Editing Estampie

{{short description|Medieval dance and musical form}}
{{about|the medieval dance|the German band|Estampie (band)}}
{{listen|filename=Estampie Retrove Robertsbridge.ogg|title=Estampie "Retrove"|description=Anonymous ''estampie'' from the [[Robertsbridge Codex]], performed by Ulrich Metzner|format=[[Ogg]]}}
The '''estampie''' ({{langx|fr|estampie}}, [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and {{langx|ca|estampida}}, {{langx|it|istanpitta}}) is a [[medieval dance]] and [[Music genre|musical form]] which was a popular instrumental and vocal form in the 13th and 14th centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=McGee |first=Timothy J. |title=Grove Music Online |year=2012 |chapter=Estampie}}</ref> The name was also applied to poetry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bellingham |first=Jane |title=The Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |location=Oxford and London}}</ref>

==Musical form==
The estampie is similar in form to the [[Lai (poetic form)|lai]], consisting of a succession of repeated notes.<ref name=":0" /> According to [[Johannes de Grocheio]], there were both vocal and instrumental estampies (for which he used the Latin calque "stantipes"), which differed somewhat in form.

Grocheio calls the sections in both the French vocal and instrumental estampie ''puncta'' (singular ''punctus''),<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Hiley |first=David |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |year=2001 |location=London |chapter=Punctum}}</ref> Each ''puncta'' has a pair of lines that repeat the same melody, in the form:

:''aa, bb, cc, etc.''.

The two statements of the melody in each punctus differ only in their endings, described as ''apertum'' ("open") and ''clausum'' ("closed") by Grocheio, who believed that six ''puncta'' were standard for the stantipes (his term for the estampie), though he was aware of stantipes with seven ''puncta''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Page |first=Christopher |date=1993 |title=Johannes de Grocheio on secular music: a corrected text and a new translation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0961137100000401/type/journal_article |journal=Plainsong and Medieval Music |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=17–41, 33 |doi=10.1017/S0961137100000401 |s2cid=162777949 |issn=0961-1371|quote=Punctus autem est ordinata aggregatio concordantiarum harmoniam facientium ascendendo et descendendo duas habens partes in principio similes, in fine differentes, qui clausum et apertum communiter appellantur.}}</ref> The structure can therefore be diagrammed as:

:''a+x, a+y; b+w, b+z; etc.''.

In an instrumental estampie, the open and closed endings of the puncta are the same each time, so that the end of the ''punctum'' serves as the refrain, in the form:

''a+x, a+y; b+x, b+y, c+x, c+y, etc.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolf |first=Johannes |title=Die Musiklehre des Johannes de Grocheo, Sammelbande der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft 1 |year=1899–1900 |pages=98}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In comparison to other dance forms, Grocheio considered the instrumental estampie "complicated," with ''puncta'' of varying lengths This is in contrast to the more regular verse length of the ductia. There are also more ''puncta'' in an estampie than in a ductia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=McGee |first=Timothy J. |date=1989-10-01 |title=Medieval Dances: Matching the Repertory with Grocheio's Descriptions |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jm/article/7/4/498/63635/Medieval-Dances-Matching-the-Repertory-with |journal=Journal of Musicology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=498–517 |doi=10.2307/763778 |jstor=763778 |issn=0277-9269}}</ref> He further states that this difficulty captivates the attention of both the players and listeners because of these complications.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Page |first=Christopher |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000014359 |title=Grove Music Online |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume= |language=en |chapter=Grocheio [Grocheo], Johannes de |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14359|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 }}</ref> According to Grocheio, the vocal estampie begins with a refrain, which is repeated at the end of each stanza, with text and melody independent of the stanza. However, surviving songs do not include a section labeled as a refrain, so some scholars suggest that a convention must have existed for choosing lines to use as a refrain.<ref name=":4" /> Like the instrumental form, the vocal dance was complicated enough to require concentration, which helps to distract young people from wicked thoughts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Page |first=Christopher |date=1993 |title=Johannes de Grocheio on secular music: a corrected text and a new translation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0961137100000401/type/journal_article |journal=Plainsong and Medieval Music |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=17–41 |doi=10.1017/S0961137100000401 |s2cid=162777949 |issn=0961-1371}}</ref>

== History ==
The estampie is the first known genre of medieval era dance music which continues to exist today.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoppin |first=Richard |title=Medieval Music |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1978 |isbn=0393090906 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=May 2022}} The earliest reported example of this musical form is the song "Kalenda maya", written by the [[troubadour]] [[Raimbaut de Vaqueiras]] (1180–1207), possibly to a preexisting melody.<ref name=":2" />  14th century examples include ''estampies'' with subtitles such as "Isabella" and "Tre fontane".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=McGee |first=Timothy |title=Medieval Instrumental Dances |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780253013149 |location=Bloomington and London |pages=10, 74}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=8–15}}

== Instrumentation ==
Sources for individual songs do not generally indicate what instruments were used. However, according to Grocheio, the ''[[vielle]]'' was the supreme instrument of the period, and the ''stantipes'', together with the [[cantus coronatus]] and ductia, were the principal forms played on ''vielles'' before the wealthy in their celebration.<ref name=":5" /> Though the estampie is generally monophonic, there are also two-voice compositions in the form of an estampie, such as the two for keyboard in the [[Robertsbridge Codex|Robertsbridge Fragment]].<ref name=":1" /> The French estampie was performed in a lively triple meter, a primary division of three beats to the bar.<ref name=":1" />

==Dance==
{{main|Medieval dance#Estampie}}
{{empty section|date=February 2019}}

==Etymology==
According to the ''OED'', the name comes from the Provençal ''estampida'', feminine of ''estampit'', the past participle of ''estampir'' "to resound".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/242772?redirectedFrom=Estampie#eid |title=Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.) |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wolf|1900}}|reference=Johannes Wolf (ed.), "Die Musiklehre des Johannes de Grocheo," ''Sammelbande der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft'' 1 (1899–1900), pp. 69–120}}
* L. Hibberd. "Estampie and Stantipes". ''Speculum'' XIX, 1944, 222–249.
* Pierre Aubry. ''Estampies et danses royales; les plus anciens textes de musique instrumentale au Moyen-Âge'' (1906). Genève : Minkoff, 1975 (reprint). {{ISBN|2-8266-0603-4}}.
* Willi Apel. ''Harvard Dictionary of Music'' (1970) Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hoppin|1978}}|reference=Richard Hoppin. ''Medieval Music''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1978. {{ISBN|0393090906}}.}}
* C. Schima. ''Die Estampie'' (1995) {{ISBN|90-5170-363-5}}. See also [http://www.estampie-schima.com/ Estampie Schima]
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Page|2001}}|reference=Christopher Page. "Grocheio [Grocheo], Johannes de". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hiley|2001}}|reference=[[David Hiley]]. "Punctum". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|McGee|2001}}|reference=Timothy McGee. "Estampie (Fr.; Provençal estampida; It. istanpitta; Lat. stantipes)". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Bellingham|2002}}|reference=Jane Bellingham.. "Estampie". ''The Oxford Companion to Music'', edited by Alison Latham. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|McGee|2012}}|reference=Timothy J. McGee,. "Estampie". ''Grove Music Online'', edited by Deane L. Root (17 December 2012) {{subscription required}} (accessed 25 September 2014).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|McGee|2014}}|reference=Timothy McGee. ''Medieval Instrumental Dances''. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 2014.}} {{ISBN|9780253013149}}.
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Oxford English Dictionary|2005}}|reference={{OED|Estampie}}}}

{{Medieval music}}

[[Category:Medieval dance]]
[[Category:Medieval music genres]]