Editing Eucalyptus marginata

{{short description|Species of plant endemic to Western Australia}}
{{redirect|Jarrah|the name|Jarrah (name)|other uses|Jarrah (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Jarrah
|image = Jarrah tree burls 01 gnangarra.JPG
|status = NT
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref=<ref name=iucnredlist>{{cite iucn|author1=Fensham, R.|author2=Laffineur, B.|author3=Collingwood, T.|year=2019|title=''Eucalyptus marginata''|page=e.T61913695A61913703|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T61913695A61913703.en|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>
|genus = Eucalyptus
|species = marginata
|authority = [[James Donn|Donn]] ex [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|Sm.]]<ref name=APC>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus marginata''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/99347|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
|subdivision = 
* ''E. marginata'' subsp. ''marginata''<ref name=APC1>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus marginata'' subsp. ''marginata''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/119566|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>
* ''E. marginata'' subsp. ''thalassica''<ref name=APC2>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus marginata'' subsp. ''thalassica''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/119568|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" />
|synonyms = 
* ''Eucalyptus floribunda'' <small>Hügel ex Endl.</small> 
* ''Eucalyptus hypoleuca'' <small>Schauer</small> 
* ''Eucalyptus mahogani'' <small>F.Muell. [[orth. var.]]</small>
* ''Eucalyptus mahoganii'' <small>F.Muell.</small> 
* ''Eucalyptus marginata'' <small>Donn nom. inval., [[nom. nud.]]</small>
* ''Eucalyptus pedicellata'' <small>Maiden  nom. inval., pro syn.</small>
* ''Eucalyptus pedicellata'' <small>Grimwade  nom. inval., pro syn.</small>
}}
[[File:Jarrah bark.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Bark]]

'''''Eucalyptus marginata''''', commonly known as '''jarrah''',<ref name="fpc">{{cite web |title=Jarrah - ''Eucalyptus marginata'' |url=http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/node/836 |publisher=Forest Products Commission - Western Australia |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626190839/http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/node/836 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''{{lang|nys|djarraly}}''' in [[Noongar language]]<ref name="Noongar">{{cite web |title=Noongar word list |url=https://www.noongarculture.org.au/glossary/noongar-word-list/ |publisher=Kaartdijin Noongar |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> and historically as '''Swan River mahogany''',<ref name="forests">{{cite web |last1=Hewett |first1=Peter Neil |title=Information sheet - "Tall Trees" |url=https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/FullTextFiles/012962repr.pdf |publisher=Forests Department Western Australia |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015809/https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/FullTextFiles/012962repr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a plant in the [[Myrtus|myrtle]] [[Family (biology)|family]], [[Myrtaceae]] and is [[endemism|endemic]] to the [[Southwest Australia|south-west]] of [[Western Australia]]. It is a tree with rough, fibrous bark, leaves with a distinct midvein, white flowers and relatively large, more or less spherical fruit. Its hard, dense timber is insect resistant although the tree is susceptible to [[Phytophthora cinnamomi|dieback]]. The timber has been utilised for [[Cabinetry|cabinet-making]], flooring and [[Railroad tie|railway sleepers]].

== Description ==
[[File:The Looming Relic.jpg|thumb|The Looming Relic, the largest jarrah tree]]
Jarrah is a tree which sometimes grows to a height of up to {{cvt|50|m}} with a [[diameter at breast height|DBH]] of {{cvt|3.5|m}}, but more usually {{cvt|40|m}} with a DBH of up to {{cvt|2|m}}. Less commonly it can be a small [[Mallee (habit)|mallee]] to {{cvt|3|m}} high.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicolle |first1=Dean |title=Eucalypts of Western Australia - The South-West Coast and Ranges |date=2019 |publisher=Scott print |location=WA |isbn=978-0-646-80613-6 |pages=274–5 |edition=1st}}</ref> Older specimens have a [[lignotuber]] and roots that extend down as far as {{convert|40|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. It is a [[stringybark]] with rough, greyish-brown, vertically grooved, fibrous bark which sheds in long flat strips. The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches, narrow lance-shaped, often curved, {{convert|8-13|cm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5-3|cm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} broad, shiny dark green above and paler below. There is a distinct midvein, spreading lateral veins and a marginal vein separated from the margin. The stalked flower buds are arranged in [[umbel]]s of between 4 and 8, each bud with a narrow, conical cap {{convert|5-9|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long. The flowers {{convert|1-2|cm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} in diameter, with many white [[stamen]]s and bloom in spring and early summer. The fruit are spherical to barrel-shaped, and {{convert|9-20|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long and broad.<ref name="Gardner">{{cite book|last1=Gardner|first1=Charles Austin|title=Eucalypts of Western Australia|date=1987|publisher=Western Australian Herbarium, Dept. of Agriculture, Western Australia|location=Perth|isbn=0724489983|pages=8–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Eucalypts: A Celebration|last=Wrigley|first=John|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=2012|isbn=978-1-74331-080-9|location=Crows Nest, N.S.W.|pages=60}}</ref><ref name="Lintern 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Lintern|first1=Melvyn|last2=Anand|first2=Ravi|last3=Ryan|first3=Chris|last4=Paterson|first4=David|title=Natural gold particles in Eucalyptus leaves and their relevance to exploration for buried gold deposits|journal=Nature Communications|volume=4|year=2013|page=2614|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/ncomms3614|pmid=24149278|pmc=3826622|bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2274L}}</ref><ref name="CANBR">{{cite web |title=''Eucalyptus marginata'' subsp. ''marginata'' |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_marginata_subsp._marginata.htm |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Boland">{{cite book |last1=Boland |first1=Douglas J. |last2=Brooker |first2=Ian |last3=McDonald |first3=Maurice W. |title=Forest trees of Australia |date=2006 |publisher=CSIRO Pub |location=Collingwood, Victoria |isbn=0643069690 |page=520 |edition=5th}}</ref>

==Taxonomy and naming==
[[File:Roadside JarrahTree in Darling Range.jpg|thumb|Roadside jarrah tree in Darling Range]]
''Eucalyptus marginata'' was first formally [[species description|described]] in 1802 by [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|James Edward Smith]], whose description was published in ''[[Linnean Society of London|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London]]''. Smith noted that his specimens had grown from seeds brought from [[Port Jackson]] and noted a resemblance to both ''[[Eucalyptus robusta]]'' and ''[[Eucalyptus pilularis|E. pilularis]]''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Eucalyptus marginata''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/455644|publisher=APNI|access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sm.">{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=James Edward|title=Botanical characters of four New-Holland plants, of the natural order of Myrti|journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|date=1802|volume=6|page=302|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13716#page/334/mode/1up|access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Botanical name|specific epithet]] (''marginata'') is a [[Latin]] word meaning "furnished with a border".<ref name="RWB">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|page=157}}</ref> Smith did not provide an [[etymology]] for the epithet but did note that, compared to ''E. robusta'' "the margin [of the leaves] is more thickened".<ref name="Sm." />

==Distribution and habitat==
''Eucalyptus marginata'' occurs in the south-west corner of Western Australia, generally where the rainfall [[Contour line|isohyet]] exceeds {{convert|600|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. It is found inland as far as [[Mooliabeenee, Western Australia|Mooliabeenee]], [[Clackline, Western Australia|Clackline]] and [[Narrogin, Western Australia|Narrogin]] and in the south as far east as the [[Stirling Range]]. Its northern limit is Mount Peron near [[Jurien Bay, Western Australia|Jurien Bay]] but there are also [[Disjunct distribution|outliers]] at [[Kulin, Western Australia|Kulin]] and Tutanning in the [[Shire of Pingelly|Pingelly Shire]]. The plant often takes the form of a [[Mallee (habit)|mallee]] in places like [[Mount Lesueur]] and in the Stirling Range but it is usually a tree and in southern forests sometimes reaches a height of {{convert|40|m|ft}}. It typically grows in soils derived from [[ironstone]] and is generally found within its range, wherever ironstone is present.<ref name="Gardner" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Eucalyptus: An illustrated guide to identification|last=Brooker|first=Ian|publisher=Reed New Holland|year=2012|isbn=978-1-921517-22-8|location=Chatswood, N.S.W.|pages=214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Perth Plants|last=Barrett|first=Russell|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4863-0602-2|location=Clayton South, VIC|pages=124}}</ref>

The [[jarrah forest]] occurs in either intimate mixtures or as a mosaic of different forest types with marri (Corymbia calophylla), wandoo (E. wandoo), powderbark wandoo (E. accedens), blackbutt (E. patens), karri (E. diversicolor) and yellow tingle (E. guilfoylei).<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-009-3111-4 |title=The Jarrah Forest: A complex mediterranean ecosystem |date=1989 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |editor-last=Dell |editor-first=B. |location=Dordrecht |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-3111-4 |isbn=978-94-010-7899-3 |editor-last2=Havel |editor-first2=J. J. |editor-last3=Malajczuk |editor-first3=N.}}</ref>

The area of jarrah forest at the time of European settlement is estimated to have been 2.8 million hectares, although the species occurred over an area double that size. Sixty five per cent of the original forest area remains, with approximately 1.6 million hectares on public land. The forests are located within the south-west botanical province of Western Australia which is recognised as one of the world’s 25 global biodiversity hotspots, with approximately 7,400 species of vascular plants, half of which are endemic. It is home to 245 vertebrate species, comprising 29 mammal, 150 bird, 44 reptile, 11 amphibian and 11 fish.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradshaw |first=F.J. |url=https://www.dbca.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/Reference%20material%20for%20jarrah%20forest%20silviculture.pdf |title=Reference Material for Farrah Forest Silviculture |access-date=6 January 2025 |publisher=Department of Parks and Wildlife: Forest and Ecosystem Management Division. |date=June 2015 |edition=FEM061 Forest Management Series. |language=English}}</ref>

==Ecology==
Jarrah is regarded as one of the six forest giants found in Western Australia; the other trees include; ''[[Eucalyptus gomphocephala]]'' (tuart), ''[[Eucalyptus diversicolor]]'' (karri), ''[[Eucalyptus jacksonii]]'' (red tingle), ''[[Corymbia calophylla]]'' (marri) and ''[[Eucalyptus patens]]'' (yarri).<ref name=seed>{{cite web|url=https://australianseed.com/shop/item/eucalyptus-gomphocephala|title=''Eucalyptus gomphocephala''|access-date=22 August 2017|publisher=Australian Seed}}</ref><ref name=pfaf>{{cite web|url=https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+gomphocephala|title=''Eucalyptus gomphocephala''|accessdate=28 April 2023|publisher=Plants For A Future}}</ref>

Jarrah is an important element in its [[ecosystem]], providing numerous habitats for animal life – especially birds and bees – while it is alive, and in the hollows that form as the heartwood decays. When it falls, it provides shelter to ground-dwellers such as the [[chuditch]] (''Dasyurus geoffroii''), a [[carnivore|carnivorous]] [[marsupial]].

Jarrah has shown considerable adaptation to different ecologic zones – as in the [[Swan Coastal Plain]] and further north, and also to a different habitat of the lateritic [[Darling Scarp]].<ref>Powell, Robert James and Emberson, Jane (1978).''An old look at trees : vegetation of south-western Australia in old photographs'' Perth : Campaign to Save Native Forests (W.A.). {{ISBN|0-9597449-3-2}} – has photographs of significant large old jarrah trees from the Swan Coastal Plain in the late 19th and early 20th centuries</ref>

Jarrah is very vulnerable to dieback caused by the [[oomycete]] ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]''. In large sections of the [[Darling Scarp]] there have been various measures to reduce the spread of dieback by washing down vehicles, and restricting access to areas of forest not yet infected.

This evergreen hardwood tree lives for 400 or more years and typically reaches maturity at 70 - 120 years. Senescence is believed to occurs beyond 250 years. 

The jarrah tree produces an abundance of creamy white flowers during its blooming season which typically occurs between September and January. The jarrah is capable of flowering each year, but full the floral cycle takes three years to complete. Significant flowering events occur on a four to six year cycle, with most trees within any region flowering at the same time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbott |first=Ian |title=Ecology of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in the Northern Jarrah Forest of Western Australia |publisher=Dept Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-7309-1400-6}}</ref>

==Conservation status==
''Eucalyptus marginata'' was added to the [[IUCN Red List]] as a "near threatened" species in 2019.<ref name=iucnredlist/>

==Uses==
[[File:Jarrah - Eucalyptus marginata.jpg|thumb|Jarrah blossom]]
[[File:JarrahFence gobeirne.jpg|thumb|right|Jarrah was commonly used for [[Fence|fencing]] in [[Western Australia]].]]
[[File:Jarrah wine rack.jpg|thumb|Jarrah wine rack]]
[[File:Jarrah Flooring NZ.jpg|thumb|right|Second-hand jarrah flooring after 80 grit [[Floor sanding|sanding]] in [[New Zealand]]]]
Jarrah produces a dark, thick, tasty honey, but its wood is its main use. It is a heavy wood, with a [[specific gravity]] of 1.1 when green. Its long, straight trunks of richly coloured and beautifully grained termite-resistant timber make it valuable for cabinet making, flooring, panelling and outdoor furniture. The finished lumber has a deep rich reddish-brown colour and an attractive grain. When fresh, jarrah is quite workable but when seasoned it becomes so hard that conventional wood-working tools are near useless on it.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=4118419|title=Jarrah Timber. (Eucalyptus marginata, Sm.)|date=1 January 1890|journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)|volume=1890|issue=45|pages=188–190|doi=10.2307/4118419}}</ref> It is mainly used for cabinet making and furniture although in the past it was used in general construction, railway sleepers and [[Deep foundation|piles]]. In the 19th century, famous roads in other countries were paved with jarrah blocks covered with [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]].<ref name="fpc" /><ref name="Gardner" />

Jarrah wood is very similar to that of Karri, ''[[Eucalyptus diversicolor]]''. Both trees are found in the southwest of Australia, and the two woods are frequently confused. They can be distinguished by cutting an unweathered splinter and burning it: karri burns completely to a white ash, whereas jarrah forms charcoal. This property of jarrah was critical to charcoal making and [[charcoal iron]] smelting operations at [[Wundowie, Western Australia|Wundowie]] from 1948 to 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/2ce46168-f12e-4fa2-a0ce-a1f633c29324/Final-Oct-2008-Con-Plan.pdf|title=WUNDOWIE GARDEN TOWN CONSERVATION PLAN|last=Relix & Fiona Bush Heritage and Archaeology|publisher=Wundowie Progress Association}}</ref> Most of the best jarrah has been logged in southwestern Australia.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

A large amount was exported to the United Kingdom, where it was cut into blocks and covered with asphalt for roads. One of the large exporters in the late nineteenth century was [[M. C. Davies]] who had mills in the Augusta - Margaret River region of the southwest, and ports at [[Hamelin Bay]] and [[Flinders Bay]].

The local poet [[Edwin Greenslade Murphy|Dryblower Murphy]] wrote a poem, "Comeanavajarrah" that was published in ''[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times]]'' of May 1904, about the potential to extract alcohol from jarrah timber.<ref name="Murphy">{{cite news|last1=Murphy|first1=Edwin G.|title=Comeanavajarrah|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57192751|access-date=20 April 2018|newspaper=The Sunday Times (Western Australia)}}</ref>

As of the banning of native logging in Western Australia in 2024,<ref name="ABC-1-1-24">{{cite news |last1=Lynch |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Forrester |first2=Kate |title=Will there still be firewood? How Western Australia's native logging ban could affect you |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-01/native-timber-logging-now-banned-in-western-australia/103267996 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=ABC News |agency=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=1 January 2024 |language=en-AU}}</ref> jarrah has become more highly prized, and can only be obtained as recycled timber from sources such as demolished houses and railway sleepers.

Jarrah is used in musical instrument making, for percussion instruments and guitar inlays.

Because of its remarkable resistance to rot, jarrah is used to make [[hot tub]]s.

''Eucalyptus marginata'' have been used for traditional purposes as well. Some parts of the jarrah tree were used as a remedy for some illnesses and diseases. Fever, colds, headaches, skin diseases and snakes bites were traditionally cured through the use of jarrah leaves and bark.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Perth Plants|last=Barrett|first=Russell|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4863-0602-2|location=Clayton South, VIC|pages=4}}</ref>

Jarrah honey is a premium monofloral honey produced by bees that forage on the nectar of the jarrah tree. The honey has properties such as being anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory low {{clarify span|GI|date=January 2025}}<!--probably Glycemic index, but citation required because it is not in "Research into Western Australian honeys"--> and prebiotic.{{cn|date=January 2025}} Average production of jarrah honey is only 100 tonnes per annum but the yield is significantly impacted by the environment (fire, rainfall, soil moisture and temperatures). For example a peak yield of 400 tonnes was recorded in the 2011–12 season, while the harvest was only 50 tonnes in the 2023–24 season.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manning |first=Robert |url=https://library.dpird.wa.gov.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=pubns |title=Research into Western Australian honeys |publisher=Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia |year=2011 |publication-date=2011 |language=English}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Eucalyptus marginata}}
* [[Warren bioregion]]
* [[Woodchipping in Australia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Powell, Robert|year=1990|title=Leaf and Branch: Trees and Tall Shrubs of Perth|publisher=Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia|isbn=0-7309-3916-2}}.
* Wrigley, John W. & Fagg, Murray. (2012). ''Eucalypts: a celebration''. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin. {{ISBN|978-1-74331-080-9}}

==External links==
* {{FloraBase|name=''Eucalyptus marginata''}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q140557}}

[[Category:Trees of Australia]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
[[Category:Trees of Mediterranean climate]]
[[Category:Eucalypts of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Myrtales of Australia]]
[[Category:Eucalyptus|marginata]]
[[Category:Forests of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1802]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Southwest Australia]]