Editing Euglenozoa

{{short description|Phylum of protozoans}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{long fossil range|1000|0|[[Stenian]] (over 1000 MYA) - present|PS=<ref>{{cite book|pmid=28429314|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_1|volume=979|year=2017|pages=3–17|last1=Zakryś|first1=B|last2=Milanowski|first2=R|last3=Karnkowska|first3=Anna|title=Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology |chapter=Evolutionary Origin of Euglena |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology|isbn=978-3-319-54908-8}}</ref>}}
| image = Two Euglena.jpg
| image_caption = Two ''[[Euglena]]''
| taxon = Euglenozoa
| authority = [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]], 1981<ref name="C-S1981">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? | journal = Bio Systems | volume = 14 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 461–481 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7337818 | doi = 10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2 }}</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| subdivision_ranks = Classes 
| subdivision =
*[[Diplonemea]]
*[[Euglenida]]
*[[Kinetoplastea]]
*[[Symbiontida]] ([[Postgaardia]])
}}
'''Euglenozoa''' are a large group of [[flagellate]] [[Discoba]]. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. Euglenozoa are represented by four major groups, ''i.e.,'' [[Kinetoplastea]], [[Diplonemea]], [[Euglenida]], and [[Symbiontida]]. Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around {{convert|15–40|μm|abbr=on}} in size, although some euglenids get up to {{convert|500|μm|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web |title=Euglenozoa |url=https://eol.org/pages/4841/articles |website=Encyclopedia of Life |publisher=National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian Institution |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Most euglenozoa have two flagella, which are inserted parallel to one another in an apical or subapical pocket. In some these are associated with a [[cytostome]] or mouth, used to ingest [[bacteria]] or other small organisms. This is supported by one of three sets of [[microtubule]]s that arise from the flagellar bases; the other two support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell.<ref name="Pat1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson DJ | title = The Diversity of Eukaryotes | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 154 | issue = S4 | pages = S96–S124 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10527921 | doi = 10.1086/303287 | s2cid = 4367158 }}</ref>

Some other euglenozoa feed through absorption, and many euglenids possess [[chloroplast]]s, the only eukaryotes outside [[plants+HC+SAR megagroup|Diaphoretickes]] to do so without performing [[kleptoplasty]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Brown |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |date=2020-01-01 |title=The New Tree of Eukaryotes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534719302575 |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=43–55 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008 |pmid=31606140 |issn=0169-5347}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sibbald |first1=Shannon J. |last2=Archibald |first2=John M. |date=2020-05-20 |title=Genomic Insights into Plastid Evolution |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/12/7/978/5836826 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=978–990 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evaa096|pmid=32402068 |pmc=7348690 }}</ref> and so obtain energy through [[photosynthesis]]. These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain [[chlorophyll]]s ''A'' and ''B'', along with other pigments, so are probably derived from a  [[green alga]], captured long ago in an [[endosymbiosis]] by a basal euglenozoan.  Reproduction occurs exclusively through cell division.  During [[mitosis]], the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside of it.<ref name="Pat1999"/>

The group is characterized by the ultrastructure of the flagella.  In addition to the normal supporting microtubules or [[axoneme]], each contains a rod (called ''paraxonemal''), which has a tubular structure in one flagellum and a latticed structure in the other.  Based on this, two smaller groups have been included here: the [[diplonemid]]s and ''[[Postgaardi]]''.<ref name="Sim1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson AG | title = The Identity and Composition of Euglenozoa | journal = Archiv für Protistenkunde | year = 1997 | volume = 148 | issue = 3 | pages = 318–328 | doi=10.1016/s0003-9365(97)80012-7}}</ref>

==Classification==
Historically, euglenozoans have been treated as either plants or animals, depending on whether they belong to largely [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] groups or not. Hence they have names based on either the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]] (ICNafp) or the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]] (ICZN). For example, one family has the name [[Euglenaceae]] under the ICNafp and the name Euglenidae under the ICZN. As another example, the genus name ''[[Dinema (alga)|Dinema]]'' is acceptable under the ICZN, but [[Nomen illegitimum|illegitimate]] under the ICNafp, as it is a later [[Homonym (biology)|homonym]] of an orchid genus, so that the synonym ''Dinematomonas'' must be used instead.<ref name=Kostygov_2021/>

The Euglenozoa are generally accepted as monophyletic. They are related to [[Percolozoa]]; the two share mitochondria with disk-shaped [[cristae]], which only occurs in a few other groups.<ref name="Bal2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baldauf SL, Roger AJ, Wenk-Siefert I, Doolittle WF | title = A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data | journal = Science | volume = 290 | issue = 5493 | pages = 972–977 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11062127 | doi = 10.1126/science.290.5493.972 | bibcode = 2000Sci...290..972B | author-link4 = Ford Doolittle }}</ref>
Both probably belong to a larger group of eukaryotes called the [[Excavata]].<ref name="Sim2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson AG | title = Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota) | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 53 | issue = Pt 6 | pages = 1759–1777 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14657103 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This grouping, though, has been challenged.<ref name="pmid20031978">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 342–345 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20031978 | pmc = 2880060 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948 }}</ref>

===Phylogeny===
The phylogeny based on the work of Cavalier-Smith (2016):<ref name="Cavalier-Smith">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa | journal = European Journal of Protistology | volume = 56 | pages = 250–276 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27889663 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"
|-
! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Euglenozoa phylogeny – Cavalier-Smith (2016)
|-
|
{{barlabel |size=19 |at1=16 |label1=[[Peranemea]]<br />(paraphyletic)|cladogram=
{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Glycomonada]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Diplonemea]]
    |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Diplonemida]]
      |1={{clade
        |1=[[Hemistasiidae]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Eupelagonemidae]]
          |2=[[Diplonemidae]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |label2=[[Kinetoplastea]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=Prokinetoplastina
      |1=[[Ichthyobodonidae]]
      |label2=Metakinetoplastina
      |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Rhynchobodo]]''
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Neobodonidae]]
          |2={{clade
            |1=[[Parabodonidae]]
            |2={{clade
              |1=[[Bodo (excavate)|Bodonidae]]
              |2=[[Trypanosomatidae]]
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2=Plicomonada
  |2={{clade
    |label1=Postgaardia
    |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Postgaardea]]
      |1={{clade
        |label1=[[Bihospitida]]
        |1=[[Bihospitidae]]
        |label2=[[Postgaardida]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Postgaardidae]]
          |2=[[Calkinsia|Calkinsiidae]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |label2=[[Euglenoidea|Euglenoida]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=Entosiphona
      |1={{clade
        |label1=[[Entosiphonea]]
        |1={{clade
          |label1=[[Entosiphonida]]
          |1=[[Entosiphonidae]]
           }}
         }}
      |label2=Dipilida
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Stavomonadea]]
        |1={{clade
          |label1=Heterostavia
          |1={{clade
            |label1=[[Heterostavida]]
            |1=[[Serpenomonadidae]]
             }}
          |label2=Homostavia
          |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Decastavida]]
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Decastavidae]]
              |2=[[Keelungiidae]]
               }}
            |label2=[[Petalomonadida]]
            |2={{clade
              |1=[[Sphenomonadidae]]
              |2=[[Petalomonadidae]]
               }}
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=[[Ploeotarea]]
          |1={{clade
            |label1=[[Ploeotiida]]
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Lentomonadidae]]
              |2=[[Ploeotiidae]]
               }}
             }}
          |2=&nbsp; |state2=none |style2=line-height:20%;
          |label3=[[Spirocuta]]
          |3={{clade  
            |1={{clade               |barbegin1=darkgreen
              |label1=[[Peranemida]]
              |1=[[Peranema|Peranemidae]]
               }}
            |2={{clade                |bar1=darkgreen 
              |1={{clade                   
                |label1=[[Anisonemida]]
                |1=[[Anisonema|Anisonemidae]]
                |label2=[[Natomonadida]]
                |2={{clade
                  |label1=Metanemina
                  |1=[[Neometanemidae]]
                  |label2=Rhabdomonadina
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Distigmidae]]
                    |2=[[Astasiidae]]
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |1={{clade                 |barend1=darkgreen 
                  |label1=[[Acroglissida]]
                  |1=[[Teloproctidae]]  
                   }}
                |2=&nbsp; |state2=none |style2=line-height:20%;
                |label3=[[Euglenophyceae]] 
                |3={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                    |label1=[[Rapazida]]
                    |1=[[Rapazidae]]
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=[[Eutreptiales]]
                    |1=[[Eutreptia]]ceae
                    |label2=[[Euglenales]]
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Euglenamorphaceae]]
                      |2={{clade
                        |1=[[Phacaceae]]
                        |2=[[Euglenaceae]]
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
}}
|}

A consensus phylogeny following the review by Kostygov ''et al.'' (2021):<ref name="Kostygov_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kostygov AY, Karnkowska A, Votýpka J, Tashyreva D, Maciszewski K, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J | title = Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses | journal = Open Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 200407 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33715388 | pmc = 8061765 | doi = 10.1098/rsob.200407 }}</ref> 
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"
|-
! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Euglenozoa phylogeny – Kostygov ''et al.'' (2021)
|-
|
{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Glycomonada]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Kinetoplastea]]
    |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Prokinetoplastia]]
      |1={{clade
        |label1=[[Prokinetoplastida]]
        |1={{clade
          |1=[[Ichthyobodonidae]]
          |2=[[Perkinselidae]]
           }}
         }}
      |label2=[[Metakinetoplastia]]
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Neobodonida]]
        |1={{clade
          |1=[[Allobodonidae]]
          |2={{clade
            |1=[[Neobodonidae]]
            |2=[[Rhynchomonadidae]]
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=[[Parabodonida]]
          |1={{clade
            |1= [[Cryptobiidae]] 
            |2= [[Trypanoplasmatidae]]
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Eubodonida]]
            |1=[[Bodo (excavate)|Bodonidae]]
            |label2=[[Trypanosomatida]]
            |2=[[Trypanosomatidae]]
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |label2=[[Diplonemea]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Diplonemida]]
      |1={{clade
        |1=[[Diplonemidae]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Eupelagonemidae]]
          |2=[[Hemistasiidae]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2="euglenids"
  |2={{clade |state=dotted
    |label1=[[Euglenida]] |state1=solid
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Petalomonadida]]
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Alistosa]]
        |label2= [[Olkaspira]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Olkasia]]''
          |label2=[[Spirocuta]]
          |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Anisonemia]]
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Anisonema|Anisonemidae]]
              |2=[[Aphagea]]
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |label1=[[Euglenophyceae]] 
              |1={{clade
                |label1=[[Rapazida]]
                |1=[[Rapazidae]]
                |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Eutreptiaceae]]/[[Eutreptia|Eutreptiidae]]
                  |label2=[[Euglenales]]
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Euglenaceae]]/[[Euglenidae]]
                    |2=[[Phacaceae]]/[[Phacidae]]
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
              |2=[[Peranema|Peranemida]]
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     |label2=Symbiontida
     |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Bihospites]]''
        |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Calkinsia]]''
           |2=''[[Postgaardi]]''
           }}
        }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}

===Taxonomy===
====Cavalier-Smith (2016/2017)====

The following classification of Euglenozoa is as described by Cavalier-Smith in 2016,<ref name="Cavalier-Smith" /> modified to include the new subphylum [[Plicomonada]] according to Cavalier-Smith ''et al'' (2017).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis and evolution in light of comparative ultrastructure and trypanosomatid biology: Semi-conservative microtubule/strip duplication, strip shaping and transformation | journal = European Journal of Protistology | volume = 61 | issue = Pt A | pages = 137–179 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 29073503 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.002 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Phylum '''Euglenozoa''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. Simpson 1997</small> [Euglenobionta]
* Subphylum '''[[Glycomonada]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
** Class '''[[Diplonemea]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Simpson 1997</small> [Diplosonematea; Diplonemia <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>]
*** Order [[Diplonemida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Hemistasiida]
**** Family [[Hemistasiidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Entomosigmaceae]
<!-- Not in Cavalier-Smith classification and no reference given for new family
**** Family [[Eupelagonemidae]] <small>Okamoto & Keeling 2018</small>
-->
**** Family [[Diplonemidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Rhynchopodaceae <small>Skuja 1948 ex Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>]
** Class '''[[Kinetoplastea]]''' <small>Honigberg 1963 emend. Margulis 1974</small> [Kinetoplastida <small>Honigberg 1963</small>; Kinetoplasta <small>Honigberg 1963 stat. nov.</small>]
<!-- not in Cavalier-Smith classification (where is this extra stuff from?)
*** Family ?[[Cephalothamniidae]]
*** Order ?[[Bordnamonadida]]
**** Family [[Bordnamonadidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>
*** Order ?[[Trypanophidida]]
**** Family [[Trypanophididae]] <small>Poche 1911</small>
-->
*** Subclass [[Prokinetoplastina]] <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
**** Order [[Prokinetoplastida]] <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
***** Family [[Ichthyobodonidae]] <small>Isaksen et al., 2007</small>
*** Subclass [[Metakinetoplastina]] <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
**** Order [[Bodonida]]* <small>Hollande 1952 em. Vickerman 1976, Kryov et al. 1980</small>
***** Suborder [[Neobodonida]] <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
****** Family [[Rhynchomonadidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Family [[Neobodonidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Suborder [[Parabodonida]] <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
****** Family [[Parabodonidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> <!-- unsourced addition [Cryptobiaceae <small>Poche 1911</small>; Trypanoplasmatidae <small>Hartmann & Chagas 1910</small>]-->
****** Family [[Cryptobiidae]]* <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
***** Suborder [[Eubodonida]] <small>Vickerman 2004</small>
****** Family [[Bodonidae]] <small>Bütschli 1883</small> [Bodonaceae <small>Lemmermann 1914</small>; Bodoninae <small>Bütschli 1883</small>; Pleuromonadidae <small>Kent 1880</small>]
**** Order [[Trypanosomatida]] <small>Kent 1880 stat. n. Hollande, 1952 emend. Vickerman 2004</small>
***** Family [[Trypanosomatidae]] <small>Doflein 1901</small>
* Subphylum [[Plicomonada]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>
** Infraphylum '''[[Postgaardia]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>
*** Class '''[[Postgaardea]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1998 s.s.</small> [Symbiontida <small>Yubuki et al., 2009</small>]
**** Order [[Bihospitida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Family [[Bihospitidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
**** Order [[Postgaardida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2003</small>
***** Family [[Calkinsiidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Family [[Postgaardidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
** Infraphylum '''[[Euglenoida]]''' <small>Bütschli 1884 emend. Senn 1900 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 2017</small> [Euglenophyta; Euglenida <small>Buetschli 1884</small>; Euglenoidina <small>Buetschli 1884</small>]
*** Parvphylum '''[[Entosiphona]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>
**** Class '''[[Entosiphonea]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Order [[Entosiphonida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Family [[Entosiphonidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
*** Parvphylum '''[[Dipilida]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>
**** Superclass [[Rigimonada]]* <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 </small>
***** Class '''[[Stavomonadea]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Petalomonadea <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>; Petalomonadophyceae]
****** Subclass [[Heterostavia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order [[Heterostavida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Family [[Serpenomonadidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Subclass [[Homostavia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order [[Decastavida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small>
******** Family [[Decastavidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small>
******** Family [[Keelungiidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small>
******* Order [[Petalomonadida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Sphenomonadales <small>Leedale 1967</small>; Sphenomonadina <small>Leedale 1967</small>]
******** Family [[Sphenomonadidae]] <small>Kent 1880</small>
******** Family [[Petalomonadidae]] [Petalomonadaceae <small>Buetschli 1884</small>; Notosolenaceae <small>Stokes 1888</small>; Scytomonadaceae <small>Ritter von Stein 1878</small>]
***** Class '''[[Ploeotarea]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Order [[Ploeotiida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
******* Family [[Lentomonadidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Family [[Ploeotiidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
**** Superclass '''[[Spirocuta]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Class '''[[Peranemea]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Subclass [[Acroglissia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order [[Acroglissida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Family [[Teloproctidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small>
****** Subclass [[Peranemia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order [[Peranemida]] <small>Bütschli 1884 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
******** Family [[Peranematidae]] [Peranemataceae <small>Dujardin 1841</small>; Pseudoperanemataceae <small>Christen 1962</small>]
****** Subclass [[Anisonemia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order [[Anisonemida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Heteronematales <small>Leedale 1967</small>]
******** Family [[Anisonemidae]] <small>Saville Kent, 1880 em. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Heteronemidae <small>Calkins 1926</small>; Zygoselmidaceae <small>Kent 188</small>]
******* Order [[Natomonadida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Suborder [[Metanemina]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
********* Family [[Neometanemidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Suborder [[Rhabdomonadina]] <small>Leedale 1967 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Astasida <small>Ehrenberg 1831</small>; Rhabdomonadia <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>; Rhabdomonadophyceae; Rhabdomonadales]
********* Family [[Distigmidae]] <small>Hollande, 1942</small>
********* Family [[Astasiidae]] <small>Saville Kent, 1884</small> [Astasiaceae <small>Ehrenberg orth. mut. Senn 1900</small>; Rhabdomonadaceae <small>Fott 1971</small>; Menoidiaceae <small>Buetschli 188</small>; Menoidiidae <small>Hollande, 1942</small>]
***** Class '''[[Euglenophyceae]]''' <small>Schoenichen 1925 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003</small> [Euglenea <small>Bütschli 1884 emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002</small>; Euglenoidea <small>Bütschli 1884</small>; Euglenida <small>Bütschli 1884</small>] (Photosynthetic clade)
****** Subclass [[Rapazia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******* Order [[Rapazida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
******** Family [[Rapazidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Subclass [[Euglenophycidae]] <small>Busse and Preisfeld, 2003</small>
******* Order [[Eutreptiida]] [Eutreptiales <small>Leedale 1967 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003</small>; Eutreptiina <small>Leedale 1967</small>]
******** Family [[Eutreptiaceae]] [Eutreptiaceae <small>Hollande 1942</small>]
******* Order [[Euglenida]] <small>Ritter von Stein, 1878 stat. n. Calkins, 1926</small> [Euglenales <small>Engler 1898 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003</small>; Euglenina <small>Buetschli 1884</small>; Euglenomorphales <small>Leedale 1967</small>; Colaciales <small>Smith 1938</small>]
******** Family [[Euglenamorphidae]] <small>Hollande, 1952 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Euglenomorphaceae; Hegneriaceae <small>Brumpt & Lavier 1924</small>]
******** Family [[Phacidae]] [Phacaceae <small>Kim et al. 2010</small>]
******** Family [[Euglenidae]] <small>Bütschli 1884</small> [Euglenaceae <small>Dujardin 1841 emend. Kim et al. 2010</small>; Colaciaceae Smith 1933] (Mucilaginous clade)

==== Kostygov ''et al.'' (2021)====
Phylum '''Euglenozoa''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. Simpson 1997</small><ref name="Kostygov_2021"/>
* Class '''[[Kinetoplastea]]''' <small>Honigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976</small>
** Subclass [[Prokinetoplastia]] <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
*** Order [[Prokinetoplastida]] <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
**** Family [[Ichthyobodonidae]] <small>Isaksen et al., 2007</small> 
**** Family [[Perkinselidae]] <small>Kostygov, 2021</small>
** Subclass [[Metakinetoplastia]] <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
*** Order [[Eubodonida]] <small>Vickerman 2004</small> 
**** Family [[Bodonidae]] <small>Bütschli, 1883</small> 
*** Order [[Neobodonida]] <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
**** Family [[Allobodonidae]] <small>Goodwin et al., 2018</small> 
**** Family [[Neobodonidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
**** Family [[Rhynchomonadinae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
*** Order [[Parabodonida]] <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> 
**** Family [[Cryptobiidae]] <small>Poche, 1911 emend. Kostygov, 2021</small> 
**** Family [[Trypanoplasmatidae]] <small>Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 emend. Kostygov, 2021</small> 
*** Order [[Trypanosomatida]] <small>Kent, 1880</small> 
**** Family [[Trypanosomatidae]] <small>Doflein, 1901</small> 
* Class '''[[Diplonemea]]''' <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small>
*** Order [[Diplonemida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small>
**** Family [[Diplonemidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small>
**** Family [[Hemistasiidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
**** Family [[Eupelagonemidae]] <small>Okamoto and Keeling, 2019</small> 
* Class '''[[Euglenida]]''' <small>Bütschli, 1884 emend. Simpson, 1997</small>
** Clade [[Olkaspira]] <small>Lax and Simpson, 2020</small> 
*** Clade [[Spirocuta]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
**** Clade [[Euglenophyceae]] <small>Schoenichen, 1925 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003</small> 
***** Order [[Euglenales]] <small>Leedale, 1967 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003</small> 
****** Family [[Euglenaceae]] <small>Dujardin, 1841 emend. Kim et al., 2010</small> [Euglenidae <small>Dujardin, 1841</small>]
****** Family [[Phacaceae]] <small>Kim, Triemer and Shin 2010</small> [Phacidae <small>Kim, Triemer and Shin 2010</small>]
***** Order [[Eutreptiales]] <small>Leedale, 1967 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003</small> 
****** Family [[Eutreptiaceae]] <small>Hollande, 1942</small> [Eutreptiidae <small>Hollande, 1942</small>]
***** Order [[Rapazida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
****** Family [[Rapazidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
**** Clade [[Anisonemia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
***** Order [[Anisonemida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> 
****** Family [[Anisonemidae]] <small>Kent, 1880</small>
***** Clade [[Aphagea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. Busse and Preisfeld, 2002</small> 
**** Order [[Peranemida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> 
** Clade [[Alistosa]] <small>Lax et al., 2020</small> 
** Order [[Petalomonadida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> 
* Class '''[[Symbiontida]]''' <small>Yubuki, Edgcomb, Bernhard and Leander, 2009</small>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://tolweb.org/Euglenozoa/2405 Tree of Life: Euglenozoa]
{{Eukaryota}}
{{Excavata}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q25834462|from2=Q499086|from3=Q21445634|from4=Q21445628}}

[[Category:Euglenozoa| ]]
[[Category:Discoba phyla]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith]]