Editing Eumaeus

{{Short description|Friend of Odysseus in the Odyssey}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Telemachus3511.gif|right|300px|thumb|[[Bonaventura Genelli]], Odysseus sits by the fire as Eumaeus discovers Telemachus at the entrance of his hut.]]
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Eumaeus''' ({{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|m|iː|ə|s}}; [[Ancient Greek]]: Εὔμαιος ''Eumaios'' meaning 'searching well'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Graves|first=Robert|title=The Greek Myths - The Complete and Definitive Edition|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2017|isbn=9780241983386|pages=94}}</ref>) was [[Odysseus]]' slave, [[swineherd]], and friend. His father, [[Ctesius]], son of [[Ormenus]], was king of an island called Syra (present-day [[Syros]] in the Greek islands of the [[Cyclades]]), although it has also been suggested that Eumaeus may have referred to [[Syracuse, Sicily]].<ref name="Butler2015">{{cite book|author=Samuel Butler|title=Delphi Complete Works of Samuel Butler (Illustrated)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HkZCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3206|date=14 April 2015|publisher=Delphi Classics|isbn=978-1-910630-86-0|pages=3206–|access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525101531/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HkZCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3206#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
When he was a young child, a Phoenician sailor seduced his nurse, a slave, who agreed to bring the child among other treasures in exchange for their help in her escape. The nurse was killed by [[Artemis]] on the journey by sea, but the sailors continued to Ithaca where Odysseus' father Laertes bought him as a slave. Thereafter he was brought up with Odysseus and his sister [[Ctimene]] (or Ktimene) and was treated by [[Anticleia]], their mother, almost as Ctimene's equal.

In [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', Eumaeus is the first person that Odysseus meets upon his return to [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]] after fighting in the [[Trojan War]]. He has four dogs, "savage as wild beasts", who protect his pigs. Although he does not recognize his old master – Odysseus is in disguise – and has his misgivings, Eumaeus treats Odysseus well, offering food and shelter to one whom he thinks is simply a pauper. On being pushed to explain himself, Odysseus spins a distorted tale, misleading Eumaeus into believing that he is the son not of [[Laertes (father of Odysseus)|Laertes]] but of [[Castor and Pollux|Castor]].

The swineherd refuses to accept the assurance that Odysseus is finally on his way home, though he loves him above all others (rendering him especially bitter towards the [[suitors of Penelope]]). Eumaeus has become inured to such claims owing to their frequency during Odysseus' absence, and additionally because he had been misled previously by an impostor from [[Aetolia]]. He cautions:<blockquote>Don't ''you'' try to gratify or soothe my heart with falsehoods.<br/>
It is not for that reason that I shall respect and entertain you, but because<br/>I fear [[Zeus]], the patron of strangers, and pity you.</blockquote>

God-fearing, suspicious, and scrupulous, Eumaeus delivers probably the oldest extant example of literary [[sarcasm]] when, after Odysseus offers a bargain entailing that he be thrown off a cliff should he lose, he answers:
<blockquote>That would be virtuous of me, my friend, and good reputation would<br/>be mine among men, for present time alike and hereafter,<br/>if first I led you into my shelter, there entertained you as guest,<br/>then murdered you and ravished the dear life from you. <br/>Then cheerfully I could go and pray to Zeus, son of Kronos.<br/>(XIV.402–6, Lattimore translation)</blockquote>

Eumaeus is generous in his offerings to guests and gods ([[Hermes]] in particular) and so fair-minded as to strive to divide meals equally between everyone he feeds. The axiom "The god will give, and the god will take away, according to his will, for he can do anything" fairly encapsulates his philosophy.

During his master's long absence, Eumaeus acquires from the [[Taphians]] a servant, [[Mesaulius]], with his own ostensibly meagre resources. Mesaulius serves as a waiter during Odysseus' first supper back on [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]], in Eumaeus's hut with its owner and his fellow herders.

Eumaeus also welcomes Odysseus' son, [[Telemachus]], when he returns from his voyage to [[Pylos]] and [[Sparta]]. When Telemachus returns, he visits Eumaeus as soon as he gets off his boat, as Athena directed him. In Eumaeus's hut is Odysseus in disguise. Eumaeus greets Telemachus as a father, expressing his deep worry while Telemachus was gone and his relief now that is safely back. Homer even uses a simile to reiterate the father–son relationship between Telemachus and Eumaeus. He says,
<blockquote>And as a loving father embraces his own son<br>Come back from a distant land after ten long years,<br>His only son, greatly beloved and much sorrowed for
:(''Odyssey,'' Book 16 lines 19–21)</blockquote>
With Odysseus sitting beside Eumaeus and Telemachus, the audience is especially aware of this relationship.

During the slaughter of the suitors, Eumaeus, along with fellow servant [[Philoetius]], assists Telemachus and Odysseus.<ref>Homer. ''Odyssey.'' Trans. Stanley Lombardo. Canada: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2000.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[12972 Eumaios]], Jovian asteroid
* [[Greek mythology in popular culture]]
* [[Melanthius (Odyssey)|Melanthius]], Odysseus's goatherd

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

* [[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]], ''The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition.'' Penguin Books Limited. 2017. {{ISBN|978-0-241-98338-6|024198338X}}
* [[Homer]], [[Odyssey|''The Odyssey'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. {{ISBN|978-0674995611|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135 Greek text available from the same website].

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Eumaeus (mythology)}}

{{Characters in the Odyssey}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Odyssey]]
[[Category:Greek mythological slaves]]
[[no:Eumaeus]]