Editing European Ombudsman

{{Short description|Ombudsman for the European Union}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = European Ombudsman
| insignia = Logo of the European Ombudsman.svg
| insigniasize = 145px
| insigniacaption = European Ombudsman logo
| image = European Ombudsman, Teresa Anjinho.jpg
| incumbent = [[Teresa Anjinho]]
| incumbentsince = 27 February 2025
| appointer = [[European Parliament]]
| inaugural = [[Jacob Söderman]]
| formation = 1995
| salary = 
| website = [http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/home.faces ombudsman.europa.eu]
}}
{{Politics of the European Union}}
The '''European Ombudsman''' is an inter-institutional body of the [[European Union]] that holds the institutions, bodies and agencies of the EU to account, and promotes good administration. The Ombudsman helps people, businesses and organisations facing problems with the EU administration by investigating complaints, as well as by proactively looking into broader systemic issues. The current Ombudsman is [[Teresa Anjinho]].

The European Ombudsman has offices in [[Strasbourg]] and [[Brussels]].

==History==
The European Ombudsman was established by the [[Maastricht Treaty]] and the first, [[Jacob Söderman]] of Finland, was elected by the [[European Parliament]] in 1995. The current Ombudsman, Teresa Anjinho of Portugal, took office on 27 February 2025.

==Appointment==
The European Ombudsman is elected by the European Parliament. The Ombudsman is elected for a renewable term of 5 years. At the request of Parliament, the Ombudsman may be removed by the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|Court of Justice]] if "(s)he no longer fulfils the conditions required for the performance of his duties or if (s)he is guilty of serious misconduct". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union/Chapter 1: The Institutions - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Chapter_1:_The_Institutions#Article_228 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Remit and powers==
Any EU citizen or entity may ask the Ombudsman to investigate potential maladministration in an EU institution. Maladministration can include problems such as: administrative irregularities, unfairness, discrimination, abuse of power, failure to reply, refusal to provide information and unnecessary delays. The Ombudsman cannot investigate the [[European Court of Justice]] in its judicial capacity, the [[General Court (European Union)|General Court]], the [[Civil Service Tribunal (European Union)|Civil Service Tribunal]], national and regional administrations (even where EU law is concerned), [[judiciary|judiciaries]], private individuals or corporations.<ref name="at a glance">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/atyourservice/ataglance.faces
|title = The European Ombudsman—At a glance
|publisher = ombudsman.europa.eu
|access-date = 18 December 2012
|date=July 2006
}}</ref>

The Ombudsman has no binding powers to compel compliance with their rulings, but the overall level of compliance is high. The Ombudsman primarily relies on the power of persuasion and publicity.<ref name="Scot">{{cite news
|last = Mackie
|first = Christopher 
|date = 18 March 2010
|url = http://news.scotsman.com/politics/The-EU39s-39invisible-man39-who.6161233.jp
|title = The EU's 'invisible man' who has power over all our lives
|newspaper = [[The Scotsman]]
}}</ref>

==Cases==
It is a right of an [[Citizenship of the European Union|EU citizen]], according to the [[Treaties of the European Union|EU treaties]], to take a case to the Ombudsman.<ref name=treaty>
{{cite wikisource 
|title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
|wslink=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
|chapter=Part Two: Non-Discrimination and Citizenship of the Union
|at=Article 20
|anchor=Article 20
|year=2007
}}</ref> 

The ombudsman received 2,392 complaints in the year 2023 and opened 393 investigations into alleged maladministration. The largest number of complaints in 2023 came from Spain (402), followed by Germany with 241.

According to the Ombudsman's own reports, 63% of complaints in 2023 were related to the [[European Commission]]. 12% related to the [[European Personnel Selection Office]] (EPSO) and 4% to the [[European Parliament]]. The [[Council of the European Union]] accounted for 2%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Ombudsman |url=https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/doc/annual-report/en/183636 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.ombudsman.europa.eu}}</ref>

== Main subjects of action ==
The main mission guiding the European Ombudsman's work is the "right to good administration" that is recognised as a human right in the EU.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demiret |first=Demokaan |date=2001 |title=The Role of the European Ombudsman in Good Administration |journal=Aeupeaj |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=127}}</ref> The European Ombudsman helps citizens, companies and associations that face problems with EU administration. The main areas of inquiries of the European Ombudsman relate to the transparency of EU administration; transparency and accountability in EU decision-making; lobbying transparency; ethical issues; fundamental rights; recruitment into the EU civil service; and citizen participation in EU decision-making.

=== Transparency and the right of access EU documents ===
Complaints concerning a lack of transparency are the most common category of complaints received by the European Ombudsman, representing around 30% of complaints. They are mainly related to the refusal of EU institution(s) to grant documents upon a citizen's request. This right of citizens to access EU documents is enshrined in Articles 42 of the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU]] and Article 15 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex - 12008E015 - EN |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E015:en:HTML |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Official Journal |volume=115 |date=9 May 2008 |pages=54–55 |language=EN}}</ref> In case a citizen is prevented from accessing the documents they requested, they can turn to the European Ombudsman for help.

=== Lobbying transparency ===
The European Ombudsman works to ensure that the EU's democratic decision-making process is characterised by the highest transparency standards. Special attention is given to how interest groups engage with and try to influence the EU institutions. Lobbying transparency is one of the main topics of action at the European Ombudsman, and through various strategic initiatives, the Ombudsman tries to mitigate potential conflicts of interest. 

=== Ethical issues ===
Ethics related complaints to the European Ombudsman include potential [[Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest]] as well as "revolving doors" situations, where someone working in the public sector moves to a closely related job in the private sector. The European Ombudsman has argued that the EU administration must meet with "gold standards when it comes to ethical behaviour".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=European Ombudsman |date=2015 |title=Annual Report 2014 |url=https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/publication/en/59959 |website=European Ombudsman}}</ref>

=== Fundamental rights ===
A key part of European Ombudsman work is to ensure that EU institutions respect fundamental rights. For example, the Ombudsman has dealt with inquiries related to the rights of persons with disabilities and the treatment of migrants.

=== Citizen participation ===
In its role as a moderator and bridge between citizens and the EU institutions, the European Ombudsman also promotes citizens' participation and involvement in European politics by, for example, demanding greater transparency so that citizens can follow the proceedings, or by promoting the implementation of more participatory decision-making processes. 

== European Ombudsman procedures ==
The European Ombudsman can conduct inquiries following the receipt of a complaint as well as on their own initiative. Using powers conferrer by the Statue of the European Ombudsman,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2021/1163 of the European Parliament of 24 June 2021 laying down the regulations and general conditions governing the performance of the Ombudsman's duties (Statute of the European Ombudsman) and repealing Decision 94/262/ECSC, EC, Euratom |url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/1163/oj}}</ref> the Ombudsman can require the institution concerned  to provide information, inspect the document held by the institution and testimony from officials.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=European Ombudsman |date=2020 |title=Putting it Right? Report. How the EU institutions responded to the Ombudsman in 2019 |url=https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/doc/follow-up/en/135909 |website=European Ombudsman}}</ref>

The European Ombudsman complements the work of the courts, as it offers an alternative way for citizens to resolve disputes with the EU administration, without incurring costs such as lawyers or fees. However, the European Ombudsman has no power to make legally binding decisions, so it can only act as a moderator in disputes.

Whenever the Ombudsman finds maladministration, they can make problem-solving proposals, recommendations and suggestions. The main way in which the European Ombudsman tries to a problem is by proposing a '''solution''',<ref>Article 2 of the Statute</ref>  that both the complainant and the institution concerned would be willing to accept. This method may result in a quick and positive outcome for the complainant. However, this method is less effective when it comes to driving systemic change in the public interest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=European Ombudsman |date=2014 |title=Putting it Right? Report. How the EU institutions responded to the Ombudsman in 2013 |url=https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/doc/follow-up/en/135909 |website=European Ombudsman}}</ref> If the institution rejects the proposed solution, the European Ombudsman can proceed to the powers of Article 4 of the Statute and draft '''recommendations''' for the institution concerned. These recommendations are published on the Ombudsman's website, publicity and raising public attention to the maladministration identified.<ref>''Ibid.''</ref> To address the issue the European Ombudsman can choose to publish '''suggestions for improvements''', for the institution concerned.<ref>Article 1(4) of the Statute.</ref> These public suggestions help identify problems and suggest corrections that can create systemic improvements for the public interest.  If, at the end of an investigation, an institution rejects the Ombudsman's final findings or recommendations, the Ombudsman can criticise it publicly, highlighting the importance of the issue, and can also make a special report to the European Parliament.

Many of the complaints sent to the European Ombudsman are outside of its mandate. In 2023, the European Ombudsman processed 1,506 outside the mandate complaints. The highest number of out of mandate complaints came from Spain, Poland and Germany. 

The European Ombudsman tries to reply to all complaints submitted, even the ones outside the mandate. In those cases, the European Ombudsman helps complainants by explaining the Ombudsman's mandate and, advising about other bodies  to whom they can  direct their complaint. If the complainant agrees, the European Ombudsman can also forward the complaint to members of the European Network of Ombudsmen (ENO).

== Advice, complaints, and inquiries throughout the years ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!<ref>Data from European Ombudsman, "Annual Report 2014", "Annual Report 2015", "Annual Report 2017", and "Annual Report 2020".</ref>
!2014
!2015
!2017
!2020
!2023
|-
!"People helped by the European Ombudsman"
|23 072
|17 033
|15 837
|20 302
|17 500
|-
!"Advice given through the Interactive Guide on the Ombudsman's website"
|19 170
|13 966
|12 521
|16 892
|14 423
|-
!"New complaints managed"
|2 079
|2 077
|2 181
|2 148
|2 392
|-
!"Requests for information replied to by Ombudsman"
|1 823
|1 060
|1 135
|1 262
|735
|-
!"Inquiries opened"
|342
|261
|447
|370
|398
|-
!"Inquiries opened based on complaints"
|325
|249
|433
|365
|393
|-
!"Own-initiative inquiries opened"
|17
|12
|14
|5
|5
|-
!"Inquiries closed"
|400
|277
|363
|394
|375
|-
!"Complaint-based inquiries closed"
|387
|261
|348
|392
|369
|-
!"Own-initiative inquiries closed"
|13
|16
|15
|2
|3
|}

The high number of maladministration complaints made to European Ombudsman in parallel with recent scholarship , show that "the ombudsman is an important platform protecting the rights of citizens and promoting [[democratic values]] at the EU level".<ref>Demokaan Demiret, ''op.cit.'', 140.</ref>

== Effectiveness, impact, and achievements ==
Since its inception in 1995, the European Ombudsman has, identified itself as an institution with a "good governance" mission, promoting this cause and its own place within the EU institutional system.<ref>Ian Harden, "The European Ombudsman's Role in Promoting Good Governance," in ''Accountability in the EU. The Role of the European Ombudsman'', ed. by Herwig C. H. Hofmann and Jacques Ziller (Celtenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017), 198–216.</ref> It is active towards serving the wider public interest and one of its goals is to achieve "tangible improvements for complainants and the public ''vis-a-vis'' the EU administration"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=European Ombudsman |title=Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/doc/annual-report/en/183636}}</ref> The European Ombudsman is responsive towards complaints from individuals, companies and associations, replying to and resolving complaints related to administration problems in the [[Institutions of the European Union|EU institutions]]. The European Ombudsman also takes an autonomous and active approach in "helping the institutions to improve the quality of the service they provide"<ref>''Ibid.''</ref> by making problem-solving ''proposals,'' ''recommendations,'' and ''suggestions''.

Assessing the European Ombudsman's effectiveness must take into consideration [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] data, such as the statistics on the responsiveness to complaints and statistics on own-initiative inquiries as well as, [[Qualitative research|qualitative]] data to better understand how EU institutions react to the Ombudsman's proposals.

For this purpose, complying with Article 4(5) of the Statute,<ref>Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2021/1163 of the European Parliament, ''loc.cit.''</ref> the European Ombudsman submits a comprehensive report to the [[European Parliament]] at the end of each annual session, with information on the rate of EU institutions' compliance with their recommendations.

=== European Ombudsman's responsiveness to complaints ===
Data from the 2023 Annual Report<ref name=":1" /> shows how responsive the European Ombudsman was towards the complaints it received from individuals, companies, and associations, including complaints that were outside its mandate. In 2023, 1,126 complainants (41% of all complaints dealt with during 2023) received advice or found their case transferred to another complaints body. Another 873, (representing 37%) received a response informing the complaint that all advice from the European Ombudsman had already been provided. Finally, 393complaints (16% of all complaints dealt with that year) resulted in the opening of formal inquiries for further analyses.

=== Cooperation and acceptance by EU institutions ===
The European Ombudsman reports that<ref name=":2" /> in 2022, "the EU institutions responded positively to the Ombudsman's proposals (solutions, recommendations, and suggestions) in 81% of instances". Out of 83proposals from the Ombudsman related to corrections the [[Institutions of the European Union|EU institutions]] should do to improve their administrative practices, 67 were positively received and had an influence on the problems identified. 

==Ombudsmen==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Ombudsman
!In Office
!Country
|-
| [[Jacob Söderman]] 
|1995–2003
|{{Flag|Finland}}
|-
| [[Nikiforos Diamandouros]] 
|2003–2013
|{{Flag|Greece}}
|-
| [[Emily O'Reilly]] 
|2013–2025
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|-
|[[Teresa Anjinho]]
|2025–2029
|{{Flag|Portugal}}
|}

==See also==
* [[European Citizens' Initiative]], an initiative aimed at increasing direct democracy in the European Union.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* [http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/home.faces The official website of the European Ombudsman], 
* [[European Code of Good Administrative Behaviour]], at the [http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/resources/code.faces  Ombudsman's official website]
* [http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/resources/publicserviceprinciples.faces Public service principles for the EU civil service], at the Ombudsman's official website

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ombudsmen in the European Union| ]]
[[Category:Non-institutional bodies of the European Union]]
[[Category:Ombudsman posts]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Strasbourg]]
[[Category:Political offices of the European Union]]