Editing Ethnic stereotype

{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Short description|Belief in certain typical characteristics for a grouping of people}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
[[File:National-stereotypes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A 19th-century British [[children's literature |children's book]] (A Peep at the world) informs its readers that the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] are a [[Protestant work ethic|"very industrious race"]], and that [[Chinese people|Chinese]] children are [[Filial piety|"very obedient to their parents"]].]] 
An '''ethnic stereotype''' or '''racial stereotype''' involves part of a system of beliefs about typical characteristics of members of a given [[ethnic group]], their [[social status | status]], societal and [[cultural norm]]s. A '''national stereotype''' does the same for a given [[nationality]]. Stereotyping is typically associated with [[racism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cobas |first=José A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSgeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |title=How the United States Racializes Latinos: White Hegemony and Its Consequences |last2=Duany |first2=Jorge |last3=Feagin |first3=Joe R. |date=2015-12-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-25802-5 |language=en}}</ref> and may also be used for humor [[Ethnic joke|in jokes]]. 

National [[stereotype]]s may relate either to one's own ethnicity/nationality or to a foreign/differing one.  Stereotypes about one's own [[nation]] may aid in maintaining a [[national identity]] due to a collective relatability to a trait or characteristic, referred to as [[national character]].<ref>
{{cite journal|vauthors=Terracciano A, Abdel-Khalek AM, Adám N|title=National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures|journal=Science|volume=310|issue=5745|pages=96–100 |date= Oct 2005
 |pmid= 16210536 |doi= 10.1126/science.1117199 |pmc=2775052|display-authors= etal
 |bibcode= 2005Sci...310...96T
}}
</ref>

==Examples==
{{See also|Category:Ethnic and racial stereotypes}}
According to an article by ''[[The Guardian]]'' titled "European Stereotypes: What Do We Think of Each Other and Are We Right?", the Europe stereotype towards Britain is as "[[Alcohol intoxication|drunken]], semi-clad hooligans or else snobbish, stiff free marketers", their view towards France is "cowardly, arrogant, chauvinistic, erotomaniacs", and they see Germany as "ruddy-faced [and]subsist on a diet of beer and sausage". To Europe, Italy is "tax-dodging, [[Silvio Berlusconi|Berlusconi]]-style Latin lovers and [[Mother's boy|mama's boys]], incapable of bravery", Poland is "heavy-drinking [[Catholicism|ultracatholics]] with a whiff of [[antisemitism]]", and Spain is "[[Machismo|macho]] men and fiery women prone to regular [[siesta]]s and fiestas". While some countries such as Germany proudly own their stereotype, others like Spain argue that theirs is a warped view based on experiences while on holiday instead of having actually lived there.<ref>{{cite news |date=2012-01-26 |title=European stereotypes: what do we think of each other and are we right? – interactive |work=theguardian.com |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2012/jan/26/european-stereotypes-europa |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref>

A [[Pew Research Center|Pew Global]] survey of the European countries [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Poland]], and [[Czech Republic|Czechia]] found that European stereotypes found Germany to be both the most hardworking and least corrupt, Greece to be the least hardworking, and Italy to be the most corrupt. Five out of the eight countries thought their own country was the most corrupt.<ref>{{cite news|author=Graphic detail Charts, maps and infographics |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/05/greeks-say-they-are-hardest-working-european-nation |title=Greeks say they are the hardest-working European nation: Stereotypes of Europe |newspaper=The Economist |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref>

[[Yanko Tsvetkov]] has designed many maps which serve as pictorial representations of such stereotypes, giving an impression of how certain regions of the world may view others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mapping-stereotypes-europe-us-2011-9?op=1#europe-according-to-france-1 |title=MAPS: A Complete Guide To National Stereotypes All Around The World &#124; Business Insider Australia |publisher=Businessinsider.com.au |date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2012/feb/17/stereotype-maps-yanko-tsvetkov |title=Yanko Tsvetkov's stereotype maps – in pictures &#124; Art and design |newspaper=The Guardian |date=February 17, 2012 |access-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://alphadesigner.com/mapping-stereotypes/ |title=Mapping Stereotypes |publisher=Alphadesigner |access-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref> They have named such as "The Arab Winter" and "Crystal Ball View Of Europe In 2022".<ref>{{cite news|author=Tim Dowling |date=February 17, 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/feb/17/stereotype-maps-tsvetkov |title=Stereotype maps: Is that what they think of us? &#124; Art and design |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref>

According to Dana E. Maestro, media images and depictions play a vital role in our ability to perceive different ethnicities and construct various racial and ethnic stereotypes. Most of these portrayals are seen through media platforms such as televisions, social media and commercials create a convenient sketch of how they want a certain group of people to be represented. For example, White Americans are always overly presented in positions of prestige and power in comparison to their counterparts such as Latinos or African Americans that are usually represented around themes of criminality and subservience.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Maestro |first=Dana E |title=Racial/Ethnic Stereotyping and The Media |publisher=Media Effects, Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=9780203877111 |pages=341–357}}</ref> On a whole, Media can never be assumed to an insignificant oulet of information but are culturally effective conduits that can drive our personal narrative on specific ethnic stereotyping. Since minorities are not adequately represented in the media it can lead to a negative misinterpretation and limited media diversity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harnois |first=Catherine |date=2015-10-12 |title=Race and the lifecourse: readings from the intersection of race, ethnicity, and age |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1095344 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1513–1514 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2015.1095344 |issn=0141-9870}}</ref>

According the J. Stanley Lemons, a stereotype for African-American men in the United States, specifically during the 1940s, was popularized through the use of comics and minstrel shows. African-American men were portrayed as having more animalistic features that alluded to the believe of their lack of knowledge and being considered second-class citizens during this time period. These features include oversized ear and mouths to indicate a monkey-like appearance. Portraying African-Americans as monkeys alludes to them being perceived as having limited intelligence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lemons|first=J. Stanley|date=1977|title=Black Stereotypes as Reflected in Popular Culture, 1880–1920 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712263 |journal=American Quarterly |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=102–116 |doi=10.2307/2712263 |jstor=2712263 |issn=0003-0678}}</ref> To convey that idea further, African-Americans were made not able to speak proper English. The white impersonators often used [[African-American Vernacular English|Black English Vernacular]] (BEV). The impersonators over exaggerated and misused BEV so that the speech barely made sense, which furthered the notion of African Americans being unintelligent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mahar |first=William J. |date=1985 |title=Black English in Early Blackface Minstrelsy: A New Interpretation of the Sources of Minstrel Show Dialect |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712901 |journal=American Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=260–285 |doi=10.2307/2712901 |jstor=2712901 |issn=0003-0678}}</ref>

==Validity==
{{See also|Ethnic joke}}
It is sometimes held that such stereotypes often contain a "grain of truth".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1972565.stm|title=Why do people find racist jokes funny?|work=[[BBC News]]|date=May 7, 2002|access-date=January 22, 2009}}</ref><ref name=mccrae-jrp/> However, an extensive study by the personality psychologist [[Robert R. McCrae]] of the [[National Institute on Aging]] and colleagues found that they are generally untrustworthy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9598717|title=Science gets the last laugh on ethnic jokes|date=October 6, 2005 |publisher=MSNBC}} (2005) </ref><ref name="mccrae-jrp">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.006 |pmc=3811946|title=The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes |year=2013 |last1=McCrae |first1=Robert R. |last2=Chan |first2=Wayne |last3=Jussim |first3=Lee |last4=De Fruyt |first4=Filip |last5=Löckenhoff |first5=Corinna E. |last6=De Bolle |first6=Marleen |last7=Costa |first7=Paul T. |last8=Hřebíčková |first8=Martina |last9=Graf |first9=Sylvie |last10=Realo |first10=Anu |last11=Allik |first11=Jüri |last12=Nakazato |first12=Katsuharu |last13=Shimonaka |first13=Yoshiko |last14=Yik |first14=Michelle |last15=Ficková |first15=Emília |last16=Brunner-Sciarra |first16=Marina |last17=Reátigui |first17=Norma |last18=Leibovich De Figueora |first18=Nora |last19=Schmidt |first19=Vanina |last20=Ahn |first20=Chang-kyu |last21=Ahn |first21=Hyun-nie |last22=Aguilar-Vafaie |first22=Maria E. |last23=Siuta |first23=Jerzy |last24=Szmigielska |first24=Barbara |last25=Cain |first25=Thomas R. |last26=Crawford |first26=Jarret T. |last27=Mastor |first27=Khairul Anwar |last28=Rolland |first28=Jean-Pierre |last29=Nansubuga |first29=Florence |last30=Miramontez |first30=Daniel R. |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=831–842 |pmid=24187394 |display-authors=1 }}</ref>

Various anti-national phobias and prejudices operate with ethnic stereotypes.

Ethnic stereotypes are commonly portrayed in [[ethnic joke]]s, some of which some consider to be offensive to varying degrees. Richard M. Steers and Luciara Nardon, in their book about the global economy, use a variant of the "[[You have two cows]]" joke to illustrate the concept of cultural differences:
* [[Russia]]n company: You have two cows. You drink some [[vodka]] and count them again. You have five cows. The [[Russian Mafia]] shows up and takes however many cows you have.
* [[California]]n company: You have a million cows. [[Illegal immigration in the United States|Most of them are illegals.]]

They write that such jokes are considered funny because they are realistic [[caricature]]s of various cultures,<ref name="rsln">{{Cite book |last1=Steers |first1=Richard M. |title=Managing In The Global Economy |last2=Nardon |first2=Luciara |year=2005 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=0-7656-1551-7}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2022}} and the pervasiveness of such jokes stems from the significant cultural differences. Steers and Nardon also state that others believe that cultural stereotypes in jokes of that kind must be viewed with caution.<ref name=rsln/>

==See also==
* [[Mores]]
* [[National character]]
* [[National personification]]
* [[Objectification|Objectification of people]]
* [[Racial profiling]]
* [[Racial stereotyping in advertising]]
* [[Racism]]
* [[Stereotypes about indigenous peoples of North America]]
* [[Stereotypes of Americans]]
**[[Stereotypes of groups within the United States]]
* [[Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans]]
* [[Stereotypes of African Americans]]
* [[Stereotypes of Jews]]
* [[Stereotypes of South Asians]]
* [[Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States]]
* [[An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman]] joke
* [[French anti-Southern sentiment during the Third Republic]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
*Alí, Maurizio. (2010). [http://ww.razonypalabra.org.mx/N/N74/VARIA74/23AliV74.pdf Medios de comunicación, asuntos étnicos e intercultura en Colombia]. En Revista Razón y Palabra, 74 (nov.2010/ene.2011). México DF: ITESM Campus Estado de México. {{ISSN|1605-4806}}.
*Macrae CN, Stangor C, Hewstone M. (eds.) "Stereotypes and stereotyping." ''Guilford Press'', 1996.
*Pawel Milicki, Naomi Ellemers, [https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/being-different-or-being-better-national-stereotypes-and-identifi-2 Being different or being better?], ''European Journal on Social Psychology'', vol. 26, 1996, pp. 97–114
*[https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02651339010141365/full/html National Stereotypes and Product Evaluations in a Socialist Country] (journal article)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083859/http://madon.public.iastate.edu/PAPERS%20ON%20HOMEPAGE/PublishedArticleK.B.pdf Ethnic and National Stereotypes: The Princeton Trilogy Revisited and Revised] (journal article)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=IddoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22national+stereotypes%22 National Stereotypes: Correct Images and Distorted Images], ed. Blanca Valota, 2007, {{ISBN|8876949534}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=XOI9AAAAYAAJ&q=%22national+stereotypes%22 National Stereotypes: an Educational Challenge] (book)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=r9JFDsO6Z9UC&q=%22national+stereotypes%22 Haiti and the United States: National Stereotypes and the Literary Imagination] (book)

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Ethnic and racial stereotypes}}

{{Stereotypes}}
{{Ethnicity}}
{{Racism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic Stereotype}}
[[Category:Ethnic and racial stereotypes| ]]
[[Category:National identity]]
[[Category:Race and society]]
[[Category:Racism]]