national actors such as the European Union and the African Union have published their own positions or recommendations on what should be incorporated in the Post-2015 agenda. The European Commission's communication, published in A decent Life for all: from vision to collective action, affirmed the UN's commitment to "eradicate extreme poverty in our lifetime and put the world on a sustainable path to ensure a decent life for all by 2030". A unique vision of the report was the commission's environmental focus (in addition to a plethora of other goals such as combating hunger and gender inequality). Specifically, the Commission argued, "long-term poverty reduction&nbsp;... requires inclusive and [[sustainable growth]]. Growth should create decent jobs, take place with [[resource efficiency]] and within planetary boundaries, and should support efforts to [[Climate change mitigation|mitigate climate change]]."<ref>{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/pdf/2_EN_ACT_part1_v5.pdf |title=A Decent Life for All: From Vision to Collective Action |date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629071941/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/pdf/2_EN_ACT_part1_v5.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> The African Union's report, entitled Common African Position (CAP) on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, likewise encouraged the international community to focus on eradicating the twin problems of poverty and exclusion in our lifetime. Moreover, the CAP pledged that "no person&nbsp;– regardless of ethnicity, gender, geography, disability, race or other status&nbsp;– is denied universal human rights and basic economic opportunities".<ref>African Union. [http://www.nepad.org/sites/default/files/Common%20African%20Position-%20ENG%20final.pdf "Common African Position (CAP) on the Post-2015 Development Agenda"], 2014.</ref>

===Least developed country conferences===
The UN [[least developed country]] (LDC) conferences were a series of summits organized by the UN to promote the substantial and even development of the world's least developed countries.<ref>United Nations. [http://www.cinu.org.mx/temas/desarrollo/dessocial/ldc/ldc2_en.pdf "Paris Declaration and Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the 1900s"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203632/http://www.cinu.org.mx/temas/desarrollo/dessocial/ldc/ldc2_en.pdf |date=23 September 2015 }}, 1992.</ref>

==Organizations working to end extreme poverty==
===International organizations===
====World Bank====
[[File:World Bank Group.png|thumb|right| Nations of the World Bank Group (WBG)]]
[[File:World Bank logo.svg|thumb|right|World Bank logo]]
In 2013, the Board of Governors of the [[World Bank Group]] (WBG) set two overriding goals for the WBG to commit itself to in the future. First, to end extreme poverty by 2030, an objective that echoes the sentiments of the UN and the Obama administration. Additionally, the WBG set an interim target of reducing extreme poverty to below 9% by 2020. Second, to focus on growth among the bottom 40% of people, as opposed to standard GDP growth. This commitment ensures that the growth of the developing world lifts people out of poverty, rather than exacerbating inequality.<ref name="worldbank1"/>

As the World Bank's primary focus is on delivering economic growth to enable equitable prosperity, its developments programs are primarily commercial-based in nature, as opposed to the UN. Since the World Bank recognizes better jobs will result in higher income, and thus less poverty, the WBG seeks to support employment training initiatives, small business development programs and strong labor protection laws. However, since much of the growth in the developing world has been inequitable, the World Bank has also begun teaming with client states to map out trends in inequality and to propose public policy changes that can level the playing field.<ref>World Bank. [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview#2 "Poverty Overview"], 2014.</ref>

Moreover, the World Bank engages in a variety of nutritional, transfer payments and transport-based initiatives. Children who experience under-nutrition from conception to two years of age have a much higher risk of physical and mental disability. Thus, they are often trapped in poverty and are unable to make a full contribution to the social and economic development of their communities as adults. The WBG estimates that as much as 3% of GDP can be lost as a result of under-nutrition among the poorest nations. To combat undernutrition, the WBG has partnered with UNICEF and the WHO to ensure all small children are fully fed. The WBG also offers conditional cash transfers to poor households who meet certain requirements such as maintaining children's healthcare or ensuring school attendance. Finally, the WBG understands investment in public transportation and better roads is key to breaking rural isolation, improving access to healthcare and providing better job opportunities for the World's poor.<ref>World Bank. [http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/02/05/povertyreductioninpractice "Poverty Reduction in Practice: How and Where We Work"], 19 February 2013.</ref>

====United Nations====
[[File:United Nations Headquarters, Geneva.jpg|thumb|right|United Nations Headquarters, Geneva]]
[[File:United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Logo.svg|thumb|right|United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Logo]]
The UN [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) works to synchronize the disparate international, national and non-governmental efforts to contest poverty. OCHA seeks to prevent "confusion" in relief operations and to ensure that the humanitarian response to disaster situations has greater accountability and predictability. To do so, OCHA has begun deploying Humanitarian Coordinators and Country Teams to provide a solid architecture for the international community to work through.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unocha.org/|title=Coordination Saves Lives|publisher=OCHA|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

The United Nation's Children's Fund ([[UNICEF]]) was created by the UN to provide food, clothing and healthcare to European children facing famine and disease in the immediate aftermath of World War II. After the UN General Assembly extended UNICEF's mandate indefinitely in 1953, it actively worked to help children in extreme poverty in more than 190 countries and territories to overcome the obstacles that poverty, violence, disease and discrimination place in a child's path. Its current focus areas are 1) Child survival & development 2) Basic education & gender equality 3) Children and HIV/AIDS and 4) Child protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/|title=Children's Rights & Emergency Relief Organization|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

The UN Refugee Agency ([[UNHCR]]) is mandated to lead and coordinate international action to protect refugees worldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights of refugees by ensuring anyone can exercise the right to seek asylum in another state, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or resettle in a third country. The UNHCR operates in over 125 countries, helping approximately 33.9 million persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/|title=UNHCR Welcome|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

The [[World Food Programme]] (WFP) is the largest agency dedicated to fighting hunger worldwide. On average, the WFP brings food assistance to more than 90 million people in 75 countries. The WFP not only strives to prevent hunger in the present, but also in the future by developing stronger communities which will make food even more secure on their own. The WFP has a range of expertise from Food Security Analysis, Nutrition, Food Procurement and Logistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wfp.org/|publisher=United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) |title=Fighting Hunger Worldwide|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, articulating evidence-based policy decisions and combating diseases that are induced from poverty, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Moreover, the WHO deals with pressing issues ranging from managing water safety, to dealing with maternal and newborn health.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.org/|title=World Health Organization|publisher=WHO|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

===Governmental agencies===

====USAID====
[[File:USAID-Identity.svg|thumb|right|USAID logo]]
[[File:USAID Urban Search and Rescue team Fairfax County (4285327426).jpg|thumb|right|USAID Urban Search and Rescue team Fairfax County performs search and rescue operations in Haiti, 17 January 2010.]]
The US Agency for International Development ([[USAID]]) is the lead US government agency dedicated to ending extreme poverty. Currently the largest bilateral donor in the world, the United States channels the majority of its development assistance through USAID and the [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]]. In President Obama's 2013 [[State of the Union]] address, he declared, "So the United States will join with our allies to eradicate such extreme poverty in the next two decades&nbsp;... which is within our reach." In response to Obama's call to action, USAID has made ending extreme poverty central to its mission statement.<ref>USAID. [http://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/mission-vision-values "Mission Statement"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616022916/http://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/mission-vision-values |date=16 June 2014 }}, 2014.</ref> Under its New Model of Development, USAID seeks to eradicate extreme poverty through the use of innovation in science and technology, by putting a greater emphasis on evidence based decision-making, and through leveraging the ingenuity of the private sector and global citizens.<ref>USAID. [http://issuu.com/usaid/docs/usaidannualletter2014 "Annual Letter"], 2014.</ref>

A major initiative of the Obama administration is Power Africa, which aims to bring energy to 20 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. By reaching out to its international partners, whether commercial or public, the US has leveraged over $14 billion in outside commitments after investing only US$7 billion of its own. To ensure that Power Africa reaches the region's poorest, the initiative engages in a transaction based approach to create systematic change. This includes expanding access to electricity to more than 20,000 additional households which already live without power.<ref>USAID. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726192143/http://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica "Power Africa"], 2014.</ref>

In terms of specific programming, USAID works in a variety of fields from preventing hunger, reducing HIV/AIDS, providing general health assistance and democracy assistance, as well as dealing with gender issues. To deal with [[food security]], which affects roughly 842 million people (who go to bed hungry each night),<ref>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/2013/en/ "The State of Food Insecurity in the World"], 2013.</ref> USAID coordinates the [[Feed the Future Initiative]] (FtF). FtF aims to reduce poverty and under-nutrition each by 20% over five years. Because of the [[President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]] (PEPFAR) and a variety of congruent actors, the incidence of AIDS and HIV, which used to ravage Africa, reduced in scope and intensity. Through PEPFAR, the United States has ensured over five million people have received life-saving antiviral drugs, a significant proportion of the eight million people receiving treatment in relatively poor nations.<ref>USAID. [http://www.usaid.gov/endextremepoverty "End Extreme Poverty"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208132112/https://www.usaid.gov/endextremepoverty |date=8 February 2019 }}, 2014.</ref>

In terms of general health assistance, USAID has worked to reduce maternal mortality by 30%, under-five child mortality by 35%, and has accomplished a host of other goals.<ref>USAID. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120611085133/http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health "What We Do: Global Health"], 2014.</ref> USAID also supports the gamut of democratic initiatives, from promoting human rights and accountable, fair governance, to supporting free and fair elections and the rule of law. In pursuit of these goals, USAID has increased global political participation by training more than 9,800 domestic election observers and providing civic education to more than 6.5 million people.<ref>USAID. [http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/democracy-human-rights-and-governance "What We Do: Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714033957/http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/democracy-human-rights-and-governance |date=14 July 2014 }}, 2014.</ref> Since 2012, the Agency has begun integrating critical gender perspectives across all aspects of its programming to ensure all USAID initiatives work to eliminate gender disparities. To do so, USAID seeks to increase the capability of women and girls to realize their rights and determine their own life outcomes. Moreover, USAID supports additional programs to improve women's access to capital and markets, builds theirs skills in agriculture, and supports women's desire to own businesses.<ref>USAID. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120624082134/http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment/fostering-womens-leadership "What We Do: Fostering Women's Leadership"], 2014.</ref>

====Others====
Other major government development agencies with annual aid programmes of more than $10 billion include: [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit|GIZ]] (Germany), [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office|FCDO]] (United Kingdom), [[Japan International Cooperation Agency|JICA]] (Japan), [[European Union]] and [[French Development Agency|AFD]] (France).

===Non-Governmental Organizations===
A multitude of non-governmental organizations operate in the field of extreme poverty, actively working to alleviate the poorest of the poor of their deprivation. To name but a few notable organizations: [[Save the Children]], the [[Overseas Development Institute]], [[Concern Worldwide]], [[ONE Campaign|ONE]], [[Trickle Up]] and [[Oxfam]] have all done a considerable amount of work in extreme poverty.

Save the Children is the leading international organization dedicated to helping the world's indigent children. In 2013, Save the Children reached over 143 million children through their work, including over 52 million children directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savethechildren.net/|title=Save the Children|work=Save the Children International|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> Save the Children also recently released their own report titled "Getting to Zero",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/Getting_to_Zero.pdf |title=Getting to Zero |publisher=[[Save the Children]] |access-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824055131/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/Getting_to_Zero.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in which they argued the international community could feasibly do more than lift the world's poor above $1.25/day.

The [[Overseas Development Institute]] (ODI) is a UK based think tank on international development and humanitarian issues. ODI is dedicated to alleviating the suffering of the world's poor by providing high-quality research and practical policy advice to the World's development officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odi.org/about|title=About ODI|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> ODI also recently released a paper entitled, "The Chronic Poverty Report 2014–2015: The road to zero extreme poverty",<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8834.pdf |title=The Chronic Poverty Report 2014–2015: The road to zero extreme poverty |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061046/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8834.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> in which its authors assert that though the international communities' goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030 is laudable, much more targeted resources will be necessary to reach said target. The report states that "To eradicate extreme poverty, massive global investment is required in social assistance, education and pro-poorest economic growth".<ref>{{cite book |author1=Andrew Shepherd |author2=Lucy Scott |author3=Chiara Mariotti |author4=Flora Kessy |author5=Raghav Gaiha |author6=Lucia da Corta |author7=Katharina Hanifnia |author8=Nidhi aicker |author9=Amanda Lenhardt |author10=Charles Lwanga-Ntale |author11=Binayak Sen |author12=Bandita Sijapati |author13=Tim Strawson |author14=Ganesh Thapa |author15=Helen Underhill |author16=Leni Wild |publisher=Overseas Development Institute |year=2015 |title=Chronic Poverty Report 2014–15: The Road to Zero Extreme Poverty |url=http://www.odi.org/chronic-poverty |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061001/https://www.odi.org/chronic-poverty |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Concern Worldwide is an international humanitarian organization whose mission is to end extreme poverty by influencing decision makers at all levels of government (from local to international).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.concern.net/about|title=About Concern|work=Concern Worldwide|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> Concern has also produced a report on extreme poverty in which they explain their own conception of extreme poverty from a NGO's standpoint. In this paper, named "How Concern Understands Extreme Poverty",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.concern.net/sites/default/files/resource/2011/03/how_concern_understands_extreme_poverty_-_2010.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.concern.net/sites/default/files/resource/2011/03/how_concern_understands_extreme_poverty_-_2010.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=How Concern Understands Extreme Poverty}}</ref> the report's creators write that extreme poverty entails more than just living under $1.25/day, it also includes having a small number of assets and being vulnerable to severe negative shocks (whether natural or man made).

ONE, the organization co-founded by [[Bono]], is a non-profit organization funded almost entirely by foundations, individual philanthropists and corporations. ONE's goals include raising public awareness and working with political leaders to fight preventable diseases, increase government accountability and increase investment in nutrition.<ref>One International. [http://www.one.org/international/about/ "About"]</ref> Finally, Trickle Up is a micro-enterprise development program targeted at those living on under $1.25/day, which provides the indigent with resources to build a sustainable livelihood through both direct financing and considerable training efforts.<ref>Trickle Up. [http://www.trickleup.org/solution/our-approach.cfm "Our Approach"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703012245/http://www.trickleup.org/solution/our-approach.cfm |date=3 July 2014 }}</ref>

Oxfam is a non-governmental organization that works prominently in Africa; their mission is to improve local community organizations and it works to reduce impediments to the development of the country. Oxfam helps families suffering from poverty receive food and healthcare to survive. There are many children in Africa experiencing growth stunting, and this is one example of an issue that Oxfam targets and aims to resolve.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/countries/south-africa|title=South Africa - Oxfam International|website=www.oxfam.org}}</ref>

Cash transfers appear to be an effective intervention for reducing extreme poverty, while at the same time improving health and education outcomes.<ref name="doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2">{{cite journal |title=Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=11 |pages=CD011135 |year=2017 |doi= 10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2 |last1=Pega |first1=Frank |last2=Liu |first2=Sze |last3=Walter |first3=Stefan  |last4=Pabayo |first4=Roman |last5=Saith |first5=Ruhi |last6=Lhachimi |first6=Stefan |issue=4 |pmc=6486161 |pmid=29139110 }}</ref><ref name="doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3">{{cite journal |title=Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |pages=CD011135 |year=2022 |doi= 10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3 |last1=Pega |first1=Frank |last2=Pabayo |first2=Roman |last3=Benny |first3=Claire |last4=Lee |first4=Eun-Young |last5=Lhachimi |first5=Stefan |last6=Liu |first6=Sze |issue=3 |pmid=35348196 |pmc=8962215 }}</ref>

====Campaigns====
*[[Giving What We Can]]
*[[Global Poverty Project]]
*[[Live Below the Line]]
*[[Make Poverty History]]

==See also==
*[[Cost of poverty]]
*[[Income inequality metrics]]
*[[Least developed countries]]
*[[List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty]]
*[[Millennium Development Goals]] (2015)
*[[Poverty reduction]]
*[[Poverty threshold]]
*[[Sustainable Development Goals]] (2030)

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|24em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiversity|Eliminating poverty}}
*[https://archive.today/20130403094958/http://knowledgenetwork.alumni.msu.edu/msu-latin-american-caribbean-studies/unmillenniumdevelopmentgoalseradicateextremepovertyandhunger.html Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger by 2015 | UN Millennium Development Goal] curated by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Michigan State University
*[http://www.thelifeyoucansave.org/ The Life You Can Save – Acting Now to End World Poverty]
*[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-extreme-poverty-be-el-2005-09/ Scientific American Magazine (September 2005 Issue) Can Extreme Poverty Be Eliminated?]
*[http://www.atd-fourthworld.org/ International Movement ATD Fourth World]
*[http://www.walkinhershoes.org.au/ Walk In Her Shoes]

{{Deprivation Indicators|state=collapsed}}
{{Poverty|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Measurements and definitions of poverty]]